Journal articles: 'Kestrel'

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Tella, José L., Martina Carrete, José A. Sánchez-Zapata, David Serrano, Andrei Gavrilov, Sergei Sklyarenko, Olga Ceballos, José A. Donázar, and Fernando Hiraldo. "Effects of land use, nesting-site availability, and the presence of larger raptors on the abundance of Vulnerable lesser kestrels Falco naumanni in Kazakhstan." Oryx 38, no. 2 (April 2004): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605304000390.

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The lesser kestrel Falco naumanni is a cavity-nesting falcon that breeds colonially in steppe-like habitats. Circum-Mediterranean populations declined sharply during the 20th century and the species is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. We investigated the numbers of breeding pairs in Kazakhstan, previously considered to be an important area for the species, where it still inhabits natural steppe and semi-natural grasslands and breeds on cliffs. The availability of cliffs for nesting does not seem to be limiting as most cliffs are unoccupied. However, lesser kestrels tended to breed on small cliffs, where larger predatory raptors are scarcer. Abundance of lesser kestrels was also related to land use. Cliffs in semi-natural grasslands were apparently preferred over those in natural steppe, while those in agricultural landscapes were avoided despite the lower presence there of larger raptors. Large-scale transformation of steppe and grasslands into intensive agriculture might have reduced lesser kestrel numbers, and with the development of new agricultural projects, monitoring and conservation programmes for lesser kestrel populations are urgently required in Kazakhstan.

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Roos, Staffan, Steve T. Campbell, Gill Hartley, Richard F. Shore, Lee A. Walker, and Jeremy D. Wilson. "Annual abundance of common Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) is negatively associated with second generation anticoagulant rodenticides." Ecotoxicology 30, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 560–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-021-02374-w.

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AbstractRats and mice can damage food and agricultural products as well as transmit diseases, thereby requiring control of their numbers. Application of Second Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides (SGARs) often reduces rodent numbers locally. However, predators eating rodents, including non-target species, that have consumed SGARs may be secondarily exposed and potentially lethally poisoned. Here we study whether SGARs may have contributed to the widespread population declines of a rodent-eating raptor, the Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in the UK. We show that 161 (66.8%) of the 241 Kestrels submitted for ecotoxicology tests between 1997 and 2012 had detectable levels of at least one SGAR in their livers. Adult Kestrels had significantly higher prevalence of SGARs than juveniles, suggesting accumulation of SGARs through time. The prevalence and concentrations of individual SGARs in Kestrels were significantly higher in England than in Scotland. SGAR prevalence in Kestrels were positively associated with some land cover types, primarilyarable cerealsandbroad-leaved woodland, and negatively associated with mainlymean elevation, probably reflecting variation in SGAR usage across land cover types. By using volunteer-collected data on national Kestrel abundance 1997–2012, we show that there is a negative correlation between the Kestrel population index in a specific year and the concentration of bromadialone as well as the total SGAR concentration in the same year. Although correlative, this is the first study to provide evidence for a potential population-limiting effect of SGARs on a raptor.

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Carrillo-Hidalgo, José. "Misdirected incubation in Common Kestrels Falco tinnunculus: a case of visual stimulus?" Biodiversity Observations 12 (May 27, 2022): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/bo.1225.

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The availability of suitable nesting sites may lead to interspecific competition and result in usurpation of these resources. Nest usurpation may result from a population increase of the usurping species and the limited availability of suitable nesting sites. With raptors, interspecific competition for nesting sites with other non-raptor bird species is a rarely documented phenomenon, particularly when it results in mixed interspecific clutches and misdirected reproductive behaviours. I observed a pair of Common Kestrels Falco tinnunculus, without its own clutch, incubating a clutch of two feral pigeon Columba livia eggs. The incubation occurred in the feral pigeons’ nest in southern xerophytic scrub on Tenerife Island during the 2020 breeding season. We checked the focal kestrel territory from 18 March to 20 May once a week. To our knowledge, this represents the first record of a Common Kestrel pair incubating eggs in the non-raptor bird species’ nest in the wild. We discuss some factors which could influence kestrels to display this behaviour.

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Kaľavský, Martin, and Barbora Pospíšilová. "The ecology of ectoparasitic species Carnus hemapterus on nestlings of common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in Bratislava." Slovak Raptor Journal 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10262-012-0045-z.

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The ecology of ectoparasitic speciesCarnus hemapteruson nestlings of common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in BratislavaThe time course and abundance ofCarnus hemapteruson common kestrel's nestlings depends on their age and the type of nest. Ectoparasites were found in 97% of nests and the majority of nestlings (83%) were observed to be infested between their 10th and 15th day of life. The highest infestation rate ofCarnus hemapteruswas recorded on 5- to 10-day old nestlings. We have confirmed that theCarnus hemapterusspecies feeds on blood; however no negative impact on nestlings and the breeding success of common kestrel was confirmed.

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Galanaki, Antonia, Theodoros Kominos, and Martin J. Jones. "Assessing the importance of High Nature Value farmlands for the conservation of Lesser Kestrels Falco naumanni." European Journal of Ecology 3, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2017-0013.

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AbstractAgricultural areas, such as cereal cultivations, that support species of European and/or national conservation concern are considered as ‘High Nature Value’ farmlands (HNVf) and are very important for the preservation of biodiversity in Europe. The lesser kestrel Falco naumanni is a migratory falcon breeding largely in the HNVf of the Mediterranean basin. The main cause of its decline in Europe has been habitat loss and degradation as a result of agricultural intensification driven largely by the EU Common Agricultural Policies (CAP). In Greece, its population dropped by about 50% since the 1970s and its preferred habitats have shrunk. The aim of this study was to assess habitat preferences of breeding Lesser Kestrels in agro-ecosystems of Greece and relate these habitats to HNVf for conservation purposes. The study area is located in the plain of Thessaly, Central Greece, holding the main lesser kestrel breeding populations in the country, where dry cereal crops have been significantly depleted over the past decades. Species distribution models were developed with generalised additive models for the analyses. Predicted probability of lesser kestrel occurrence was found to be positively associated with farmed landscapes of dry cereal cultivations. Other important predictors were cultivated irrigated farmland and landscape heterogeneity. Main results of the statistical models agree with the findings of other habitatbased studies that highlight the importance of low-input farming systems, that is, HNVf, for safeguarding vital Lesser Kestrels habitats in their breeding grounds in the Mediterranean. A key conservation priority for conserving species dependant on HNVf is the maintenance of those low-input farming systems and the implementation of a greener CAP that would promote environmental-friendly farming practices to preserve and enhance biodiversity in the agro-ecosystems of Europe.

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Potte, Beth A., Emily J. Hyde, Holly N. Pier, Michael A. Rutter, and Margaret A. Voss. "A Comparison of the Bacterial Microflora Found on the Surface of American Kestrel and House Wren Eggs." Open Ornithology Journal 7, no. 1 (September 8, 2014): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874453201407010040.

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It is generally accepted that avian eggs acquire a microflora during ovipositioning. The goal of this study was to identify and compare the eggshell microflora of two avian species, House Wrens and American Kestrels. Differences in the nesting habitats and incubation behavior of these species suggest that their eggshell microfloras also should differ. Culture-dependent techniques were combined with sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to identify bacteria in samples taken from American Kestrel eggs during late incubation. These data were compared to previously collected data from House Wren eggs. In both studies, bacteria were isolated from three different phyla, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The eggshell microflora of Kestrels was dominated by bacteria in the Actinobacteria and Firmicutes phyla during late incubation, whereas the eggshell microflora of House Wrens was dominated by bacteria in the Gamma-Proteobacteria subphylum during pre- and late-incubation and bacteria within the Fimicutes phylum during early incubation. Actinobacteria genera on House Wren and American Kestrel eggshells differed, but the prominent genera in the Gamma- Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus, respectively, were similar between bird species. Thus, our results suggest that the microflora of avian eggshells have both variable (i.e., phyla) and conserved (i.e., specific genera) aspects of bacterial diversity.

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Steen, Ronny, Line M. Løw, and Geir A. Sonerud. "Delivery of Common Lizards (Zootoca (Lacerta) vivipara) to nests of Eurasian Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) determined by solar height and ambient temperature." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 3 (March 2011): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-109.

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Recent development in video monitoring has allowed collecting of data on prey deliveries at raptor nests, and this offers an opportunity to relate prey selection to short-term changes in environmental factors on a scale of hours. Whereas raptors may specialize on ectothermic prey at southern latitudes, only some generalist raptors may include such prey in their diet at northern latitudes. In particular, at northern latitudes the activity pattern of ectothermic reptiles is strongly dependent on the prevailing weather conditions. To test whether this dependence affects the exposure of reptiles to raptors, we used video recording of prey deliveries at nests of the Eurasian Kestrel ( Falco tinnunculus L., 1758) at 61°N in Norway, where the Common Lizard ( Zootoca ( Lacerta ) vivipara (Jacquin, 1787)) is the only lizard available to kestrels. The probability that a prey item delivered at a kestrel nest was a lizard increased towards midday and also increased independently with increasing ambient temperature, which on average, was 20.2 °C when lizards were delivered compared with 15.7 °C when other types of prey were delivered. Thus, the delivery of lizards by kestrels in our study may be regarded as a functional response, where the abundance of lizards is determined by solar height and ambient temperature.

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Bohall-Wood, Petra, and Michael W. Collopy. "Abundance and Habitat Selection of Two American Kestrel Subspecies in North-Central Florida." Auk 103, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.3.557.

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Abstract We censused American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) in the three vegetation communities representative of north-central Florida (pine flatwoods, sandhills, and agriculture/mixed hardwoods) along 24 16-km roadside transects. The winter kestrel population included resident F. s. paulus and migrant F. s. sparverius. Eighty-four percent of the 1,433 kestrels were sighted in winter, reflecting a significant influx of migrant F. s. sparverius, and were primarily females (65%). Significant (P < 0.05) sexual differences in winter habitat use were attributed to the large numbers of migrants. Males preferred closed habitats and smaller-sized open areas, and females preferred open habitats and larger open areas. Wintering kestrels were most abundant (P < 0.05) in the agriculture/mixed-hardwoods community (51%) and least abundant in the pine-flatwoods community (13%). Seventy-one percent of the 233 kestrels seen during summer were identified as F. s. paulus. Males and females were observed in approximately equal numbers and exhibited no differences in habitat preference. Falco s. paulus preferred the sandhill community (79%) to the agriculture/mixed hardwoods and pine flatwoods. Within the sandhill community, resident kestrels significantly increased their use of the pine/oak woodlands during summer.

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Buers, Megan A., Frank I. Doyle, Kirstie J. Lawson, and Karen E. Hodges. "Effects of biosolids amendments on American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) nest-site selection and diet." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 12 (December 2019): 1186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0026.

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Fertilization is a common practice, as it improves plant yields. In many areas, biosolids (remains from treated wastewater) are used instead of chemical fertilizers owing to multi-year nutrient release and positive changes in soils and water retention. Little is known about whether biosolids affect animal consumers. Here, we examine diets and nesting sites of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius Linnaeus, 1758) in British Columbia, Canada. Our major study area was a large cattle ranch that has been grazed for over a century and where biosolids were applied in the previous 1–3 years. Kestrels selected nests in areas with higher Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)) nest density and with a higher proportion of pastures with biosolids applications, but with less forest. Kestrels were observed more often on biosolids-amended pastures than in untreated areas. Kestrels primarily ate voles (genus Microtus Schrank, 1798), but also consumed grasshoppers (Orthoptera) late in the breeding season when grasshoppers were abundant. Kestrel diets were slightly more varied on a nearby control area than on the ranch. Our results suggest that biosolids applications improve prey availability for Kestrels, thus potentially acting as a restoration tool in areas with degraded habitats or where Kestrels have declined.

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PÉREZ, IRENE, JOSÉ CARLOS NOGUERA, and EDUARDO MÍNGUEZ. "Is there enough habitat for reintroduced populations of the Lesser Kestrel? A case study in eastern Spain." Bird Conservation International 21, no. 2 (November 30, 2010): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270910000523.

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SummaryThe Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni is one of the most endangered birds in Europe. Spanish populations have suffered large declines and disappeared from large areas of former distribution, thus leading to many reintroduction programmes. One of the main factors that could affect the population growth of reintroduced populations is the availability of suitable habitat for breeding and foraging. We investigated whether nest site availability is a limiting factor for a newly established population of Lesser Kestrels in eastern Spain. We developed univariate models to understand the relationship between building characteristics (area, height, roof condition, etc.) and occupancy and abundance of Lesser Kestrels, and multivariate models to predict the availability of nest-sites. Our results showed that the species selected medium-sized buildings with extensive land use in the surrounding area and an absence of trees. In addition, Lesser Kestrel abundance was explained by roof condition and distance to the nearest building. Multivariate models predicted that most of the buildings were not suitable for nesting by Lesser Kestrels and thus population growth may be limited due to lack of nest sites. Lack of suitable nest sites, conspecific attraction and Allee effects are all processes that may be limiting, resulting in the low population and colony sizes that were found and predicted. Based on this, we recommend the provision of nest boxes, the use of special tiles and the construction of breeding towers to improve building quality and therefore increase colony size. We also critically question the use of reintroduction projects to restore locally extinct populations for two reasons. First in this case the reintroduced population is near some larger colonies and there is a strong tendency for Lesser Kestrels to move from small to large colonies. Secondly, in a general strategy for the conservation of Lesser Kestrels, conservation of the main colonies is the priority rather than dedicating human and economic resources on manipulative actions for the establishment of new colonies.

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VIDELER, JOHN, and ALEX GROENEWOLD. "Field Measurements of Hanging Flight Aerodynamics in the Kestrel Falco Tinnunculus." Journal of Experimental Biology 155, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.155.1.519.

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Hunting kestrels were observed to hang, almost without wing-flapping, in fixed positions over a sea dike. The height and position with respect to the dike profile, the wind direction and velocity and the percentage of hunting time without wing beating were recorded in 429 cases. The vertical wind angle, θ, the wind speed and its horizontal direction were measured at 13 heights up to 8.8m above the windward slope, the top and the leeward slope of the dike under various wind conditions in 225 cases. These wind profile measurements were used to estimate 6 and wind speed near the hanging birds. Kestrels hanging more than 90% of the hunting time preferred a position 6.5±1.5m (S.D.) over the windward slope with sea winds blowing at 8.7±1.5ms−1 (S.D.) perpendicular (±30°) to the longitudinal dike axis. For these birds angle θ was approximately 6–7°. These angles are larger than expected from aerodynamic models and windtunnel measurements. The minimum gliding angle for a kestrel under steady conditions is estimated to be 5°. Hanging kestrels save two-thirds of the energy used during normal windhovering but have to spend 1.6 times more time to catch the same number of voles.

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RODRÍGUEZ, CARLOS, LUIS TAPIA, EMANUEL RIBEIRO, and JAVIER BUSTAMANTE. "Crop vegetation structure is more important than crop type in determining where Lesser Kestrels forage." Bird Conservation International 24, no. 4 (April 8, 2013): 438–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270913000129.

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SummaryWe studied foraging habitat selection by Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni throughout the breeding period in south-west Spain by means of transects on which foraging observations were recorded. We focused on the effects of habitat and crop type, but also on the effect of vegetation structure and the presence of agricultural activities in the field on Lesser Kestrel use. We considered both the accumulated use of the foraging area during the breeding season and the instantaneous foraging habitat selection by kestrels. Foraging habitat selection was highly dynamic following crop development and agricultural activities. Almost all major arable crop types showed positive selection during some part of the breeding cycle. Accumulated use by kestrels demonstrated positive associations with wheat and cotton fields and negative selection of permanent habitat types, such as forested areas, woody crops and built-up areas that have no prey or are not used by the species due to unfavourable structure. Vegetation structure appears to play a major role in instantaneous foraging selection. Lesser Kestrels select fields with short vegetation and intermediate cover. They also forage on field margins and where agricultural activities such as ploughing or harvesting that facilitate access to prey are being conducted. Our results help to clarify apparent controversies among previous studies on the subject, highlighting the importance of the heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes around colonies (crops at different growth stages which provide variable vegetation height and cover during the breeding cycle) and the effect that agricultural activities have on facilitating access to prey. Beyond the species-specific approach, our work encourages further studies on habitat selection by farmland birds to account not only for human-based categorisation of habitats (e.g. crop type) but also on objective measures such as vegetation height and cover that influence access to prey and better reflect the high dynamism of agricultural landscapes.

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Huang, Brian, Katie Lubarsky, Tiffany Teng, and Daniel T. Blumstein. "Take only pictures, leave only...fear? The effects of photography on the West Indian anole Anolis cristatellus." Current Zoology 57, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.1.77.

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Abstract Ecotourism encourages an environmentally friendly exploration of the world's natural habitats. Tourists often engage in wildlife photography, an activity that is generally not considered disturbing to animals. We investigated the effects of camera-related stimuli to determine whether shutter noise and/or flash affected the immediate behavior of female crested anoles Anolis cristaellus. Anoles decreased their display rate following stimuli that included shutter noises, but did not change their behavior in response to flash or silence treatments. To determine the relative importance of this response, we observed anole behavior following playbacks of calls from kestrels Falco sparverius, a predator, and bananaquits Coereba flaveola, a non-predator. Anoles decreased display rates following kestrel calls when compared to their response to bananaquit calls. Furthermore, anoles spent a greater proportion of time displaying following bananaquit calls compared to both kestrel calls and silence. The magnitude of response to shutter noises was about the same as that to predator calls. This demonstrates that photography may not be as benign as commonly believed, and we should consider whether restrictions on camera noises should be implemented to reduce animal disturbance.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Comparative morphological and histological study of the pecten oculi in two species of Iraqi birds (Falco tinnunculus L. and Streptopelia decaocto F.)." Baghdad Science Journal 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.12.1.8-13.

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Study showed structure of pecten oculi in the Kestrel Falco tinnunculus L.wasPleated type and consisted of 17 folds which were thick. While in the Collared DoveStreptopelia decaocto F. was Vaned type and consisted of 13 folds and it describedthin. The illustrated histological study of pecten oculi folds in the Kestrel and theCollared Dove was composed of large number of capillaries, large blood vessels andpigment cells which were few in Kestrel compare with the Collared Dove. The bridgein the Kestrel and the Collared Dove pecten oculi was consisted of connective tissue,many pigment cells, and contains on little capillaries and it linked the membrane tothe internal limiting membrane of the retina in the Kestrel.Key words: birds, pecten oculi, morphology, histology

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EBDEN, PETER, and RICHARD SPROAT. "The Kestrel TTS text normalization system." Natural Language Engineering 21, no. 3 (December 12, 2014): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324914000175.

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AbstractThis paper describes the Kestrel text normalization system, a component of the Google text-to-speech synthesis (TTS) system. At the core of Kestrel are text-normalization grammars that are compiled into libraries of weighted finite-state transducers (WFSTs). While the use of WFSTs for text normalization is itself not new, Kestrel differs from previous systems in its separation of the initialtokenization and classificationphase of analysis fromverbalization. Input text is first tokenized and different tokens classified using WFSTs. As part of the classification, detectedsemiotic classes– expressions such as currency amounts, dates, times, measure phases, are parsed into protocol buffers (https://code.google.com/p/protobuf/). The protocol buffers are then verbalized, with possible reordering of the elements, again using WFSTs. This paper describes the architecture of Kestrel, the protocol buffer representations of semiotic classes, and presents some examples of grammars for various languages. We also discuss applications and deployments of Kestrel as part of the Google TTS system, which runs on both server and client side on multiple devices, and is used daily by millions of people in nineteen languages and counting.

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Fowler, D. B. "CDC Kestrel winter wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 673–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-193.

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CDC Kestrel is a lodging-resistant, high-yielding, semidwarf winter wheat with good winterhardiness and rust tolerance that is superior to Norstar. CDC Kestrel is eligible for grades of the Canada Western Red Winter Wheat class. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, wheat (winter)

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Bezvikonnyi, P., R. Mialkovsky, and O. Muliarchuk. "Effectiveness of the combined application of micro-fertilizers and fungicides on the beet crops." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, no. 6 (December 10, 2020): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_253.

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The purpose of the research was to find out the effect of foliar fertilization with complex microfertilizers together with fungicides on the growth and development of plants and the yield of beet root in the Western Forest Steppe. Methods. Field, analytical and statistical. Results. It was found that the foliar fertilization of ADOB micro and macrofertilizers with the fungicide Impact in the Harold variety – 61.46 thousand m2/ha, and in Kestrel – 73.06 thousand m2/ha, provided the largest leaf area. The highest photosynthetic potential was in the Kestrel variety with foliar ADOB macro+micro compatibility with the Impact fungicide (2.37 million m2 × days/ha). Foliar fertilization of ADOB microfertilizers macro+micro with application rate of 2.0 kg/ha and fungicide Impact with application rate of 0.25 l/ha provides the highest weight of Harold root crops for the harvesting period at 413.0 g and Kestrel variety – 516.1 g. The introduction of ADOB macro+micro complex microfertilizers, in combination with Topsin M and Impact fungicides, provided the highest yield of beet root in Harold variety – 62.0-62.2 t/ha and Kestrel variety – 75.4-77.4 t/ha. The highest solids content and sugars were also observed in the variant, where they applied foliar ADOB macro+micro compound fertilizers with Topsin M and Impact fungicides in Harold variety - 15.6-15.7% and 8.5%, in Kestrel variety – 16.0-16.1% ??? 8.9%, respectively. The foliar fertilization of ADOB microfertilizer macro+micro in combination with the fungicide Impact provided the highest betanin content of 352.5 mg/100 g of raw weight in the Harold variety, and 270.9 mg/100 g of raw weight in the Kestrel variety. The combined application of ADOB microfertilizers macro+micro and fungicide Impact allowed to obtain maximum rates of profitability in the Kestrel variety - 241.6%, in the Harold variety - 182.3%.

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Westwood, C. T., M. K. Cutts, R. J. Russell, and K. M. O'Brien. "Effect of timing of harvest on nutritive value of four cultivars of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 76 (January 1, 2014): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2014.76.2970.

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Abstract A single site, single year replicated study in Canterbury investigated change in nutritive value and dry matter (DM) yield of four kale cultivars harvested monthly between May and September. The proportion of leaf relative to stem was significantly higher for an intermediate kale ('Regal') and short marrow-stem kale ('Kestrel') compared with two giant kales 'Gruner' and 'Rawera'. Late winter loss of leaf was greater for 'Gruner' and 'Rawera' compared with 'Regal' or 'Kestrel'. Whole plant DM% remained stable through winter (average 11.9%). Lower stem contained more DM than top stem or leaf. The DM% of 'Gruner' was significantly higher than other cultivars. 'Kestrel' contained significantly more megajoules of metabolisable energy than other kales. Energy content of leaf and top sections of stem averaged 2.5 MJME/kg DM more than lower stem. Dry matter yield peaked in June then declined monthly thereafter for giant kales 'Gruner' and 'Rawera', but not 'Regal' or 'Kestrel'. The use of intermediate and short marrow-stem kales 'Regal' and 'Kestrel' is one management option to improve the leafiness and whole plant energy content of late winter feed crops. Keywords: Forage brassica, kale, nutritive value, winter feed, yield

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Daskalova, Girgina, Peter Shurulinkov, Georgi P. Stoyanov, and Borislav Borisov. "Observations of the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) in Bulgaria during the period of post-breeding dispersal." Slovak Raptor Journal 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/srj-2016-0001.

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Abstract The lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) was considered extinct as a breeding species in Bulgaria, but recently a small breeding colony was found again in the south-eastern part of the country. Seven recent observations of flocks or solitary birds of the species in Bulgaria during the post-breeding period are presented and commented here. It is shown that the territory of the country is a regular area for post-breeding dispersal and pre-migratory feeding of lesser kestrels. The origin of these is not known, but most probably birds from the populations of the European part of Turkey, Greece, Republic of Macedonia and Albania are involved.

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Ilan, Edith Katsnelson, Orli Bobek, Adiv Gal, David Saltz, and Uzi Motro. "Nest-site fidelity in Lesser Kestrels: a case of Win–Stay/Lose–Shift?" Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 65, no. 3-4 (November 6, 2019): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191060.

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We studied Lesser Kestrels’ (Falco naumanni) conditional nest-site fidelity, i.e., fidelity that depends on the outcome of the previous nesting attempt in that site. In particular, we were interested in examining whether individual kestrels practice a Win–Stay/Lose–Shift (WSLS) strategy towards their nest-sites; that is, does the tendency to use the same nest-site increase following a successful nesting season, but decrease following a failure. For that purpose, we documented the use of nest-sites by Lesser Kestrels and the breeding success in these sites during 1998–2003 in the city of Jerusalem (Israel). We found that while Lesser Kestrels do not practice WSLS strategy towards their nest-site, the males (but not the females) do so towards their sub-colony – they tend to stay in the same sub-colony if their nesting was successful, whereas they tend to migrate to a different sub-colony after failure. A possible explanation to this sexual difference in WSLS behavior can arise from the fact that changing a sub-colony entails a change of hunting area. The male, being the main food provider in the Lesser Kestrel, may be more sensitive to this opportunity.

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Kaľavský, Martin, Peter Fenďa, and Milada Holecová. "Arthropods in the nests of the Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)." Slovak Raptor Journal 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10262-012-0030-6.

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Arthropods in the nests of the Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) In 2008 we analyzed nest material from 25 nests of the Common Kestrel nesting in the residential and rural areas of Bratislava. 4486 arthropod individuals were determined, belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, Astigmata, Oribatida, Diptera and Siphonaptera. The arthropod fauna in the nests of the Common Kestrel can be classified into 4 groups: mites, dipteran larvae, adult beetles and dipterans. Three families of avian ectoparasites were present, comprising 26% of the total arthropod abundance. The remaining 74% of arthropod abundance in the nests comprised coprophagous and nidicolous species.

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Smallwood, John A. "The Kestrel Andrew Village." Auk 109, no. 2 (April 1992): 398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4088216.

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Tiwari, Sundar, David J. Saville, and Steve D. Wratten. "Susceptibility of kale cultivars to the wheat bug, Nysius huttoni (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 30, 2018): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.190.

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Seedlings of kale cultivars are highly susceptible to direct feeding by the wheat bug Nysius huttoni (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), an endemic New Zealand insect pest. Damage from this pest leads to reduced plant establishment so is currently managed by prophylactic use of pesticides. Encouraging farmers to use less susceptible kale cultivars can reduce pesticide costs and improve the environment. A series of choice and no-choice tests was conducted in a controlled-temperature room to evaluate the relative susceptibility of seedlings of the six most widely grown kale cultivars in New Zealand (Gruner, Kestrel, Regal, Colear, Corka, and Sovereign). Bugs settled most readily on Kestrel in both sets of tests, although mean settlement times did not differ significantly among cultivars. However, feeding damage on Kestrel occurred significantly earlier than on Corka or Gruner. These results indicate that Kestrel is the cultivar most susceptible to wheat bugs and that pesticide use could be reduced if less susceptible cultivars were more widely grown in New Zealand. These results also provide important information for developing integrated-management protocols for brassica pests.

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Zahorodnyi, Ivan, Oleksii Dubovyk, Ivan Komarnytskyi, and Ihor Dykyy. "Diet of Long-eared Owl and Common Kestrel in an urban landscape (Ukraine)." Ornis Hungarica 29, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2021-0008.

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Abstract In the present study we performed a comparative dietary analysis of two predatory birds, the Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) and the Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in the district of Lviv city. We found that the Long-eared Owl and the Common Kestrel are typical small mammal specialists within the urban ecosystem. Considering the abundance and biomass of prey, small mammals comprise 98.4% of the Long-eared Owl’s diet. The species composition of mammals coincides almost 50% in the food intake comparison of the two birds. It has been established that the main prey of both species is the Common Vole (Microtus arvalis). The diet of the Common Kestrel is more varied, compared to the Long-eared Owl, due to the consumption of different species of insects (families Gryllotalpidae, Tettigoniidae, Carabidae and Scarabaeidae), reptiles and birds. This result suggested that dietary plasticity of the Common Kestrel facilitate successful adaptation to the urban landscape. The Long-eared Owl is more narrowly specialized in feeding on murine rodents, which reduces the trophic competition between the two predatory birds and allows the coexistence of two predators in the urban ecosystem.

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Bounas, Anastasios, and Konstantinos Sotiropoulos. "Change of Feeding Strategy Prior to Migration: A Comparative Diet Analysis in the Lesser Kestrel (Falco Naumanni)." Avian Biology Research 10, no. 1 (February 2017): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815617x14799886573101.

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Assessing the variation in diet composition of a species, over different years and between periods, offers insights to comprehend its ecological niche as well as to define different feeding strategies. We studied the diet of the Lesser Kestrel ( Falco naumanni) by analysing 1040 regurgitated pellets collected in the city of Ioannina (northwestern Greece). We compared diet composition between the breeding period (data from years 2010–2015) and the pre-migration period (data from 2013–2015) at the study site. A total of 8920 prey items were identified and classified into 13 different prey families. The Lesser Kestrel shows a consistent pattern of diet composition throughout years, displaying significant differences between breeding and pre-migration periods. The diet is rather diverse during the breeding season (Levins' diet breadth, B = 4.12) and is composed mainly of Orthoptera and Coleoptera, while during pre-migration, the species shows a more narrow diet breadth ( B = 1.98) and feeds more often and on larger amounts of Orthoptera. These results indicate a specialised feeding strategy during pre-migration. In addition, the examination of the Orthoptera consumption during this period indicates a peak in the abundance of grasshoppers (Acrididae) in the second half of August. We suggest that at this time birds exploit high elevation open grasslands around the roosting site where grasshopper abundance is high. Thus, such areas are of high conservation importance as Lesser Kestrels depend on this localised abundance of Orthoptera in order to fuel up before their trans-Saharan migration.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "A comparative study to determine the nature of the eye lens protein in the two types of birds Iraqi." Baghdad Science Journal 12, no. 2 (June 7, 2015): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.12.2.238-241.

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The study showed significant differences between the average weight lens and the average amount protein in the lens between that Kestrel Falco tinnunculus L. and the Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto F. , also the study electrical migration of lens proteins having one bundle of crystalline –? in Kestrel compared with three bundles in Collared Dove, two bundles of crystalline – ? in both , and crystalline – ? appeared as one bundle in both birds.

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Kim, Daniel H., Felipe Chavez-Ramirez, and R. Douglas Slack. "Effects of artificial perches and interspecific interactions on patch use by wintering raptors." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 2038–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-197.

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We used an experimental approach to investigate the effects of woody vegetation and interspecific interactions on patch use by three wintering raptor species in the coastal prairie in south Texas. We manipulated perch type and density by the addition of artificial perches to patches of coastal prairie grasslands, varying perch height in the first year and canopy density in the second year. American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) used areas with artificial perches more often than they used natural woody vegetation and areas without woody perches. Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus) patch use did not vary with treatment type. Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus) used areas of natural woody vegetation more than patches with artificial perches and patches with no perches. Patch use by Loggerhead Shrikes was also influenced by the presence of complex woody vegetation and interspecific interactions, whereas American Kestrel use was limited by landscape matrix and ground cover density. We believe that predation by Northern Harriers limited Loggerhead Shrikes to patches with escape cover, while competition from American Kestrels prevented Loggerhead Shrikes from concurrent patch use.

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Daan, Serge, Michael Hall, and Theo Meijer. "Family Planning in the Kestrel (Falco Tinnunculus): the Proximate Control of Covariation of Laying Date and Clutch Size." Behaviour 114, no. 1-4 (1990): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00077.

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AbstractThe time in spring when a male kestrel rapidly increases his daily hunting time and his hunting yield, and thereby the amount of food delivered to the female, determines the date when she lays the first egg. Food experiments in free-living and captive kestrels gave a significant advance in laying date. Clutch size, which decreases with progressive laying date, did not change independent of date in response to food manipulation. These effects are in agreement with most other feeding experiments. Photoperiod experiments in kestrels advanced the reproductive cycle in constant long days, and a similar seasonal decline in clutch size was found. It seems that there is an internally preprogrammed decrease in clutch size within an annual "reproductive window". A proximate control model for the seasonal decline of clutch size is proposed, modified from an earlier model by HAFTORN (1985). This incorporates an increasing tendency to incubate the first eggs with progression of the season, an egg contact-incubation positive feedback loop, and the resorption of further follicles in the ovary when the laying female incubates 50% of the time. This follicle resorption fixes the clutch size ca. four days before the last egg is laid. the 50% incubation level is reached earlier in late females and consequently resorption starts earlier and the resulting clutch is smaller than in early females. Experiments in kestrels with removal and addition of eggs, in combination with measurements of incubation behaviour are discussed in relation to the model. Plasma prolactin data of female kestrels show that this hormone is a serious candidate for a physiological component relaying time of year in our model for clutch size regulation.

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Di Bias, A., D. M. Dahle, M. Diekhans, L. Grate, J. Hirschberg, K. Karplus, H. Keller, et al. "The UCSC Kestrel parallel processor." IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 16, no. 1 (January 2005): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2005.12.

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Pearce, Fred, and Carl Jones. "Kestrel manoeuvres in the dark." New Scientist 231, no. 3089 (September 2016): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(16)31615-3.

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Ortego, Joaquín, José Miguel Aparicio, Gustau Calabuig, and Pedro J. Cordero. "Increase of heterozygosity in a growing population of lesser kestrels." Biology Letters 3, no. 5 (July 3, 2007): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0268.

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The lesser kestrel ( Falco naumanni ) suffered a sharp population decline over much of its European distribution range in the middle of the twentieth century. Still declining in some areas, the species has recently experienced a notable population recovery in certain regions. We examined the genetic diversity variation in a growing population of lesser kestrels from Central Spain over a 6-year period (2000–2005). The population studied showed a rapid demographic expansion, increasing in the number of both breeding pairs and colonies. Annual average heterozygosity and allelic diversity increased and genetic similarity between potential mates decreased over the study period. Several immigrants regularly arrived in the study area and introduced new alleles into the local population, pointing to immigration as the main cause contributing to the observed genetic recovery.

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Hernández-Pliego, Jesús, Carlos Rodríguez, and Javier Bustamante. "Gone with the wind: Seasonal trends in foraging movement directions for a central-place forager." Current Zoology 60, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 604–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.5.604.

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Abstract Lesser kestrels Falco naumanni are migratory central-place foragers that breed in dynamic arable landscapes. After arriving from migration, kestrels have no knowledge of the distribution of crops, and consequently prey, around their colony. The energy demand of pairs increases as breeding season progresses, but at the same time prey abundance, and their knowledge on prey distribution, also increases. Wind can have a strong influence on flight cost and kestrels should try to reduce energy expenditure when possible. When prey abundance is low, kestrels have little knowledge of prey distribution, and pairs have no chicks, they could reduce foraging flight cost by leaving the colony with tailwinds. When prey is abundant, knowledge on prey distribution has increased, and chick demand is high, kestrels should fly to the most favorable foraging patches. We analyzed foraging trips directions in a lesser kestrel colony along the breeding season and in relation to wind speed and direction. We recorded 664 foraging trips from 19 individuals using GPS-dataloggers. We found that outward flights direction changed from uniform to a concentrated distribution along the season, as prey abundance and individual experience increased. We also found a temporal trend in the angular difference between outward flights and wind directions, with low values early in the season and then increasing as expected, but again low values at the end, contrary to expectation. Results suggest changes in kestrels foraging strategy along the season in relation to wind. Kestrels depart more with tailwinds in exploratory flights early in the season, while there is a spurious coincidence in direction to preferred foraging patches and dominant wind direction at the end.

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Gal, Adiv, David Saltz, and Uzi Motro. "Effect of supplemental feeding on nesting success in the Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni)." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 65, no. 3-4 (November 6, 2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191045.

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The effect of food supplement to Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) nests during the nestling period (from hatching to fledging) was studied in two nesting colonies in Israel – Alona and Jerusalem. Our hypothesis, based on diminishing returns considerations, was that food supplement will have a greater effect on fledgling success in the food-limited, urban colony of Jerusalem, than in the rural colony of Alona. Indeed, food supplement had a significantly positive effect on breeding success in both colonies. However, and contrary to our prediction, the decrease in chick mortality between supplemented and control nests in Jerusalem was not larger than in Alona (actually it was numerically smaller, albeit not significantly so). This implies either that additional factors, possibly urbanization associated, other than food limitation, might be responsible for the difference in nesting success of Lesser Kestrels between Alona and Jerusalem, and/or that the amount or the nutritional quality of the additional food provided to supplemented nests (three mice per chick per week), was not enough.

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AL-A´araji, Ahmed S. "A comparative anatomical, histological and histochemical study of small intestine in Kestrel (Falco tunniculus) and white eared bulbul (Picnonotic leucotis) according to their food type." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 40, no. 2 (January 5, 2017): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v40i2.109.

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This study was conducted on 30 birds (15 birds for each type) divided as 10 birds for each part of study. Anatomical part revealed that the small intestine in both birds kestrel (Falco tinniculus) and white eared bulbul (Picnonotic leucotis) formed from 3 segments; duodenum, jejunum and ileum with no clear demarcation line between them. In kestrel the Meckel's diverticulum appeared as small projection to separate between jejunum and ileum. Both ratio of intestinal length to body length and of intestinal weight to body weight was higher in bulbul than those in kestrel. Histological study showed that the wall of all three parts of small intestine was composed of the same histological layers; these are mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. There was almost similarity in structure of these tunics but significant differences in several Histomorphometric measurements of each tunica. Goblet cells were more abundant in all parts of small intestine of bulbul than those in kestrel and there was a gradual increasing in the number of these cells toward the end of intestine of both birds. Histochemical part of this study appeared that in villi and crypts of all small intestinal segments of both birds the goblet cells secrete neutral mucin in nature because it showed negative reaction to Alcian blue stain and positive to PAS stain.

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Fowler, D. B. "CDC Clair winter wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 669–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-192.

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CDC Clair is a high-yielding, strong-strawed, semidwarf winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with good winterhardiness. When grown in western Canada, it has the high grain yield and agronomic performance of CDC Kestrel, but improved grain quality. The grain protein concentration of CDC Clair has been higher than that of CDC Kestrel and similar to Norstar. CDC Clair is eligible for grades of the Canada Western Red Winter Wheat class. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, wheat (winter)

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Zampiga, E., G. Gaibani, and D. Csermely. "Ultraviolet reflectance and female mating preferences in the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 6 (June 2008): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-020.

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Previous studies revealed the importance of plumage brightness (considering only the visible spectral range) in female mate choice of common kestrels ( Falco tinnunculus L., 1758). Our study focuses on the effect of UV reflectance on female preference; we hypothesize that common kestrel females prefer males with UV-reflecting plumage and refuse, or are not attracted to, males whose plumage UV reflectance is prevented. We tested the preference of 20 captive females who were given a choice between two males, one behind a UV-transmitting (UV+) filter and another one behind a UV-blocking (UV–) filter. Female preference was measured as frequency and duration of visits to either male, specifically by sitting on the perch or hanging on to the partition wall. Females visited the male behind the UV+ filter more often than the male behind the UV– filter, indicating that females prefer males with UV-reflecting plumage than males without UV reflection. UV plumage and skin reflectance could provide females with information regarding current male conditions more so than other colours and other morphological parameters.

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Fowler, D. B. "CDC Harrier winter wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 603–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-025.

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CDC Harrier is a winter-hardy, strong-strawed, semidwarf winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with the high grain yield and agronomic performance of CDC Kestrel. CDC Harrier is the first winter wheat cultivar with a high level of stem rust resistance to be registered for production in western Canada. The grain quality characteristics of CDC Harrier are similar to thos of CDC Kestrel. CDC Harrier is eligible for grades of the Canada Western Red Winter Wheat class. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, wheat (winter)

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Zdanikowski, Kamil, and Beata Pańczyk. "Hosting models comparison of ASP.NET Core application." Journal of Computer Sciences Institute 8 (November 30, 2018): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/jcsi.692.

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The article presents hosting models comparison of ASP.NET Core application. Available hosting models were described and compared and then performance comparison was carried out. For each model the same test scenarios were executed and their performance was determined by number of requests per second which host was able to process. The results obtained show that standard model is the least efficient one and using one of the other configurations, for example, IIS with Kestrel (in-process), Kestrel or HTTP.sys might provide even several times better performance compared to standard model.

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Fowler, D. B. "CDC Osprey winter wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 665–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-191.

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CDC Osprey is a high-yielding, lodging-resistant, semidwarf winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with good winterhardiness. CDC Osprey has excellent grain quality. It has a grain protein concentration that is similar to Norstar combined with the superior agronomic performance of CDC Kestrel in Alberta and Saskatchewan. However, more susceptible rust reactions and lower grain yields than CDC Kestrel may limit the production of CDC Osprey in southeastern Manitoba. CDC Osprey is eligible for grades of the Canada Western Red Winter Wheat class. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, wheat (winter)

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Cardozo, Sergian Vianna, Bruno Pereira Berto, Inês Caetano, Viviane Camara Maniero, Isabel Pereira da Fonseca, and Carlos Wilson Gomes Lopes. "Caryospora peneireiroi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in the common kestrel, Falco tinnunculus (Falconiformes: Falconidae), in mainland Portugal." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 25, no. 2 (June 7, 2016): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016030.

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Abstract The common kestrel Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758, is a widespread raptor, native in Europe, Asia and Africa, and vagrant in the Americas. In the current work, 27 fecal samples were collected from common kestrels kept in the Lisbon Center for Wild Animal Recovery, located at Monsanto Forest Park, Lisbon, Portugal. Five (19%) of them were found to be passing an undescribed species of Caryospora in their feces. The oocysts of Caryospora peneireiroi n. sp. were ellipsoidal with a bilayered wall and measured 47.1 × 37.6 µm with a shape index of 1.25. No micropyle, oocyst residuum or polar granule was present. The sporocysts were subspherical, measuring 25.1 × 24.3 µm. Stieda, sub-Stieda and para-Stieda bodies were absent. The sporocyst residuum was composed of many homogenous globules scattered throughout the periphery of the sporocyst. This is the fourth caryosporan species reported from F. tinnunculus.

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Nemček, Vladimír. "Abundance of raptors and habitat preferences of the common buzzard Buteo buteo and the common kestrel Falco tinnunculus during the non-breeding season in an agricultural landscape (Western Slovakia)." Slovak Raptor Journal 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/srj-2013-0007.

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Abstract Habitat use and preferences by raptors were studied during three non-breeding seasons (2011-201 3) in an agricultural landscape in western Slovakia. The non-breeding season on agricultural land showed high variation and changes in the cover of habitats related to human activities. The most abundant raptor species were the common buzzard Buteo buteo (L.) (1 52 individuals) and the common kestrel Falco tinnunculus (L.) (78 individuals). The common buzzard preferred alfalfa and avoided ploughed fields. The common kestrel showed a high habitat preference for alfalfa, corn fields, stubbles and fallow. It also avoided ploughed fields and wheat.

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Kečkéšová, Lucia, and Michal Noga. "The diet of the Common Kestrel in the urban environment of the city of Nitra." Slovak Raptor Journal 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10262-012-0021-7.

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The diet of the Common Kestrel in the urban environment of the city of Nitra The diet of the urban Common Kestrel population was studied in Nitra during 2003-2005. Totally, 671 prey items were identified by the analysis of pellets and prey remains collected under the nesting sites. Insect, mainly represented by order Coleoptera, was found to be the most abundant prey. Regarding biomass, the Common Vole (Microtus arvalis) was predominated. In comparison with other articles published, the studied sample was rather rich in the Lesser White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura suaveolens) and the House Mouse (Mus cf. musculus).

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Towers, Steven R. "Cuckoldry in an American Kestrel Triad." Condor 92, no. 1 (February 1990): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368415.

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Skipper, Ben R., and Clint W. Boal. "Female American Kestrel Survives Double Amputation." Journal of Raptor Research 45, no. 4 (December 2011): 374–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3356/jrr-11-31.1.

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Owens, Thomas. "Hopkins's Kestrel: "The Windhover," 1877–1884." Victorian Poetry 57, no. 1 (2019): 43–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vp.2019.0004.

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Groombridge, Jim J., Carl G. Jones, Michael W. Bruford, and Richard A. Nichols. "‘Ghost’ alleles of the Mauritius kestrel." Nature 403, no. 6770 (February 2000): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35001148.

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Gee, Henry. "In the eye of the kestrel." Nature 373, no. 6513 (February 1995): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/373387a0.

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Dawson, Russell D., and Gary R. Bortolotti. "Prevalence and intensity of hematozoan infections in a population of American kestrels." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-206.

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Interest in hematozoan parasites has been considerable in recent years, mostly as a result of Hamilton and Zuk's idea that parasites influence the expression of sexually selected traits. However, little is known about the basic patterns of parasitism and the dynamics of host-parasite relationships. We describe the patterns of blood parasitism in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) sampled throughout the breeding seasons of 1994 and 1995, and investigate the influence of several variables on parasite load. Parasite prevalences in kestrels were high, ranging from 75 to 94% depending on the sex of the birds and stage of the breeding season. Prevalence increased with date, indicating either active parasite transmission or relapses of chronic infections. Parasite intensity also increased with date, but these effects were sex- and year-specific. We detected no sex differences in either prevalence or intensity, but prevalences were higher in young (second calendar year) birds than in older birds. Because this effect was evident early in the breeding season, we suggest that it was due to differential recrudescence of chronic infections between age-classes. Food supply had no effect on parasite load. Among birds that were sampled twice in the same year, parasite status remained relatively constant, although some birds acquired infections while others lost them. Change in intensity between samples was dependent on year; nonetheless, intensities remained relatively stable throughout the breeding season. Kestrels sampled in both years had consistent parasite loads. Parasites were detected in only 3% of kestrel nestlings.

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Ardia, Daniel R. "Energetic consequences of sex-related habitat segregation in wintering American kestrels (Falco sparverius)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-014.

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Behavioural dominance can cause individuals to use less-preferred habitats, with potentially important life-history consequences. In the American kestrel, Falco sparverius, females exclude males from preferred open areas; I hypothesized that this sex-related habitat segregation leads to energetic consequences for males. I predicted that males would show decreased body condition over winter, while females would not, and that females would maintain larger net-energy surpluses than would males. Working in southeastern Pennsylvania, between 1991 and 1995, I conducted 150 behavioural observations and measured body condition of 235 wintering kestrels. Male kestrels maintained a lower body condition (residuals of a regression of mass vs. size) than did females and showed a decrease in mean body condition over winter, which females did not. I estimated that females had larger daily energy expenditures than did males (248 vs. 195 kJ per bird per day, ratio 1.27) but also had larger daily energy intakes (537 vs. 322 kJ/day, ratio 1.67). Females had larger net energy surpluses than did males (288 vs. 126 kJ/day, ratio 2.27), particularly when temperatures were <0°C. I conclude that differences in energetics are due in part to habitat differences and that males may suffer consequences by being forced to use less-preferred habitats.

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Simmons, Robert E. "Greater Kestrel survives impact with power lines." Ostrich 82, no. 1 (March 16, 2011): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2010.515397.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Kestrel'

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