Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ketones

Academic literature on the topic 'Ketones'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Ketones"

1

Qiao, Yue, Zhaohua Gao, Yong Liu, Yan Cheng, Mengxiao Yu, Lingling Zhao, Yixiang Duan, and Yu Liu. "Breath Ketone Testing: A New Biomarker for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Diabetic Ketosis." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/869186.

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Background. Acetone,β-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid are three types of ketone body that may be found in the breath, blood, and urine. Detecting altered concentrations of ketones in the breath, blood, and urine is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic ketosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the advantages of different detection methods for ketones, and to establish whether detection of the concentration of ketones in the breath is an effective and practical technique.Methods. We measured the concentrations of acetone in the breath using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry andβ-hydroxybutyrate in fingertip blood collected from 99 patients with diabetes assigned to groups 1 (−), 2 (±), 3 (+), 4 (++), or 5 (+++) according to urinary ketone concentrations.Results. There were strong relationships between fasting blood glucose, age, and diabetic ketosis. Exhaled acetone concentration significantly correlated with concentrations of fasting blood glucose, ketones in the blood and urine, LDL-C, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen.Conclusions. Breath testing for ketones has a high sensitivity and specificity and appears to be a noninvasive, convenient, and repeatable method for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of diabetic ketosis.
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Taylor, Robert M., and Justin T. Baca. "Feasibility of Interstitial Fluid Ketone Monitoring with Microneedles." Metabolites 12, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12050424.

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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the most dangerous and costly complications of diabetes, accounting for approximately 50% of deaths in diabetic individuals under 24 years. This results in over 130,000 hospital admissions yearly and costs the USA over USD 2.4 billion annually. Earlier diagnosis, treatment, and management of DKA are of critical importance to achieving better patient outcomes and preventing prolonged hospital admissions. Diabetic patients undergoing stress from illness or injury may not recognize early ketosis and often present advanced ketoacidosis, requiring intensive care admission. We have recently developed a microneedle-based technology to extract dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) from both animals and humans, which could enable wearable sensors to rapidly detect ketosis. Metabolite concentrations in ISF may differ in urine and blood and could likely represent local metabolic conditions in the surrounding tissue. Development of a wearable ketone detector will require an understanding of ketone concentrations and kinetics in ISF. Here, we report data that is first of its kind, with regard to the ketone concentrations present in the dermal ISF of rats, their correlation to blood, and the possible impact on the development of a wearable ISF “early warning system” to prevent morbidity from DKA. We extracted ISF, using minimally invasive microneedle arrays, from control Sprague Dawley rats and 17 h fasted rats. ISF and blood ketone levels were measured using a common glucose/ketone meter and strips. Local tissue concentrations of glucose were similar to those of blood, with an average blood to ISF glucose ratio of 0.99 ± 0.15 mg/dL. ISF ketones (0.4 ± 0.3 mM) were significantly higher (p = 4.2 × 10−9), compared with blood ketones (0.0 ± 0.0 mM). Although the fasted animals had slightly higher ISF ketones (1.3 ± 1.1 mM) compared with blood ketones (1.0 ± 1.0 mM), the difference was not significant (p = 0.3). This suggests ISF could possibly be useful as a surrogate for blood when determining ketone levels within a clinical setting.
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Basdevant, Benoit, Audrey-Anne Guilbault, Samuel Beaulieu, Antoine Jobin-Des Lauriers, and Claude Y. Legault. "Iodine(III)-mediated synthesis of chiral α-substituted ketones: recent advances and mechanistic insights." Pure and Applied Chemistry 89, no. 6 (June 27, 2017): 781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-1212.

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AbstractThe development of iodine(III)-mediated synthetic transformations has received growing interest, in particular to mediate enantioselective processes. In this class, the α-tosyloxylation of ketone derivatives using iodine(III) is a particularly powerful one, as it yields α-tosyloxy ketones – versatile chiral precursors that enable rapid access to numerous α-chiral ketones through nucleophilic displacement. Despite years of research from numerous groups, the enantioselectivities for this transformation have remained modest. Using quantum chemical calculations, we have uncovered a possible rational for the lack of selectivity. With these computational insights, we have developed an alternative experimental strategy and achieved unprecedented levels of selectivities. Applying this newfound knowledge, we have recently developed a new method to access α-halo ketones from non-ketonic precursors.
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Goffinet, Line, Thierry Barrea, Véronique Beauloye, and Philippe A. Lysy. "Blood versus urine ketone monitoring in a pediatric cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes: a crossover study." Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism 8, no. 1-2 (December 13, 2016): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2042018816681706.

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Background: The aim of our study was to determine the influence of routine ketone monitoring on hyperglycemic events (HE) and ketosis in youngsters with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: Our single-site, controlled and randomized study was conducted on children and adolescents with T1D outside of remission phase. During two crossover periods of 6 months, patients ( n = 22) experiencing HE tested ketones alternatively with a blood ketone meter or urine ketone test strips and gave their opinion on screening methods after completion of clinical trial. Moreover, we evaluated levels of awareness of ketone production in a series of 58 patients and sometimes parents via a multiple-choice questionnaire. Results: Based on self-monitoring data, patients experienced a mean of 4.8 HE/month (range 0–9.3). Patients performed accurate ketone tests more frequently during urine (46%) than during blood-testing (29%) periods ( p < 0.05); while globally, 50% of ketone tests were inaccurate (i.e. without HE). Ketosis occurred significantly more often during urine (46.4%) than during blood (14.8%) monitoring ( p = 0.01), although no episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) were noticed. Duration of hyperglycemia was not different whether patients measured ketones or not, suggesting that ketone monitoring did not affect correction of glycemia. Patients evaluated blood monitoring more frequently as being practical, reliable, and useful compared with urine testing. Scores in the awareness questionnaire were globally low (36.8%) without difference between patients and their parents. Conclusions: Although our study shows differences in outcomes (e.g. accurate use, detection of ketosis) of urine versus blood ketone monitoring, these did not affect the occurrence of HE. Whereas ketone monitoring is part of standardized diabetes education, its implementation in daily routine remains difficult, partly because patient awareness about mechanisms of ketosis is lacking.
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Dong, Guangbin, Hee Lim, and Dong Xing. "Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Ketone α-Alkylation and Alkenylation with Simple Alkenes and Alkynes through a Dual Activation Strategy." Synlett 30, no. 06 (November 21, 2018): 674–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610315.

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In this personal account, we summarize our investigations on the α-alkylation and α-alkenylation reactions of ketones with nonactivated alkenes and alkynes, respectively. The serendipitous discovery of C–H alkylation/alkenylation of cyclic 1,2-diketones provided a proof of concept for a dual activation strategy. Extension to the α-alkylation and α-alkenylation of regular ketones was achieved by using 7-azaindoline as a bifunctional ligand. Subsequently, intramolecular coupling ­between ketones and olefins was achieved with Rh- and Ru-based systems, respectively. Finally, branched-selective α-alkylation was achieved through an Ir-catalyzed enamide-mediated C–H alkylation.1 Introduction2 Serendipitous Discovery of α-Alkylation and α-Alkenylation of 1,2-Diketones through Enamine-Mediated C–H Activation3 Intermolecular Ketone α-Alkylation of Regular Ketones with Nonactivated Olefins4 Intermolecular Ketone α-Alkenylation of Regular Ketones with Nonactivated Alkynes5 Intramolecular Ketone α-Alkylation of Regular Ketones with Nonactivated Olefins6 Branched-Selective α-Alkylation of Regular Ketones with Non­activated Olefins7 Conclusions and Outlook
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Ma, Shuai, Yunyun Li, Rigu Su, Jianxun Wu, Lingyuan Xie, Junshi Tang, Xusheng Wang, et al. "Ketones in Low-Temperature Oxidation Products of Crude Oil." Processes 11, no. 6 (May 30, 2023): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11061664.

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Ketone compounds are oxidation products of crude oil in the in-situ combustion (ISC) process. Revealing the molecular composition of ketones can provide theoretical guidance for understanding the oxidation process of crude oil and valuable clues for studying the combustion state of crude oil in the reservoir. In this study, low-temperature oxidation (LTO) processes were simulated in thermal oxidation experiments to obtain thermally oxidized oil at different temperatures (170 °C, 220 °C, 270 °C, and 320 °C). A combination of chemical derivatization and positive-ion electrospray (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) was used to analyze the molecular composition of different kinds of ketones (fatty ketones, naphthenic ketones, and aromatic ketones) in the oxidized oils at different temperatures. The results showed that the concentration of aliphatic ketones and aliphatic cyclic ketones in the product oils decreased with the increase in temperature, while aromatic ketones increased with the increase in temperature. At the same oxidation temperature, the content of ketones follows this order: fatty ketones < cycloalkanes < aromatic ketones. The concentrations of ketones reached their maximum value at 170 °C and decreased at high temperatures due to over-oxidation. It was also found that nitrogen-containing compounds are more easily oxidized to ketone compounds than their hydrocarbon counterparts in the LTO process.
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Januś, E., and D. Borkowska. "Occurrence of ketone bodies in the urine of cows during the first three months after calving and their association with milk yield." Archives Animal Breeding 56, no. 1 (October 10, 2013): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-56-057.

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Abstract. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of lactation number, month after calving, body condition at calving, milk yield and feeding season on the frequency and intensity of occurrence of ketone bodies in the urine during the first trimester after calving of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows cows with average annual milk yield of about 7,000 kg. It was also evaluated how the presence of ketone bodies in the urine of cows was associated with their milk production and the course of lactation. 479 urine samples were collected from the cows. The samples were tested using KRULAB test strips. The influence of the presence of ketone bodies on milk yield in 150 lactations and in 1,797 milk samples was also evaluated. It was found that 36.2 % of urine samples contained ketone bodies that could indicate various forms of ketosis. The frequency and intensity of the occurrence of ketone bodies in the urine was significantly influenced by the cows' body condition at calving, milk yield during standard lactation, the day the urine samples were collected and feeding season. The presence of ketones in the urine had little effect on milk yield in standard and complete lactations. Cows whose urine contained ketone bodies had significantly higher daily milk yield up to the sixth month of lactation. This could indicate that cows with high production potential are more susceptible to ketosis. The occurrence of ketones in the urine had a negative effect on the lactation curves of the cows tested.
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Bentourkia, M'hamed, Sébastien Tremblay, Fabien Pifferi, Jacques Rousseau, Roger Lecomte, and Stephen Cunnane. "PET study of 11C-acetoacetate kinetics in rat brain during dietary treatments affecting ketosis." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 296, no. 4 (April 2009): E796—E801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90644.2008.

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Normally, the brain's fuel is glucose, but during fasting it increasingly relies on ketones (β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone) produced in liver mitochondria from fatty acid β-oxidation. Although moderately raised blood ketones produced on a very high fat ketogenic diet have important clinical effects on the brain, including reducing seizures, ketone metabolism by the brain is still poorly understood. The aim of the present work was to assess brain uptake of carbon-11-labeled acetoacetate (11C-acetoacetate) by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in the intact, living rat. To vary plasma ketones, we used three dietary conditions: high carbohydrate control diet (low plasma ketones), fat-rich ketogenic diet (raised plasma ketones), and 48-h fasting (raised plasma ketones). 11C-acetoacetate metabolism was measured in the brain, heart, and tissue in the mouth area. Using 11C-acetoacetate and small animal PET imaging, we have noninvasively quantified an approximately seven- to eightfold enhanced brain uptake of ketones on a ketogenic diet or during fasting. This opens up an opportunity to study brain ketone metabolism in humans.
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Babu, Kaki Raveendra, Xin He, and Silong Xu. "Lewis Base Catalysis Based on Homoconjugate Addition: Rearrangement of Electron-Deficient Cyclopropanes and Their Derivatives." Synlett 31, no. 02 (November 20, 2019): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690753.

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Cyclopropane is one of the most reactive functionalities owing to its intrinsic ring strain. Transition-metal catalysis and Lewis acid catalysis have been extensively used in ring openings of cyclopropanes; however, Lewis base-catalyzed activation of cyclopropanes remains largely unexplored. Upon nucleophilic attack with Lewis bases, cyclopropanes undergo ring cleavage in a manner known as homoconjugate addition to form zwitterionic intermediates, which have significant potential for reaction development but have garnered little attention. Here, we present a brief overview of this area, with an emphasis on our recent efforts on Lewis base-catalyzed rearrangement reactions of electron-deficient cyclopropanes using the homoconjugate addition process.1 Introduction2 DABCO-Catalyzed Cloke–Wilson Rearrangement of Cyclopropyl Ketones3 Hydroxylamine-Mediated Tandem Cloke–Wilson/Boulton–­Katritzky Reaction of Cyclopropyl Ketones4 Phosphine-Catalyzed Rearrangement of Vinylcyclopropyl Ketones To Form Cycloheptenones5 Phosphine-Catalyzed Rearrangement of Alkylidenecyclopropyl Ketones To Form Polysubstituted Furans and Dienones6 Conclusion and Outlook
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Wood, Thomas R., Brianna J. Stubbs, and Sandra E. Juul. "Exogenous Ketone Bodies as Promising Neuroprotective Agents for Developmental Brain Injury." Developmental Neuroscience 40, no. 5-6 (2018): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000499563.

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Ketone bodies are a promising area of neuroprotection research that may be ideally suited to the injured newborn. During normal development, the human infant is in significant ketosis for at least the first week of life. Ketone uptake and metabolism is upregulated in the both the fetus and neonate, with ketone bodies providing at least 10% of cerebral metabolic energy requirements, as well as being the preferred precursors for the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol. At the same time, ketone bodies have been shown to have multiple neuroprotective effects, including being anticonvulsant, decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation, and epigenetically upregulating the production of neurotrophic factors. While ketogenic diets and exogenous ketosis are largely being investigated in the setting of adult brain injury, the adaptation of the neonate to ketosis suggests that developmental brain injury may be the area most suited to the use of ketones for neuroprotection. Here, we describe the mechanisms by which ketone bodies exert their neuroprotective effects, and how these may translate to benefits within each of the phases of neonatal asphyxial brain injury.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ketones"

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Stubbs, Brianna. "Metabolism of exogenous ketones." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3a3f65b4-4442-415e-b4bc-e0175adf65b5.

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As metabolic substrates, ketone bodies provide an alternative to glucose in order to pro- long survival during starvation. A low carbohydrate, high fat diet can be used to promote ketogenesis without fasting, but long-term compliance can be difficult. Dietary ketone bod- ies may be an alternative method to induce ketosis, so the aim of the work in this Thesis was to investigate the metabolism of exogenous ketones. In the first experimental Chap- ter, the effects of ketone ester and salt drinks on blood β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), glucose, lipids, electrolytes and pH were determined in healthy humans at rest. Blood D-βHB levels were higher following ketone ester drinks, but it was found that total βHB levels with ke- tone salts were similar, as over 50% of βHB delivered in the salt was the L-isoform, which was only slowly removed from the blood. Circulating glucose and lipid concentrations fell following both ketone drinks. Blood pH fell following ketone ester consumption, but rose following ketone salt drinks, whilst both compounds raised blood sodium and chloride, and lowered potassium. Work in the second Chapter investigated the repeatability of ketone es- ter metabolism with food, successive drinks or continuous nasogastric (NG) infusion. Peak D-βHB levels were repeatable between- and within- subjects at rest but were lower after a meal, although blood acetoacetate, breath acetone and urine βHB were unaffected by feed- ing. βHB kinetic parameters were not altered by existing hyperketonemia from successive ketone ester drinks and total βHB uptake was identical when isovolumetric amounts of ketone ester were continuously infused through a NG tube. The third Chapter explored side-effects of ketone drinks: ketone ester drinks decreased appetite compared to isocaloric dextrose; which may have been linked to effects of βHB on enteroendocrine cells. Fur- thermore, both ester and salt drinks were found to be unpalatable, and to cause a few, mild gastro-intestinal effects that increased with intake. As exogenous ketones could be a per- formance enhancing supplement in sport, the fourth Chapter used a survey to investigate supplement use by endurance athletes. The results demonstrated widespread supplement use, which was highest at the elite level. In the final Chapter, the effect of glycogen lev- els on the oxidation of βHB was determined in isolated perfused rat hearts. Low cardiac glycogen levels decreased βHB oxidation and levels of the intermediates of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, whilst increasing muscle amino acid levels, suggesting that low glycogen may have impaired anaplerosis. In conclusion, this work extends current understanding of the novel physiological ketosis that occurs following exogenous ketone consumption.
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Lateef, Juma. "The reactions of fluorinated ketones." Thesis, Brunel University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286819.

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Smith, Athene Rachael Cecilia. "Catalytic asymmetric reduction of ketones." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302649.

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Gemmell, Natasha. "Diastereocontrolled modifications of sugar ketones." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342107.

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Studley, John Richard. "The asymmetric reduction of ketones." Thesis, University of Bath, 1996. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307117.

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Zhu, Jia Liang. "Reductive alkylation of Ã-cyano ketones." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq39611.pdf.

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Zinovyeva, Lyudmyla. "Darstellung und Reaktionen einiger ß,Y-ungesättigter Ketone - Preparation and reactivity of some ß,Y-unsaturated ketones." Gerhard-Mercator-Universitaet Duisburg, 2003. http://www.ub.uni-duisburg.de/ETD-db/theses/available/duett-09182003-170256/.

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The reactivity of the polycyclic ß,Y-unsaturated ketones under different conditions were investigated. The titled ketons were reacted with Lithiumaluminiumhidrid and Grignard reagents with following dehydratation of the resulted secondary and tertiary alkohol. The Bucherer reaction, thermolysis and photolysis of these ketones were carried out.
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Earlywine, Arthur Dale. "The stereochemistry and mechanism of the iron pentacarbonyl-promoted coupling of strained olefins to carbon monoxide : a NMR-facilitated study of the equilibrium constants between and collision complex of a 10,11-diphenyl-1,4:5,8-dimethano-1,4,4a,4b,5,8,8a, 8b-octahydrofluorene-9-one stereoisomer and the lanthanide shift reagent Eu(fod), the electrophilic aromatic thallation of some selected biomolecules, and the synthesis and high resolution NMR study of the two series of 1,4,4a,8a-tetrahydro-endo-1,4-methanonaphthalene-5 ,8-diones and pentacyclo[5.4.0.0,.0." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1985.

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Canbolat, Eylem. "Organocatalytic Resolution Of Racemic Alpha Azido Ketones." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614602/index.pdf.

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Chiral cyclic alpha azido ketones are very important compounds in organic chemistry. Because, the reduced forms of them are amino alcohols and these amino alcohols are interesting compounds for their biological activities. They have some pharmaceutical activities such as: potassium channel open up properties, treatment of central nervous system, antihypertensive properties, the agent of dopamin receptor activator, hypolipemic agent and dopamine agonist. These types of compounds have highly acidic alpha-protons, and many kinds of reactions can be performed with them. In this study, mainly, selective protonation of racemic compounds was performed with a new practical method and there are not so many examples related to deracemization in the literature. Alpha-azido derivatives of tetralone, indanone, chromanone, and thiochromanone structures are chosen as starting materials because of their importance for biological activities arising from their cyclic structures. Firstly, these &alpha
-azido compounds were synthesized according to literature. The acidic alpha-protons do not require strong bases. Their enantioselective deracemization and deracemization processes were screened by using Cinchona derivatives as organocatalysts. This screening process was monitored by chiral HPLC columns. The parameters such as catalyst loading, solvent, temperature, reaction time and additives were optimized to obtain high enantioselectivities up to 98%. In addition to deracemization reactions, Michael addition reactions were also performed by starting from &alpha
-azido chromanones. In these reactions different type of urea catalyst was used to activate the electrophilic part of trans-&beta
-nitrostyrene compound. Again by controlling the temperature, time and catalyst loading, two diastereomers were formed and the screening process was monitored by chiral HPLC columns again. The Michael products were obtained in up to 94% ee and 75% yield.
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Bena, Luvuyo Clifford. "Investigations into the asymmetric reduction of ketones." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/323.

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A six-step synthesis of salbutamol from methyl salicylate with an overall yield of 17% has been completed, although the yield was not optimised. In the process, Zn(BH4)2 was found to selectively reduce a ketone carbonyl group in the presence of an ester unit. In contrast, borane was found to reduce both the ketone and ester carbonyl groups. Reduction of phenacyl bromide with borane in the presence of chiral catalysts based on (R)-alaninol and (R,S)-ephidrine resulted a measure of enantioselectivity in the product. However, the configuration of the alcohol obtained in the case of (R)-alaninol was contrary to expectations based both on experimental trends observed elsewhere as well as our own theoretical predictions. The asymmetric reduction of methyl 5-bromoacetyl-2-benzyloxybenzoate was accomplished with both borane and Zn(BH4)2 in the presence of a range of chiral catalysts. Optically active products were obtained in all cases, although the optical rotations were significantly smaller in the case of Zn(BH4)2. Unfortunately, we were not successful in determining the enantiomeric excesses of these reactions. The use of a NMR lanthanide shift reagent resulted in a complex spectrum that was impossible to interpret unambiguously. This presumably arises from the presence of several Lewis base sites in the product at which complexation with the shift reagent can take place. It was also not possible to determine the optical rotation of salbutamol itself owing to the relatively small amount of material obtained. A conformational analysis of salbutamol, where NMR data was correlated with molecular modelling results, was successfully carried out and revealed a strong preference for that conformer family characterised by O–C–C–N and Ar–C–C–N torsion angles of ca. 60º and 180º, respectively. Interestingly, these conformers are found to be stabilised by OH…N rather than NH…O hydrogen bonding. This study has also confirmed the effectiveness of the MMFF94 force field for conformational analysis studies in compounds of this kind. Lastly, a relatively simple method for modelling the BH3/oxazaborolidine reduction of ketones at the PM3 semiempirical MO level of approximation was devised. This approach has provided insights into the mechanism of the reaction and has furthermore enabled us to predict the enantioselectivities likely to result from various catalysts and ketones. In comparing our theoretical and experimental findings, an anomalous result was observed in the case of (R)-alaninol; this will have to be investigated further, particularly at the experimental level. However, we believe that our approach provides a sound basis for aiding the design and screening of new, potentially better catalysts.
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Books on the topic "Ketones"

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McGarraghy, Michelle. Ketones and isocyanates: Conerted catalysis. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1996.

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Mason, Craig. Hydrazinolysis of cyclic [alpha]-nitro ketones. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, 1993.

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Venner, Mark Ralph William. Studies in deracemisation of racemic ketones. Birmingham: Universityof Birmingham, 1992.

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United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Toxicology. 2-hexanona. Atlanta, GA: Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los EE.UU., Servicio de Salud Pública, Agencia para Sustancias Tóxicos y el Registro de Enfermedades, 1992.

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United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Toxicology. Isoforona. Atlanta, Ga.]: Agencia para Sustancias Tóxicas y el Registro de Enfermedades, División de Toxicología, Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los EE.UU., Servicio de Salud Pública, 1989.

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United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Toxicology. Isophorone. Atlanta, Ga]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, 2003.

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Walsh, Sinead M. The tautomerisation and isomerisation of [alpha]-heterocyclic ketones. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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Nispen, Reinier van. Photochemistry and spectroscopy of some steroidal [beta], [gamma]-unsaturated ketones: A geometry-photoreactivity study. Alblasserdam: Offsetdrukkerij Haveka B.V., 1992.

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Reisinger, Corinna. Epoxidations and Hydroperoxidations of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28118-1.

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Gmehling, JÜrgen. Vapor-liquid equilibrium data collection: Ketones : supplement 1. Frankfurt-am-Main: DECHEMA, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ketones"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Ketones." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 410. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_6646.

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Poff, Angela M., Shannon L. Kesl, Andrew P. Koutnik, Sara E. Moss, Christopher Q. Rogers, and Dominic P. D’Agostino. "Ketone Supplementation for Health and Disease." In Ketogenic Diet and Metabolic Therapies, edited by Susan A. Masino, Detlev Boison, Dominic P. D’Agostino, Eric H. Kossoff, and Jong M. Rho, 392–422. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197501207.003.0033.

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The physiologic state of ketosis is characterized by decreased blood glucose, suppression of insulin, and an increase in the blood ketones β‎-hydroxybutyrate (β‎HB) and acetoacetate (AcAc), which serve as alternative sources of ATP in the brain. Ketones are elevated by fasting, caloric restriction, exercise, or the ketogenic diet (KD), and until recently these were the only known methods of inducing and sustaining ketosis in a nonpathologic setting. Many studies have revealed therapeutic effects of the KD, and data suggest that the benefits are mediated largely by ketone body metabolism and signaling. However, the KD often causes reduced patient compliance, which can make the KD a suboptimal long-term treatment. This has led researchers to develop exogenous ketone supplements—compounds that release or are metabolized into β‎HB and/or AcAc. The supplements rapidly elevate blood ketones in a dose-dependent manner, making them a practical method for inducing therapeutic ketosis. Ketone supplementation could potentially be used as stand-alone therapy in certain conditions, or possibly as a way to further augment the efficacy of the KD in the conditions in which it is being used or investigated, and it could increase compliance by allowing patients to maintain a less restrictive diet. Ketone supplements may also serve as an effective preventative medicine due to their potential to protect and enhance mitochondrial function. Preliminary evidence suggests there are several conditions for which ketone supplementation may be beneficial, including epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome, cancer, atrophy-related diseases, and metabolic syndrome.
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Caprio, V. "Ketones: Dialkyl Ketones." In Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformations II, 135–214. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-08-044655-8/00049-0.

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Parkes, Kevin E. B., and Stewart K. Richardson. "Ketones: Dialkyl Ketones." In Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformations, 111–204. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-08-044705-8/00165-5.

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Burrows, Andrew, John Holman, Simon Lancaster, Tina Overton, Andrew Parsons, Gwen Pilling, and Gareth Price. "Aldehydes and ketones." In Chemistry3. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198829980.003.0023.

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This chapter concentrates on the chemistry of aldehydes (RCHO) and ketones (RCOR) and how they react in nucleophilic addition reactions. An aldehyde contains a C=O group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom, whereas a ketone has a carbonyl group bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. The chapter illustrates general mechanisms for a nucleophilic addition reaction, an α-substitution reaction, and a carbonyl–carbonyl condensation reaction and mechanisms for nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones using reagents. It discusses keto–enol tautomerism and the factors that influence the stability of keto and enol forms. The structure of a product derived from a nucleophilic addition, an α-substitution, or a carbonyl–carbonyl condensation reaction of an aldehyde or ketone are also covered.
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Jones, John. "Reactions of amino compounds with aldehydes and ketones." In Core Carbonyl Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198559597.003.0004.

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This chapter investigates the reactions of amino compounds with aldehydes and ketones. Amino nucleophiles ~NH2 react reversibly with aldehydes and ketones. The reversible reaction of ~NH2 with an aldehyde or ketone is very similar to that of water, involving as it does nucleophilic addition followed by dehydration. Secondary amines R2NH are intrinsically just as nucleophilic as primary amines RNH2. They react with aldehydes and ketones similarly, except that the final stage is blocked because there is no proton to discard, so iminium ions are generated. The chapter then looks at classical aldehyde and ketone derivatization, as well as reactions of ammonia and primary amines with aldehydes and ketones. It also considers enamines, the Wolf–Kishner reaction, and transamination.
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D’Agostino, Dominic P. "Overview." In Ketogenic Diet and Metabolic Therapies, edited by Susan A. Masino, Detlev Boison, Dominic P. D’Agostino, Eric H. Kossoff, and Jong M. Rho, 389–91. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197501207.003.0032.

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The ketone bodies β‎-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are produced from fatty acids in the liver and serve as alternative energy sources for the brain, heart, skeletal muscle, and other peripheral tissues during prolonged fasting, calorie restriction, strenuous exercise, or adherence to a low-carbohydrate diet. Emerging evidence has revealed nutritional ketosis as a powerful metabolic therapy for general health and a growing number of medical conditions in addition to epilepsy. Data indicate that many of the benefits of the ketogenic diet are mechanistically attributable to elevated ketone bodies, leading researchers to investigate the use of ketone body-boosting supplements to circumvent the need for restrictive diets. This section includes chapters that discuss the expanding medical and performance applications of nutritional ketosis and the emerging science of ketones and related metabolites.
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"Ketones." In Lead Optimization for Medicinal Chemists, 139–43. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527645640.ch30.

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Graedel, T. E., Donald T. Hawkins, and Larry D. Claxton. "Ketones." In Atmospheric Chemical Compounds, 260–94. Elsevier, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-091842-6.50009-7.

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Sandler, Stanley R., and Wolf Karo. "KETONES." In Sourcebook of Advanced Organic Laboratory Preparations, 53–57. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-092553-0.50012-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ketones"

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Preses, J. M., G. E. Hall, J. T. Muckerman, and R. E. Weston. "Time-resolved Fourier-transform Infrared Emission Study of the 193-nm Photolysis of 3-Pentanone." In Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fts.1995.ffd11.

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Small and medium-sized ketones are of interest due to their rich chemistry and involvement in practical combustion mechanisms. Further, the primary products of their dissociation, such as ethyl radicals and carbon monoxide in the present case, are themselves important combustion species. The photochemistry of ketones has been extensively investigated both by classical photochemical techniques, and more recently by methods that provide detailed information about the dissociation process and the disposition of energy in the fragments.1 Acetone is the simplest ketone and serves as an excellent model for extending these studies to higher ketones. Recently, a number of investigations of acetone photodissociation have been carried out using pulsed UV radiation at 193 nm from an excimer laser. The next higher symmetrical analogue of acetone is 3-pentanone (diethylketone), and its photochemistry has also been investigated using classical techniques.2 No investigations of 3-pentanone photolysis at shorter wavelengths or attempts to determine energy disposal among the fragments have been reported. A comparison of the photodissociation dynamics with those of the smaller ketone acetone should be illuminating. With this goal in mind, we have examined the photodissociation of diethylketone using our time-resolved FTIR apparatus, a commercial interferometer combined with a CAMAC-transient-digitizer-based data acquisition and storage system.3 One hundred interferograms were collected at 1-µs intervals; the laser was fired at the twentieth interval. The signal-to-noise ratio was further enhanced by combining our data into nonoverlapping 5 µs time bins before transformation.
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Geslin, Alexis, Clément Paul, Philippe Bussi, Robert Barsotti, Jonathon Hollahan, and Mary Calvin. "PEKK Poly Ether Ketone Ketone for High Temperature High Pressure Oil & Gas Conditions." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/30987-ms.

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Abstract Poly Aryl Ether Ketones (PAEK), and in particular Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK), have established themselves as polymers of choice for extreme environments. This is especially true in the Oil & Gas industry, with its very harsh conditions (high temperatures, high pressures and corrosive fluids). Within the PAEK family, Poly Ether Ketone (PEK) and Poly Ether Ketone Ether Ketone Ketone (PEKEKK) were later introduced to address the need for higher mechanical and thermal properties than PEEK; unfortunately, their chemical resistance has been reported as not matching that of PEEK. In this paper, we report on novel, high viscosity, Poly Ether Ketone Ketone (PEKK) polymers that combine PEEK-like processing, high mechanical performances, barrier properties and very good chemical resistance in the NORSOK M710 test, positioning PEKK as a strong candidate for demanding Oil & Gas applications, such as O-rings, seals or electrical connectors.
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Zheng, Ye, Jaime A. Martinez-Acosta, Mohammed Khimji, Luiz C. A. Barbosa, Guy J. Clarkson, and Martin Wills. "Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Aryl Heteroaryl Ketones and o-Hydroxyphenyl Ketones Using Noyori-Ikariya Catalysts." In ECSOC-25. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-25-11774.

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Tsai, S., and S. Que Hee. "98. Validation of a Passive Sampler for Ketones." In AIHce 1999. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2763419.

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Durnin, S., C. Blackburn, E. Ryan, E. Dobos, B. Conway, SM O’Donnell, S. Walsh, and MJ Barrett. "G297(P) The utility of ketones at triage." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the Annual Conference, 24–26 May 2017, ICC, Birmingham. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313087.290.

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Ramasami, Ponnadurai, Naziah Jaufeerally, and Hassan Abdallah. "Theoretical Insights into Novel Telluro-ketones." In The 16th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-16-01088.

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Solovyev, Pavel, Anastasia Fesenko, Ekaterina Dem'yachenko, and Anatoly Shutalev. "A novel selective synthesis of β-isothiocyanato ketones." In The 17th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-17-a017.

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Ramasami, Ponnadurai, and Naziah Jaufeerally. "Structures, Energetics and Stabilities of Novel Telluro-Ketones." In The 17th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-17-e023.

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Tsoi, Valerie, and M. Sanz. "WATER BINDING TO KETONES: CYCLOOCTANONE···(H2O)3−7 COMPLEXES." In 2023 International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2023.6947.

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Siewert, Inke. "Electroreduction of C=O Bonds in CO2, Ketones, and Aldehydes." In MATSUS23 & Sustainable Technology Forum València (STECH23). València: FUNDACIO DE LA COMUNITAT VALENCIANA SCITO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsus.2023.032.

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Reports on the topic "Ketones"

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Kallupalayam Ramasamy, Karthikeyan, Mond Guo, Udishnu Sanyal, and Laura CA Meyer. Mixed Oxygenate Conversion to Sustainable Aviation Fuel via Ketones Intermediate. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2332864.

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Brown, H. C., K. Ganesan, and R. K. Dhar. Enolboration. 4. An Examination of the Effect of the Leaving Group (X) on the Stereoselective Enolboration of Ketones with Various R2BX/Et3N. New Reagents for the Selective Generation of either Z or E Enol Borinates from Representative Ketones. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada257829.

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Suri, Suresh C., and Jacob C. Marcischak. New Application of Bromotrimethylsilane: Elaboration of Aldehydes/Ketones into Homologous Alpha-Beta-Unsaturated Esters via Beta-Hydroxy Esters. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada410496.

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Brown, H. C., K. Ganesan, and R. K. Dhar. Enolboration 3. An Examination of the Effect of Variable Steric Requirements of R on the Stereoselective Enolboration of Ketones with R2BCl/Et3N. Bis(Bicyclo(2.2.2)Octyl)Chloroborane/Triethylamine - A New Reagent Which Achieves the Selective Generation of E Enolborinates from Representative Ketones. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada250066.

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Brown, Herbert C., Raj K. Dhar, Raman K. Bakshi, Paul K. Pandiarajan, and Bakthan Singaram. Major Effect of the Leaving Group in Dialkylboron Chlorides and Triflates in Controlling the Stereospecific Conversion of Ketones into Either (E)- or (Z)- Enol Borinatesxxb. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada209988.

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BrownJason Fuentes, Raymond. Study of Poly(ether ketone ketone) (PEKK): Outgassing Characteristics and Likely Residual Synthesis Impurities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1643746.

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Brown, H. C., P. V. Ramachandran, S. A. Weissman, and S. Swaminathan. Selective Reductions. 46. Effect of the Steric Requirement at the 2- Position of Apopinene on Chiral Reductions. B-Iso-2-n-Propylapopinocampheyl-9- Borabicyclo(3.3.1)Nonane as Improved Reagents for the Chiral Reduction of Alpha, Beta-Acetylenic Ketones and Alpha-Keto Esters. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada230919.

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Liu, Qiong. Ketone Body Metabolic Enzyme OXCT1 Regulates Prostate Cancer Chemoresistance. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada613410.

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Frazier, J. L. Damage tolerance evaluation of PEEK (polyether ether ketone) composites: Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6617723.

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Mast, T. J., J. A. Dill, J. J. Evanoff, R. L. Rommereim, R. J. Weigel, and R. B. Westerberg. Inhalation developmental toxicology studies: Teratology study of methyl ethyl ketone in mice: Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6277861.

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