Books on the topic 'Key word sign'
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1
774-835, Kūkai, Kūkai 774-835, Kakuban 1095-1144, Kakuban 1095-1144, Giebel Rolf W, and Todaro Dale A, eds. Shingon texts: On the differences between the exoteric and esoteric teachings, the meaning of becoming a Buddha in this very body, the meanings of sound, sign, and reality, the meanings of the word Hūm, the precious key to the secret treasury. Berkeley, Calif: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2004.
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Tresidder, Jack. 1001 symbols: An illustrated key to the world of symbols. London: Watkins Pub., 2011.
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Dorey, Pauline. Communication: Is this the key or the stumbling block? Is there access in using signs and symbols in community work training? Is access just a word and not reality?. Nottingham: Nottinghamshire Community Work Training Group, 1994.
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Koplyakova, Ekaterina, and Yuriy Maksimov. German: Management in tourism. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/968121.
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As a result of the work on this textbook, students will get acquainted with the main language tools. The texts and the system of exercises are aimed at preparing highly qualified specialists for such types of speech activity as reading, speaking, listening and writing in German. Most of the exercises are of a communicative nature. In the tutorial there are keys to individual exercises, before which a sign is indicated . The subject of the lessons takes into account the requirements of the discipline "Foreign language" for bachelors of non-linguistic universities.
It meets the modern requirements of domestic and foreign methods and psychology of teaching foreign languages in non-linguistic universities.
It is intended for bachelors of non-linguistic universities who study German as a second foreign language in the context of a competence-based approach.
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Lorino, Philippe. Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914). Edited by Jenny Helin, Tor Hernes, Daniel Hjorth, and Robin Holt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669356.013.0010.
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Charles Sanders Peirce, the father of pragmatism and of semiotics, proposed a theory of sign that plays a key role in pragmatist philosophy and serves as a foundation for the theory of thought and action. According to Peirce, meaning is non-existent if there is no sign pointing to another sign (mediation). In other words, there is no meaning which does not generate signs from signs, in long teleological chains distributed over time in a certain direction (semiosis). Peirce insists that ‘the woof and warp of all thought is symbols’, that ‘every thought and action is a sign’. This chapter first looks at the biography of Peirce and his intellectual influence before outlining the key concepts of his semiotics—mediation and semiosis—as well as their process orientation. It concludes by discussing the potential role of these concepts in process-oriented organization studies.
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Mulkey, William. Orthographical Spelling-Book : An Exposition of Various Signs of Each Sound, and Their Substitutes: And the Different Ways Words Are Spelled When the Principal Sign Has Substitutes. Being a Key to the Author's Orthographical Chart. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2015.
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Papafragou, Anna, John C. Trueswell, and Lila R. Gleitman, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Mental Lexicon. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.001.0001.
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The present handbook is a state-of-the-art compilation of papers from leading scholars on the mental lexicon—the representation of language in the mind/brain at the level of individual words and meaningful sub-word units. In recent years, the study of words as mental objects has grown rapidly across several fields including linguistics, psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, education, and computational cognitive science. This comprehensive collection spans multiple disciplines, topics, theories, and methods, to highlight important advances in the study of the mental lexicon, identify areas of debate, and inspire innovation in the field from present and future generations of scholars. The book is divided into three parts. Part I presents modern linguistic and cognitive theories of how the mind/brain represents words at the phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic levels. This part also discusses broad architectural issues pertaining to the organization of the lexicon, the relation between words and concepts, and the role of compositionality. Part II discusses how children learn the form and meaning of words in their native language drawing from the key domains of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Multiple approaches to lexical learning are introduced to explain how learner- and environment-driven factors contribute to both the stability and the variability of lexical learning across both individual learners and communities. Part III examines how the mental lexicon contributes to language use during listening, speaking, and conversation, and includes perspectives from bilingualism, sign languages, and disorders of lexical access and production.
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Krauter, Cheryl. Surviving Our Work. Edited by Cheryl Krauter. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190636364.003.0006.
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Self-care in the medical profession is typically not taught in medical school or included in ongoing training programs. This lack of attention to clinician concerns continues into professional practice, where vulnerabilities as well as the need for personal fulfillment are frequently overlooked and indeed even stigmatized. Self-neglect leads to both physical and emotional distress and can have serious consequences. Life–work balance for healthcare providers is a key issue. The chapter covers ways to recognize, avoid, and deal with burnout. Discussed are topical issues in the ongoing struggle of self-care in the healthcare professional and identifying signs of burnout: emotional exhaustion; depersonalization, characterized by an impersonal approach to treating patients; low sense of personal accomplishment, characterized by loss of meaning and purpose of work; administrative burden, inflexibility, inefficient practice environments; and inadequate resources.
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Warford, Aaron A., and James Zimmerhoff. How to Tell Fortunes: Containing Napoleon's Oraculum and the Key to Work It; Also Tells Fortunes by Cards, Lucky and Unlucky Days, Signs and Omens. Independently Published, 2017.
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McArthur, Tom, Jacqueline Lam-McArthur, and Lise Fontaine. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199661282.001.0001.
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Over 1,400 entriesThis new edition of a landmark Companion notably focuses on World Englishes, English language teaching, English as an international language, and the effect of technological advances on the English language. More than 130 new entries include African American English, British Sign Language, China English, digital literacy, multimodality, social networking, superdiversity, and text messaging. It also includes new biographical entries on key individuals who have had an impact on the English language in recent decades, including Beryl (Sue) Atkins, Adam Kilgariff, and John Sinclair.It is an invaluable reference for English language students and fascinating reading for any general reader with an interest in language.
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Meschonnic, Henri. The Henri Meschonnic Reader. Edited by Marko Pajevic. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474445962.001.0001.
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Henri Meschonnic was a linguist, poet, translator of the Bible and one of the most original French thinkers of his generation. He strove throughout his career to reform the understanding of language and all that depends on it. His work has had a shaping influence in various fields and its importance is growing. Here, for the first time, some of the key texts are made available in English for a new generation of scholars in the humanities. By introducing key works of Henri Meschonnic, this Reader will enrich, enhance and challenge your understanding of language. This book includes fourteen key texts which cover the core concepts and topics of Meschonnic’s theory. It explores his key ideas on poetics, the poem, rhythm, discourse and his critique of the sign. Meschonnic’s vast oeuvre was continuously preoccupied with the question of a poetics of society; he constantly connected the theory of language to its practice in various fields and interrogated what that means for the individual and society. In exploring this fundamental question, this book is central to the study and philosophy of language, with rich repercussions in fields such as translation studies, poetics and literary studies, and in redefining notions such as rhythm, modernity, the poem and the subject. The Reader is accompanied by introductory texts to Meschonnic, his key concepts and his poetics of society, as well as by a glossary, index and bibliography.
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Tweed, Thomas A. Religion: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190064679.001.0001.
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Religion: A Very Short Introduction offers a concise and fair account of the vast topic of religion, incorporating insights from different scholarly fields while also respectfully representing diverse religions and varying viewpoints. Everyone who aspires to be an informed global citizen needs to understand religion, since it affects how billions around the world conduct their lives. But most overviews are too wordy or too partisan. This one focuses on the key questions: What is religion? What does it do? How is religion expressed and how has it changed? That story of change begins with the first signs of religion among ancient humans using stone tools, and it ends with modern adherents using computer technology. Religion continues to evolve, and it continues to play an important role in how people deal with recent trends and contemporary problems, from climate change to armed conflict. Religion, the author shows, is both intensifying and alleviating those problems. Religion is pulling us apart and bringing us together.
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Gisborne, Nikolas, and Andrew Hippisley, eds. Defaults in Morphological Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712329.001.0001.
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Default-based analyses of linguistic data are most prevalent in morphological descriptions because morphology is pervaded by idiosyncrasy and irregularity, and defaults allow for a representation of the facts by construing regularity not as all or nothing but as a matter of degree. Defaults manifest themselves in a variety of ways in a group of morphological theories that have received much attention in the last few years, and whose main ideas and claims have been recently consolidated as important monographs. In May 2012 a workshop was convened at the University of Kentucky in Lexington to show-case default usage in four prominent theories of morphology. The presenters were key proponents of the theories, in most cases a theory’s author. The role of defaults was outlined in Construction Morphology, Network Morphology, Paradigm Function Morphology, and Word Grammar. With reference to these theories, as well as the lexical syntactic framework of HPSG, this book addresses questions about the role of defaults in the lexicon, including: (1) Does a defaults-based account of language have implications for the architecture of the grammar, particularly the proposal that morphology is an autonomous component? (2) How does a default differ from the canonical or prototypical in morphology? (3) Do defaults have a psychological basis? (4) How do defaults help us understand language as a sign-based system that is flawed, where the one to one association of form and meaning breaks down in the morphology?
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Ferguson, Margaret W. Fatal Cleopatras and Golden Apples. Edited by Jonathan Post. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607747.013.0004.
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This chapter argues that Shakespeare’s wordplay is integral to his communication of ideas in audible and/or visual signs that must be interpreted by a reader or audience member. The essay builds on and counters Samuel Johnson’s famous critique of Shakespearean ‘quibbles’ as excessive deviations from a proper communicative path. Shakespeare’s theory and practice of wordplay does not accept the Johnsonian view that a word has a single or even a predominant ‘proper’ meaning. Paradoxically marked both by a concern for ‘measure’ (in syllable or line counting) and by a tendency toward transgression of rules, Shakespeare’s interest in ‘numbers’—a figure for poetry in metrical forms—shows his awareness of wordplay as a game requiring at least three players: a historically situated writer, a text (in Shakespeare’s case, usually an unstable one); and an interpreter. Key examples of wordplay come from As You Like It,Love’s Labours Lost, and the Sonnets, particularly 135, which plays on the word ‘will’ in ways some have found excessive.
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(Kanyavsky), Moti Kanyavski. Hebrew Signs Language of Adam - Volume I, the Ancient Language Master Key, Untold Story of Language: The Origin of the Ancient Hebrew Letters, Words and the Roots of Scripture Culture and Language. Lulu Press, Inc., 2022.
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(Kanyavsky), Moti Kanyavski. Hebrew Signs Language of Adam Volume III - the Secret Ancient Light of the Hebrew Master Key Letters: The Origin of the Ancient Hebrew Letters, Words, the Roots of Scripture, Culture and Language. Lulu Press, Inc., 2022.
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(Kanyavsky), Moti Kanyavski. Hebrew Signs Language of Adam Volume IV - the Secret Ancient Light of the Hebrew Master Key Letters: The Origin of the Ancient Hebrew Letters, Words, the Roots of Scripture, Culture and Language. Lulu Press, Inc., 2022.
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(Kanyavsky), Moti Kanyavski. Hebrew Signs Language of Adam Volume II -The Secret Ancient Light of the Hebrew Master Key Letters: The Origin of the Ancient Hebrew Letters, Words and the Roots of Scripture, Culture and Language. Lulu Press, Inc., 2022.
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Arena, Ross, Dejana Popovic, Marco Guazzi, Amy McNeil, and Michael Sagner. Cardiovascular response to exercise. Edited by Guido Grassi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0026.
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The body’s response to an exertional stimulus, if performed adequately to meet the imposed demand, is an orchestrated response predominantly among the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and skeletal systems. These physiological systems work together to ensure that up-titrated energy and force production demands are met. The magnitude of the exertional stimulus these systems are able to respond to, when an individual is in a true state of physiological health, is influenced by multiple factors including age, sex, biomechanics, genomics, and exercise training history. When one or more of these systems suffers from dysfunction, as is the case when an individual is at risk for (i.e. unhealthy lifestyle history) or diagnosed with a chronic disease, the response to a physical stimulus ultimately fails and exertional capacity is limited. There is a clear and well-established clinical relevance to the cardiovascular response to an exertional stimulus, commonly assessed through a graded aerobic exercise test on a treadmill or cycle ergometer. In fact, aerobic capacity has been referred to a key vital sign. We are also gaining an appreciation of how communication and presentation of information between health professionals and individuals receiving care significantly impacts comprehension and adherence to a plan of care. This chapter addresses these areas, beginning with a brief granular description of exertional cardiovascular physiology, transitioning to practical clinical implications of this information for health professionals, and ending with how the individuals seeking healthcare receive, process, and comprehend this information with the ultimate goal being real-world application and improved health outcomes.
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Mawson, Michael. Christ Existing as Community. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826460.001.0001.
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How can theologians recognize the church as a historical and human community, while still holding that it has been established by Christ and is a work of the Spirit? How can a theological account of the church draw insights and concepts from the social sciences, without Christian commitments and claims about the church being undermined or displaced? In 1927, the 21-year-old Dietrich Bonhoeffer defended his licentiate dissertation, Sanctorum Communio: A Theological Study of the Sociology of the Church. This remains his most neglected and misunderstood work. Christ Existing as Community thus retrieves and analyses Bonhoeffer’s engagement with social theory and attempt at ecclesiology. Against standard readings and criticisms of this work, Mawson demonstrates that it contains a rich and nuanced approach to the church, one which displays many of Bonhoeffer’s key influences—especially Luther, Hegel, Troeltsch, and Barth—while being distinctive in its own right. In particular, Mawson argues that Sanctorum Communio’s theology is built around a complex dialectic of creation, sin, and reconciliation. On this basis, he contends that Bonhoeffer’s dissertation has ongoing significance for work in theology and Christian ethics.
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Gray, Erik. Animals. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198752974.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on poetry’s frequent use of animals to explore the complexities of love. Animals feature in poems as objects of love, as lovers themselves, or in various other, more figurative, capacities. Although creatures of all kinds populate love poetry, birds are the most ubiquitous. The mating behaviors of birds, at once instinctive and highly patterned, offer a natural parallel to the combination of impulse and predetermined structure that characterizes both love and poetry. And while the same could be said of other animals, birds employ song as a key component of their courtship and so reflect the work of love poetry. A focus on birds and other animals also offers the poet scope to celebrate the role of sexual desire in love. Yet animals, in their mingled familiarity and alienness, ultimately appeal to love poets less as direct models than as signs of erotic uncertainty, queerness, and inconclusiveness.
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Hult, Francis M. Language Policy and Planning and Linguistic Landscapes. Edited by James W. Tollefson and Miguel Pérez-Milans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190458898.013.35.
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Linguistic landscape analysis is the study of visual language use in public space. Its fundamental premise is that the ways in which languages are visually used (or not used) contribute to the discursive construction of a distinct sense of place. Linguistic landscape analysis is related to language policy in two key ways, one indirect and one direct. Indirectly, all language policies entextualize language ideologies; analyzing the visual representation of the linguistic order in the public space of a community provides insight into how values present in policies may or may not be iterated in everyday experiences. Directly, some polities regulate what languages may be used in public spaces, as well as how they may be used. Language policy researchers investigate such regulations and how they may or may not relate to the actual practice of language use on signs in specific communities. This chapter reviews work that has taken indirect and direct orientations to studying language policy and linguistic landscapes. Suggestions for future directions for both are provided.
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Hanhimäki, Jussi M. Pax Transatlantica. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922160.001.0001.
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Pax Transatlantica asserts that the recurrent transatlantic crises that have dominated headlines since the end of the Cold War, while not irrelevant, pale when set against the realities of shared interests and goals. It emphasizes three key factors. First, despite inflammatory and dismissive rhetoric, NATO continues to provide a solid security structure for its member states: an institutional framework of a Pax Transatlantica that has stood the test of time by expanding its remit and scope. Second, in a world concerned with the potential effects of trade wars (especially between the United States and China) and the rise of economic nationalism, the transatlantic economic relationship stands apart as the richest, most closely integrated transcontinental economic space on the globe. Third, the book traces the parallel evolution of domestic politics on both sides of the Atlantic with specific focus on the rise of populism. Rather than a sign of transatlantic “drift,” the rise of populism—much like the emergence of so-called Third Way politics on both sides of the Atlantic in the 1990s—is evidence of a closely integrated transatlantic political space. In the end, while it is obvious that the history of the transatlantic relationship—even during the Cold War—was littered with crises, the relationship has endured. Conflicts have illustrated, time and again, the strength of the transatlantic community. The “West,” the book concludes, not only continues to exist. It is likely to thrive in the future.
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Morgan, Teresa. The New Testament and the Theology of Trust. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192859587.001.0001.
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This study argues for the recovery of trust as a central theme in Christian theology, and offers the first theology of trust in the New Testament. ‘Trust’ is the root meaning of Christian ‘faith’ (pistis, fides), and trusting in God is fundamental to Christians. But unlike faith, and other aspects of faith such as belief or hope, trust is little studied. Building on her ground-breaking study Roman Faith and Christian Faith, Teresa Morgan explores the significance of trust, trustworthiness, faithfulness, and entrustedness in New Testament writings. Trust between God, Christ, and humanity emerges as a risky, dynamic, forward-looking, life-changing partnership. God entrusts Christ with winning the trust of humanity and bringing humanity to trust in God. God and Christ trust humanity to respond to God’s initiative through trust in Christ, and entrust the faithful with diverse forms of work for humanity and for creation. Human understandings of God and Christ are limited, and trust and faithfulness often fail, but, before the end time, imperfect trust is never a deal-breaker. Morgan develops a new model of atonement, showing how trust enables humanity’s release from the power of sin and the suffering caused by sin. She examines the neglected concept of propositional trust, and argues that it plays a key part in faith. This book offers a vision of Christian trust as soteriological, ethical, and community-forming. Trust is both the means of salvation and an end in itself, because where we trust is where we most fully live.
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Webb, Heather. Dante, Artist of Gesture. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866998.001.0001.
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Abstract Dante, Artist of Gesture proposes a visual technique for reading Dante’s Commedia, as if the striking gestural images that it imprints on the reader’s mind were arranged in an architectural space. Art historians have shown how series of discrete images or scenes in medieval places of worship, such as the programme of mosaics in the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence or the programme of frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, establish not only narrative sequences but also typological parallelisms between registers, forging links between those registers by the use of colour and gestural forms. This book takes up those techniques to show that the Commedia likewise invites the reader to make visual links between disparate, non-sequential moments in the text. In other words, Dante’s poem asks readers to view its verbally articulated sequences of images with a set of observational tools that could be acquired from the practice of engaging with and meditating on the bodily depictions of vice and virtue in fresco cycles or programmes of mosaics in places of worship. One of the most inherently visible aspects of the Commedia is the representation of signature gestures of the characters described in each of the realms. The tracing of described gestures and bodily signs across the canticles of the poem provides a key for identifying affective and devotional itineraries within the text.
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Lekander, Mats. The Inflamed Feeling. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863441.001.0001.
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What do wanting to stay in bed, feeling sick, and being afraid of strangers have in common? The answer is that these feelings can reflect a drive which evolved in our ancestors to combat the threat of infection to survival. Listening to the body’s message to the brain that you are sick allows you to save energy that can be used for recuperation and recovery. Urges of staying still, noticing pain, feeling sorry for yourself, and focusing inward are thus bodily messages that benefit the immune defense. Similarly, superficial signs of ill health in others, or even the prejudicial idea of a person with a foreign bacterial culture, can cause anxiety and avoidance as part of the defense strategy. Being at a life or death juncture, your brain and your immune system join forces to preserve or regain health. Having a too high or too low sensitivity to inner or outer disease signals is therefore connected to a risk for mental as well as somatic disorders. In this book, Mats Lekander explains the science behind perceived health, using an arsenal of Barbie dolls, visual illusions, personal experiences, placebo, hypochondriacs, and historical anecdotes against a backdrop of the latest neuroscience and psychoneuroimmunology (the science of the brain, behavior, and immunity). He describes when he poisoned himself at work and enjoyed it, and why white blood cells and inflammation are key players when our brains try to guess what is going on in our inner worlds.
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Mueller, Christian. Acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0009.
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Acute dyspnoea is a very common symptom in the acute cardiac care setting. In contrast to current beliefs, acute dyspnoea, as the leading symptom in the emergency department, is associated with about twice the mortality risk, compared to acute chest pain. Rapid and accurate identification of the cause of dyspnoea is critical to the initiation of specific and effective treatment. In most patients, a rapid and accurate diagnosis in the emergency department can be achieved by a combination of vital signs, including pulse oximetry, detailed patient history, physical examination, blood tests (including natriuretic peptides—BNP, NT-proBNP, or MR-proANP), venous blood gases, and C-reactive protein in all patients, and D-dimers in selected patients, electrocardiograms, and chest X-ray. It is key to remember that the prevalence of acute heart failure in unselected patients with acute dyspnoea is about 50%. Therefore, a high awareness for the presence of acute heart failure is mandatory. Acute heart failure, pneumonia, obstructive pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), pulmonary embolism, and anxiety disorders represent more than 90% of all cases with acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. In about 10–15%, two acute causes (e.g. acute heart failure and pneumonia) may be present and require combined treatment. Transthoracic echocardiography should be immediately performed in all patients with acute dyspnoea and shock, and in those patients in whom the diagnosis remains uncertain, even after initial work-up.
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Mueller, Christian. Acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0009_update_001.
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Acute dyspnoea is a very common symptom in the acute cardiac care setting. In contrast to current beliefs, acute dyspnoea, as the leading symptom in the emergency department, is associated with about twice the mortality risk, compared to acute chest pain. Rapid and accurate identification of the cause of dyspnoea is critical to the initiation of specific and effective treatment. In most patients, a rapid and accurate diagnosis in the emergency department can be achieved by a combination of vital signs, including pulse oximetry, detailed patient history, physical examination, blood tests (including natriuretic peptides—BNP, NT-proBNP, or MR-proANP), venous blood gases, and C-reactive protein in all patients, and D-dimers in selected patients, electrocardiograms, chest X-ray, and more recently also lung ultrasound. It is key to remember that the prevalence of acute heart failure in unselected patients with acute dyspnoea is about 50%. Therefore, a high awareness for the presence of acute heart failure is mandatory. Acute heart failure, pneumonia, obstructive pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), pulmonary embolism, and anxiety disorders represent more than 90% of all cases with acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. In about 10–15%, two acute causes (e.g. acute heart failure and pneumonia) may be present and require combined treatment. Transthoracic echocardiography should be immediately performed in all patients with acute dyspnoea and shock, and in those patients in whom the diagnosis remains uncertain, even after initial work-up.
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The Management of Epilepsy in the Public Health Sector, 2018. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275120279.
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[INTRODUCTION]. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in the world and in our hemisphere, affecting millions of people. However, it is estimated that more than half of people with epilepsy in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) do not receive care of any kind from health services. One of the key problems is a limited ability to identify, manage, and monitor epilepsy cases in primary health care (PHC) services. Furthermore, in most LAC countries, the secondary (specialized) care level either has serious limitations or is nearly nonexistent (PAHO, 2011; PAHO/ILAE/IBE, 2013)... This document offers guidelines and a frame of reference to help countries design their national epilepsy programs and should be regarded as complementing the Strategy and Plan of Action on Epilepsy (PAHO,2011) adopted by all the ministers of health of the Americas at the Directing Council of PAHO, and also complementing the resolution and document approved by the World Health Assembly (WHO, 2015). [INTRODUCCIÓN]. La epilepsia es uno de los trastornos neurológicos más comunes en el mundo y en nuestro continente, que afecta a millones de personas. Sin embargo se estima que, en América Latina y el Caribe (AL&C), más de la mitad de las personas con epilepsia no reciben ningún tipo de atención en los servicios de salud. Uno de los problemas clave son las limitaciones en la identificación, manejo y seguimiento de los casos de epilepsia en la atención primaria de salud (APS). A esto, se adiciona el hecho que en la mayoría de los países de América Latina y el Caribe el nivel secundario o especializado tiene serias limitaciones o es casi inexistente ... El presente documento es una guía o marco de referencia para ayudar a los países a diseñar sus programas nacionales sobre epilepsia y debe considerarse como un complemento a la Estrategia y Plan de Acción sobre la Epilepsia adoptado por todos los ministros de salud de las Américas, en el marco del Consejo Directivo de la OPS; así como de la Resolución y documento aprobado por la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud.
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Taking Stock of Global Democratic Trends Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.66.
Full textAbstract:
This GSoD In Focus provides a brief overview of the global state of democracy at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy globally in 2020. Key findings include: • To address the COVID-19 pandemic, starting in March 2020, more than half the countries in the world (59 per cent) had declared a national state of emergency (SoE), enabling them to take drastic temporary (and in most cases necessary) measures to fight the pandemic. These measures have included in most cases temporarily curbing basic civil liberties, such as freedom of assembly and movement, and in some cases postponing elections. • International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights finds that more than half the countries in the world (61 per cent) had, by the end of November 2020, implemented measures to curb COVID-19 that were concerning from a democracy and human rights perspective. These violated democratic standards because they were either disproportionate, illegal, indefinite or unnecessary in relation to the health threat. • Concerning developments have been more common in countries that were already non-democratic prior to the pandemic (90 per cent) and less common, although still quite widespread, in democracies (43 per cent). • The democracies that have implemented democratically concerning measures are those that were already ailing before the pandemic. More than two-thirds were democracies that were either backsliding, eroding or weak prior to the pandemic. • Almost a year since the first outbreak of COVID-19, the pandemic seems to have deepened autocratization in most of the countries that were already non-democratic. However, in at least 3 of those countries (Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand), the pandemic has also tapped into existing simmering citizen discontent and may have been the tipping point in unleashing massive protest waves demanding democratic reform. The pandemic has also seemingly deepened democratic backsliding processes and exposed the democratic weakness and fragility of new or re-transitioned democracies (Malaysia, Mali, Myanmar, Sri Lanka). In a few cases, the pandemic has also exposed countries that showed no apparent sign of democratically ailing prior to the pandemic, but where concerning democratic developments have occurred during the pandemic and which risk seeing a significant deterioration in their democratic quality as a result (i.e. Argentina, El Salvador). • The aspects of democracy that have seen the most concerning developments during the pandemic are freedom of expression, media integrity, and personal integrity and security. However, the freedoms that have been restricted across most countries are freedom of movement and assembly. Another core democratic process that has been heavily affected by the pandemic is the electoral, with half the elections scheduled between February and December 2020 postponed due to the pandemic. • The pandemic has also shown democracy’s resilience and capacity for renovation. Innovation through accelerated digitalization has occurred across most regions of the world. And democratic institutions, such as parliaments, courts, electoral commissions, political parties, media and civil society actors, have fought back against attempts at executive overreach and democratic trampling or collaborated to ensure effective responses to the pandemic. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.