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Journal articles on the topic 'Khumbu Valley'
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1
Greven, Henk C. "Grimmia(Bryopsida, Grimmiaceae) in the Nepalese Khumbu Valley." Journal of Bryology 24, no. 2 (June 2002): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/037366802125001060.
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Garbarino, Matteo, Emanuele Lingua, Raffaella Marzano, Carlo Urbinati, Dinesh Bhuju, and Marco Carrer. "Human interactions with forest landscape in the Khumbu valley, Nepal." Anthropocene 6 (June 2014): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2014.05.004.
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Yagol, P., A. Manandhar, P. Ghimire, RB Kayastha, and JR Joshi. "Identification of Locations for Potential Glacial Lakes Formation using Remote Sensing Technology." Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal 12 (October 31, 2013): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v12i0.9068.
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In past Nepal has encountered a number of glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) events causing loss of billions of rupees. Still there are a number of glacial lakes forming and there are chances of new glacial lake formation. Hence there is intense need to monitor glaciers and glacial lakes. The development on remote sensing technology has eased the researches on glacier and glacial lakes. Identification of locations of potential glacial lakes through the use of remote sensing technology has been proven and hence is opted for identification of locations of potential glacial lake in Khumbu Valley of Sagarmatha Zone, Nepal. The probable sites for glacial lake formation are at Ngojumpa, Lobuche, Khumbu, Bhotekoshi, Inkhu, Kyasar, Lumsumna, etc. As per study, the biggest glacial lake could form at Ngozumpa glacier. Even in other glaciers potential supra-glacial lakes could merge together to form lakes that occupy significant area. Nepalese Journal on Geoinformatics -12, 2070 (2013AD): 10-16
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KATAEV, BORIS M., and JOACHIM SCHMIDT. "New data on the irvinei group of Chydaeus of the Himalaya from Nepal and southern Tibet (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Harpalini)." Zootaxa 4686, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4686.2.2.
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Re-examination of the type series of Chydaeus irvinei (Andrewes, 1930) revealed that this species is based on two different taxa. It is re-described based on the lectotype and two paralectotypes from Gautsa in the Ngamo Chu Valley of southern Tibet between Sikkim and Bhutan. Chydaeus loeffleri (Jedlička, 1966) is treated as distinct species (not a synonym of Ch. irvinei) with two subspecies: the nominotypical one distributed in the Rolwaling Valley in eastern Central Nepal, and Ch. loeffleri tibetanus ssp. n. described on the basis of the paralectotype of Ch. irvinei from the Rongshar Valley in southern Tibet north west of the Rolwaling Himal. A new species Ch. soluensis sp. n., also similar to Ch. irvinei in appearance and genitalia, is described from the Solu Khumbu District of eastern Central Nepal (type locality: Lamjura Danda). In addition, a revised key to all species and subspecies of the irvinei group is provided.
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Caravello, G. U., A. M. Boselli, P. Bertollo, and A. Baroni. "Assessing Ecosystem Health: An Analysis of Tourism related Change and Impact in Khumbu Valley, Nepal." Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 14 (September 22, 2016): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v14i0.4826.
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Available with fulltext.Key words: Sagarmatha National Park; Tourism; Water quality; Biotic index; Human healthEcoprint An International Journal of Ecology Vol. 14, 2007 Page:45-64 Uploaded date: 31 May, 2011
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Singh, Pratap, Umesh K. Haritashya, and Naresh Kumar. "Meteorological study for Gangotri Glacier and its comparison with other high altitude meteorological stations in central Himalayan region." Hydrology Research 38, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2007.028.
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In spite of the vital role of high altitude climatology in melting of snow and glaciers, retreat or advancement of glaciers, flash floods, erosion and sediment transport, etc., weather conditions are not much studied for the high altitude regions of Himalayas. In this study, a comprehensive meteorological analysis has been made for the Gangotri Meteorological Station (Bhagirathi Valley, Garhwal Himalayas) using data observed for four consecutive melt seasons (2000–2003) covering a period from May to October for each year. The collected meteorological data includes rainfall, temperature, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, sunshine hours and evaporation. The results and their distribution over the different melt seasons were compared with available meteorological records for Dokriani Meteorological Station (Dingad Valley, Garhwal Himalayas) and Pyramid Meteorological Station (Khumbu Valley, Nepal Himalayas). The magnitude and distribution of temperature were found to be similar for different Himalayan regions, while rainfall varied from region to region. The influence of the monsoon was meagre on the rainfall in these areas. July was recorded to be the warmest month for all the regions and, in general, August had the maximum rainfall. For all the stations, daytime up-valley wind speeds were 3 to 4 times stronger than the nighttime down-valley wind speeds. It was found that the Gangotri Glacier area experienced relatively low humidity and high evaporation rates as compared to other parts of the Himalayas. Such analysis reveals the broad meteorological characteristics of the high altitude areas of the Central Himalayan region.
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Balestrini, Raffaella, Stefano Polesello, and Elisa Sacchi. "Chemistry and isotopic composition of precipitation and surface waters in Khumbu valley (Nepal Himalaya): N dynamics of high elevation basins." Science of The Total Environment 485-486 (July 2014): 681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.096.
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Karki, Ramchandra, Shabeh ul Hasson, Lars Gerlitz, Udo Schickhoff, Thomas Scholten, and Jürgen Böhner. "Quantifying the added value of convection-permitting climate simulations in complex terrain: a systematic evaluation of WRF over the Himalayas." Earth System Dynamics 8, no. 3 (July 5, 2017): 507–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-507-2017.
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Abstract. Mesoscale dynamical refinements of global climate models or atmospheric reanalysis have shown their potential to resolve intricate atmospheric processes, their land surface interactions, and subsequently, realistic distribution of climatic fields in complex terrains. Given that such potential is yet to be explored within the central Himalayan region of Nepal, we investigate the skill of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with different spatial resolutions in reproducing the spatial, seasonal, and diurnal characteristics of the near-surface air temperature and precipitation as well as the spatial shifts in the diurnal monsoonal precipitation peak over the Khumbu (Everest), Rolwaling, and adjacent southern areas. Therefore, the ERA-Interim (0.75°) reanalysis has been dynamically refined to 25, 5, and 1 km (D1, D2, and D3) for one complete hydrological year (October 2014–September 2015), using the one-way nested WRF model run with mild nudging and parameterized convection for the outer but explicitly resolved convection for the inner domains. Our results suggest that D3 realistically reproduces the monsoonal precipitation, as compared to its underestimation by D1 but overestimation by D2. All three resolutions, however, overestimate precipitation from the westerly disturbances, owing to simulating anomalously higher intensity of few intermittent events. Temperatures are generally reproduced well by all resolutions; however, winter and pre-monsoon seasons feature a high cold bias for high elevations while lower elevations show a simultaneous warm bias. Unlike higher resolutions, D1 fails to realistically reproduce the regional-scale nocturnal monsoonal peak precipitation observed in the Himalayan foothills and its diurnal shift towards high elevations, whereas D2 resolves these characteristics but exhibits a limited skill in reproducing such a peak on the river valley scale due to the limited representation of the narrow valleys at 5 km resolution. Nonetheless, featuring a substantial skill over D1 and D2, D3 simulates almost realistic shapes of the seasonal and diurnal precipitation and the peak timings even on valley scales. These findings clearly suggest an added value of the convective-scale resolutions in realistically resolving the topoclimates over the central Himalayas, which in turn allows simulating their interactions with the synoptic-scale weather systems prevailing over high Asia.
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Brauchle, J., D. Hein, and R. Berger. "DETAILED AND HIGHLY ACCURATE 3D MODELS OF HIGH MOUNTAIN AREAS BY THE MACS-HIMALAYA AERIAL CAMERA PLATFORM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 30, 2015): 1129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-1129-2015.
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Remote sensing in areas with extreme altitude differences is particularly challenging. In high mountain areas specifically, steep slopes result in reduced ground pixel resolution and degraded quality in the DEM. Exceptionally high brightness differences can in part no longer be imaged by the sensors. Nevertheless, detailed information about mountainous regions is highly relevant: time and again glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and debris avalanches claim dozens of victims. Glaciers are sensitive to climate change and must be carefully monitored. <br><br> Very detailed and accurate 3D maps provide a basic tool for the analysis of natural hazards and the monitoring of glacier surfaces in high mountain areas. There is a gap here, because the desired accuracies are often not achieved. <br><br> It is for this reason that the DLR Institute of Optical Sensor Systems has developed a new aerial camera, the MACS-Himalaya. The measuring unit comprises four camera modules with an overall aperture angle of 116° perpendicular to the direction of flight. A High Dynamic Range (HDR) mode was introduced so that within a scene, bright areas such as sun-flooded snow and dark areas such as shaded stone can be imaged. In 2014, a measuring survey was performed on the Nepalese side of the Himalayas. The remote sensing system was carried by a Stemme S10 motor glider. Amongst other targets, the Seti Valley, Kali-Gandaki Valley and the Mt. Everest/Khumbu Region were imaged at heights up to 9,200 m. Products such as dense point clouds, DSMs and true orthomosaics with a ground pixel resolution of up to 15 cm were produced. Special challenges and gaps in the investigation of high mountain areas, approaches for resolution of these problems, the camera system and the state of evaluation are presented with examples.
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Jacobi, H. W., S. Lim, M. Ménégoz, P. Ginot, P. Laj, P. Bonasoni, P. Stocchi, A. Marinoni, and Y. Arnaud. "Black carbon in snow in the upper Himalayan Khumbu Valley, Nepal: observations and modeling of the impact on snow albedo, melting, and radiative forcing." Cryosphere 9, no. 4 (August 21, 2015): 1685–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1685-2015.
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Abstract. Black carbon (BC) in snow in the Himalayas has recently attracted considerable interest due to its impact on snow albedo, snow and glacier melting, regional climate and water resources. A single particle soot photometer (SP2) instrument was used to measure refractory BC (rBC) in a series of surface snow samples collected in the upper Khumbu Valley, Nepal between November 2009 and February 2012. The obtained time series indicates annual cycles with maximum rBC concentrations before the onset of the monsoon season and fast decreases during the monsoon period. Detected concentrations ranged from a few up to 70 ppb with rather large uncertainties due to the handling of the samples. Detailed modeling of the snowpack, including the detected range and an estimated upper limit of BC concentrations, was performed to study the role of BC in the seasonal snowpack. Simulations were performed for three winter seasons with the snowpack model Crocus, including a detailed description of the radiative transfer inside the snowpack. While the standard Crocus model strongly overestimates the height and the duration of the seasonal snowpack, a better calculation of the snow albedo with the new radiative transfer scheme enhanced the representation of the snow. However, the period with snow on the ground without BC in the snow was still overestimated between 37 and 66 days, which was further diminished by 8 to 15 % and more than 40 % in the presence of 100 or 300 ppb of BC. Compared to snow without BC, the albedo is reduced on average by 0.027 and 0.060 in the presence of 100 and 300 ppb BC. While the impact of increasing BC in the snow on the albedo was largest for clean snow, the impact on the local radiative forcing is the opposite. Here, increasing BC caused an even larger impact at higher BC concentrations. This effect is related to an accelerated melting of the snowpack caused by a more efficient metamorphism of the snow due to an increasing size of the snow grains with increasing BC concentrations. The melting of the winter snowpack was shifted by 3 to 10 and 17 to 27 days during the three winter seasons in the presence of 100 and 300 ppb BC compared to clean snow, while the simulated annual local radiative forcing corresponds to 3 to 4.5 and 10.5 to 13.0 W m−2. An increased sublimation or evaporation of the snow reduces the simulated radiative forcing, leading to a net forcing that is lower by 0.5 to 1.5 W m−2, while the addition of 10 ppm dust causes an increase of the radiative forcing between 2.5 and 3 W m−2. According to the simulations, 7.5 ppm of dust has an effect equivalent to 100 ppb of BC concerning the impact on the melting of the snowpack and the local radiative forcing.
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Jacobi, H. W., S. Lim, M. Ménégoz, P. Ginot, P. Laj, P. Bonasoni, P. Stocchi, A. Marinoni, and Y. Arnaud. "Black carbon in snow in the upper Himalayan Khumbu Valley, Nepal: observations and modeling of the impact on snow albedo, melting, and radiative forcing." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 5 (October 8, 2014): 5035–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-5035-2014.
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Abstract. Black carbon (BC) in the snow in the Himalayas has recently attracted considerable interest due to its impact on snow albedo, snow and glacier melting, regional climate and water resources. A single particle soot photometer (SP2) instrument was used to measure refractory BC (rBC) in a series of surface snow samples collected in the upper Khumbu Valley in Nepal between November 2009 and February 2012. The obtained time series indicates annual cycles with maximum concentration before the onset of the monsoon season and fast decreases in rBC during the monsoon period. Measured concentrations ranged from a few ppb up to 70 ppb rBC. However, due to the handling of the samples the measured concentrations possess rather large uncertainties. Detailed modeling of the snowpack including the measured range and an estimated upper limit of rBC concentrations was performed to study the role of BC in the seasonal snowpack. Simulations were performed for three winter seasons with the snowpack model Crocus including a detailed description of the radiative transfer inside the snowpack. While the standard Crocus model strongly overestimates the height and the duration of the seasonal snowpack, a better calculation of the snow albedo with the new radiative transfer scheme enhanced the representation of the snow. However, the period with snow on the ground neglecting BC in the snow was still over-estimated between 37 and 66 days, which was further diminished by 8 to 15% and more than 40% in the presence of 100 or 300 ppb of BC. Compared to snow without BC the albedo is on average reduced by 0.027 and 0.060 in the presence of 100 and 300 ppb BC. While the impact of increasing BC in the snow on the albedo was largest for clean snow, the impact on the local radiative forcing is the opposite. Here, increasing BC caused an even larger impact at higher BC concentrations. This effect is related to an accelerated melting of the snowpack caused by a more efficient metamorphism of the snow due to an increasing size of the snow grains with increasing BC concentrations. The melting of the winter snowpack was shifted by 3 to 10 days and 17 to 27 days during the three winter seasons in the presence of 100 and 300 ppb BC compared to clean snow, while the simulated annual local radiative forcing corresponds to 3 to 4.5 and 10.5 to 13.0 W m−2. An increased sublimation or evaporation of the snow reduces the simulated radiative forcing leading to a net forcing that is lower by 0.5 to 1.5 W m−2, while the addition of 10 ppm dust causes an increase of the radiative forcing between 2.5 and 3 W m−2. According to the simulations 7.5 ppm of dust has an effect equivalent to 100 ppb of BC concerning the impact on the melting of the snowpack and the local radiative forcing.
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Maione, M., U. Giostra, J. Arduini, F. Furlani, P. Bonasoni, P. Cristofanelli, P. Laj, and E. Vuillermoz. "Three-year observations of halocarbons at the Nepal Climate Observatory at Pyramid (NCO-P, 5079 m a.s.l.) on the Himalayan range." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 9 (September 28, 2010): 22339–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-22339-2010.
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Abstract. A monitoring programme for halogenated climate-altering gases has been established in the frame of the SHARE EV-K2-CNR project at the Nepal Climate Laboratory – Pyramid in the Himalayan range at the altitude of 5079 m a.s.l. The site is very well located to provide important insights on changes in atmospheric composition in a region that is of great significance for emissions of both anthropogenic and biogenic halogenated compounds. Measurements are performed since March 2006, with grab samples collected on a weekly basis. The first three years of data have been analysed. After the identification of the atmospheric background values for fourteen halocarbons, the frequency of occurrence of pollution events have been compared with the same kind of analysis for data collected at other global background stations. The comparison with time series from other stations has also allowed to derive Meridional gradients, which are absent for long living well mixed species, while for the more reactive species, the gradient increases inversely with respect to their atmospheric lifetime. The effect of long range transport and of local events on the atmospheric composition at the station has been analysed as well, allowing the identification of relevant source regions the Northern half of the Indian sub-continent. Also, at finer spatial scales, a smaller, local contribution of forest fires from the Khumbu valley has been detected.
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Bolch, T., M. F. Buchroithner, J. Peters, M. Baessler, and S. Bajracharya. "Identification of glacier motion and potentially dangerous glacial lakes in the Mt. Everest region/Nepal using spaceborne imagery." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 6 (December 4, 2008): 1329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-1329-2008.
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Abstract. Failures of glacial lake dams can cause outburst floods and represents a serious hazard. The potential danger of outburst floods depends on various factors like the lake's area and volume, glacier change, morphometry of the glacier and its surrounding moraines and valley, and glacier velocity. Remote sensing offers an efficient tool for displacement calculations and risk assessment of the identification of potentially dangerous glacial lakes (PDGLs) and is especially helpful for remote mountainous areas. Not all important parameters can, however, be obtained using spaceborne imagery. Additional interpretation by an expert is required. ASTER data has a suitable accuracy to calculate surface velocity. Ikonos data offers more detail but requires more effort for rectification. All investigated debris-covered glacier tongues show areas with no or very slow movement rates. From 1962 to 2003 the number and area of glacial lakes increased, dominated by the occurrence and almost linear areal expansion of the moraine-dammed lakes, like the Imja Lake. Although the Imja Lake will probably still grow in the near future, the risk of an outburst flood (GLOF) is considered not higher than for other glacial lakes in the area. Potentially dangerous lakes and areas of lake development are identified. There is a high probability of further lake development at Khumbu Glacier, but a low one at Lhotse Glacier.
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Nicholson, Kirsten Ngaire, Klaus Neumann, Carolyn Dowling, and Subodh Sharma. "E. coli and Coliform Bacteria as Indicators for Drinking Water Quality and Handling of Drinking Water in the Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 6, no. 2 (October 11, 2017): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v6i2.11982.
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During the 2016 pre-monsoon dry season, we undertook a systematic study of water quality, specifically fecal contamination of drinking water, in the Khumbu Valley, Sagarmatha National Park (SNP, Mt. Everest region) and SNP buffer zone, Nepal. Our goal was to quantify physical parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity and total dissolved solids), and the presence of fecal coliforms (E. coli and total coliforms) in drinking water and drinking water sources (predominately groundwater-fed springs). This data set will function as a baseline for access to potable water and further monitoring. Sample sites were selected based on primary use as a drinking water and/or drinking water source for each community. In general, there is little correlation between and physical parameters however, there are very weak correlations between total coliform data and increasing temperature, and decreasing elevation and pH. There does, however, appear to be a correlation between population (including tourist numbers) and both E. coli and total coliforms. Our study clearly indicates that the presence of bacterial indicators of fecal pollution during the dry season. Samples from the more populated, lower altitude areas had higher levels of E. coli and coliform bacteria. Importantly, drinking water that was stored in tanks or transported long distances had a much higher incidence of E. coli and total coliforms suggesting that a change in water handling practices might have an important impact on drinking water quality and population health.
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Hubbard, Mary, David R. Lageson, and Roshan Raj Bhattarai. "Reactivated normal-sense shear zones in the core of the Greater Himalayan Sequence, Solukhumbu District, Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 53 (December 31, 2017): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v53i0.23823.
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We present preliminary observations from the Solukhumbu region of Nepal, coupled with structures described in the literature, to suggest the importance of structural and metamorphic discontinuities within the Himalayan metamorphic core (Greater Himalayan Sequence) and reactivation of at least one of these thrust discontinuities with a normal (down-to-the-north) sense of displacement. Based on preliminary geochronologic data, development of these discontinuities may have evolved over time. In the Dudh Kosi Valley near Ghat, gneissic rocks and pegmatites exhibit tectonized fabrics and yield argon cooling ages of ~4 Ma for K-feldspar and ~9 Ma for biotite. Just north of Khumjung there is a prominent topographic break from which sheared gneissic rocks indicate a top-to-the-north, or normal, sense of shear. Near Pangboche, a repeated section of kyanitebearing rocks interleaved with sillimanite-muscovite schist suggests structural imbrication and/or interleaved retrograde metamorphism. Below the peaks of Nuptse and Lhotse, the Khumbu thrust (Searle 1999) appears to form the floor of a thick succession of leucogranite sills. We suggest that these discontinuities were formed over time, possibly from early MCT and STDS deformation at ~21 Ma to as recent as ~4 Ma, and need to be considered in kinematic models that combine channel flow with critical taper and tectonic denudation. Moreover, orogenic collapse in the Himalayan core may be migrating southward through time as the orogenic wedge continues to uplift in response to underthrusting of India and southward propagation of the Main Frontal Thrust system.
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KATAEV, BORIS M., and JOACHIM SCHMIDT. "Brachypterous ground beetles of the Trichotichnus subgenus Bottchrus Jedlička (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from the Himalaya, with description of fifteen new species." Zootaxa 4323, no. 3 (September 22, 2017): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4323.3.1.
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The paper deals with the taxonomy of brachypterous species of the subgenus Bottchrus Jedlička, 1935 of the genus Trichotichnus Morawitz, 1863 occurring in the Himalayan region. The following new species are described: T. (B.) baglungensis sp. n. from the Baglung Lekh mountain range, Baglung District, western Central Nepal; T. (B.) parvulus sp. n. from Mt. Panchhase and the Krapa Danda mountain range, Kaski District, western Central Nepal; T. (B.) bubsaensis sp. n. from the eastern slope of the middle Dudh Koshi Valley near Bubsa, Solu Khumbu District, eastern Central Nepal; T. (B.) schawalleri sp. n. from the western slope of the Arun Valley, Bhojpur District, East Nepal; T. (B.) obliquebasalis sp. n. from the Khimti Khola Valley near Shivalaya, Dolakha District, eastern Central Nepal; T. (B.) panchhaseensis sp. n. from Mt. Panchhase, Kaski District, western Central Nepal; T. (B.) siklesensis sp. n. from the Sikles mountain range on the southern slope of Annapurna Peak II, western Central Nepal; T. (B.) pusillus sp. n. from the south-western slopes of Manaslu Himal (Bara Pokhari Lekh and Dudh Pokhari Lekh mountain ranges), and from the south-eastern slope of Annapurna Himal (Telbrung Danda mountain range), Lamjung District, western Central Nepal; T. (B.) ganeshensis sp. n. from the south-western slope of Ganesh Himal, Nuwakot District, Central Nepal; T. (B.) minutus sp. n. from the mountains surrounding the Kathmandu Valley (Shivapuri Lekh, Mt. Phulchoki), Central Nepal; T. (B.) gupchiensis sp. n. from the Gupchi Danda mountain range on the south-eastern slope of Manaslu Himal, Gorkha District, western Central Nepal; T. (B.) brancuccii sp. n. from the southern slope of the Helambu mountain range, Sindhupalchok District, Central Nepal; T. (B.) manasluensis sp. n. from the Bara Pokhari Lekh mountain range on the south-western slope of Manaslu Himal, Lamjung District, western Central Nepal; T. (B.) sikkimensis sp. n. from Pelling near Geyzing, West Sikkim, India; T. (B.) martensi sp. n. from the western slopes of the Singalila mountain range, Taplejung District, East Nepal. The following four species are redescribed: brachypterous T. (B.) holzschuhi Kirschenhofer, 1992; T. (B.) cyanescens Ito, 1998; T. (B.) hingstoni Andrewes, 1930; and dimorphic T. (B.) birmanicus Bates, 1892; and new data on their distribution are provided. The lectotype is designated for T. hingstoni Andrewes, 1930. The following two new synonyms are proposed: Trichotichnus birmanicus Bates, 1892 = T. (Bellogenus) probsti Kirschenhofer, 1992, syn. n., and T. hingstoni Andrewes, 1930 = T. (Pseudotrichotichnus) curvatus Ito, 1996, syn. n. The brachypterous and dimorphic species of Bottchrus known from the Himalaya are divided into eight informal groups based mostly on the degree of reduction of hindwings and the configuration of the median lobe of the aedeagus, and their relationships are briefly discussed. The distributional data of all these species are mapped.
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Pathak, M. L., B. B. Shrestha, L. Joshi, X. F. Gao, and P. K. Jha. "Anatomy of two Rhododendron species along the elevational gradient, Eastern Nepal." Banko Janakari 28, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v28i2.24186.
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A wide range of habitat conditions including elevation determine adaptative variation in a species. The study was carried out to investigate the anatomical variation of two common species of Rhododendron (R. anthopogon and R. lepidotum) growing between 3200 and 4700 m asl in Gokyo valley of Sagarmatha National Park, Khumbu, eastern Nepal. Seven anatomical characters viz. pore area (PA), pore density (PD), vessel element length (VEL), fiber tracheid length (FL), ray density (RD), uniseriate ray height (URH) and uniseriate ray cell number (URCN) of twenty-three samples for two species (12 samples of R. anthopogon and 11 of R. lepidotum) were studied by making permanent slides of transverse, tangential longitudinal and radial longitudinal stem sections. In R. anthopogon, out of three non- anatomical characters (plant height, soil nitrogen and leaf nitrogen) the nitrogen content in leaf increased with increasing elevation. However, the plant height and nitrogen content in soil did not vary significantly with elevation. Out of the seven wood anatomical characters three characters such as PA, VEL and FL decreased with increasing elevation. The other four characters, PD, RD, URH and URCN did not vary significantly with elevation. In R. lepidotum, plant height decreased with increasing elevation and nitrogen content of soil and leaf increased with elevation. The PD, PA, VEL and FL decreased along the elevation gradient. However, RD, URH and URCN did not vary significantly with elevation. These variations in the anatomical features of both species have been attributed to the adaptative strategies of the plant in the hostile environment at high elevation.
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Minetti, Alberto E., Federico Formenti, and Luca P. Ardigò. "Himalayan porter's specialization: metabolic power, economy, efficiency and skill." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1602 (August 4, 2006): 2791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3653.
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Carrying heavy loads in the Himalayan region is a real challenge. Porters face extreme ranges in terrain condition, path steepness, altitude hypoxia and climate for 6–8 h a day, many months a year, since they were boys. It has been previously shown that, when carrying loads on level terrain, porters' metabolic economy is higher than in Caucasians but the reasons are still unknown. We monitored Nepalese porters both during 90 km trekking in Khumbu Valley and at two different altitudes (3490 and 5050 m above sea-level), where they were compared to Caucasian mountaineers during (22%) gradient walking. Both subject groups carried a load of up to 90% body mass. The remarkably higher performance of porters during uphill locomotion (+60% in speed, +39% mechanical power) is only partly explained by the lower cost of loaded walking (−20%), being also the result of a better cardio-circulatory adaptation to altitude, which generates a higher mass-specific metabolic power (+30%). Consequently, Nepalese porters show higher efficiency, both during uphill and downhill loaded walking. Their higher economy on steep paths cannot be ascribed to a better exchange between potential and kinetic energy, as in our experiments the body centre of mass travelled monotonically uphill (or downhill). A different oscillation pattern of the loaded head–trunk segment, together with the analysis of the different components of the mechanical work during load carrying, suggests that achieved motor skills in balancing the loaded body segment above the hip could play a role in determining the better economy of porters.
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Marinoni, A., P. Cristofanelli, P. Laj, R. Duchi, F. Calzolari, S. Decesari, K. Sellegri, et al. "Aerosol mass and black carbon concentrations, two year-round observations at NCO-P (5079 m, Southern Himalayas)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2010): 8379–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-8379-2010.
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Abstract. Aerosol mass and the absorbing fraction are important variables, needed to constrain the role of atmospheric particles in the Earth radiation budget, both directly and indirectly through CCN activation. In particular, their monitoring in remote areas and mountain sites is essential for determining source regions, elucidating the mechanisms of long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants, and validating regional and global models. Since March 2006, aerosol mass and black carbon concentration have been monitored at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid, a permanent high-altitude research station located in the Khumbu valley at 5079 m a.s.l. below Mt. Everest. The first two-year averages of PM1 and PM1-10 mass were 1.94 μg m−3 and 1.88 μg m−3, with standard deviations of 3.90 μg m−3 and 4.45 μg m−3, respectively, while the black carbon concentration average is 160.5 ng m−3, with a standard deviation of 296.1 ng m−3. Both aerosol mass and black carbon show well defined annual cycles, with a maximum during the pre-monsoon season and a minimum during the monsoon. They also display a typical diurnal cycle during all the seasons, with the lowest particle concentration recorded during the night, and a considerable increase during the afternoon, revealing the major role played by thermal winds in influencing the behaviour of atmospheric compounds over the high Himalayas. The aerosol concentration is subject to high variability: in fact, as well as frequent "background conditions" (55% of the time) when BC concentrations are mainly below 100 ng m−3, concentrations up to 5 μg m−3 are reached during some episodes (a few days every year) in the pre-monsoon seasons. The variability of PM and BC is the result of both short-term changes due to thermal wind development in the valley, and long-range transport/synoptic circulation. At NCO-P, higher concentrations of PM1 and BC are mostly associated with regional circulation and westerly air masses from the Middle East, while the strongest contributions of mineral dust arrive from the Middle East and regional circulation, with a special contribution from North Africa and South-West Arabian Peninsula in post-monsoon and winter season.
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Marinoni, A., P. Cristofanelli, P. Laj, R. Duchi, F. Calzolari, S. Decesari, K. Sellegri, et al. "Aerosol mass and black carbon concentrations, a two year record at NCO-P (5079 m, Southern Himalayas)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 17 (September 10, 2010): 8551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8551-2010.
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Abstract. Aerosol mass and the absorbing fraction are important variables, needed to constrain the role of atmospheric particles in the Earth radiation budget, both directly and indirectly through CCN activation. In particular, their monitoring in remote areas and mountain sites is essential for determining source regions, elucidating the mechanisms of long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants, and validating regional and global models. Since March 2006, aerosol mass and black carbon concentration have been monitored at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid, a permanent high-altitude research station located in the Khumbu valley at 5079 m a.s.l. below Mt. Everest. The first two-year averages of PM1 and PM1−10 mass were 1.94 μg m−3 and 1.88 μg m−3, with standard deviations of 3.90 μg m−3 and 4.45 μg m−3, respectively, while the black carbon concentration average is 160.5 ng m−3, with a standard deviation of 296.1 ng m−3. Both aerosol mass and black carbon show well defined annual cycles, with a maximum during the pre-monsoon season and a minimum during the monsoon. They also display a typical diurnal cycle during all the seasons, with the lowest particle concentration recorded during the night, and a considerable increase during the afternoon, revealing the major role played by thermal winds in influencing the behaviour of atmospheric compounds over the high Himalayas. The aerosol concentration is subject to high variability: in fact, as well as frequent "background conditions" (55% of the time) when BC concentrations are mainly below 100 ng m−3, concentrations up to 5 μg m−3 are reached during some episodes (a few days every year) in the pre-monsoon seasons. The variability of PM and BC is the result of both short-term changes due to thermal wind development in the valley, and long-range transport/synoptic circulation. At NCO-P, higher concentrations of PM1 and BC are mostly associated with regional circulation and westerly air masses from the Middle East, while the strongest contributions of mineral dust arrive from the Middle East and regional circulation, with a special contribution from North Africa and South-West Arabian Peninsula in post-monsoon and winter season.
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Maione, M., U. Giostra, J. Arduini, F. Furlani, P. Bonasoni, P. Cristofanelli, P. Laj, and E. Vuillermoz. "Three-year observations of halocarbons at the Nepal Climate Observatory at Pyramid (NCO-P, 5079 m a.s.l.) on the Himalayan range." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 7 (April 12, 2011): 3431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3431-2011.
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Abstract. A monitoring programme for halogenated climate-altering gases has been established in the frame of the SHARE EV-K2-CNR project at the Nepal Climate Laboratory – Pyramid in the Himalayan range at the altitude of 5079 m a.s.l. The site is very well located to provide important insights on changes in atmospheric composition in a region that is of great significance for emissions of both anthropogenic and biogenic halogenated compounds. Measurements are performed since March 2006, with grab samples collected on a weekly basis. The first three years of data have been analysed. After the identification of the atmospheric background values for fourteen halocarbons, the frequency of occurrence of pollution events have been compared with the same kind of analysis for data collected at other global background stations. The analysis showed the fully halogenated species, whose production and consumption are regulated under the Montreal Protocol, show a significant occurrence of "above the baseline" values, as a consequence of their current use in the developing countries surrounding the region, meanwhile the hydrogenated gases, more recently introduced into the market, show less frequent spikes. Atmospheric concentration trends have been calculated as well, and they showed a fast increase, ranging from 5.7 to 12.6%, of all the hydrogenated species, and a clear decrease of methyl chloroform (−17.7%). The comparison with time series from other stations has also allowed to derive Meridional gradients, which are absent for long living well mixed species, while for the more reactive species, the gradient increases inversely with respect to their atmospheric lifetime. The effect of long range transport and of local events on the atmospheric composition at the station has been analysed as well, allowing the identification of relevant source regions the Northern half of the Indian sub-continent. Also, at finer spatial scales, a smaller, local contribution of forest fires from the Khumbu valley has been detected.
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Lami, Andrea, Aldo Marchetto, Simona Musazzi, Franco Salerno, Gianni Tartari, Piero Guilizzoni, Michela Rogora, and Gabriele A. Tartari. "Chemical and biological response of two small lakes in the Khumbu Valley, Himalayas (Nepal) to short-term variability and climatic change as detected by long-term monitoring and paleolimnological methods." Hydrobiologia 648, no. 1 (April 28, 2010): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0262-3.
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Duchi, R., P. Cristofanelli, A. Marinoni, P. Laj, S. Marcq, P. Villani, K. Sellegri, et al. "Continuous observations of synoptic-scale dust transport at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079 m a.s.l.) in the Himalayas." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 2 (February 4, 2011): 4229–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-4229-2011.
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Abstract. This study presents two years of continuous observations of physical aerosol properties at the GAW-WMO global station "Nepal Climate Observatory – Pyramid" (NCO-P, 27°57' N, 86°48' E), sited at 5079 m a.s.l. in the high Himalayan Khumbu Valley (Nepal). Measurements of aerosol number size distribution, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and single scattering albedo (SSA) are analysed from March 2006 to February 2008. By studying the temporal variations of coarse (1 μm < Dp ≤ 10 μm) particle number concentration, 53 mineral Dust Transport Events (DTEs) are identified, accounting for 22.2% of the analysed data-set. Such events occurred prevalently during pre-monsoon (for 30.6% of the period) and winter (22.1%) seasons. However, uncommon cases of mineral dust transport are observed even during the monsoon season. The main sources of mineral dust reaching NCO-P are identified in the arid regions not far from the measurement site, i.e. from Tibetan Plateau, and Lot-Thar deserts, which account for 52% of the dust transport days. Moreover, a non-negligible contribution can be attributed to the Arabian Peninsula (17%) and the Indo-Gangetic Plains (16%), as indicated by three dimensional (3-D) back-trajectory analyses performed with LAGRANTO model. The observed DTEs lead to significant enhancements in the coarse aerosol number concentration (+513%) and coarse aerosol mass (+655%), as compared with average values observed in "dust-free" conditions ( 0.05 ± 0.11 cm−3 and 3.4 ± 3.7 μg m−3, respectively). During DTEs, SSA is higher (0.84–0.89) than on "dust-free" days (0.75–0.83), confirming the importance of this class of events as a driver of the radiative features of the regional Himalayan climate. Considering the dust events, a significant seasonal AOD increase (+37.5%) is observed in the post-monsoon, whereas lower increase (less than +11.1%) characterises the pre-monsoon and winter seasons confirming the influence of synoptic-scale mineral dust transports on the aerosol optical properties observed at NCO-P.
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Vuillermoz, Elisa, Gian Pietro Verza, Paolo Cristofanelli, Paolo Bonasoni, Guido Roggero, and Andrea Merlone. "QA/QC Procedures for <i>in-Situ</i> Calibration of a High Altitude Automatic Weather Station: The Case Study of the AWS Pyramid, 5050 m asl, Khumbu Valley, Nepal." Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 04, no. 05 (2014): 796–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2014.45070.
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Bonasoni, P., P. Laj, A. Marinoni, M. Sprenger, F. Angelini, J. Arduini, U. Bonafè, et al. "Atmospheric Brown Clouds in the Himalayas: first two years of continuous observations at the Nepal-Climate Observatory at Pyramid (5079 m)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2010): 4823–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-4823-2010.
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Abstract. South Asia is strongly influenced by the so-called Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC), a wide polluted layer extending from the Indian Ocean to the Himalayas during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons (November to April). This thick, grey-brown haze blanket substantially interacts with the incoming solar radiation, causing a cooling of the Earth's surface and a warming of the atmosphere, thus influencing the monsoon system and climate. In this area, the Himalayan region, particularly sensitive to climate change, offers a unique opportunity to detect global change processes and to analyse the influence of anthropogenic pollution on background atmospheric conditions through continuous monitoring activities. This paper provides a detailed description of the atmospheric conditions characterizing the high Himalayas, thanks to continuous observations begun in March 2006 at the Nepal Climate Observatory – Pyramid (NCO-P) located at 5079 m a.s.l. on the southern foothills of Mt. Everest, in the framework of ABC-UNEP and SHARE-Ev-K2-CNR projects. Besides giving an overview of the measurement site and experimental activities, the work presents an in-depth characterization of meteorological conditions and air-mass circulation at NCO-P during the first two years of activity (March 2006–February 2008). The mean values of atmospheric pressure, temperature and wind speed recorded at the site were: 551 hPa, −3.0 °C, 4.7 m s−1, respectively. The highest seasonal values of temperature (1.7 °C) and relative humidity (94%) were registered during the monsoon season, which was also characterized by thick clouds present in about 80% of the afternoon hours and by a frequency of cloud-free sky less than 10%. The lowest temperature and relative humidity values were registered during winter, −6.3 °C and 22%, respectively, the season being characterised by mainly cloud-free sky conditions and rare thick clouds. The summer monsoon influenced the rain precipitation (seasonal mean 237 mm), while wind was dominated by flows from the bottom of the valley (S-SW) and upper mountain (N-NE). In relation to seasonal weather conditions, the time series variability of black carbon and dust particles (optical active aerosols) and ozone (regional greenhouse gas) were analysed, as they are significant constituents of the Atmospheric Brown Cloud and strongly influence the atmospheric radiative forcing. The highest seasonal values of black carbon (BC), ozone (O3) and dust particles were observed during the pre-monsoon season (316.9 ng m−3, 60.9 ppbv, 0.37 cm−3, respectively), while the lowest concentrations occurred during the monsoon for BC and O3 (49.6 ng m−3 and 33.6 ppbv, respectively) and post-monsoon for dust particles (0.07 cm−3). The seasonal cycles of these compounds are influenced both by the local mountain wind system and by the three principal large-scale circulation regimes: Westerly, South-Westerly and Regional, as shown by the analysis of in-situ meteorological parameters and 5-day LAGRANTO back-trajectories. In particular, the analysis of data representative of synoptic-scale circulation showed that the highest median values (O3: 68 ppbv, BC: 124 ng m−3, dust particles: 0.44 cm−3, respectively) were related with air-masses from polluted and arid regions in the Indian subcontinent, as well as the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf. Furthermore, it was documented that in 90% of pre-monsoon days the Khumbu valley represents a "direct channel" able to transport polluted air-masses from the Asian Brown Cloud up to NCO-P and to higher altitudes. On such days the average day-time BC concentration (625 ng m−3) was at least double that recorded on the remaining days, even if during some pollution hot spots BC daily values increased up to 1000 ng m−3. In this study, two years of Himalayan observation activities carried out at NCO-P, in conjunction with model circulation analyses, provide some of the first evidence that polluted air-masses linked to the Atmospheric Brown Cloud can reach the high Himalayas, in particular during the pre-monsoon season, influencing the pristine atmospheric composition.
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Rodríguez Varona, Carlos Eduardo, and Dámaso René Rodríguez Vives. "Theory of Construction of the Giza Plateau Pyramids (Original title: Hypothesis of construction of the pyramids of the valley* of Gizeh (Giza))." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 6 (July 10, 2020): 1080–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jun1137.
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The following theory pretends to expose the probable technique used by ancient Egyptians to lift and rise at the height of 145 meters all blocks and constructive elements that compound the pyramids of the Giza plateau, specially the Khufu pyramid. Two types of ramps are exposed in the work. The model elaboration was made taking approximate dimensions that have blocks that compound the pyramids – more precisely, Khufu pyramid -, utilizing geometric basic forms, physics-mathematical simple reasoning and measures of common lengths to the epoch. A suitable angle for the slope must be determined to make possible annulling almost completely the action of gravity force, to obtain a ramp that satisfies two fundamental conditions: I- Transform the moving blocks work to overcome only the friction force when dragging them and not into overcome the action of gravity force on them. II- Facilitate move the blocks in a comfortable, safe and fast way, making possible to accomplish complex maneuvers with a minimum risk; even when its implies traveling bigger distances and to transfer a bigger number of elements that compose ramps and their talus. The First type of ramps constitute the main part of this work due it provides the effective technique to solve the incognita of how were raised all constructive components to reach the desired height of 146 meters that had the Khufu pyramid in their splendor times. The second type of ramps provides the technique to improve to the maximum the existent relation between the pyramid constructive process and the possibilities to
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"Ama Dablam, Khumbu Valley, Nepal." Archives of Internal Medicine 165, no. 1 (January 10, 2005): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.1.7.
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Moore, G. W. K., and J. L. Semple. "High concentration of surface ozone observed along the Khumbu Valley Nepal April 2007." Geophysical Research Letters 36, no. 14 (July 21, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009gl038158.
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Miles, Katie E., Bryn Hubbard, Evan S. Miles, Duncan J. Quincey, Ann V. Rowan, Martin Kirkbride, and Josephine Hornsey. "Continuous borehole optical televiewing reveals variable englacial debris concentrations at Khumbu Glacier, Nepal." Communications Earth & Environment 2, no. 1 (January 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00070-x.
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AbstractSurface melting of High Mountain Asian debris-covered glaciers shapes the seasonal water supply to millions of people. This melt is strongly influenced by the spatially variable thickness of the supraglacial debris layer, which is itself partially controlled by englacial debris concentration and melt-out. Here, we present measurements of deep englacial debris concentrations from debris-covered Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, based on four borehole optical televiewer logs, each up to 150 m long. The mean borehole englacial debris content is ≤ 0.7% by volume in the glacier’s mid-to-upper ablation area, and increases to 6.4% by volume near the terminus. These concentrations are higher than those reported for other valley glaciers, although those measurements relate to discrete samples while our approach yields a continuous depth profile. The vertical distribution of englacial debris increases with depth, but is also highly variable, which will complicate predictions of future rates of surface melt and debris exhumation at such glaciers.