Academic literature on the topic 'Khumbu Valley'

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Journal articles on the topic "Khumbu Valley"

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Greven, Henk C. "Grimmia(Bryopsida, Grimmiaceae) in the Nepalese Khumbu Valley." Journal of Bryology 24, no. 2 (June 2002): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/037366802125001060.

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Garbarino, Matteo, Emanuele Lingua, Raffaella Marzano, Carlo Urbinati, Dinesh Bhuju, and Marco Carrer. "Human interactions with forest landscape in the Khumbu valley, Nepal." Anthropocene 6 (June 2014): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2014.05.004.

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Yagol, P., A. Manandhar, P. Ghimire, RB Kayastha, and JR Joshi. "Identification of Locations for Potential Glacial Lakes Formation using Remote Sensing Technology." Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal 12 (October 31, 2013): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v12i0.9068.

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In past Nepal has encountered a number of glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) events causing loss of billions of rupees. Still there are a number of glacial lakes forming and there are chances of new glacial lake formation. Hence there is intense need to monitor glaciers and glacial lakes. The development on remote sensing technology has eased the researches on glacier and glacial lakes. Identification of locations of potential glacial lakes through the use of remote sensing technology has been proven and hence is opted for identification of locations of potential glacial lake in Khumbu Valley of Sagarmatha Zone, Nepal. The probable sites for glacial lake formation are at Ngojumpa, Lobuche, Khumbu, Bhotekoshi, Inkhu, Kyasar, Lumsumna, etc. As per study, the biggest glacial lake could form at Ngozumpa glacier. Even in other glaciers potential supra-glacial lakes could merge together to form lakes that occupy significant area. Nepalese Journal on Geoinformatics -12, 2070 (2013AD): 10-16
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KATAEV, BORIS M., and JOACHIM SCHMIDT. "New data on the irvinei group of Chydaeus of the Himalaya from Nepal and southern Tibet (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Harpalini)." Zootaxa 4686, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4686.2.2.

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Re-examination of the type series of Chydaeus irvinei (Andrewes, 1930) revealed that this species is based on two different taxa. It is re-described based on the lectotype and two paralectotypes from Gautsa in the Ngamo Chu Valley of southern Tibet between Sikkim and Bhutan. Chydaeus loeffleri (Jedlička, 1966) is treated as distinct species (not a synonym of Ch. irvinei) with two subspecies: the nominotypical one distributed in the Rolwaling Valley in eastern Central Nepal, and Ch. loeffleri tibetanus ssp. n. described on the basis of the paralectotype of Ch. irvinei from the Rongshar Valley in southern Tibet north west of the Rolwaling Himal. A new species Ch. soluensis sp. n., also similar to Ch. irvinei in appearance and genitalia, is described from the Solu Khumbu District of eastern Central Nepal (type locality: Lamjura Danda). In addition, a revised key to all species and subspecies of the irvinei group is provided.
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Caravello, G. U., A. M. Boselli, P. Bertollo, and A. Baroni. "Assessing Ecosystem Health: An Analysis of Tourism related Change and Impact in Khumbu Valley, Nepal." Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 14 (September 22, 2016): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v14i0.4826.

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Available with fulltext.Key words: Sagarmatha National Park; Tourism; Water quality; Biotic index; Human healthEcoprint An International Journal of Ecology Vol. 14, 2007 Page:45-64 Uploaded date: 31 May, 2011
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Singh, Pratap, Umesh K. Haritashya, and Naresh Kumar. "Meteorological study for Gangotri Glacier and its comparison with other high altitude meteorological stations in central Himalayan region." Hydrology Research 38, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2007.028.

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In spite of the vital role of high altitude climatology in melting of snow and glaciers, retreat or advancement of glaciers, flash floods, erosion and sediment transport, etc., weather conditions are not much studied for the high altitude regions of Himalayas. In this study, a comprehensive meteorological analysis has been made for the Gangotri Meteorological Station (Bhagirathi Valley, Garhwal Himalayas) using data observed for four consecutive melt seasons (2000–2003) covering a period from May to October for each year. The collected meteorological data includes rainfall, temperature, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, sunshine hours and evaporation. The results and their distribution over the different melt seasons were compared with available meteorological records for Dokriani Meteorological Station (Dingad Valley, Garhwal Himalayas) and Pyramid Meteorological Station (Khumbu Valley, Nepal Himalayas). The magnitude and distribution of temperature were found to be similar for different Himalayan regions, while rainfall varied from region to region. The influence of the monsoon was meagre on the rainfall in these areas. July was recorded to be the warmest month for all the regions and, in general, August had the maximum rainfall. For all the stations, daytime up-valley wind speeds were 3 to 4 times stronger than the nighttime down-valley wind speeds. It was found that the Gangotri Glacier area experienced relatively low humidity and high evaporation rates as compared to other parts of the Himalayas. Such analysis reveals the broad meteorological characteristics of the high altitude areas of the Central Himalayan region.
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Balestrini, Raffaella, Stefano Polesello, and Elisa Sacchi. "Chemistry and isotopic composition of precipitation and surface waters in Khumbu valley (Nepal Himalaya): N dynamics of high elevation basins." Science of The Total Environment 485-486 (July 2014): 681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.096.

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Karki, Ramchandra, Shabeh ul Hasson, Lars Gerlitz, Udo Schickhoff, Thomas Scholten, and Jürgen Böhner. "Quantifying the added value of convection-permitting climate simulations in complex terrain: a systematic evaluation of WRF over the Himalayas." Earth System Dynamics 8, no. 3 (July 5, 2017): 507–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-507-2017.

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Abstract. Mesoscale dynamical refinements of global climate models or atmospheric reanalysis have shown their potential to resolve intricate atmospheric processes, their land surface interactions, and subsequently, realistic distribution of climatic fields in complex terrains. Given that such potential is yet to be explored within the central Himalayan region of Nepal, we investigate the skill of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with different spatial resolutions in reproducing the spatial, seasonal, and diurnal characteristics of the near-surface air temperature and precipitation as well as the spatial shifts in the diurnal monsoonal precipitation peak over the Khumbu (Everest), Rolwaling, and adjacent southern areas. Therefore, the ERA-Interim (0.75°) reanalysis has been dynamically refined to 25, 5, and 1 km (D1, D2, and D3) for one complete hydrological year (October 2014–September 2015), using the one-way nested WRF model run with mild nudging and parameterized convection for the outer but explicitly resolved convection for the inner domains. Our results suggest that D3 realistically reproduces the monsoonal precipitation, as compared to its underestimation by D1 but overestimation by D2. All three resolutions, however, overestimate precipitation from the westerly disturbances, owing to simulating anomalously higher intensity of few intermittent events. Temperatures are generally reproduced well by all resolutions; however, winter and pre-monsoon seasons feature a high cold bias for high elevations while lower elevations show a simultaneous warm bias. Unlike higher resolutions, D1 fails to realistically reproduce the regional-scale nocturnal monsoonal peak precipitation observed in the Himalayan foothills and its diurnal shift towards high elevations, whereas D2 resolves these characteristics but exhibits a limited skill in reproducing such a peak on the river valley scale due to the limited representation of the narrow valleys at 5 km resolution. Nonetheless, featuring a substantial skill over D1 and D2, D3 simulates almost realistic shapes of the seasonal and diurnal precipitation and the peak timings even on valley scales. These findings clearly suggest an added value of the convective-scale resolutions in realistically resolving the topoclimates over the central Himalayas, which in turn allows simulating their interactions with the synoptic-scale weather systems prevailing over high Asia.
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Brauchle, J., D. Hein, and R. Berger. "DETAILED AND HIGHLY ACCURATE 3D MODELS OF HIGH MOUNTAIN AREAS BY THE MACS-HIMALAYA AERIAL CAMERA PLATFORM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 30, 2015): 1129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-1129-2015.

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Remote sensing in areas with extreme altitude differences is particularly challenging. In high mountain areas specifically, steep slopes result in reduced ground pixel resolution and degraded quality in the DEM. Exceptionally high brightness differences can in part no longer be imaged by the sensors. Nevertheless, detailed information about mountainous regions is highly relevant: time and again glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and debris avalanches claim dozens of victims. Glaciers are sensitive to climate change and must be carefully monitored. <br><br> Very detailed and accurate 3D maps provide a basic tool for the analysis of natural hazards and the monitoring of glacier surfaces in high mountain areas. There is a gap here, because the desired accuracies are often not achieved. <br><br> It is for this reason that the DLR Institute of Optical Sensor Systems has developed a new aerial camera, the MACS-Himalaya. The measuring unit comprises four camera modules with an overall aperture angle of 116° perpendicular to the direction of flight. A High Dynamic Range (HDR) mode was introduced so that within a scene, bright areas such as sun-flooded snow and dark areas such as shaded stone can be imaged. In 2014, a measuring survey was performed on the Nepalese side of the Himalayas. The remote sensing system was carried by a Stemme S10 motor glider. Amongst other targets, the Seti Valley, Kali-Gandaki Valley and the Mt. Everest/Khumbu Region were imaged at heights up to 9,200 m. Products such as dense point clouds, DSMs and true orthomosaics with a ground pixel resolution of up to 15 cm were produced. Special challenges and gaps in the investigation of high mountain areas, approaches for resolution of these problems, the camera system and the state of evaluation are presented with examples.
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Jacobi, H. W., S. Lim, M. Ménégoz, P. Ginot, P. Laj, P. Bonasoni, P. Stocchi, A. Marinoni, and Y. Arnaud. "Black carbon in snow in the upper Himalayan Khumbu Valley, Nepal: observations and modeling of the impact on snow albedo, melting, and radiative forcing." Cryosphere 9, no. 4 (August 21, 2015): 1685–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1685-2015.

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Abstract. Black carbon (BC) in snow in the Himalayas has recently attracted considerable interest due to its impact on snow albedo, snow and glacier melting, regional climate and water resources. A single particle soot photometer (SP2) instrument was used to measure refractory BC (rBC) in a series of surface snow samples collected in the upper Khumbu Valley, Nepal between November 2009 and February 2012. The obtained time series indicates annual cycles with maximum rBC concentrations before the onset of the monsoon season and fast decreases during the monsoon period. Detected concentrations ranged from a few up to 70 ppb with rather large uncertainties due to the handling of the samples. Detailed modeling of the snowpack, including the detected range and an estimated upper limit of BC concentrations, was performed to study the role of BC in the seasonal snowpack. Simulations were performed for three winter seasons with the snowpack model Crocus, including a detailed description of the radiative transfer inside the snowpack. While the standard Crocus model strongly overestimates the height and the duration of the seasonal snowpack, a better calculation of the snow albedo with the new radiative transfer scheme enhanced the representation of the snow. However, the period with snow on the ground without BC in the snow was still overestimated between 37 and 66 days, which was further diminished by 8 to 15 % and more than 40 % in the presence of 100 or 300 ppb of BC. Compared to snow without BC, the albedo is reduced on average by 0.027 and 0.060 in the presence of 100 and 300 ppb BC. While the impact of increasing BC in the snow on the albedo was largest for clean snow, the impact on the local radiative forcing is the opposite. Here, increasing BC caused an even larger impact at higher BC concentrations. This effect is related to an accelerated melting of the snowpack caused by a more efficient metamorphism of the snow due to an increasing size of the snow grains with increasing BC concentrations. The melting of the winter snowpack was shifted by 3 to 10 and 17 to 27 days during the three winter seasons in the presence of 100 and 300 ppb BC compared to clean snow, while the simulated annual local radiative forcing corresponds to 3 to 4.5 and 10.5 to 13.0 W m−2. An increased sublimation or evaporation of the snow reduces the simulated radiative forcing, leading to a net forcing that is lower by 0.5 to 1.5 W m−2, while the addition of 10 ppm dust causes an increase of the radiative forcing between 2.5 and 3 W m−2. According to the simulations, 7.5 ppm of dust has an effect equivalent to 100 ppb of BC concerning the impact on the melting of the snowpack and the local radiative forcing.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Khumbu Valley"

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Löfstrand, Anna, and Emma Karlsson. "A GIS-based study of landslide hazards in Khumbu valley, Nepal." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1879.

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All around the world the global climate change has become an important issue and its impact has been widely discussed. In the Everest region the environment is extra sensitive to changes due to the numbers of glaciers in the area. When glaciers are melting and ground temperature is rising it is likely to affect the area by causing more hazards. The area also has an extreme relief and high seismic activity, which also contribute to the numerous hazards. An increasing number of hazards could be a danger both to local people and to tourists visiting the area. Local people are forced to build houses in high risk areas due to limited supply of land suitable for farming and living in the mountains.

We made a field trip to Khumbu valley, in the Everest region. On the field trip we mapped the location of hazards and examined where there was a risk of future hazards to occur. The hazards were surveyed with GPS. Maps and analyses were generated with GIS software at the Himalayan environmental research center in Kathmandu, ICIMOD. We digitalized the hazards and hyperlinked photos to them. We also did an image difference analysis, where we compared satellite images from different years to see whether the number of hazards had increased. The result indicated that from 1976 to 2000 the number of hazards have increased, especially along the river. The photo documentation provides a basis for follow-up studies of the future development of the hazardous areas.

A number of diagrams were made to visualize results from the field trip. It can be seen that there are many hazards close to where people are living and close to trails. We also compared our digitalized hazards to risk maps (from 1985 and 2005) to see which risk zone our hazards belonged to. A slope map of the area was created with hyperlinked photos from the sites.


Frågan om hur klimatförändringar kommer att påverka vår miljö har blivit ett stort samtalsämne i hela världen. Everestområdet i Nepal är extra känsligt för förändringar på grund av att det finns många glaciärer i området. När glaciärerna smälter och marktemperaturen stiger kommer det troligtvis att påverka antalet skred i området.

En ökning av antalet skred kan medföra större risker för lokalbefolkning och turister, som vistas i området. Det är därför viktigt att informera och utbilda lokalbefolkningen om var det är säkert att bygga nya hus m.m.

Vi har gjort ett fältarbete i Khumbudalen som ligger i Everestområdet. Under fältvistelsen kartlade och fotograferade vi skredens utbredning och undersökte var risken för skred är som störst. Skreden och sluttningarna mättes in med hjälp av GPS. Efter fältvistelsen gjorde vi kartor och analyser med hjälp av GIS, på ett forskningscentrum i Kathmandu, ICIMOD. Vi digitaliserade skred och länkade foton till dem. Vi gjorde också en förändringsanalys där vi jämförde satellitbilder från olika år (1976 till 2000) för att se om förekomsten av skred har ökat.

Resultatet visar en ökning av antalet skred särskilt utmed floden. Fotodokumentationen utgör en grund för uppföljningsstudier av utvecklingen av skred i området.

Ett antal diagram skapades för att visa resultaten från fältvistelsen. Det framgår att det finns många skred där människor lever och vid vandringsstigar. Vi jämförde också våra digitaliserade skred med riskkartor från 1985 och 2005 för att se i vilken riskzon skreden ligger i.

En sluttningskarta över området skapades med foton länkade till kartan.

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Heydon, Susan, and n/a. "Modern medicine and the Sherpa of Khumbu : exploring the histories of Khunde Hospital, Nepal 1966-1998." University of Otago. Department of History, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070119.122329.

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The celebrated Sherpas of Himalayan mountaineering, who lived in the rugged high-altitude environment of the Everest area of Nepal, lacked Western style medical services and so iconic New Zealander, Sir Edmund Hillary, 'hero' of Everest, built them a small hospital in 1966. He administered Khunde Hospital through the Himalayan Trust, but with substantial support, since the late-1970s, from the Sir Edmund Hillary Foundation in Canada. Overseas medical volunteers assisted by local staff provided a range of outpatient and inpatient, curative and preventive services. The history of Khunde Hospital, therefore, provides a case study for the introduction of modern medicine, as Sherpas referred to Western or biomedicine, and for the implementation of an overseas aid project. In my analysis I have moved away from a binary, oppositional examination of a cross-cultural encounter and have situated Khunde Hospital in a conceptual device of 'worlds'. I argue that the hospital existed and operated simultaneously within multiple separate yet interconnected worlds, but do not privilege one discourse over another. These worlds work beyond culture, encompassing institutions, political structures and knowledge communities and were physical, social and intellectual spaces within which there were rules and norms of behaviour that structured action. In order to explore the histories of Khunde Hospital I set it within four distinct but overlapping worlds: that of Sir Edmund Hillary, the Sherpa, Western medicine and international aid. These are worlds that I have identified as being important for the questions I am looking at. My central discussion is the ongoing encounter between Sherpa beliefs and practices about sickness and modern medicine, particularly looking at the individual patient�s use and non-use of the hospital and how staff there responded. The response was neither a one-way diffusion of Western medical practice, nor a collision between the spirit-suffused system of the Sherpa and scientific biomedicine. People used the hospital for some things but not others, based on their perception as to whether the hospital was the effective, appropriate option to take. Over the years, the hospital and community became used to each other in a relationship that was in practice a coexistence of difference. Each acknowledged and could incorporate aspects of the other�s beliefs and practices when dealing with a person�s sickness, but remained separate. Using the conceptual device of worlds, however, suggests the need for this example of the introduction and spread of Western medicine to be grounded in a consideration of Hillary�s particular form of aid, the shifting discourse of international medical aid between the 1960s and the 1990s and the unique world of the Sherpa of Khumbu. All of these worlds influenced the provision of health care at and from Khunde Hospital in different ways, sometimes separately but often simultaneously, and at some times and for some issues more than others. People, place and relationships often had as much influence as - and sometimes more than - the medicine. If the key to understanding Khunde Hospital is the relationship between Sherpas and Hillary and the respect that began in a partnership on the mountains in the 1950s, then the multiple worlds of Khunde Hospital underscore the complexities of implementing Sherpa requests to build a hospital in their rugged home near the world�s highest mountain.
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Books on the topic "Khumbu Valley"

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Kyarog Sang-ngag Chöling Gompa: Thangme Valley, Khumbu, Nepal. Kathmandu: Vajra Publications, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Khumbu Valley"

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Searle, Mike. "Faces of Everest." In Colliding Continents. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199653003.003.0012.

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Trekking to Everest from the Sola Khumbu in Nepal is most definitely one of life’s great treats. When Nepal first opened up to foreigners in 1950 there was only one road from India to Kathmandu via the border town of Raxaul. Early expeditions to Everest had to trek from the plains of India either from Jogbani or Jaynagar in south-eastern Nepal. For the purist, the trail nowadays starts in the Kathmandu Valley, whilst the road head at the village of Jiri is the normal starting point for overlanders. The first week’s walking goes from west to east towards the village of Junbesi, against the grain of the land, crossing three passes and several rivers draining south from the Rolwaling and Khumbu Himalaya. Once across the Dudh Kosi River and up the hill to Lukla, the trail heads north up into the high country. Many trekkers nowadays fly directly into Lukla, where the plane lands at the impressive and frighteningly tilted airstrip built by Edmund Hillary and his Sherpa friends high on the side of the Dudh Kosi. From Lukla, the trail winds through forests of blue pine, fir, silver birch, and the ubiquitous rhododendron. In spring the hills are a mass of red, pink, and white rhododendrons. Meadows are carpeted in wild flowers—gentians, primrose, edelweiss, and the magical Himalayan blue poppy. Small Sherpa villages with their sturdy homes built from slabs of schist and gneiss have expanded with new trekking lodges springing up annually. The terraced rice paddies of the lowlands are soon left behind and apple orchards are a mass of blooms in the spring. Clouds well up and float quietly down into the valleys. The forests with their hanging mosses become eerily quiet. The senses dwell on the serene beauty of the forests and streams, all green and full of life and sound. Suddenly one’s eye is caught by something higher up, way above the clouds. With amazement, one realizes that is no cloud up there: it is a mountain, five miles high, far above the peaceful green of the valley.
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Colopy, Cheryl. "The Shrinking Third Pole." In Dirty, Sacred Rivers. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199845019.003.0012.

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Dig Tsho is another glacial lake high in the Himalaya of Nepal. On a summer afternoon in 1985, the lake’s waters burst from their bowl of ice and rock. An inland tsunami flooded the valleys below, sweeping away potato fields, yaks, and a hydropower plant. It was a Buddhist festival day in the Sherpa village of Thamo. Thamo’s residents are descendants of families that five hundred years ago came over the mountains from nearby Tibet to settle the region known as the Khumbu, below what Westerners call Mt. Everest. People were drinking chang, laughing and having fun. At four o’clock in the afternoon one woman, standing on a ridge above the Bhote Koshi, heard a sound like the roar of an airplane, then felt the ground begin to shake. The woman yelled to the other villagers, who came down to see a wall of water approaching from upriver. Those who lived on the slope closest to the river ran into their houses, grabbed religious items—portraits of monks, statues from family chapels, and Buddhist texts—along with leather trunks holding money and family jewelry. Some ran uphill to neighbors’ houses and waited, while others carried images of Buddhist deities down to the riverbank and pointed them at the advancing flood, pleading for the river to change its course. Elderly men and women in Thamo and nearby villages believe they know what caused the flood. They say a Sherpa man was tending his yaks in the high, sparse pastures near Dig Tsho that August. The morning of the flood, a stray dog ate his bowl of curd. The herder was so angry he grabbed the dog, tied its legs so it couldn’t swim, and threw it into the lake. The act of cruelty angered a local deity, who caused a big chunk of the glacier to break off and fall into the lake. The water surged out. There were no human casualties in the Sherpa villages high in the Khumbu, but lower down the channel, along the Dudh Koshi, people drowned in the churning river.
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Jones, Linda G. "Discourses on Marriage, Religious Identity and Gender in Medieval and Contemporary Islamic Preaching: Continuities and Adaptations." In Muslim Preaching in the Middle East and Beyond, 173–200. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474467476.003.0010.

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Because homiletics has been associated with marriage since the origins of Islam, analysing sermons on marriage from different historical periods allows us to identify continuities within the homiletic tradition and detect developments reflecting the preacher’s adaptation of his message to suit the needs, expectations and values of his audience. This chapter explores Islamic homiletic discourses about marriage, gender, and marital relations in an anonymous sixteenth-century Egyptian hortatory sermon (mawʿiẓa) on ‘the inalienable rights of the two spouses’ and a contemporary Friday khuṭba on ‘the path to a healthy marriage,’ preached by a Los Angeles-based American Muslim in 2016. This cross-cultural diachronic analysis seeks to explain how each preacher interprets the meaning of marriage, represents spousal relations and defines gender identities and roles for his audience. It then addresses the broader question of how to account for the continuities and adaptability of Islam as a religious tradition in light of changing circumstances.
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Conference papers on the topic "Khumbu Valley"

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Wood, Leah R., Klaus Neumann, Kirsten N. Nicholson, Carolyn B. Dowling, and Broxton W. Bird. "HIGH-ALTITUDE COMMUNITIES IN A WARMING WORLD: A GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC WATER RESOURCES IN THE KHUMBU VALLEY, NEPAL." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-319331.

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