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Journal articles on the topic 'Keratitis'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2024

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1

Manafli, Leyla, and Saulius Galgauskas. "CONTACT LENS RELATED MICROBIAL KERATITIS." Health Sciences 34, no. 3 (May 1, 2024): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35988/sm-hs.2024.132.

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Microbial keratitis is frequently encountered condition in otherwise healthy individuals using contact lenses. Hygiene factors and usage of inappropriate cleansing solutions are the leading causes of contact lens related microbial keratitis in healthy population. The aim of this paper is to review the risk factors predisposing to this condition, most common causative agents and their pathologic mechanisms, diagnostic methods and treatment options. Raktžodžiai: Mikrobinis keratitas, kontaktiniai lęšiai, su kontaktiniais lęšiais susijęs mikrobinis keratitas, infekcija, Acanthamoeba keratitas (AK), Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitas, grybelinis keratitas (FK).

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2

O’Brien, Rebecca L., Zhifang Yang, Yafei Huang, Josh Loomis, Amie L. Owen, and Willi K. H. Born. "γδ T cells can play a role in provoking an inflammatory attack on the cornea." Journal of Immunology 196, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2016): 117.16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.117.16.

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Abstract Ocular immune privilege results from a complex set of mechanisms that together prevent immunogenic inflammation, but still allow the eye to deal with potentially infectious agents in a localized way that does not compromise vision. Failure of immune privilege can unleash a damaging autoimmune attack on the eye. γδ T cells have been found to be important for these processes in a number of different systems. In mice of the C57BL/10 background (B10), we have previously shown that γδ. T cells help prevent the spontaneous development of keratitis, an inflammation of the cornea that B10.TCRδ −/− mice are highly prone to develop, particularly the females. Paradoxically, B10 mice that can produce γδ T cells but not αβ T cells also develop keratitis at a high rate. We recently found that Vγ4+ cells from the spleens of keratitic B10.TCRβ−/− mice, but not Vγ1+ cells, can adoptively transfer the disease to normally keratitis-resistant B10.TCRβ−/−δ−/− hosts. Immunofluorescence staining of corneal whole mounts from B10.TCRβ−/− mice revealed that Vγ4+ cells infiltrate the keratitic corneas, and show a strong bias to secrete IL-17. In contrast, Vγ1+ cells were more rare in the keratitic corneas and did not produce IL-17. The majority of the γδ T cells in keratitic corneas were Vγ1-negative, Vγ4-negative, and Vγ7-negative, however, and did not produce IL-17. We hypothesize that although some γδ T cell subsets protect against autoimmune attack on the cornea, certain Vγ4+ γδ T cells instead promote keratitis by infiltrating the corneas and secreting IL-17, which attracts and mobilizes neutrophils, resulting in tissue damage.

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3

ŞİNGAR, Evin, Ayşe BURCU, Ahmet KADERLİ, Züleyha YALNIZ AKKAYA, Selma ÖZBEK UZMAN, and Firdevs ÖRNEK. "Newly Acquired Herpetic Epithelial Keratitis After Penetrating Keratoplasty without Previous History of Herpetic." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Ophthalmology 29, no. 4 (2020): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/ophthal.2020-75349.

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4

Biser, Seth A., Henry D. Perry, Eric D. Donnenfeld, Sima J. Doshi, and Vishnu Chaturvedi. "Arthrographis Keratitis Mimicking Acanthamoeba Keratitis." Cornea 23, no. 3 (April 2004): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003226-200404000-00018.

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5

Sharma, Savitri. "Keratitis." Bioscience Reports 21, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 419–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1017939725776.

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Corneal inflammation or keratitis is a significant cause of ocular morbidity around the world. Fortunately, the majority of the cases are successfully managed with medical therapy, but the failure of therapy does occur, leading to devastating consequences of either losing the vision or the eye. This review attempts to provide current information on most, though not all, aspects of keratitis. Corneal inflammation may be ulcerative or nonulcerative and may arise because of infectious or noninfectious causes. The nonulcerative corneal inflammation may be confined to the epithelial layer or to the stroma of the cornea or may affect both. For clarity, this section has been divided into nonulcerative superficial keratitis and nonulcerative stromal keratitis. While the former usually includes hypersensitivity responses to microbial toxins and unknown agents, the latter can be either infectious or noninfectious. In the pathogenesis of ulcerative keratitis, microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, parasites (Acanthamoeba), or viruses play an important role. Approximately, 12.2% of all corneal transplantations are done for active infectious keratitis. Available world literature pertaining to the incidence of microbial keratitis has been provided special place in this review. On the other hand, noninfectious ulcerative keratitis can be related to a variety of systemic or local causes, predominantly of autoimmune origin.

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6

Lin, Ting-Ting, Rui-Hua Wei, Rui-Bo Yang, Yue Huang, Chen Zhang, Yu-Xian Ning, and Shao-Zhen Zhao. "Fungal Keratitis Associated with Viral Keratitis." Chinese Medical Journal 128, no. 20 (October 2015): 2823–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.167367.

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7

Froumis, Nicholas A., Bartly J. Mondino, and Ben J. Glasgow. "Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with fungal keratitis." American Journal of Ophthalmology 131, no. 4 (April 2001): 508–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00827-8.

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8

Goodall, Karen, Arun Brahma, and Alan Ridgway. "Acanthamoeba keratitis: Masquerading as adenoviral keratitis." Eye 10, no. 5 (September 1996): 643–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.1996.148.

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9

Mathers, William D. "Coexistent Acanthamoeba Keratitis and Herpetic Keratitis." Archives of Ophthalmology 115, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1997.01100150716002.

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10

Shrestha, Poonam, and Santosh Paudel. "Stromal Keratitis among Herpes Simplex Keratitis Patients in a Tertiary Eye Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 60, no. 256 (November 30, 2022): 1008–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.7906.

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Introduction: The manifestations of herpes simplex virus keratitis range from epithelial keratitis to vision-threatening stromal keratitis. There are limited studies done on our part regarding stromal keratitis. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of stromal keratitis among herpes simples keratitis patients in a tertiary eye hospital. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among patients who presented with herpes simplex virus keratitis in a tertiary eye hospital between 1 January 2020 to 28 February 2022. Ethical clearance was taken from Ethical Review Board (Reference number: 1/2079/80). Data was collected from hospital records which was reviewed and visual acuity at presentation and at one-month follow-up, clinical details on examination were recorded and, diagnosis of the stage of disease given in the case record was noted. Convenience sampling was used. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Among 112 Herpes simplex keratitis patients, the prevalence of stromal keratitis was 38 (33.93%) (25.16-42.70, 95% Confidence Interval). Conclusions: The prevalence of stromal keratitis among patients of herpes simplex keratitis was similar to studies conducted in similar settings.

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11

Partha Haradhan Chowdhury, Dr, and Brinda Haren Shah. "Brief on Bacterial Keratitis and Fungal Keratitis." Acta Scientific Ophthalmology 4, no. 5 (April 15, 2021): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asop.2021.04.0285.

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12

Ummar, Shiji. "Corneal Collagen Cross-linking in Infective Keratitis." International Journal of Keratoconus and Ectatic Corneal Diseases 5, no. 1 (2016): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10025-1115.

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ABSTRACT Purpose of review To summarize the current understanding of effects of cross-linking (CXL) in infective keratitis based on available evidence. Method of literature search A PubMed search was conducted with combinations not limited to the following search terms: corneal collagen CXL, riboflavin, ultraviolet A, keratoconus, microbial keratitis, fungal keratitis, bacterial keratitis, Acantha-moeba keratitis. A review of the search results was performed and relevant articles to the topic were included. Summary Most of the published literature showed promising results in treatment of infectious keratitis by corneal collagen CXL using photoactivated riboflavin as an adjuvant therapy but with questionable efficacy in deep keratitis due to slow-growing organisms. How to cite this article Ummar S, Farrag AN. Corneal Collagen Cross-linking in Infective Keratitis. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2016;5(1):13-16.

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13

Skryabina, Yelena V., Yuriy S. Astakhov, Yanina S. Konenkova, Tatiana S. Varganova, Vladimir P. Petukhov, Kseniya V. Nokhrina, and Kaleriya O. Dnestryanskaya. "Clinical care of acanthamoeba keratitis patients." Ophthalmology journal 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ov10424-31.

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Recently, akanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is seen more and more often in ophthalmological practice. However, today there are no standard guidelines concerning diagnosis and treatment of patients with AK. In the article, the experience in care for such patients is presented. Purpose: to estimate the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment of patients with AK. Materials and methods. Case histories of patients, who received treatment for akanthamoeba keratitis in the Eye Microsurgery Department No. 4, City Ophthalmologic Center of the City Hospital No. 2, from 2011 to 2016, were analyzed. Under observation, there were 25 patients (26 eyes) with akanthamoeba keratitis aged from 18 to 77 years; there were 15 men and 10 women. Patients were observed during 1 year. Full ophthalmologic examination was conducted in all patients. Additional diagnostic methods included microbiological investigation of corneal scrapes and washings, culturing them on innutritious agar (with E. сoli covering), confocal corneal microscopy (HRT 3 with cornea module, Heidelberg Retina Tomograph Rostock Cornea Module). A superficial punctate keratits (AK stage 2) was found in one patient. All other patients were divided into two groups. Stromal ring-shaped keratitis was diagnosed in patients of the first group (7 patients, AK stage 3). The 2nd group consisted of 17 patients with corneal ulcer (AK stage 4). All patients received medicamentous treatment. However patients of the 2nd group required different kinds of surgical treatment. Results. In AK diagnosis, corneal confocal microscopy is the most informative method. In patients with AK stages 2 and 3, there was an improvement in visual functions as a result of medicamentous therapy. As a result of treatment at the discharge from the hospital, the best corrected visual acuity was 0.5-1.0 for most patients. In the 2nd group patients, who were subjects to different types of surgical treatment visual functions stabilized. However non-compliance with recommendations led to disease recurrences with worse outcomes in four cases. Conclusion. It is possible to stop the inflammatory process preserving at the same time high visual functions only when patients are addressed in time, and when appropriate AK therapy is prescribed and patients are compliant with it for a long time. (For citation: Skryabina YeV, Yu.S. Astakhov YuS, Konenkova YaS, et al. Clinical care of acanthamoeba keratitis patients. Ophthalmology Journal. 2017;10(4):24-31. doi: 10.17816/OV10424-31).

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14

Shrestha, R., N. Nayak, B. Gurung, and S. Gokhale. "Infectious Keratitis in Western Nepal: An Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital." Nepal Medical College Journal 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v21i4.27624.

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Corneal blindness is a major public health problem worldwide and infectious keratitis remains a leading cause. The aim was to analyze the microbial etiology of corneal ulcers and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates. Among 84 clinically diagnosed cases, 33 (39.3%) were farmers by occupation. All cases were reviewed for predisposing conditions and clinical severity. Ulcers were categorized as mild in 49 cases moderate in 12 and severe in 23 cases. Predisposing conditions were detected in 65.5% (55/84) of patients. Forty-two cases showed culture positivity. Among these 42; 25 (29.7%) yielded fungi, 13(30.1%) yielded bacteria and the rest 4 (4.7%) showed mixed growth, accounting for a total of 29 cases showing fungal growth, and 17 demonstrating bacterial growth. Aspergillus spp. (10/29; 34.5%) were the commonest fungi and Staphylococcus aureus, (8/17; 47%) was the most common among bacteria. Majority i.e 66.7% (26 of 39) of those having trauma as the predisposing factor developed moderate to severe degree of corneal ulceration as compared to only 20% (9 of 45) of those without any history of trauma and this difference was found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). Interestingly, 20(68.9%) of 29 cases that yielded fungal growth on culture had previous history of ocular trauma in contrast to only 19 (34.5%) of 55 who had non-fungal keratitis (p=0.003). It was also observed that significantly higher number of fungal keratits cases exhibited pronounced degree of clinical severity, as compared to cases without any fungal aetiology (p<0.001) Topical administration of fourth generation fluoroquinolone eye drops remained the most effective drug of choice as far as the clinical outcome of bacterial keratitis was concerned. Trauma with vegetative matter predisposed to most cases of fungal keratitis. Severe form of ulceration was noticed in patients with fungal infection.

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15

Lee, Subin, Badriah Alkathiri, Ji Seung Jung, Nanyoung Kang, Jiyi Hwang, Sang-Eun Park, Yeonchul Hong, Kyung-Mee Park, and Seung-Hun Lee. "Molecular detection and characterization of Acanthamoeba infection in dogs and its association with keratitis in Korea." Parasites, Hosts and Diseases 62, no. 1 (February 23, 2024): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/phd.23112.

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<i>Acanthamoeba</i> infection is associated with keratitis in humans; however, its association with keratitis in dogs remains unclear. To investigate this possibility, we collected 171 conjunctival swab samples from dogs with eye-related diseases (65 with keratitis and 106 without keratitis) at Chungbuk National University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Korea, from August 2021 to September 2022. Polymerase chain reaction identified 9 samples (5.3%) as <i>Acanthamoeba</i> positive; of these, 3 were from dogs with keratitis (4.6%) and 6 were from dogs without keratitis (5.7%). Our results indicated no significant association between <i>Acanthamoeba</i> infection and keratitis, season, sex, or age. All <i>Acanthamoeba</i> organisms found in this study had the genotype T4, according to 18S ribosomal RNA analysis. Acanthamoeba infection in dogs might have only a limited association with keratitis.

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16

Sapkota, Jyoti, Santosh Subedi, Sulaxmi Katuwal, Nita Sunam, Suresh BK Rasaily, and Om Yadav. "Pattern of Herpes Simplex Virus Keratitis at A Tertiary Eye Care Center in Mid-Western Region of Nepal." East African Scholars Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 2 (February 4, 2023): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easms.2023.v06i02.001.

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Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the clinical pattern of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Keratitis and to evaluate the precipitating factors and associated visual loss. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of all consecutive patients clinically diagnosed with HSV keratitis in the Cornea department of Rapti eye hospital from January 2022 to December 2022. The major outcome measures studied were demographic characteristics, clinical pattern of HSV keratitis, precipitating factors and visual acuity. Result: A total of 218 cases of HSV keratitis were included in the study. Mean age of patients was 39.23±20.19 years with majority belonging to age group 15-40 years. Stromal keratitis was the most common manifestation (109 cases; 50%) followed by disciform keratitis. Majority of cases had spontaneous onset and others had precipitating factors like minor ocular trauma, steroid and fever. Presenting visual acuity of <3/60 was present in 14.2% of cases. Conclusion: Productive age group are most commonly affected with HSV keratitis with stromal keratitis as the most common presentation. HSV keratitis may lead to significant scarring and severe visual impairment and blindness.

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17

Bartimote, Christopher, John Foster, and Stephanie Watson. "The Spectrum of Microbial Keratitis: An Updated Review." Open Ophthalmology Journal 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 100–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874364101913010100.

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Background: In microbial keratitis, infection of the cornea can threaten vision through permanent corneal scarring and even perforation resulting in the loss of the eye. A literature review was conducted by Karsten, Watson and Foster (2012) to determine the spectrum of microbial keratitis. Since this publication, there have been over 2600 articles published investigating the causative pathogens of microbial keratitis. Objective: To determine the current spectrum of possible pathogens implicated in microbial keratitis relative to the 2012 study. Methods: An exhaustive literature review was conducted of all the peer-reviewed articles reporting on microbial pathogens implicated in keratitis. Databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science were searched utilising their entire year limits (1950-2019). Results: Six-hundred and eighty-eight species representing 271 genera from 145 families were implicated in microbial keratitis. Fungal pathogens, though less frequent than bacteria, demonstrated the greatest diversity with 393 species from 169 genera that were found to cause microbial keratitis. There were 254 species of bacteria from 82 genera, 27 species of amoeba from 11 genera, and 14 species of virus from 9 genera, which were also identified as pathogens of microbial keratitis. Conclusion: The spectrum of pathogens implicated in microbial keratitis is extremely diverse. Bacteria were most commonly encountered and in comparison, to the review published in 2012, further 456 pathogens have been identified as causative pathogens of microbial keratitis. Therefore, the current review provides an important update on the potential spectrum of microbes, to assist clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of microbial keratitis.

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18

Alreshidi, Shaker Osaywid, José Manuel Vargas, Khabir Ahmad, Ahmed Yousef Alothman, Eman D. Albalawi, Abdulmohsen Almulhim, Saad Hamdan Alenezi, et al. "Differentiation of acanthamoeba keratitis from other non-acanthamoeba keratitis: Risk factors and clinical features." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (March 12, 2024): e0299492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299492.

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Introduction Infectious Keratitis is one of the most common ocular emergencies seen by ophthalmologists. Our aim is to identify the risk factors and clinical features of Acanthamoeba Keratitis (AK). Methods This retrospective chart review study was conducted at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and included all the microbial keratitis cases, male and female patients of all ages. The main outcome is the differentiation between various microbial keratitis types. Results We included 134 consecutive eyes of 126 persons. We had 24 cases of acanthamoeba keratitis, 22 bacterial keratitis, 24 fungal keratitis, 32 herpetic keratitis, and 32 bacterial co-infection. Contact lens wear was found in 33 eyes (24.6%). Among acanthamoeba keratitis patients, 73% were ≤ 39 years of age, and 73% were females (P <0.001). Also, in AK cases, epithelial defect was found in all cases (100%), endothelial plaques were found in 18 eyes (69.2%), 12 cases had radial keratoneuritis (46.2%), and ring infiltrate was found in 53.8% of AK cases. Conclusions We determined the factors that increase the risk of acanthamoeba infection and the clinical characteristics that help distinguish it from other types of microbial keratitis. Our findings suggest that younger females and patients who wear contact lenses are more likely to develop acanthamoeba keratitis. The occurrence of epitheliopathy, ring infiltrate, radial keratoneuritis, and endothelial plaques indicate the possibility of acanthamoeba infection. Promoting education on wearing contact lenses is essential to reduce the risk of acanthamoeba infection, as it is the most significant risk factor for this infection.

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19

Przybek-Skrzypecka, Joanna, Katarzyna Samelska, Agata Joanna Ordon, Janusz Skrzypecki, Justyna Izdebska, Marta Kołątaj, and Jacek P. Szaflik. "Post-Keratoplasty Microbial Keratitis in the Era of Lamellar Transplants—A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 8 (April 17, 2024): 2326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13082326.

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Microbial keratitis in a post-transplant cornea should be considered a distinct entity from microbial keratitis in a non-transplant cornea. Firstly, the use of immunosuppressive treatments and sutures in corneal transplants changes the etiology of keratitis. Secondly, corneal transplant has an impact on corneal biomechanics and structure, which facilitates the spread of infection. Finally, the emergence of lamellar transplants has introduced a new form of keratitis known as interface keratitis. Given these factors, there is a clear need to update our understanding of and management strategies for microbial keratitis following corneal transplantation, especially in the era of lamellar transplants. To address this, a comprehensive review is provided, covering the incidence, risk factors, causes, and timing of microbial keratitis, as well as both clinical and surgical management approaches for its treatment in cases of penetrating and lamellar corneal transplants.

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20

Knox, C. Michele, Vickey Cevellos, and Deborah Dean. "16S Ribosomal DNA Typing for Identification of Pathogens in Patients with Bacterial Keratitis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 12 (1998): 3492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.12.3492-3496.1998.

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The identification of pathogens in patients with bacterial keratitis remains problematic because standard diagnostic tests are negative for 40 to 60% of patients. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine if PCR and sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) could be used to detect bacterial pathogens in patients with keratitis. Corneal specimens were collected for culture and rDNA typing. Variable segments of each rDNA specimen were amplified by PCR, sequenced, and aligned with the sequences in GenBank. Eleven patients had microbiologically documented bacterial keratitis, while 17 patients had keratitis due to other causes. Nine (82%) of 11 bacterial keratitis patients were PCR positive; each sequencing result matched the culture results. Seventeen (100%) patients with nonbacterial keratitis were PCR negative. Our data suggest that 16S rDNA typing holds promise as a rapid alternative to culture for identifying pathogens in patients with bacterial keratitis.

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21

Agarwal, Shweta, Bhaskar Srinivasan, Geetha Iyer, Sunita Pandey, Manokamna Agarwal, Richa Dhiman, Janani Surya, and Appakkudal R. Anand. "Depth, size of infiltrate, and the microbe – The trio that prognosticates the outcome of infective keratitis." Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 72, no. 1 (December 22, 2023): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.ijo_1022_23.

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Purpose: To analyze the influence of infiltrate size, depth, and organism on the outcome of microbial keratitis. Design: Retrospective comparative study. Methods: Medical records of patients with infective keratitis, who reported from January 2015 to December 2019 to a tertiary eye care center, were analyzed. Size and depth of ulcer at presentation were the factors used to group patients, and the influence on the outcome of the organism causing it was analyzed. Grouping was as follows: group A: ulcer size <6 mm/anterior to midstromal infiltrate, group B: ulcer < 6 mm/full-thickness infiltrate, group C: ulcer >6 mm/anterior to midstromal infiltrate, group D: ulcer > 6 mm/full-thickness infiltrate. Patients with viral keratitis or unidentified organism were excluded. Response to treatment and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at the final follow-up were the outcome measures. Results: In the study, 1117/6276 patients were included, with 60.8% patients in group A. A significant improvement in visual acuity was noted in groups A/B compared to groups C/D. Group A had the best response to medical management, irrespective of the organism. Higher risk for surgery was noted in group C compared to group B, with group A as the reference. Overall resolution with medical treatment was noted in 70% miscellaneous keratitis, 64.8% bacterial keratitis, 64.3% mixed keratitis, 62.5% acanthamoeba keratitis, 52.6% fungal keratitis, and 12.1% Pythium keratitis. Bacteria and acanthamoeba responded better to medical management than fungal keratitis, whereas Pythium had the highest risk for surgery. Conclusion: An interplay between virulence of the organism along with depth and size of the infiltrate determines the outcome of microbial keratitis.

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22

Tatyana, Y. M., O. I. Lebedev, and K. K. Nadyarnaya. "Post covid keratitis." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 6 (November 9, 2022): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-6-126-131.

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A new coronavirus infection has a trace in the human body for a long time as the form of a log-covid syndrome. In ophthalmological practice, there are pathological changes of an inflammatory in all parts of the eye. Сases of dry eye syndrome, blepharitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, vascular disorders and optic neuritis, orbital manifestations (mucormycosis) are described as ophthalmological complications of postcovid syndrome. Post covid keratitis should be differentiated from the traditional forms of viral keratitis. There are some features of post covid keratitis: the lesion of the meibomian glands, the superficial nature of corneal inflammation, and the effectiveness of steroid therapy. Keywords: log-covid syndrome, post covid keratitis, steroid therapy

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23

Liesegang, Thomas J. "BACTERIAL KERATITIS." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 6, no. 4 (December 1992): 815–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5520(20)30484-0.

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24

Mader, Thomas H., and R. Doyle Stulting. "VIRAL KERATITIS." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 6, no. 4 (December 1992): 831–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5520(20)30485-2.

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Foster, C. Stephen. "FUNGAL KERATITIS." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 6, no. 4 (December 1992): 851–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5520(20)30486-4.

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26

Nandini, Chinnappaiah, HimanshuP Matalia, Majji Saishree, and Jyoti Matalia. "Archipelago keratitis." Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 67, no. 4 (2019): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.ijo_1354_18.

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27

Elshiek, Honaida, and Roberto Pineda. "Fungal keratitis." Al-Basar International Journal of Ophthalmology 3, no. 1 (2015): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1858-6538.169310.

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28

Plummer, C. E. "Anaerobic keratitis." Equine Veterinary Education 21, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 575–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2746/095777309x471939.

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Jain, ArunKumar, Anchal Thakur, SuryaPrakash Sharma, Barkha Gupta, Sraddha Limbu, and Chintan Malhotra. "Microsporidial Keratitis." Indian Journal of Ophthalmology - Case Reports 2, no. 3 (2022): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.ijo_139_22.

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Gupta, B., A. Thakur, S. Limbu, C. Malhotra, A. Gupta, and A. K. Jain. "Nocardia keratitis." QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 115, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcab324.

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31

Sharma, Namrata. "Microbial Keratitis." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 13, no. 2 (November 18, 2021): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v13i2.39755.

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32

Sluch, Ilya M., and James H. Maher. "Ramularia Keratitis." Cornea 41, no. 2 (November 3, 2021): e1-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ico.0000000000002931.

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HAQ, ANWAR-UL, ZAFARULLAH QAZI, and SAFDAR HASHMI. "FUNGAL KERATITIS." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 02 (June 25, 2006): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.02.5022.

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Previously no topical antifungal was available and only dermatological preparationlike bifonazole (mycospore) and some systemic antifungal were used for treatment of fungal ulcers. Nowmiconazole is available as topical ophthalmic ointment for the management of fungal ulcer. Objectives: To Studythe efficacy of topical miconazole ophthalmic ointment in the management of fungal keratitis and to know the timeperiod required for complete healing with topical miconazole ophthalmic ointment. Setting: Department ofOphthalmology, Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Duration: One year (from March 2001 to February 2002). Material andmethod: Sample size: 20 patients. Results: According to this study of 20 cases it is apparent that the fungalkeratitis occurred most frequently in patients between 20-70 years of age. It is apparent those males who work atdifferent places are more prone to disease. Out of 20 cases, 10 (50%) were farmers by occupation. Trauma withfingernail in 1(5%) patient, trauma with stone in 2(10%) patients. No specific eye disease was present in 12(60%)cases. Trachoma was present in 4(20%) cases. Blephritis was diagnosed in 2(10%) cases, 2(10%) patients weresuffering from chronic illness like chest infection. Fungal keratitis in 12(60%) was not associated with hypopyon,6(30%) patients were associated with hypopyon and 2(10%) were associated with end-ophthalmitis. The responsewas good in 12(60%) patients and satisfactory in 3(15%). Poor response in 3(15%) and there was no response in2(10%) cases. Conclusion: Miconazole ophthalmic ointment is a good drug for the treatment of fungal keratitis.

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NAIMAT, KHALID, MUHAMMAD SHAHBAZ AMIN, and FAROOQ AHMAD. "MICROBIAL KERATITIS." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 01 (March 6, 2006): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.01.5068.

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Objective: To find out the incidence ofmicrobial keratitis in patients with red eyes. Design: randomized prospective study. Period: 07 months ranging from1st Jun 2001 to 31 Dec 2001. Place of study: Eye Department, Military H st ospital, Rawalpindi. Results: Out of 857patients with red eye 32 cases were found to have Microbial Keratitis (3%). Conclusion: Preventive aspects of ocularinfection should be taught to the people, like, proper washing of eyes, wearing of protective glasses. Patients comingwith ophthalmic problems, i.e., red eye, photophobia, irritation and watering to the general practitioner should bereferred as soon as possible to the ophthalmology department.

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Brooks, James G., Douglas J. Coster, and Paul R. Badenoch. "Acanthamoeba Keratitis." Cornea 13, no. 2 (March 1994): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003226-199403000-00013.

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Rachwalik, D., and U. Pleyer. "Bakterielle Keratitis." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 232, no. 06 (June 17, 2015): 738–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1545994.

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Larkin, D. F. P. "Acanthamoeba Keratitis." International Ophthalmology Clinics 31, no. 2 (1991): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004397-199103120-00017.

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Au, Yue-Kong, and Jayesh S. Patel. "Neurotrophic Keratitis." International Ophthalmology Clinics 35, no. 4 (1995): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004397-199503540-00029.

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Au, Yue-Kong, and Jayesh S. Patel. "Neurotrophic Keratitis." International Ophthalmology Clinics 35, no. 4 (1995): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004397-199523000-00029.

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Abad, Juan-Carlos, and C. Stephen Foster. "Fungal Keratitis." International Ophthalmology Clinics 36, no. 3 (1996): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004397-199603630-00003.

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Mabon, Mich??le. "Fungal Keratitis." International Ophthalmology Clinics 38, no. 4 (1998): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004397-199803840-00011.

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Knox, C. Michele, and Douglas S. Holsclaw. "Interstitial Keratitis." International Ophthalmology Clinics 38, no. 4 (1998): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004397-199803840-00017.

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Davis, Elizabeth A., and Claes H. Dohlman. "Neurotrophic Keratitis." International Ophthalmology Clinics 41, no. 1 (2001): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004397-200101000-00003.

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Evans, David J., and Suzanne M. J. Fleiszig. "Microbial Keratitis." Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice 39, no. 1 (January 2013): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/icl.0b013e318275b473.

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Rathi, Harshal Shrikant, Anitha Venugopal, Ramakrishnan Rengappa, and Meenakshi Ravindran. "Scedosporium Keratitis." Cornea 35, no. 12 (December 2016): 1575–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ico.0000000000000969.

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Yazdanyar, Amirfarbod, Allison E. Rizzuti, Elzbieta Mechel, Ksenia Denisova, and Douglas R. Lazzaro. "Gout Keratitis." Cornea 37, no. 3 (March 2018): 379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ico.0000000000001415.

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Peng, Michelle Y., Vicky Cevallos, Stephen D. McLeod, Thomas M. Lietman, and Jennifer Rose-Nussbaumer. "Bacterial Keratitis." Cornea 37, no. 1 (January 2018): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ico.0000000000001417.

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McCurrach, Fiona E., and Hugh R. Taylor. "Infectious keratitis." Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 3, no. 4 (August 1992): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001433-199208000-00005.

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Tuft, S. J. "Suppurative keratitis." British Journal of Ophthalmology 87, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.87.2.127.

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Seal, D. V. "Acanthamoeba keratitis." British Journal of Ophthalmology 87, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 516–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.87.4.516.

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