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Journal articles on the topic 'Keulegan-Carpenter'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Tumer, Irem Y., Raul G. Longoria, and Kristin L. Wood. "Signal Analysis Using Karhunen-Loe`ve Transformation: Application to Hydrodynamic Forces." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 122, no. 3 (February 7, 2000): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1286923.

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This paper describes a signal analysis method using the Karhunen-Loe`ve (KL) transform, and applies the method to the analysis of hydrodynamic force data collected from controlled laboratory experiments. To demonstrate feasibility, the study focuses on inline forces induced on fixed cylinders exposed to oscillatory flows, with increasing Keulegan-Carpenter numbers. This preliminary example illustrates how this force makes a transition from the inertia-dominated region at low Keulegan-Carpenter numbers up into higher Keulegan-Carpenter numbers where the nonlinear effects of the flow-structure interaction can be observed through the increased influence of clearly defined modes. [S0892-7219(00)00603-8]

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2

Hudspeth, Robert T. "Significance of Keulegan‐Carpenter Parameter." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 117, no. 12 (December 1991): 1626–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1991)117:12(1626).

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3

Tatsuno, M., and P. W. Bearman. "A visual study of the flow around an oscillating circular cylinder at low Keulegan–Carpenter numbers and low Stokes numbers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 211 (February 1990): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112090001537.

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The structures of the flow induced by a circular cylinder performing sinusoidal oscillations in a fluid at rest are investigated by means of flow visualization. The experiments are carried out at Keulegan–Carpenter numbers between 1.6 and 15 and at Stokes numbers between 5 and 160. Above a certain value of Keulegan–Carpenter number, depending on the Stokes number, some asymmetry appears in the flow separation and the associated vortex development behind the cylinder. The two vortices that are developed in a half cycle differ in strength and may be convected in different directions. This results in a fascinating set of flow patterns. Eight different regimes of flow can be identified within the ranges of Keulegan–Carpenter number and Stokes number studied. Furthermore, most of the resulting flows show a three-dimensional instability along the axis of the cylinder. Measurements of the wavelength of these disturbances are presented.

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4

Nath, J. H. "On Wave Force Coefficient Variability." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 109, no. 4 (November 1, 1987): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3257023.

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Wave force coefficient variability for cylinders, from wave to wave in a train of periodic waves, has been shown to be dependent on the phase of the force record relative to the ambient flow. The phase varies due to vortex shedding, but the maximum force is approximately constant as seen from this work and the work of other investigators. Thus, the maximum force coefficient is tightly organized according to the Keulegan-Carpenter number and scatter is seen in the phase angle versus Keulegan-Carpenter number. On the other hand, both Cd and Cm have scatter due to these phase differences from wave to wave. For unknown reasons, even when averaged over several wave cycles there is scatter in the results for Cd and Cm. This investigation shows that the maximum force coefficients for a heavily roughened vertical cylinder are tightly arranged according to the Keulegan-Carpenter number and the period parameter. Furthermore, the phase angle is similarly much more organized than for the smooth cylinder.

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5

Zdravkovich, M. M. "Inadequacy of a Conventional Keulegan-Carpenter Number for Wave and Current Combination." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 118, no. 4 (November 1, 1996): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2833922.

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The physical consideration, taken as a starting point, has been based on the change of duration of each wave half-cycle by the superposition of a current. The Keulegan-Carpenter number could reflect that feature if the wave plus current velocity replaces the wave velocity as the reference velocity. It is also argued that the ratio of current to wave velocity is a more appropriate parameter than the reduced velocity. The modified Keulegan-Carpenter numbers separate different observed flow regimes in a coherent manner in drag coefficient and current-to-wave velocity plane.

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6

Longoria, R. G., J. J. Beaman, and R. W. Miksad. "An Experimental Investigation of Forces Induced on Cylinders by Random Oscillatory Flow." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 113, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919931.

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Results are presented from experiments investigating hydrodynamic forces induced on fixed circular cylinders by random oscillatory flows. The oscillatory flow was generated in a water tunnel and the inline and transverse forces induced on the cylinders were measured simultaneously. Analysis of the measured forces shows that significant differences exist when comparing drag and inertia coefficients to those measured under sinusoidal flow conditions, particularly in the inertia/ drag regime of the Keulegan-Carpenter number. The comparison of results for random versus sinusoidal flow conditions generated in the same experimental apparatus quantifies the difference in the physical mechanisms, specifically the vortex shedding and pairing, which influence the induced forces. A study is also made of the dependence of measured force power spectral densities on the statistical Keulegan-Carpenter number, Reynold’s number and on the spectral width of the flow velocity auto-power spectrum.

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7

Chaplin, J. R., K. Subbiah, and M. Irani. "Loading on a Vertical Cylinder in Multidirectional Waves." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 117, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2827083.

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This paper presents laboratory measurements of local and total loading on an isolated vertical cylinder in irregular unidirectional and multidirectional waves. Maximum Keulegan-Carpenter numbers in individual waves were about 16, and maximum Reynolds numbers about 3 × 104. It is shown that in these conditions, existing theoretical and numerical models underestimate the reduction in loading on a cylinder due to wave spreading. Besides the changes that are predicted when Morison’s equation is used with constant coefficients, there are hydrodynamic influences that contribute further force reductions. Comparisons with Dean’s (1977) hybrid approach suggest that in the present conditions these reductions are in the region of 3 and 6 percent for a spreading function cos2s θ, with s = 8 and s = 2, respectively. Larger reductions can be expected at higher Keulegan-Carpenter numbers, though scale effects are likely to become more important in the drag-dominated regime.

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8

Sumer, B. M., and J. Fredso̸e. "Transverse Vibrations of an Elastically Mounted Cylinder Exposed to an Oscillating Flow." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 110, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3257077.

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This study reports the results of an experimental work carried out with an elastically mounted rigid cylinder exposed to an oscillating flow. To facilitate comparison, the steady current case is included in the test program as well. The oscillatory flow as well as the steady current conditions are created by the so-called carriage technique. The present study covers the Keulegan-Carpenter number range 5 ≤ KC ≤ 100. The range of the reduced velocity is from 0 to approximately 16 in most of the cases. The tests have been conducted for different combinations of spring stiffness and mass of cylinder. The present results shed considerable light into the understanding of the various vibrational response patterns obtained for different ranges of KC number. The response characteristics of the cylinder have been shown to vary extensively, depending on Keulegan-Carpenter number as well as on the reduced velocity.

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9

Duggal, A. S., and J. M. Niedzwecki. "Dynamic Response of a Single Flexible Cylinder in Waves." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 117, no. 2 (May 1, 1995): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2827070.

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A large-scale experimental study to investigate the dynamic response of a single flexible cylinder in waves is presented. The cylinder was designed to exhibit the dynamic characteristics of a TLP riser or tendon in approximately 1000 m of water. Instrumentation provided detailed information on the inline and transverse curvature along the length of the cylinder. Wave loading mechanisms and the resulting response were investigated and compared with previous studies of rigid cylinders in oscillating flow. It was found that the complicated multifrequency response at large Keulegan-Carpenter numbers could be explained by introducing the depth dependence of the Keulegan-Carpenter number. The predicted inline response was shown to be reasonable for the wave frequency component of the measured inline response. Similarities between the measured transverse response and the high-frequency inline response were also shown. Probability density functions of the measured curvature were non-Gaussian, leading to significantly higher probabilities of curvature than would be predicted based on assuming a Gaussian process.

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10

Bearman, P. W., M. J. Downie, J. M. R. Graham, and E. D. Obasaju. "Forces on cylinders in viscous oscillatory flow at low Keulegan-Carpenter numbers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 154 (May 1985): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112085001562.

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This paper presents a comparison between theory and experiment for the in-line forces on cylinders of general cross-section in planar oscillatory flows of small amplitude. The theoretical analysis evaluates corrections to the standard inviscid inertial force at low Keulegan-Carpenter numbers which arise from the presence of viscous laminar boundary layers and from the development of vortex shedding. The boundary-layer contribution due to both skin friction and displacement effects is calculated to first order in the Stokes parameter β−½. The contribution to the in-line force from separation and vortex shedding, for which the results presented only apply to sharp-edged bodies, is taken from previous work on vortex shedding from isolated edges using the discrete vortex modelling technique. The resulting force has components both in phase with the fluid acceleration (inertia) and in phase with the velocity (drag).The theoretical results are compared to measurements taken in a [xcup ]-tube water channel on a number of cylinders of different cross-section including circular cylinders and sharp-edged sections. The comparisons suggest that the theory is valid for Keulegan–Carpenter numbers below about 3 and for moderately high values of the β parameter.

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11

Kazeminezhad, M. H., A. Etemad-Shahidi, and A. Yeganeh Bakhtiary. "An alternative approach for investigation of the wave-induced scour around pipelines." Journal of Hydroinformatics 12, no. 1 (September 1, 2009): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2010.042.

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Scour around submarine pipelines remains a largely complex and not yet fully understood problem. In this study, wave-induced scour around submarine pipelines was investigated. Since various physical processes occur during the development of a scour hole, the effects of each process were considered by employing several nondimensional parameters. To find the effective parameters on equilibrium scour depth, the correlation between independent parameters (e.g. Keulegan–Carpenter number) and dependent parameter (nondimensional scour depth) were determined using different experimental data. Then, an Artificial Neural Network (ANNs) approach was used to develop a more accurate model for prediction of wave-induced scour depth around submarine pipelines. ANN models with different input parameters including gap to diameter ratio, Keulegan–Carpenter number, pipe Reynolds number, Shields number, sediment Reynolds number and boundary layer Reynolds number were trained and evaluated to find the best predictor model. To develop the ANN models, both holdout and tenfold cross-validation methods were used. In addition, an existing empirical method was examined. Results show that the empirical method has a significant error in the prediction of scour depth for the cases with an initial gap between pipe and seabed. It is also indicated that the ANN models outperform the empirical method in terms of prediction capability.

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12

Ghazanfari-Hashemi, Samaneh, Amir Etemad-Shahidi, Mohammad H. Kazeminezhad, and Amir Reza Mansoori. "Prediction of pile group scour in waves using support vector machines and ANN." Journal of Hydroinformatics 13, no. 4 (November 9, 2010): 609–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2010.107.

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Scour around pile groups is rather complicated and not yet fully understood due to the fact that it arises from the triple interaction of fluid–structure–seabed. In this study, two data mining approaches, i.e. Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), were applied to estimate the wave-induced scour depth around pile groups. To consider various arrangements of pile groups in the development of the models, datasets collected in the field and laboratory studies were used and arrangement parameters were considered in the models. Several non-dimensional controlling parameters, including the Keulegan–Carpenter number, pile Reynolds number, Shield's parameter, sediment number, gap to diameter ratio and number of piles were used as the inputs. Performances of the developed SVM and ANN models were compared with those of existing empirical methods. Results indicate that the data mining approaches used outperform empirical methods in terms of accuracy. They also indicate that SVM will provide a better estimation of scour depth than ANN (back-propagation/multi-layer perceptron). Sensitivity analysis was also carried out to investigate the relative importance of non-dimensional parameters. It was found that the Keulegan–Carpenter number and gap to diameter ratio have the greatest effect on the equilibrium scour depth around pile groups.

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13

Chaplin, J. R. "Planar Oscillatory Flow Forces at High Reynolds Numbers." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 115, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920086.

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Measurements of pressures around a circular cylinder with fine surface roughness in planar oscillatory flow reveal considerable changes in drag and inertia coefficients over the Reynolds number range 2.5 × 105 to 7.5 × 105, and at Keulegan-Carpenter numbers between 5 and 25. In most respects, these results are shown to be compatible with previous measurements in planar oscillatory flow, and with previous measurements in which the same 0.5-m-dia cylinder was tested in waves.

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14

Hamelin, J. A., J. S. Love, M. J. Tait, and J. C. Wilson. "Tuned liquid dampers with a Keulegan–Carpenter number-dependent screen drag coefficient." Journal of Fluids and Structures 43 (November 2013): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2013.09.006.

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15

Lam, K. M., J. C. Hu, and P. Liu. "Vortex formation processes from an oscillating circular cylinder at high Keulegan–Carpenter numbers." Physics of Fluids 22, no. 1 (January 2010): 015105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3291069.

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16

Horton, T. E., M. J. Feifarek, and H. Golestanian. "Wave Force Coefficient Correlation Based on Wake Volume Scaling." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 116, no. 2 (May 1, 1994): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920138.

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A correlation of the hydrodynamic drag force on a cylinder for a periodic motion is demonstrated. The correlation indicates the dependance of the unsteady flow drag coefficient on the wake volume parameter. This parameter is a measure of the volume of flow through the boundary layer and into the wake in a half-cycle. For a laminar boundary layer, this dimensionless parameter is proportional to the Keulegan-Carpenter number and inversely proportional to the square root of the Reynolds number. Using wake volume scaling, drag coefficients were effectively collapsed into a single curve.

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17

Wang, Xuegeng, and Charles Dalton. "Oscillating Flow Past a Rigid Circular Cylinder: A Finite-Difference Calculation." Journal of Fluids Engineering 113, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2909507.

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A finite-difference study of the sinusoidally oscillating flow past a fixed circular cylinder is made using vorticity and stream function as the dependent variables. Calculations are performed for conditions which lead to both a symmetric wake and an unsymmetric wake. The Reynolds number ranges from 100 to 3000 and the Keulegan-Carpenter number ranges from 1 to 12. A hybrid differencing scheme is introduced to provide a stable for large values of the parameters. Good comparison to flow visualization results and calculated force coefficients is found. The results are given a physical interpretation for the various vortex patterns observed.

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18

RAO, P. M. "Simulation of a Viscous Flow Around an Oscillating Cylinder at Low Keulegan-Carpenter Numbers." International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics 6, no. 3 (May 1996): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10618569608940785.

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19

Sarpkaya, Turgut. "Force on a circular cylinder in viscous oscillatory flow at low Keulegan—Carpenter numbers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 165, no. -1 (April 1986): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112086002999.

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20

Stansby, P. K., and P. A. Smith. "Viscous forces on a circular cylinder in orbital flow at low Keulegan—Carpenter numbers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 229, no. -1 (August 1991): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112091002987.

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21

DÜTSCH, H., F. DURST, S. BECKER, and H. LIENHART. "Low-Reynolds-number flow around an oscillating circular cylinder at low Keulegan–Carpenter numbers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 360 (April 10, 1998): 249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211209800860x.

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Time-averaged LDA measurements and time-resolved numerical flow predictions were performed to investigate the laminar flow induced by the harmonic in-line oscillation of a circular cylinder in water at rest. The key parameters, Reynolds number Re and Keulegan–Carpenter number KC, were varied to study three parameter combinations in detail. Good agreement was observed for Re=100 and KC=5 between measurements and predictions comparing phase-averaged velocity vectors. For Re=200 and KC=10 weakly stable and non-periodic flow patterns occurred, which made repeatable time-averaged measurements impossible. Nevertheless, the experimentally visualized vortex dynamics was reproduced by the two-dimensional computations. For the third combination, Re=210 and KC=6, which refers to a totally different flow regime, the computations again resulted in the correct fluid behaviour. Applying the widely used model of Morison et al. (1950) to the computed in-line force history, the drag and the added-mass coefficients were calculated and compared for different grid levels and time steps. Using these to reproduce the force functions revealed deviations from those originally computed as already noted in previous studies. They were found to be much higher than the deviations for the coarsest computational grid or the largest time step. The comparison of several in-line force coefficients with results obtained experimentally by Kühtz (1996) for β=35 confirmed that force predictions could also be reliably obtained by the computations.

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22

BIDKAR, RAHUL A., MARK KIMBER, ARVIND RAMAN, ANIL K. BAJAJ, and SURESH V. GARIMELLA. "Nonlinear aerodynamic damping of sharp-edged flexible beams oscillating at low Keulegan–Carpenter numbers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 634 (August 26, 2009): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009007228.

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23

Cokgor, S., and I. Avci. "Forces on partly buried, tandem twin cylinders in waves at low Keulegan-Carpenter numbers." Ocean Engineering 30, no. 12 (August 2003): 1453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-8018(02)00143-9.

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24

Stansby, Peter K. "Forces on a circular cylinder in elliptical orbital flows at low Keulegan-Carpenter numbers." Applied Ocean Research 15, no. 5 (January 1993): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-1187(93)90017-r.

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25

Kato, M., T. Abe, M. Tamiya, and T. Kumakiri. "Drag Forces on Oscillating Cylinders in a Uniform Flow." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 107, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231151.

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This paper describes the drag coefficients of cylinders oscillated in both in-line and transverse directions to a uniform flow. The drag coefficients CD have been obtained experimentally over a wide range of oscillation frequencies, amplitude and flow velocities for the cylinders of various diameters under simulated practical offshore conditions. New expressions are proposed for the drag coefficients CD of an oscillating cylinder in a uniform flow. The boundary between the regions, where CD≃1 and CD<1, is clearly established by employing the Keulegan-Carpenter number and the reduced velocity as dimensionless numbers. These dimensionless numbers also clearly describe CD variation within the region of rapid CD value decrease.

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26

Sarpkaya, T., C. Putzig, D. Gordon, X. Wang, and C. Dalton. "Vortex Trajectories Around a Circular Cylinder in Oscillatory Plus Mean Flow." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 114, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919983.

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The vorticity-stream function equations and a third-order in time, second-order in space, three-level predictor-corrector finite-difference scheme has been used to carry out numerical experiments on laminar pulsatile flow (with nonzero mean). The results have revealed, for the first time, the existence of a very interesting wake comprised of three rows of heterostrophic vortices at certain Keulegan-Carpenter numbers and relative current velocities. The existence of such a street has been vindicated by physical experiments. The calculations have also shown that the drag and inertia coefficients for K=4–6 are in reasonable agreement with those obtained experimentally at corresponding relative current velocities.

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27

Tsahalis, D. T. "Vortex-Induced Vibrations due to Steady and Wave-Induced Currents of a Flexible Cylinder Near a Plane Boundary." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 109, no. 2 (May 1, 1987): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3256998.

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Model tests were performed in a wave tank to determine the effect of combined steady and wave-induced currents and/or proximity of a plane boundary (seabottom) on the vortex-induced vibrations of a flexible pipe. The first mode response of the pipe in both the transverse and in-line directions was measured using a biaxial accelerometer positioned inside the pipe at the midpoint of its span. Results are presented for a wide range of steady flow velocities with superimposed wave-induced flow corresponding to Keulegan–Carpenter numbers of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 and pipe-to-wall gaps of 1, 2, 4, 6 and ∞ (isolated pipe) pipe diameters.

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28

AN, HONGWEI, LIANG CHENG, and MING ZHAO. "Direct numerical simulation of oscillatory flow around a circular cylinder at low Keulegan–Carpenter number." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 666 (September 27, 2010): 77–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112010003691.

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The Honji instability is studied using direct numerical simulations of sinusoidal oscillatory flow around a circular cylinder. The three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved by a finite element method at a relatively small value of the Keulegan–Carpenter number KC. The generation and subsequent development of Honji vortices are discussed over a range of frequency parameters by means of flow visualization. It is found that the spacing between Honji vortices is only weakly dependent on the frequency of oscillation, but is strongly correlated to KC because it is the terms within the governing equation containing KC that dominate the three-dimensional features of the flow. An empirical relationship between KC and the spacing between neighbouring vortices is proposed. The three-dimensional steady streaming structure within the vortices is identified and it is found that at high frequencies the steady streaming is two-dimensional although the instantaneous flow structure is itself fully three-dimensional.

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29

Smith, P. A., and P. K. Stansby. "Viscous oscillatory flows around cylindrical bodies at low Keulegan-Carpenter numbers using the vortex method." Journal of Fluids and Structures 5, no. 4 (July 1991): 339–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-9746(91)90405-e.

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30

Jarno-Druaux, A., and M. Belorgey. "Experimental Determination of Circulation Around A Horizontal Cylinder, Beneath Waves, At Low Keulegan-Carpenter Numbers." Journal of Fluids and Structures 8, no. 1 (January 1994): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfls.1994.1004.

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31

Chen, M. M., C. Dalton, and L. X. Zhuang. "Force On A Circular Cylinder In An Elliptical Orbital Flow At Low Keulegan-Carpenter Numbers." Journal of Fluids and Structures 9, no. 6 (August 1995): 617–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfls.1995.1034.

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32

Iliadis, G., and P. Anagnostopoulos. "Viscous oscillatory flow around a circular cylinder at low Keulegan-Carpenter numbers and frequency parameters." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 26, no. 4 (February 28, 1998): 403–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0363(19980228)26:4<403::aid-fld640>3.0.co;2-v.

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33

Sumer, B. M., and J. Fredso̸e. "Effect of Reynolds Number on Vibrations of Cylinders." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 111, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3257086.

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This study reports the results of an experimental work carried out with an elastically mounted rigid cylinder exposed to an oscillating flow. The cylinder is free to vibrate in the transverse direction. The effect of Reynolds number on the vibrations has been investigated up to Reynolds numbers of about 4 × 105. The Keulegan-Carpenter number of the experiments covers the range 10 ≤ KC ≤ 100. The range of the reduced velocity is from 0 to approximately 16 in most of the cases. The tests have been conducted with both smooth and rough cylinders. The present study demonstrates that the effect of Re number on vibrations can be substantial, depending on the surface roughness of the cylinder. The effect is most pronounced when the cylinder is smooth.

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34

Borthwick, A. G. L. "Pressure and force measurements on a cylinder oscillated sinusoidally at low and intermediate Keulegan-Carpenter numbers." Journal of Fluids and Structures 3, no. 5 (September 1989): 509–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-9746(89)80028-3.

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35

Lupieri, Guido, and Giorgio Contento. "On the wavy flow past a weakly submerged horizontal circular cylinder at low Keulegan–Carpenter numbers." Journal of Marine Science and Technology 22, no. 4 (April 6, 2017): 673–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00773-017-0445-y.

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36

Deng, Yue, Weiping Huang, and Jingli Zhao. "Combined action of uniform flow and oscillating flow around marine riser at low Keulegan-Carpenter number." Journal of Ocean University of China 13, no. 3 (May 10, 2014): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11802-014-2263-8.

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37

Soufi, Houda, and Amina Sabeur. "Numerical simulation of oscillating cylinder in a mean flow at low Keulegan-Carpenter and Stokes numbers." Ocean Engineering 281 (August 2023): 114551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114551.

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38

Ikeda, Y., K. Osa, and N. Tanaka. "Viscous Forces Acting on Irregularly Oscillating Circular Cylinders and Flat Plates." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 110, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3257042.

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In the present paper hydrodynamic forces acting on oscillating circular cylinders as well as flat plates perpendicular to the motion in regular and irregular modes due to vortex shedding are experimentally investigated in order to clarify the memory effect or history effect on the hydrodynamic forces. The experimental results for sinusoidal motion show that the drag and added mass coefficients in steady-state condition are significantly different from those of the first swing from the start because of the existence of old vortices generated in the previous cycles around the cylinder. It is found from the experiments in irregular modes that the drag and added mass coefficients significantly vary every swing. It is confirmed that these coefficients during a swing depend on the relative amplitude or the Keulegan-Carpenter number of the previous swings as well as that of the swing under consideration.

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39

Sarpkaya, T., and J. L. O’Keefe. "Oscillating Flow About Two and Three-Dimensional Bilge Keels." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 118, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2828796.

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The paper describes an experimental investigation of the damping provided by bilge keels in an oscillating flow (in a large U-shaped water tunnel). Rectangular and square flat plates were placed adjacent to a solid boundary (with no gap) in order to simulate flow about bilge keels. The single free edge of the rectangular plate and the three free edges of the square plates were beveled to 60-deg angles so as to form sharp edges with included angles of about 60 deg. For comparison, another sharpedged rectangular plate was tested without the wall proximity effects. All plates were held normal to the direction of the ambient flow. The Fourier-averaged drag and inertia coefficients were then calculated as a function of a suitable Keulegan-Carpenter number through the use of the instantaneous force acting on each plate.

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40

Ghozlani, Belgacem, Zouhaier Hafsia, and Khlifa Maalel. "Numerical Study of Flow Around an Oscillating Diamond Prism and Circular Cylinder at Low Keulegan-Carpenter Number." Journal of Hydrodynamics 24, no. 5 (October 2012): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-6058(11)60302-8.

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41

Zhang, J., C. Dalton, and R. J. Brown. "A Numerical Comparison of Morison Equation Coefficients for Low Keulegan-Carpenter Number Flows: Both Sinusoidal and Nonsinusoidal." Journal of Fluids and Structures 7, no. 1 (January 1993): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfls.1993.1004.

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42

Fu, Shixiao, Yuwang Xu, Ke Hu, Qian Zhong, and Runpei Li. "Experimental Investigation on Hydrodynamics of a Fish Cage Floater-net System in Oscillatory and Steady Flows by Forced Oscillation Tests." Journal of Ship Research 58, no. 01 (March 1, 2014): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.2014.58.1.20.

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In this article, the hydrodynamic characteristics of a floater-net system in oscillatory and steady flows are investigated through forced oscillation experiments in a towing tank. The effects of Keulegan-Carpenter number, Reynolds number, and reduced velocity are studied. Also, hydrodynamic forces on the floater and net are compared in detail to analyze their respective contributions to the total drag force. The results indicate that in oscillatory flow, the added mass coefficient of the floater is larger than that of the floater-net system, whereas the drag coefficient is smaller. The proportion of the drag force exerted on the floating cylinder reaches its maximum in oscillatory flow and its minimum in steady current flow. In addition, the reduced velocity has a very clear influence on the hydrodynamic performance of the floater-net system; specifically, the drag coefficient in oscillatory flow becomes smaller as reduced velocity increases.

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Andersen, Jacob, Rune Abrahamsen, Thomas Andersen, Morten Andersen, Torben Baun, and Jesper Neubauer. "Wave Load Mitigation by Perforation of Monopiles." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 5 (May 16, 2020): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8050352.

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The design of large diameter monopiles (8–10 m) at intermediate to deep waters is largely driven by the fatigue limit state and mainly due to wave loads. The scope of the present paper is to assess the mitigation of wave loads on a monopile by perforation of the shell. The perforation design consists of elliptical holes in the vicinity of the splash zone. Wave loads are estimated for both regular and irregular waves through physical model tests in a wave flume. The test matrix includes waves with Keulegan–Carpenter ( K C ) numbers in the range 0.25 to 10 and covers both fatigue and ultimate limit states. Load reductions in the order of 6%–20% are found for K C numbers above 1.5. Significantly higher load reductions are found for K C numbers less than 1.5 and thus the potential to reduce fatigue wave loads has been demonstrated.

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Sarpkaya, T., M. de Angelis, and C. Hanson. "Oscillating Turbulent Flow With or Without a Current About a Circular Cylinder." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 119, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829056.

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CFD analyses of two benchmark, two-dimensional, sinusoidally oscillating, turbulent flows (one with zero mean and one with nonzero mean) at relatively large Reynolds and Keulegan-Carpenter numbers and relative current velocities, have been performed with CFD-ACE, a Favre-averaged Navier-Stokes (FANS) code. The primary purpose of the investigation was a critical assessment of the computational accuracy of time-dependent turbulent flows with large-scale unsteadiness. A number of turbulence models, including the standard k-ε, re-normalization group (RNG) based k-ε, and low-Reynolds number model have been employed. Among others, a second order in time, second order in space, second-level predictor-corrector finite-difference scheme has been used. The analysis produced the time-dependent in-line and transverse forces, the force coefficients, instantaneous velocity, vorticity, and pressure distributions, and streamlines. Representative results are compared with each other and with those obtained experimentally.

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Aso, K., K. Kan, H. Doki, and M. Mori. "The Drag and Added-Mass Coefficients of Various Buffers Vibrating Axially in Water." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 113, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905791.

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In order to analyze the longitudinal vibration of a pipe-string for mining mineral resources at deep-sea bottoms, the fluid forces acting on the buffer and pump-module attached to the pipe-string must be evaluated in advance. In this study, first, a new method was developed for determining the drag and added-mass coefficients of a buffer vibrating axially, and then both coefficients for various shapes of buffers were determined. The results obtained on the spherical buffer-models proved to be in fairly good agreement with those by Sarpkaya and showed the validity of the new method. Furthermore, the results of other buffer-models indicated that there was a good correlation between those coefficients and Keulegan-Carpenter number, KC, and that as KC increases, the drag coefficient decreases exponentially and the added-mass coefficient increases or decreases linearly according to the shapes of the buffer models.

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Sarpkaya, T., and W. Butterworth. "Separation Points on a Cylinder in Oscillating Flow." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 114, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919949.

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Experiments were performed in a U-shaped oscillating-flow tunnel, with fixed smooth and rough circular cylinders, to determine the circumferential as well as spanwise excursion of the separation points for representative values of the governing parameters. Differential-pressure probes (sublayer fences), flush-mount hot film sensors, and flow visualization were used to determine the instantaneous positions of the separation points. Subsequently, small smooth cylinders, oscillating in water otherwise at rest, and two types of flow visualization were used to obtain additional data. The results have shown that the separation points undergo large angular excursions during a given cycle, the degree of excursion depending primarily on the Reynolds number, Keulegan-Carpenter number, and the relative roughness. The separation data obtained in this investigation are expected to form the basis of related numerical studies in providing guidance for their formulation as well as comparison for their accuracy and validity.

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Chastel, Thibault, Kevin Botten, Nathalie Durand, and Nicole Goutal. "Bulk drag coefficient of a subaquatic vegetation subjected to irregular waves: Influence of Reynolds and Keulegan-Carpenter numbers." La Houille Blanche, no. 2 (April 2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2020015.

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Seagrass meadows are essential for protection of coastal erosion by damping wave and stabilizing the seabed. Seagrass are considered as a source of water resistance which modifies strongly the wave dynamics. As a part of EDF R & D seagrass restoration project in the Berre lagoon, we quantify the wave attenuation due to artificial vegetation distributed in a flume. Experiments have been conducted at Saint-Venant Hydraulics Laboratory wave flume (Chatou, France). We measure the wave damping with 13 resistive waves gauges along a distance L = 22.5 m for the “low” density and L = 12.15 m for the “high” density of vegetation mimics. A JONSWAP spectrum is used for the generation of irregular waves with significant wave height Hs ranging from 0.10 to 0.23 m and peak period Tp ranging from 1 to 3 s. Artificial vegetation is a model of Posidonia oceanica seagrass species represented by slightly flexible polypropylene shoots with 8 artificial leaves of 0.28 and 0.16 m height. Different hydrodynamics conditions (Hs, Tp, water depth hw) and geometrical parameters (submergence ratio α, shoot density N) have been tested to see their influence on wave attenuation. For a high submergence ratio (typically 0.7), the wave attenuation can reach 67% of the incident wave height whereas for a low submergence ratio (< 0.2) the wave attenuation is negligible. From each experiment, a bulk drag coefficient has been extracted following the energy dissipation model for irregular non-breaking waves developed by Mendez and Losada (2004). This model, based on the assumption that the energy loss over the species meadow is essentially due to the drag force, takes into account both wave and vegetation parameter. Finally, we found an empirical relationship for Cd depending on 2 dimensionless parameters: the Reynolds and Keulegan-Carpenter numbers. These relationships are compared with other similar studies.

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Broekema, Y. B., P. W. van Steijn, M. Wu, and T. Robijns. "Predicting loose rock scour protection deformation around monopiles using the relative mobility number and the Keulegan–Carpenter number." Ocean Engineering 300 (May 2024): 117475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117475.

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Andrés, José M. "Combined Wave and Current Forces on Large-Diameter Submarine Pipelines." Marine Technology and SNAME News 26, no. 01 (January 1, 1989): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1989.26.1.23.

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This paper deals with the analysis of combined wave and current forces acting on an 8.3-ft-diameter, 70-ft-long submarine pipeline mounted on a steep slope at Keahole Point on the island of Hawaii, Hawaii. Force transfer coefficients have been obtained for a large number of wave and current conditions. In the absence of strong currents, mean values of wave force coefficients calculated by a frequency-domain method have proven to predict extremely well the distribution of peak wave forces. In cases where current effects are relevant, a wave-by-wave analysis of the loads indicates that, for the range of Reynolds numbers and Keulegan Carpenter parameter covered in this study, the inertia coefficient decreases as the value of the ratio of current to maximum wave velocity increases. The same result is also found by a mean-square method in which overall force coefficients are computed for the whole record length.

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Brin, Ricardo G. "Comments on Levine: "Contingency Planning for Oil Spills: An Update Based on Experience Gained from the Port Angeles Spill"." Marine Technology and SNAME News 26, no. 01 (January 1, 1989): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1989.26.1.44.

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This paper deals with the analysis of combined wave and current forces acting on an 8.3-ft-diameter, 70-ft-long submarine pipeline mounted on a steep slope at Keahole Point on the island of Hawaii, Hawaii. Force transfer coefficients have been obtained for a large number of wave and current conditions. In the absence of strong currents, mean values of wave force coefficients calculated by a frequency-domain method have proven to predict extremely well the distribution of peak wave forces. In cases where current effects are relevant, a wave-by-wave analysis of the loads indicates that, for the range of Reynolds numbers and Keulegan Carpenter parameter covered in this study, the inertia coefficient decreases as the value of the ratio of current to maximum wave velocity increases. The same result is also found by a mean-square method in which overall force coefficients are computed for the whole record length.

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