Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Kermadec'

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1

Robinson, Adam Hackett. "Seamount structure and subduction at the Louisville Ridge–Tonga-Kermadec collision." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12497/.

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The Louisville Ridge (LRSC) is an ~4000 km-long SW Pacific seamount chain currently being subducted at the Tonga-Kermadec Trench (TKT). Both the trend of the LRSC and the subduction of the Pacific plate are oblique to the trench, resulting in southward migration of the intersection point at a rate of 120-180 mm yr-1, and producing significant along-strike variation in forearc structure and seismicity. The LRSC-TKT intersection was investigated by a multi-disciplinary geophysical experiment aboard the R/V Sonne in 2011, acquiring multichannel and wide-angle seismic, gravity, and bathymetry data, to better understand the effect of subducting bathymetric features on forearc deformation. As part of this, it is necessary to determine the structure and characteristics of the incoming seamounts, and how they are deformed during subduction. This study is underpinned by an ~725 km-long profile traversing the oldest extant LRSC seamounts, that continues along its projection into the trench and forearc. LRSC seamounts display a range of internal structures, including shallow, high-velocity (≥6 km s-1) cores. The also sit on crust that is not significantly thickened. At the trench, Osbourn seamount is experiencing bend-induced normal faulting which suggests that each seamount may be disarticulated to a size smaller than the imaging resolution. Observed similarity between the P-wave velocity structure of seamount flank material and ordinary subducting oceanic crust also suggests that distinguishing between these in the trench-forearc region is challenging. Consequently, it is not unequivocally possible to determine, within the confines of the profile locations and model resolution, whether the last LRSC seamount to have subducted, was subducted intact along the continuation of the trend of the extant chain. Along-margin observations indicate that significant seamount-related forearc deformation is superimposed on pre-existing crustal structures, with the maximum deformation occurring in the wake of the migration of active collision. Observations of forearc morphology at the present-day intersection point support those from seismicity and plate reconstruction, which suggests that this location may also coincide with a westerly rotation in the trend of the chain.
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2

Funnell, Matthew James. "Evolution of the Tonga-Kermadec forearc in response to seamount subduction." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12360/.

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Subducting plate characteristics are recorded as temporal variations in overriding plate deformation. Downgoing bathymetric anomalies superimpose enhanced tectonic erosion on pre-existing forearc crustal and sedimentary structural variations. Existing models of inherited forearc crustal structure along the Tonga-Kermadec subduction system are simplistic and neglect along-strike variability, which has resulted in a limited understanding of margin evolution and Louisville Ridge seamount chain (LRSC) subduction. In this study, robustly tested, velocity-depth and density-depth models are synthesised with existing data from the Tonga-Kermadec margin to reveal along-strike variations in the subducting and overriding plate structure. In regions north and south of the point of LRSC subduction, the incoming Pacific plate displays > 2 km-throw bend faults and reduced seismic velocity throughout the crust and upper mantle by ~1.0 km s⁻¹ and ~0.5 km s⁻¹, respectively. Around the LRSC-trench intersection, the trench axial depth decreases by 4 km and normal fault throw is reduced to < 1 km, suggesting the seamounts reduce subducting plate deformation. The forearc structure is dominated by the extinct (~51 Ma) Tonga arc, defined by a high velocity (7.0-7.4 km s⁻¹) and density (3.30 ± 0.10 g cm⁻³) lower crustal anomaly. Increases in Tonga-Kermadec forearc crustal thickness from 12 to > 18 km over 300 km along-strike are coincident with variations in bathymetry and free-air gravity anomaly that reveal a broader trend of northward-increasing crustal thickness between 18° and 32°, predating LRSC subduction at the margin. Beyond this region, the overriding crust formed as the south Fiji Basin opened ~35 Ma. Within this framework of existing crustal structure, LRSC subduction promotes erosion of the overriding crust, forming a steep unstable lower-trench slope. Following seamount subduction, trench-slope stability is re-established by the collapse of the extinct Tonga arc, suggesting that seamount subduction commenced at 22° along the margin.
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3

Grammatopoulou, Eleanna. "Investigating the Resource Accumulation Depth hypothesis of the sediments of the Mariana and Kermadec trenches." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=239877.

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4

Blankenship, Lesley Elizabeth. "Ecology of the Tonga and Kermadec Trench hadal zone : inferences from scavenging amphipods /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3208810.

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5

Bonnardot, Marie-Aude. "Etude géodynamique de la Zone de subduction Tonga-Kermadec par une approche couplée de modélisation numérique 3D et de sismotectonique." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00204905.

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La zone de subduction des Tonga-Kermadec est le résultat d une évolution géodynamique complexe. L intéraction des mécanismes d ouverture du domaine arrière-arc, de la subduction de la ride oblique de Louisville, de la déchirure de la plaque Pacifique plongeante ou encore d une obliquité de convergence croissante du Nord au Sud de la zone, est à l origine de la segmentation morphotectonique actuelle du système. Une approche couplée de modélisation numérique 3D et de sismotectonique a permis d étudier l état de contrainte d un système convergent induit lors de la subduction d une plaque océanique le long d une marge courbe ou encore, lors de la subduction d un relief océanique. Pour cela, un code numérique en éléments finis thermo-mécanique en 3D (ADELI-3D) a été développé par R. Hassani, puis validé dans le cadre de cette thèse. Les résultats soulignent un effet significatif des variations latérales d un système convergent sur les déformations lithosphériques engendrées. (1) Dans le cas de marges à géométrie courbe, une convexité ou concavité vers l océan, induit respectivement un régime compressif ou extensif dans la plaque supérieure et ce, quel que soit le contraste de densité entre la lithosphère et l asthénosphère ou encore la valeur du coefficient de friction interplaque. (2) Les résultats des simulations numériques 3D et de l étude sismotectonique ont mis en évidence le rôle significatif de la subduction d une ride océanique sur l état de contrainte de la plaque supérieure. La subduction d une ride se traduit par la surrection de la marge et un régime compressif au front du relief en subduction. Nos simulations montrent que la distribution des contraintes au sein de la plaque chevauchante est contrôlée par l obliquité de la ride. Dans la plaque chevauchante du système Tonga-Kermadec, une segmentation tectonique et cinématique des zones d arc et d arrière-arc est mise en évidence à travers la résolution de l état de contraintes déduit des mécanismes au foyer. Un régime de contraintes similaire est obtenu dans nos modèles 3D et nous permet de confirmer le rôle significatif de la subduction de la ride de Louisville sur la structuration actuelle du bassin arrière-arc de Lau. (3) L étude de la distribution de la sismicité et des mécanismes au foyer de la plaque plongeante révèle une influence de cette ride sur le comportement profond de la plaque. Un saut de subduction, qui coïncide avec l arrivée de la ride de Louisville dans la fosse est mis en évidence au Nord de la ride de Peggy. Ce saut de subduction s est accompagné d un détachement de la partie profonde du panneau plongeant, souligné par une vaste lacune de sismicité sous le Bassin de Lau. Une étude fine de la distribution de la sismicité de la plaque supérieure a permis d identifier de nouvelles structures tectoniques dans le Nord du système Tonga, à savoir l axe Futuna-Niua Fo ou, interprété comme une ancienne frontière de plaques et l accident intra-arc de Niuatoputapu, impliqués dans la réorganisation globale du système.
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6

Bonnardot, Marie-Aude. "Étude géodynamique de la zone de subduction Tonga-Kermadec par une approche couplée de modélisation numérique 3D et de sismotectonique." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE4072.

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Etude géodynamique de la zone de subduction Tonga-Kermadec par une approche couplée de modélisation numérique 3D et de sismotectonique La zone de subduction des Tonga-Kermadec est le résultat d’une évolution géodynamique complexe. L’interaction des mécanismes d’ouverture du domaine arrière-arc, de la subduction de la ride oblique de Louisville, de la d´echirure de la plaque Pacifique plongeante ou encore d’une obliquité de convergence croissante du Nord au Sud de la zone, est `a l’origine de la segmentation morphotectonique actuelle du système. Une approche couplée de modélisation numérique 3D et de sismotectonique a permis d’étudier l’état de contrainte d’un système convergent induit lors de la subduction d’une plaque océanique le long d’une marge courbe ou encore, lors de la subduction d’un relief océanique. Pour cela, un code numérique en éléments finis thermo-mécanique en 3D (ADELI-3D) a été développé par R. Hassani, puis validé dans le cadre de cette thèse. Les résultats soulignent un effet significatif des variations latérales d’un système convergent sur les déformations lithosphériques engendrées. (1) Dans le cas de marges à géométrie courbe, une convexité ou concavité vers l’océan, induit respectivement un régime compressif ou extensif dans la plaque supérieure et ce, quel que soit le contraste de densité entre la lithosphère et l’asthénosphère ou encore la valeur du coefficient de friction interplaque. (2) Les résultats des simulations numériques 3D et de l’étude sismotectonique ont mis en évidence le rôle significatif de la subduction d’une ride océanique sur l’état de contrainte de la plaque supérieure. La subduction d’une ride se traduit par la surrection de la marge et un régime compressif au front du relief en subduction. Nos simulations montrent que la distribution des contraintes au sein de la plaque chevauchante est contrôlée par l’obliquité de la ride. Dans la plaque chevauchante du système Tonga-Kermadec, une segmentation tectonique et cinématique des zones d’arc et d’arrière-arc est mise en évidence à travers la résolution de l’état de contraintes déduit des mécanismes au foyer. Un régime de contraintes similaire est obtenu dans nos modèles 3D et nous permet de confirmer le rôle significatif de la subduction de la ride de Louisville sur la structuration actuelle du bassin arrière-arc de Lau. (3) L’étude de la distribution de la sismicité et des mécanismes au foyer de la plaque plongeante révèle une influence de cette ride sur le comportement profond de la plaque. Un saut de subduction, qui coÏncide avec l’arrivée de la ride de Louisville dans la fosse est mis en évidence au Nord de la ride de Peggy. Ce saut de subduction s’est accompagné d’un détachement de la partie profonde du panneau plongeant, souligné par une vaste lacune de sismicité sous le Bassin de Lau. Une étude fine de la distribution de la sismicité de la plaque supérieure a permis d’identifier de nouvelles structures tectoniques dans le Nord du système Tonga, `a savoir l’axe Futuna-Niua Fo’ou, interpréé comme une ancienne frontière de plaques et l’accident intra-arc de Niuatoputapu, impliqués dans la réorganisation globale du système
Geodynamical study of the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone using both 3-D numerical modelling and seismotectonics approaches The Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone is the consequence of a complex geodynamical evolution. The interaction between the back-arc opening mechanisms, the subduction of the oblique aseismic Louisville Seamount Chain, the tearing of the Pacific Plate and the increasing obliquity of convergence from North to South results in the presentday morphotectonic segmentation of the convergent system. Using both 3-D numerical modelling and seismotectonics, we attempt to determine the state of stress inferred in a convergent system (1) from a convergence accommodated along a curved margin and (2) from the subduction of an oceanic aseismic ridge. For that purpose, a finite element thermo-mechanical code was developped in 3-D by R. Hassani and then validated within the framework of this study. The results highlight a significant effect of the along-strike variations in a convergent system on the style of lithospheric deformation. (1) A convexity or concavity of the margin towards the ocean enhances respectively a compressive or extensive regime within the upper plate, whatever are the density contrast between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere or the value of the friction coefficient. (2) The results from both the numerical simulations and the seismotectonics study highlight a significant role of an oceanic ridge subduction on the state of stress within the overriding plate. A compressive regime as well as the uplift of the margin are induced in front of the subducted ridge. The numerical simulations indicate that the stress distribution within the upper plate is controlled by the obliquity of the subducted ridge. A tectono-kinematics segmentation of the arc and back-arc domains in the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone, is revealed through the stress tensor resolution deduced from the CMTS. Since this segmentation is likely correlated to the numerical results, we confirm the influence of the Louisville Seamount Chain on the present-day structure of the Lau back-arc basin. (3) The study of the shallow seismicity distribution and of the CMTS indicate also the influence of the Louisville ridge on the deep slab behaviour. A subduction jump correlated with the initiation of the Louisville Ridge subduction is identified to the North of the Peggy Ridge. A detachment of the deep slab, which is underlined by a major seismic gap below the Lau Basin, accommodated this subduction jump. From a precise study of the shallow seismicity distribution, new tectonic features are identified in the Northern part of the Lau Basin : the Futuna-Niua Fo’ou alignement interpreted as a fossil plate boundary and the intra-arc Niuatoputapu structure. They are both involved in the global reorganisation of the subduction zone
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7

Schönhofen-Romer, Milena Viktoria [Verfasser], Karsten M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Haase, and Christoph [Gutachter] Beier. "Melting and Source Variability in the Tonga- Kermadec-Lau Arc-Backarc System / Milena Viktoria Schönhofen-Romer ; Gutachter: Christoph Beier ; Betreuer: Karsten M. Haase." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2021. http://d-nb.info/1241827362/34.

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8

Diehl, Alexander [Verfasser], Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Bach, Wolfgang [Gutachter] Bach, and Colin [Gutachter] Devey. "Causes for variable hydrothermal vent fluid compositions in intraoceanic arcs : insights from fluid compositions and mineral precipitates of the South Kermadec Arc / Alexander Diehl ; Gutachter: Wolfgang Bach, Colin Devey ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Bach." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1179350030/34.

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9

Saunders, Katharine Emma. "Micro-analytical studies of the petrogenesis of silicic arc magmas in the Taupo Volcanic Zone and southern Kermadec Arc, New Zealand : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geology /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/943.

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10

Kermad, Azzeddine [Verfasser]. "Reflexionseffizienzen der AnaConDa-50 und AnaConDa-100 / Azzeddine Kermad." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1220287989/34.

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11

BONIN, EUGENE. "Distances, ecarts et traces a partir du dessin de joel kermarrec (1969-1979)." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991STR20002.

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L'exposition "distiances" (1969), recuse a la fois l'approche expressioniste (basee sur le sujet peintre) et l'approche realiste (base sur le referent objet) de la nouvelle figuration. Les "repertoires" de joel kermarrec sont confrontes au repertoire des textes critiques et des theories du langage les accompagnant. L'analyse plastique s'offre comme recours pour une approche semiotique des lieux de ce dessin. Elle ouvre a une pratique graphique derivee
The exhibition "distances" (1969), takes exception both to the approach of the expressionist (based on the subject-artist) and to the approach of the realist (based on the referent-object) of the "new figuration". Joel kermarrec's "repertories" are confonted with the list of their critical texts and of the language theories that go with them. The plastic analysis appears as a resort to a semiotic approach of the places of the drawing. It gives rise to a derived graphic practice
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12

Kermarrec, Gaël [Verfasser], and B. [Akademischer Betreuer] Heck. "Stochastic modelling of GNSS phase observations with focus on correlations / Gaël Kermarrec ; Betreuer: B. Heck." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1151229350/34.

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13

Jolly, Claire. "Etudes chimiques et biologiques de plantes tropicales : kermadecia elliptica (proteaceae) et combretum sundaicum (combretaceae) : isolement, analyses structurales et essais biologiques." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA114824.

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Dans le cadre de la recherche de nouvelles molécules bioactives, deux espèces ont été travaillées au cours de cette étude : une Proteaceae cyotoxique (Kermadecia elliptica) et une Combretaceae (Combretum sundaicum) capable de se fixer sur Bcl‐XL, une protéine antiapoptotique. L’étude phytochimique de Kermadecia elliptica a conduit à l’isolement et à la détermination structurale de 9 composés originaux, les kermadécines, dont 8 appartiennent à la famille des turrianes. L’évaluation biologique de ces composés a mis en évidence deux composés cytotoxiques et un inhibiteur de l’acétylcholinestérase. Le fractionnement bioguidé de Combretum sundaicum a permis l’isolément et l’identification structurale de 10 composés de types triterpènes ou saponosides, dérivés de l’acide imberbique, dont 9 sont décrits pour la première fois. Trois de ces composés ont montré une capacité à se fixer à BclXL
In the course of research studies of new bioactive molecules, two species have been studied : a cytotoxic Proteaceae (Kermadecia elliptica) and a Combretaceae (Combretum sundaicum) with binding capacities toward Bcl‐XL, an anti‐apoptotic protein. The phytochemical study of Kermadecia elliptica lead to the isolation and the structural determination of 9 original compounds, the kermadecines, 8 of them belonging to the turriane family. The biological evaluation of these compounds revealed two cytotoxic molecules and an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. The bioguided fractionation of Combretum sundaicum lead to the isolation and the structural determination of 10 compounds, belonging to the triterpene or saponin family, derivated from the imberbic acid. Nine of these compounds are described for the first time and three of them showed ability to bind BclXL
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14

Patterson, Desmond Bruce. "Noble gas geochemistry of selected basalts and andesites : New Zealand, Tonga-Kermadec and Vanuatu." Phd thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/140350.

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15

Billen, Magali Isabelle. "I. Seafloor morphology of the Osbourn Trough and Kermadec Trench and II. Multiscale dynamics of subduction zones." Thesis, 2002. https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/4350/3/03abstract.pdf.

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This thesis aims to demonstrate that integration of detailed observations of deformation at short to long length scales with carefully formulated numerical modeling is an effective method for simulating the complex multiscale nature of mantle-lithosphere dynamics. In Part I, marine geophysical observations are used to determine the origin of the Osbourn Trough, a long linear depression within the Pacific Plate seaward of the Tonga-Kermadec Trench, and to determine the elastic strength of the subducting plate within the Kermadec Trench. Based on the morphology of the seafloor from swath bathymetry mapping and modeling of magnetic data, we conclude that the Osbourn Trough is an extinct spreading center which stopped spreading about 72 million years ago. Swath bathymetry mapping within the Kermadec Trench reveals extensive faulting within the trench on the subducting plate, with oblique grabens aligned perpendicular to the absolute plate motion direction. Using isostatic flexural response methods, we find that the flexural rigidity (1e19-1e20 Nm) is smaller than normally found for old oceanic lithosphere reflecting a local reduction in the strength of the plate. In Part II, regional 3-D dynamic models of the Tonga-Kermadec and Aleutian subduction zones are used to constrain lateral variations in viscosity in the upper mantle. Modeling of the dynamic topography of the overriding plate for the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone requires a low viscosity and low density (-20 kg/m^3) region within the wedge above the slab to decouple the slab-induced flow from. These efforts lead to a good fit to the observed shallow bathymetry on the overriding plate for a model with a slab density anomaly due to temperature of ~80 kg/m^3. However, the geoid anomaly above the subduction zone is too large by 20-40 m at length scales of 100-1000 km. A reduction of the slab density by a factor of 1.5 is needed to match both the geoid and topography, suggesting the density anomaly of the slab due to temperature is compensated within the upper mantle (~100-300 km). Similar modeling for the Aleutians including a narrower low viscosity region and smaller density anomaly (-10 kg/m^3) in the wedge is able to fit the geoid and topography without reducing the slab density.
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