Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Keratitis'
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1
Sueke, Henri. "Novel approaches in bacterial keratitis." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2006499/.
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Bacterial keratitis is a serious ophthalmic disease with significant visual morbidity. The aims of this thesis are to investigate (1) the prevalence and type of bacterial virulence factors in the two major species causing keratitis; Staphylococcal aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and (2) the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of meropenem, a potentially novel antimicrobial for use in keratitis. The prevalence, genetic diversity and clinical relevance of the lukSF-PV gene, encoding the bacterial toxin Panton Valentine Leukocidin, were investigated in S. aureus, isolated from cases of bacterial keratitis in the UK. Patients with lukSF-PV+ve S. aureus were found to be associated with a trend to worse clinical outcome and more surgical interventions, with an effect unrelated to minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). This suggests that lukSF-PV may be an important virulence factor in S. aureus associated keratitis. The genetic characteristics of P. aeruginosa isolates collected from patients with bacterial keratitis were compared between two time periods; 2003-04 and 2009-10 using an Array Tube genotyping system. 71% of keratitis-associated P. aeruginosa isolates clustered together, with no evidence for major variations in the distribution of clone types between the two time periods. The “core keratitis cluster” was found to be related to the P. aeruginosa eccB clonal complex, which is associated with adaptation to survival in environmental water. This suggests that adaptation to environmental water is a key factor in the ability of P. aeruginosa to cause keratitis. Further analysis of clinical data and studies involving additional sets of patients for verification of this hypothesis will provide a clearer picture. Pharmacodynamic properties of commonly used and potentially novel antimicrobials were determined by calculating MICs against isolates from patients with keratitis. Antimicrobial combinations were investigated for synergy or antagonism against isolates of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa using E-Tests. Meropenem was identified as a potentially novel antimicrobial for use in keratitis, offering broad-spectrum cover against both Gram-positive and -negative microorganisms. Meropenem was also shown to show synergistic properties when used in combination with other commonly used antimicrobials. In light of these results, the antimicrobial meropenem was chosen to undergo further pharmacokinetic studies. MTT and Live Dead toxicity assays were performed on human keratocytes and human corneal epithelial cells treated with meropenem. Meropenem was found to have low toxicity against these cells. Corneal penetration of meropenem was assessed in human cadaver corneo-scleral discs mounted onto artificial anterior chambers. The concentration of meropenem in the aqueous estimated by HPLC and disc diffusion bioassay exceeded the MIC90 of E. coli in all 18 corneas tested after the 45 minutes sample point.
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Klocke, Julia. "Spontane bakterielle Keratitis in CD36-/- Knockout- Mäusen." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-87190.
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PURPOSE. CD36 is a Class B scavenger receptor that is constitu- tively expressed in the corneal epithelium and has been impli- cated in many homeostatic functions, including the homeosta- sis of the epidermal barrier. The aim of this study is to determine (1) whether CD36 is required for the maintenance of the corneal epithelial barrier to infection, and (2) whether CD36-deficient mice present with an increased susceptibility to bacterial keratitis.
METHODS. The corneas of CD36- /- , TSP1- /- , TLR2- /- , and C57BL/6 WT mice were screened via slit lamp microscopy or ex vivo analysis. The epithelial tight junctions and mucin layer were assessed via LC-biotin and Rose Bengal staining, respec- tively. Bacterial quantification was performed on corneal but- tons and GFP-expressing Staphylococcus aureus was used to study bacterial binding.
RESULTS. CD36-/- mice develop spontaneous corneal defects that increased in frequency and severity with age. The mild corneal defects were characterized by a disruption in epithelial tight junctions and the mucin layer, an infiltrate of macro- phages, and increased bacterial binding. Bacterial quantifica- tion revealed high levels of Staphylococcus xylosus in the corneas of CD36-/- mice with severe defects, but not in wild-type controls.
CONCLUSIONS. CD36 -/- mice develop spontaneous bacterial keratitis independent of TLR2 and TSP1. The authors conclude that CD36 is a critical component of the corneal epithelial barrier, and in the absence of CD36 the barrier breaks down, allowing bacteria to bind to the corneal epithelium and result- ing in spontaneous keratitis. This is the first report of sponta- neous bacterial keratitis in mice. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:256–263) DOI:10.1167/iovs.10-5566
3
Clarke, Daniel William. "The pathogenic cascade of Acanthamoeba Keratitis." Access to abstract only; dissertation is embargoed until after 5/15/2007, 2006. http://www4.utsouthwestern.edu/library/ETD/etdDetails.cfm?etdID=153.
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Otri, Ahmad Muneer. "Infectious keratitis : a molecular and clinical study." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13408/.
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Infectious keratitis is a sight threatening disease which can cause permanent visual loss if not diagnosed and treated at an early stage. It can be caused by different types of microbes which are either commensals or transferred from the environment. To fight against these threats, the ocular surface (OS) has developed innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are natural effectors on the OS with actions that range from microbicidal effects to cell signalling. Human beta defensin (hBD) 1-3 and 9, Liver expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP) 1 and 2, human cathelicidin (LL37), ribonuclease7 (RNase7) are the main AMPs on the OS. In this work, the pattern of ocular AMPs gene expression in human OS cells treated with Acanthamoeba castellanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was studied and established. This was examined by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) using the Taqman assay. Among the studied AMPs, hBD3 gene showed the most significant increase in human OS cells infected with Acanthamoeba. LL37 demonstrated the highest level of gene expression in the samples infected with bacteria. In a different study, the gene expression of two AMPs (hBD3 and 9) was studied in OS samples taken from patients with different types of infectious keratitis both during and after the infection. This was compared with the expression in healthy subjects. Impression cytology (IC) was used to obtain samples of OS epithelium from recruited subjects. An optimized method for RNA extraction of IC samples was developed. Corresponding to the results of the in vitro study, hBD3 showed an overall up-regulation in all categories whereas hBD9 was down-regulated. These changes were most significant in patients with acute Acanthamoeba keratitis. The gene expression of both hBD3 and 9 showed a tendency towards returning to the levels found in healthy subjects when healing of the corneal infection was complete. In another study carried out to examine the antimicrobial activity of hBD3 we were surprised to find that we could not replicate this. We were unable to reproduce the previously reported antimicrobial activity of hBD3 but were able to demonstrate that the antimicrobial effect could be attributed to the acidic solvent used in preparing the hBD3 protein. The clinical significance of application of corneal densitometry as measured by the Pentacam system was assessed for the first time in patients with infectious keratitis. We demonstrated that corneal densitometry varied with levels of inflammation and was not confined to the site of infection only. It affected the whole cornea and reverted towards normal values as the inflammation settled when the infection was brought under control. We were able to demonstrate that densitometry can be used as a measure of the corneal response to infection and inflammation and could be used to monitor response to therapy. Finally, separate comprehensive prospective and retrospective studies of the clinical profile of severe infectious keratitis in Nottinghamshire were conducted. These two studies covered a total period of 7 years. The results of both studies were similar. Indeed, OS disease, CL wear and previous ocular surgery were found to be the most common risk factors. Positive results of corneal scraping were obtained only in about 40% of cases. Acanthamoeba, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa were the most frequent causative organisms. Fortified topical antibiotics were effective in treating most cases. Therapeutic corneal grafting was found to be an effective and safe procedure in refractive infectious keratitis.
5
Schubert, Tracey Lee Optometry & Vision Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "Increasing the ability of antibiotics to control S. aureus keratitis." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Optometry & Vision Science, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41516.
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Microbial keratitis is a major cause of avoidable visual impairment worldwide with S. aureus a leading cause of this disease in humans. Recently S. aureus isolated from eye infections have exhibited resistance to many antibiotics with those isolates from more severe infections exhibiting higher rates of antibiotic resistance. New therapies are therefore needed to ensure adequate treatment for these infections. In microbial keratitis the hosts' immune response is responsible for significant disease pathology so development of a therapy which also targets the immune response would be beneficial. The fimbrolides produced by Delisea pulchra are potential candidates as they are both growth inhibitory and immunomodulatory in vitro. The antibiotic susceptibility of clinical S. aureus isolates from ocular infections was determined using the CDS method and similarity of these isolates determined by PFGE and PCR-ribotyping. In addition the effect of fimbrolides on bacterial growth alone or in combination with antibiotics and the immune response to bacterial stimulation in PMNs and HCE cells was determined. Fimbrolides were then topically applied to S. aureus corneal infections and the effect of these compounds on disease progression determined by assessing corneal pathology, bacterial numbers and PMNs recovered from infected corneas. A larger proportion of keratitis isolates exhibited resistance to antibiotics than conjunctivitis isolates. Keratitis isolates were also related within a geographical region. The fimbrolides inhibited bacterial growth and modulated the immune response to bacterial stimulation in vitro. These compounds also exhibited synergy with conventional antimicrobials. In combination with ciprofloxacin the fimbrolides reduced the clinical score and numbers of bacteria recovered from ciprofloxacin-resistant or ciprofloxacin-sensitive S. aureus corneal infections. This thesis has identified that S. aureus isolates which produce the worst disease pathology in the eye are related and also exhibit higher rates of resistance to antibiotics indicating novel therapies to treat these infections are needed. This thesis demonstrated that fimbrolides inhibit S. aureus growth, exhibit synergy with antibiotics and modulate the immune response in vitro. In combination with ciprofloxacin the fimbrolides also improved disease pathology in keratitis, illustrating the potential of fimbrolides to be used as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of S. aureus keratitis.
6
Dart, John Kenneth George. "Contact lens related ulcerative keratitis : epidemiology and pathogenesis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293396.
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Kozariychuk, N. Ya. "Approaches to recurrent meta-herpetic keratitis therapeutic treatment." Thesis, БДМУ, 2021. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18633.
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Keay, Lisa Jane Optometry & Vision Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "Public health impact of contact lens related microbial keratitis." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Optometry and Vision Science, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/26307.
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This thesis describes the impact of contact lens-related microbial keratitis in terms of incidence and severity. Disease outcome is defined by visual outcome, costs to the healthcare system, costs to the individual and duration of disease. A successful 12-month surveillance study was conducted of the populations of Australia and New Zealand to detect all cases of contact lens-related microbial keratitis. A random telephone survey of 32,000 households in Australia and 7,500 in New Zealand accurately determined the level of use of various contact lenses in the community. The impact of new contact lens types: silicone hydrogels and daily disposables were investigated. Increased risk persisted in overnight wear with silicone hydrogel materials. Microbial keratitis associated with silicone hydrogel materials had slightly shorter disease duration however other factors had a stronger influence on severity. Rigid gas permeable and frequent replacement soft lenses when used for daily wear constitute the lowest risk. Cost analysis was developed in a hospital case series of microbial keratitis. This analysis was applied in the surveillance study including cases managed in the private health care sector. Disease duration and associated costs are novel indices of severity for contact lens-related disease. The most dramatic effects on disease severity were seen with the type of organism involved. Keratitis attributed to environmental organisms (Gram-negative bacteria, Acanthamoeba, fungi and Nocardia species) were 10x more likely to cause loss of visual acuity, had longer duration of symptoms and incurred higher costs. Importantly, delays in receiving treatment increased disease duration and associated costs. Greater awareness of the need for specialist healthcare is indicated amongst health care providers and contact lens wearers. The hypothesis that overnight wear in silicone hydrogel lenses would not increase the risk of infection has been disproven. This information is of value to practitioners who are responsible for informing contact lens wearers about the risk of contact lens-related infections and should be weighed against the benefits of continuous wear. The identification of factors which contribute to the outcomes of disease will be used in education campaigns amongst health care providers and contact lens wearers to minimise the impact of disease.
9
Williams, David Leonard. "Canine chronic superficial keratitis : histochemical characterisation and clinical management." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307438.
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Lee, Ming Yang. "Allele-specific siRNA therapy for keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10052698/.
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Dominant mutations in the gene GJB2 cause keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome, a severe condition affecting the skin, cornea and inner ear. GJB2 encodes the protein connexin-26 (Cx26) which forms hemichannels or gap junction channels allowing the passage of signalling molecules. Approximately 80% of KID syndrome patients carry a c.148G > A (p.D50N) mutation in GJB2, which results in aberrant channel function. We hypothesised that silencing of the mutant allele in patient keratinocytes using allele-specific siRNA could correct the channel function. First, to confirm whether patient keratinocytes with only one wildtype GJB2 allele formed functional channels following allele-specific siRNA treatment, GJB2+/- keratinocytes were generated using CRISPR/Cas9. The scrape-loading dye transfer (SLDT) assay showed no distinguishable difference in gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) between GJB2+/- and GJB2+/+ cells, suggesting normal GJIC in GJB2+/- keratinocytes. Nineteen siRNAs were designed and tested in HeLa cells expressing wildtype or mutant GJB2-GFP transgene. A lead siRNA, was discovered, which potently inhibited the mutant mRNA and protein without affecting wildtype GJB2 expression. The efficacy of the lead siRNA was assessed using keratinocytes derived from a KID syndrome patient (KID-KC) harbouring heterozygous c.148G>A mutation. These cells displayed pathological features of KID syndrome, with reduced gap junction plaque formation, impaired GJIC and hyperactive hemichannels confirmed by immunostaining, SLDT, patch clamp and neurobiotin uptake assays. Following treatment with the siRNA, selective silencing of mutant GJB2 allele in KID-KCs was confirmed at mRNA and protein levels. Significant improvement of GJIC and reversal of hemichannel activity were detected, with the latter corrected to a level comparable to that recorded in normal keratinocytes. Furthermore, RNA-Seq analysis showed that only six genes in the KID-KC transcriptome were significantly altered by the siRNA treatment, suggesting low-level off-target effects. In conclusion, allele-specific siRNA silencing of pathogenic dominant GJB2 mutation could be a potential therapeutic intervention for KID syndrome.
11
Fesser, Nicole. "Die Strahlentherapie der Keratitis superficialis chronica mit weichen Röntgenstrahlen /." Berlin : Mbv, 2008. http://d-nb.info/98997829X/04.
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Maberly, James. "Evaluating Severity of Microbial Keratitis Using Optical Coherence Tomography." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26884.
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Microbial keratitis (MK) is an infection of the cornea caused a variety of pathogens that can lead
to significant visual loss. The current diagnosis relies on clinical examination and microbiological testing.
New in-vivo imaging techniques are now available that can assist the diagnosis and follow the clinical
course of this disease. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT) it is possible to obtain high resolution
imaging for the cornea. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate a link between the latest OCT
technology and clinical outcomes by using a severity index scoring tool.
A prospective study was undertaken including 68 eyes of suspected infective keratitis from 2016
to 2018. Corneal structures were evaluated by analysis of OCT images of patients with MK on the day of
presentation and after 6 days. The effect of the infection on the corneal structure was characterized by
observing key features. This included identifying and assessing corneal thickness, corneal infiltrates,
corneal ulceration, and epithelial defects on the cornea. These characteristics were used to generate a
severity score based on a point system. The hypothesis of this investigation was that a higher severity
score would correlate with the requirement for surgical intervention.
Features of microbial keratitis were identified on OCT analysis in 68 (100%) of cases on day zero, and
48 (71%) on day six. The most frequent findings were epithelial defect (100%) and stromal oedema noted
as corneal thickening. There was corneal thickness changes in 57 (84%) cases on day zero, with 25 (37%)
of these having a change between 5-10%, 18 (32%) having a change between 10-30%, 9 (16%) having a
change 30-50%, and 5 (9%) having a change >50%. On day zero, there was corneal thickness changes in
89% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 26 % of Staphylococcus spp and 100% of Streptococcus pnumoniae
(n=3) cases.
There were 19 patients that required surgery. This included tarsorraphy or corneal gluing (12),
deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) (6), vitrectomy (1). The average score of the surgical
patients was 19. The patients who required surgery had a significantly higher score than those that
reached resolution without intervention (p= 0.042). There was no statistical association between a single
feature on AS-OCT and a surgical outcome. There was a significant correlation between patients whose
scores on day six were the same or higher than day zero and the requirement of surgery (p= 0.003).
Patients with improvement in severity score from day zero to day six were more likely to not require
surgery (p=0.027).
This study demonstrated that characteristics evident on AS-OCT analysis correlated with clinical
outcome and the need for surgical intervention. With a link established between the latest OCT
technology and clinical course, further refinement of evaluation tools and image analysis severity
characterization can occur.
13
Chang, Eddie. "The role of perforin and chemokines in the pathogenesis of chronic corneal inflammation induced by herpes simplex virus type-1 infection." free to MU Campus, others may purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3091911.
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Liu, Lei. "Immunology of herpes simplex keratitis and its treatment by corneal transplantation." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Online version available for University member only until Sep. 7, 2010, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=33585.
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Halenda, Ruth Marrion. "Moraxella bovis cytotoxin and cell detachment factor /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9901239.
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Harney, B. A. "Investigations of a subunit vaccine in experimental herpes simplex keratitis." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375020.
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Chidambaram, J. D. "Studies in the diagnosis and pathophysiology of severe microbial keratitis." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2018. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4649231/.
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Background: Microbial keratitis (MK) is a major cause of blindness worldwide. Few studies have assessed the HRT3 in vivo confocal microscope (IVCM) in the diagnosis or management of MK. This PhD aimed to investigate these questions and was based in a high incidence setting for MK: Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India. Methods: A prospective observational study of 252 severe MK patients was conducted with follow-up at days 7, 14 and 21 post-enrolment. Quantitative PCR of corneal swabs obtained at presentation validated transcriptome results. IVCM images were evaluated in this cohort for diagnostic accuracy, and ability to monitor outcome. Results: For fungal detection, HRT3 IVCM had a high sensitivity (85.7%; 95% CI: 82.2%– 88.6%) and specificity (81.4%; 95% CI: 76.0%–85.9%). For Acanthamoeba, the sensitivity was 88.2% (95% CI: 76.2%–94.6%) and specificity was 98.2% (95% CI: 94.9%–99.3%). Mean fungal branching angle in IVCM images was not significantly different for Fusarium sp. (59.7°; 95% CI: 57.7°–61.8°) versus Aspergillus sp. (63.3°; 95% CI: 60.8°–65.8°; p=0.07). At presentation, anterior corneal IVCM morphology associated with BK included bullae (OR 9.99, 95% CI: 3.11–32.06, p < 0.001), and in FK a honeycomb distribution of inflammatory cells (OR 2.74, 95%CI: 1.01–7.40, p=0.047). Poor outcomes in FK were associated with stellate interconnected cellular processes with no visible nuclei (OR 2.28, 95% CI: 1.03-5.06, p=0.043) in baseline IVCM images, and fungal filaments (OR 6.48, 95% CI:2.50-16.78, p < 0.001) or inflammatory cells in a honeycomb distribution (OR 5.24, 95% CI: 1.44-19.06, p=0.012) in final visit images. Conclusions: HRT3 IVCM can yield a high diagnostic accuracy. Fungal branching angle in IVCM images does not differentiate between Fusarium and Aspergillus keratitis. IVCM image morphologies may be associated with causative organism or clinical outcome in MK.
18
Kozariichuk, N. Ya. "Certain therapeutic approaches to meta-herpetic keratitis treatment: case report." Thesis, БДМУ, 2020. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18144.
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Köhlein, Sophie. "Stellenwert der PCR zur Diagnostik von Keratitis und Uveitis anterior." kostenfrei, 2008. http://mediatum2.ub.tum.de/doc/633320/633320.pdf.
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Green, Matthew Optometry & Vision Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "Epidemiology, microbiology, outcomes and trends in keratitis in Queensland 1999-2004." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Optometry & Vision Science, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40595.
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AIMS 1. To establish the patient demographics, risk factors, causative organisms, levels of antibiotic resistance, clinical presentations and treatment patterns of keratitis at a tertiary referral hospital in Australia. 2. To establish any change in these factors over 5 years. 3. Establish the factors associated with poor outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective audit of all patients who had a corneal culture in 5 years was conducted. Patients' clinical information was gathered from medical records and smear, culture and antibiotic resistance results were gathered from the local microbiology database. Associations between risk factors for keratitis and patient variables were analysed statistically. Outcome of a patient's episode of keratitis was classified as poor using final criteria. Trends over time in variables were analysed using linear regression. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-three (253) corneal cultures of 231 patients were included. Sixty percent (60%) of patients were male and there was a bimodal distribution in the age of presentation. Common risk factors for keratitis were contact lens wear (22%), ocular surface disease (18%), ocular trauma (16%) and prior ocular surgery (11 %). Corneal cultures were positive in 65% of cases and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (13%), Staphylococcus aureus (12%) and fungi (7%) were recovered. There was significant variation in the monthly recovery of P. aeruginosa (p=0.04) and fungi (p=0.02) which were more frequent in summer months, while Streptococcus pneumonia (p=0.04) was more common in winter months. Antibiotic resistance of cultured bacteria to cephalothin increased significantly (2% to 12%; p=0.02). Final vision of 6/12 or better was found in 48% (100) of cases while a poor outcome was seen in 28% (58) of cases. Multivariate analysis showed that the relative risk of a patient having a poor outcome was 4.3x (confidence interval [Cl] 2.0 to 9.5) if they had severe keratitis, 4.1 x (Cl 1.8 to 9.5) if they had keratitis related to ocular surface disease and 3.8x (Cl 1.8 to 8.3) if they were over 50 years old. CONCLUSIONS 1. In this series the most common risk factor for keratitis was contact lens wear and the most commonly isolated organism was P. aeruginosa which had seasonal variation in rate of recovery. 2. Keratitis related to contact lens wear became more frequent while keratitis related to prior ocular surgery became less frequent. 3. A poor outcome is more likely in patients with severe keratitis, keratitis related to prior ocular surface disease or older age.
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Fesser, Nicole [Verfasser]. "Die Strahlentherapie der Keratitis superficialis chronica mit weichen Röntgenstrahlen / Nicole Fesser." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1023095963/34.
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Fahy, Gerald Thomas. "Alterations in Langerhans cells in the cornea during herpes simplex keratitis." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240031.
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Edwards, Catherine Patrice Optometry & Vision Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "The incidence of and risk factors for contact lens related microbial keratitis in Australia and New Zealand." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Optometry & Vision Science, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41406.
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Microbial keratitis is the most serious, and only potentially blinding complication of contact lens wear. To further understand and reduce the risk of this disease, incidence rates and risk factors have been estimated in numerous studies. Since these studies were conducted, new lens types have been introduced designed to reduce the risk of infection. It was hypothesised that the issues of contact lens related hypoxia and poor lens hygiene could be addressed by the introduction of silicone hydrogel and daily disposable lenses respectively. This thesis describes the incidence of and risk factors for contact lens related microbial keratitis in Australia and New Zealand. The incidence of infection was determined by capturing all cases of contact lens related presumed microbial keratitis in a 12-month surveillance study, and by estimating the number of lens wearers using a population-based phone survey. Characteristics of the cases and controls were compared to estimate risk factors. In Australia, rates of infection with daily and overnight wear of hydrogel lenses were similar to previously published reports (1.9 [95%CI]:1.8-2.0] and 19.5 [95%CI:14.6-29.5] per 10,000 wearers respectively). Compared to the incidence of infection with hydrogel lenses, silicone hydrogel lenses had a higher rate in daily wear (11.9 [95%CI: 10.0-14.6]), and a similar rate in extended wear (19.5 [95%CI:14.6-29.5]). Daily disposable lenses had a similar rate of infection to daily wear of hydrogel lenses (2.0 [95%CI:1.7-2.4]), but appeared to reduce the incidence of severe or vision loss keratitis (0.5 [95%CI: 0.5-0.6] and 0.0 [95%CI: 0.0-0.0] respectively). Conducting the study in New Zealand confirmed the increase in incidence for overnight use of lenses, irrespective of lens type. Comparison of the incidence rates in New Zealand and Australia show that the rates in the two countries are comparable, bar an unexplained lower rate of infection for extended wear of soft hydrogel lenses in New Zealand. Risk factors for infection were overnight use of lenses, from occasional overnight to extended wear use, poor lens case hygiene, smoking, high socio-economic status and less than 6 months experience in current lens type. Amongst daily wearers, Internet or mail order purchasing of lenses was also associated with a higher risk of infection. This study is unique in terms of the study design and sample size, and the wide scope of risk factors considered. The determination of these incidence rates of infection and identification of risk factors is of extreme value to lens wearers and lens care practitioners around the world, particularly as the strongest and most prevalent risk factors are modifiable.
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Elsahn, Ahmad. "Interactions between Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and corneal fibroblasts in human microbial keratitis." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/411240/.
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Microbial keratitis (MK) is a leading cause of blindness in the developing world. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is the most common pathogen isolated from contact lens related MK, and is usually associated with significant visual complications. The intact corneal epithelium forms a strong barrier to bacterial penetration into deeper tissue, and only when bacteria reach the stroma, through a breach in the epithelium, does a typical ulcer develop, with stromal suppuration and necrosis. Since corneal fibroblasts are one of the most prominent cellular components in the stroma, they probably have an important role in the pathogenesis of corneal ulceration. The aim of this study was to establish an in vitro model of PA microbial keratitis in order to examine the microbiological, biochemical and ultrastructural changes associated with live infection of primary human corneal fibroblasts (hCF) with PA, and to assess the role of these cells in the initiation and progression of the pathogenesis of the disease. Human corneal fibroblast monolayers were infected with bacteria, and bacterial association was assessed at 3, 6 and 9h, bacterial invasion was assessed at 9h and cytokine profiles were assessed at 9 and 24 h post challenge. Host cell death was assessed at 9h using a lactate dehydrogenase assay (LDH). Gentamicin was added at 3h to eliminate all extra cellular bacteria and limit pathogen induced effects, and bacterial replication and survival and its effect on host cell viability were assessed. Induction of cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production by hCF in response to PA infection was assessed by a sandwich immunoassay and a gelatine zymography. To examine the interactions of PA with the cornea as an organ, donor corneal buttons remaining after DSEK were incubated in a medium inoculated with PA for 3-9h, then processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Scanning and Transmission Electron Micrographs (SEM/TEM) of bacterial association and invasion of corneal cells were acquired and showed that bacteria associated to superficial epithelial cells but only invaded and colonized the stroma in the presence of a mechanical breach to the epithelial basement membrane. PAO1 bacteria caused monolayer disruption within 24h with all infective doses (101-108 CFU/mL). PAO1 associated to hCF in a dose- and time-dependant manner utilizing type IV pilus and flagella. Bacterial internalization was detected by the gentamicin assay, which also demonstrated the ability of PAO1 to survive and replicate within the fibroblasts, and was dependant on the SRC tyrosine kinase and the actin microfilament system, where internalisation was diminished when these systems were inhibited. Cytotoxicity was observed by 9h post challenge, and was reliant on bacterial type III secretion system and flagella, where mutant bacterial strains induced less cytotoxicity. The more virulent PA14 bacteria induced more cytotoxicity than PAO1. The presence of intracellular bacteria did not affect cell viability in the presence of gentamicin. In response to PAO1 infection, hCF produced the pro-inflammatory IL-1β and GM-CSF, although GM-CSF seems to be released later than IL-1β as shown by protecting the cells with gentamicin 3h post challenge. Infection with PA14 caused an earlier and more potent cytokine production than PAO1, reflecting the pattern of cytotoxicity. Bacterial components did not have a significant effect on cytokine production by corneal fibroblasts. Cytokine production was partly reliant on bacterial type III secretion system and flagella, and wild type PA14 strains induced an earlier and more potent IL-1β production by infected corneal fibroblasts. Gelatine zymography showed that hCF produce specific MMPs in response to live PA challenge for 24h, and these MMPs were not released in response to treatment with individual bacterial components and virulence factors. Bacteria alone produced alkaline protease, a bacterial MMP. Sandwich immunoassays showed that MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-9 were produced by infected fibroblasts to a level similar to uninfected cells. Gentamicin protected cells produced more MMPs than unprotected cells.
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Leal, Sixto M. Jr. "Fungal Keratitis: Immune Recognition, Neutrophil-Hyphae Interactions and Fungal Anti-Oxidative Defenses." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1339081455.
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Karmakar, Mausita. "INFLAMMASOME DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT IL-1BETA PROCESSING BY NEUTROPHILS DURING BACTERIAL KERATITIS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1396544303.
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Stapleton, Fiona J. "The pathogenesis and epidemiology of contact lens related disease in cosmetic contact lens wearers." Thesis, City University London, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280544.
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Lin, Michelle. "Facilitation of neutrophil migration through the corneal stroma during keratitis-Mmp8 and chemokines." Connect to text online, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=case1191012168.
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Lin, Michelle. "Facilitation of Neutrophil Migration Through the Corneal Stroma During Keratitis - Mmp8 and Chemokines." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1191012168.
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Cabrera, Aguas Maria Paulina. "Development, implementation and evaluation of evidence-based treatment guidelines for herpes simplex keratitis." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21845.
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Introduction Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is one the major causes of unilateral blindness in the developed world. Evidence-based recommendations for HSK had not been properly translated into practice. The overall aim of this thesis was to develop, implement, and evaluate a local HSK treatment guideline at the Sydney Eye Hospital. Methods The Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario (RNAO) Toolkit: ‘Implementation of Best Practice Guidelines’ was utilised to develop, implement, and evaluate the guideline at the Hospital. A retrospective review was conducted to determine the knowledge gap. All HSK patients prescribed with antivirals, aged 18 years and above, from 2012 to 2013 were included. To assess the response to the guideline, an audit of all HSK patients aged 18 and over presenting during 6-months post-guideline implementation was conducted. A web-based survey assessed clinician awareness, usage and level of knowledge of the guideline. Patients were identified from viral swab results, pharmacy records, and hospital coding data. Results 296 patients were included in the retrospective review and 85 patients in the audit. The dose of prescribed antiviral medications was in alignment with the local guideline in 80% (51/64) of patients compared to 73% prior to implementation (p = 0.331). Post-implementation alignment was found in 72% (26/36) of patients with epithelial HSK vs 89% prior to implementation (124/139), p = 0.009. With SHSK-U, 33% (1/3) vs 9% (2/22), p = 0.3. With endothelial HSK, 67% (2/3) vs 33% (6/18), p = 0.5. With HSK prophylaxis, 100% (22/22) on prophylaxis vs 70% (31/44), p = 0.003. The web-based survey was sent to 95 clinicians, 41 (43%) responded. Of these, 35 (85%) were aware of the guidelines, 31 (75%) accessed them through the hardcopy and electronic versions available. Conclusions Most clinicians were aware of and adhered to the implemented local HSK treatment guideline. The guideline aided clinicians, mainly trainees, in prescribing antivirals for HSK according to the evidence to improve clinical outcomes.
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Pereira, Aline Cardoso. "Avaliação clínica e histopatológica do polímero poli(butileno adipato-co-tereftalato) (PBAT) em córnea de coelhos e aplicação no tratamento de úlceras de córnea em cães." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154797.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
As ceratites ulcerativas são comuns na rotina do médico veterinário de pequenos animais, visto que a córnea é uma estrutura vulnerável devido sua exposição ao meio externo. Por compreender uma das estruturas responsáveis pela refração luminosa e participante do mecanismo de formação da imagem, é de extrema importância a integridade da anatomia e transparência da córnea para esta continuar desempenhando suas funções. Estudos ainda são realizados com o intuito de viabilizar opções terapêuticas cirúrgicas para o tratamento de úlceras de córnea complicadas, tentando alcançar uma cicatrização com um menor dano à estrutura corneal e menor opacidade cicatricial, devolvendo a transparência da córnea. Visto que os polímeros biodegradáveis tem se mostrado alvo de pesquisas atuais para aplicações médicas, com este estudo objetivou-se avaliar originalmente a biocompatibilidade da membrana do polímero poli(butileno adipato-co-tereftalato) (PBAT) na córnea e posterior aplicação clínica deste material nas ceratites ulcerativas profundas. Para tal, foi realizada avaliação clínica experimental e histopatológica após enxertia interlamelar do PBAT em córnea de coelhos, ao longo de 60 dias, e acompanhamento da evolução clínica do emprego da membrana de PBAT no tratamento de ceratites ulcerativas complicadas em cães, comparando ao uso do enxerto conjuntival, ao longo de 90 dias. Devido aos baixos sinais de inflamação corneal clínicos e histopatológicos nos coelhos e a cicatrização corneal em todos os cães, sem ocorrência de déficit visual, com o presente estudo acreditamos ter viabilizado mais uma opção terapêutica para as ceratites ulcerativas na medicina veterinária.
Ulcerative keratitis are common in the routine of a small animals veterinary doctor, given that the cornea is a vulnerable structure due to its exposure to external environment. For containing one of the structures responsible for light refraction and participant in the mechanism of formation of images, it is of extreme importance the integrity and transparency of the cornea in order for it to continue to develop its functions. Studies are still performed with the intent of making feasible surgical therapeutic options for the treatment of complicated corneal ulcers, trying to reach cicatrization with less damage to the corneal structure and less scar opacity, seeking corneal transparency. Given that biodegradable polymers have been target of current research for medical applications, the objective of this study was to evaluate originally the biocompatibility of the poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) polymer (PBAT) in the cornea and posterior clinical application of this material in deep ulcerative keratitis. It was performed clinical and histopathological evaluation after interlamellar grafting of PBAT in the cornea of rabbits, over 60 days, and follow-up of the clinical evolution of PBAT membrane in the treatment of complicated ulcerative keratitis in dogs, comparing to the use of conjunctival graft, over 90 days. Due to low levels of clinical and histopathological corneal inflammation found in rabbits and corneal cicatrization in all dogs, without occurence of visual deficit, with this study we believe it was made feasible another therapeutic option for ulcerative keratitis in veterinary medicine.
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Chen, Yingxin, Weijia Yang, Minghong Gao, Michael Wellington Belin, Hai Yu, and Jing Yu. "Experimental study on cryotherapy for fungal corneal ulcer." Springer, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610295.
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BACKGROUND: Fungal corneal ulcer is one of the major causes of visual impairment worldwide. Treatment of fungal corneal ulcer mainly depends on anti-fungal agents. In the current study, we developed an integrated combination therapy of cryotherapy and anti-fungal agents to facilitate effective treatment of fungal corneal ulcer. METHODS: Rabbit models of cornea infection were established using a combined method of intrastromal injection and keratoplasty. After treatment with cryotherapy and anti-fungal agents, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy were conducted to observe changes in microstructure in the rabbits. Periodic acid Schiff A and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used for detection of histological changes. RESULTS: Continuous scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations showed that cryothermal treatment inhibited growth of fungal mycelium by destroying fungal cellular structures. Typical cryotherapy was effective in curing fungal corneal ulcer. Different fungi showed different susceptibilities to treatment. The curative effect of Candida albicans was the best, while that of Aspergillus fumigates was the worst. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides a novel method of a combination of cryotherapy and anti-fungal agents for treatment of fungal corneal ulcer. This treatment could help facilitate the practice of fungal keratitis treatment in the future.
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Denk, Nora. "Der Effekt UV-blockierender Kontaktlinsen bei der Therapie der Keratitis superficialis chronica des Hundes." Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-106023.
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Makdoumi, Karim. "Ultraviolet light A (UVA) photoactivation of riboflavin as a potential therapy for infectious keratitis." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Hälsoakademin, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-20130.
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Jordan, Lisa [Verfasser]. "Vorkommen von CaHV-1 bei Hunden mit Konjunktivitis, Keratitis und normalen Augenbefunden / Lisa Jordan." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1231276045/34.
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Panatieri, Lua Ferreira. "Avaliação da atividade amebicida de nanoemulsões contendo extrato hexânico de Pterocaulon balansae (Asteraceae) frente à Acanthamoeba sp." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/149471.
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O tratamento da ceratite por Acanthamoeba é longo, inespecífico e de baixa adesão do paciente. Assim, a busca por novas estratégias de tratamento é necessária. Extratos não aquosos de algumas espécies de Pterocaulon exibem efeito antimicótico e antiparasitário, sendo esta atividade correntemente relacionada à presença de cumarinas. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento de nanoemulsões contendo extrato hexânico de Pterocaulon balansae Chodat (rico em cumarinas) visando à obtenção de um produto de uso ocular com atividade amebicida. Em uma primeira etapa, o extrato hexânico foi caracterizado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de arranjo de diodos, detectando-se a presença de quatro cumarinas majoritárias, entre elas, a 5-metoxi-6,7-metileno dioxicumarina (5MMDC), selecionada como marcador químico do extrato vegetal. O extrato foi na sequência incorporado em nanoemulsões constituídas de um núcleo de triglicerídeos de cadeia média estabilizado por lecitina de gema de ovo, preparadas por emulsificação espontânea. Tal procedimento conduziu à obtenção de nanoemulsões monodispersas com diâmetro médio de gotícula de aproximadamente 200-300 nm, independente da quantidade de extrato adicionado à formulação (1,0 a 5,0 mg/mL). A atividade amebicida das formulções contra Acanthamoeba castellanii foi dependente da dose e do tempo de incubação, sendo 24 horas e a concentração de 1,25 mg/mL de extrato considerada como ótima (~5% de viabilidade), com efeito similar ao controle clorexidina. Enfim, os estudos de citotoxicidade in vitro demonstraram que as células de epitélio de córnea humana (HCE) não foram afetadas com a incubação com as nanoemulsões através do ensaio de MTT. Esses resultados sugerem o potencial do extrato hexânico, rico em cumarinas de Pterocaulon balansae, associado a nanoemulsões como uma nova estratégia para o tratamento da ceratite ocular causada por Acanthamoeba.Treatment for keratitis caused by Acanthamoeba is unspecific, long term and with low patient compliance, being the search of new treatment strategies a need. Non-aqueous extracts of some species of Pterocaulon exhibit antimycotic and anti-parasitic activity, usually attributed to the presence of coumarins. In this scenario, the aim of this work is the development of nanoemulsion to associate the coumarin-rich n-hexane extract of Pterocaulon balansae. Previously, the extract was prepared and characterized by high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector. The presence of 4 major coumarins was detected, where 5-methoxy-6,7-methylene dioxycoumarin (5MMDC) was selected as chemical marker. This extract was associated to nanoemulsions composed of egg lecithin and medium chain triglycerides, prepared by spontaneous emulsification. The physicochemical characterization showed the formation of monodisperse nanoemulsions with 200-300 nm diameter, regardless the amount of extract incorporated (1.0-5.0 mg/mL). The amoebicidal activity of the formulations against Acanthamoeba castellanii was both dose-dependent and incubation time-dependent, being 24h of incubation and concentration of 1.25 mg/mL of the extract the optimal (~5% viability), with effect similar to chlorexidine control. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity studies showed that human corneal epithelial cells were unaffected after incubation with nanoemulsions by MTT assay. These results suggest a potential of the coumarin-rich n-hexane extracts of Pterocaulon balansae associated to nanoemulsion as a new strategy for the treatment of ocular keratitis caused by Acanthamoeba.
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Klocke, Julia [Verfasser], Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Wiedemann, and unbekannt [Gutachter] unbekannt. "Spontane bakterielle Keratitis in CD36-/- Knockout- Mäusen / Julia Klocke ; Gutachter: unbekannt unbekannt ; Betreuer: Peter Wiedemann." Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1238076793/34.
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Banjo, Taiwo Abayomi. "Acanthamoeba mannose-binding protein : structural and functional characterisation of a therapeutic target for Acanthamoeba keratitis." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42327.
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Acanthamoeba mannose-binding protein (AcMBP) is a virulence factor of the free-living amoeba, Acanthamoeba castellanii. It is crucial for the development of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), a corneal infection that often causes blindness. AK is associated with contact lens use and contaminated water sources. Therapeutic unresponsiveness is attributed to similarities in the biological processes that Acanthamoeba shares with humans and its ability to form drug-resistant cysts. I aimed to characterise AcMBP as a basis for developing future drugs against Acanthamoeba. To start with, I carried out morphological studies on the two well-known life stages of Acanthamoeba and characterised a third stage: the protocysts. Mature cysts and protocysts could not interconvert directly, but always excysted to trophozoites. This is important because Acanthamoeba can potentially be trapped as protocysts, which are likely to be more susceptible to drugs. I also studied Acanthamoeba adhesion towards various surfaces and cytopathic activities towards cells (including human corneal epithelial cells). Whilst AcMBP was important for adhesion, it is not the only receptor involved. To gain structure/function information, I expressed the extracellular portion of AcMBP and three truncated fragments. AcMBP is a Ca2+-dependent lectin (~100 kDa) that binds to mannose. Ca2+ is essential for lectin activity and stability. The extracellular fragment is monomeric, indicating that trimerisation, shown previously, depends on the membrane-spanning and/or intracellular regions. Bioinformatics revealed that lectin activity is almost certainly located in a DUF 4114 domain (~10 kDa, DUF: domain of unknown function). N-terminal fragments, including the DUF4114 domain did not bind to mannose-Sepharose, suggesting that part of the cysteine-rich domain is also important. AcMBP bound to a variety of mammalian glycans so may have more than one lectin activity. Although attempts to crystallise AcMBP were unsuccessful, future structural analysis will be useful for defining the domains and determining how it binds to mannose.
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McMullen, Jr Richard Joseph. "Equine keratitis and the possible involvement of equine adenovirus type 1 (EAdV1) and type 2 (EAdV2)." Diss., lmu, 2005. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-34239.
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Moser, Melanie A. "A Descriptive Review of Balamuthia and Non-Keratitis Acanthamoeba Cases in the United States, 1955-2009." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/162.
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Free-living amebae are ubiquitous in the environment and occasionally invade and parasitize host tissues causing illness in humans. Despite possibly frequent exposure to these organisms, infection is rare and why some people, healthy or not, end up with illness and others do not is still unclear. Human infections are rare; when illness does occur, it is often fatal. Only two papers have examined data from the literature and cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and both were published over twenty years ago. The purpose of this study is to better document the epidemiology of Balamuthia and non-keratitis Acanthamoeba, give insight into trends of these infections over time, and contribute to the scientific and medical community by producing the only comprehensive review of all Balamuthia and non-keratitis Acanthamoeba cases in the United States from 1955 through 2009. This study also examines cases that have survived in an attempt to determine if there is evidence for the effectiveness of a particular treatment regimen. Only a small number of patients have survived these infections, so any evidence for a successful course of treatment could be crucial for future cases.
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de, Jesus-Carrion Steven. "Fungal Keratitis: Immune Evasion, Host-Pathogen Interactions, and Virulence Factors during Aspergillus Fumigatus Infection." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1417783811.
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Machens, Matthias. "The outcome of corneal grafting and patients with stromal keratitis of herpetic and non-herpetic origin /." Bern : [s.n.], 2003. http://www.stub.unibe.ch/html/haupt/datenbanken/diss/bestell.html.
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Katragadda, Suresh Mitra Ashim K. "Design of amino acid prodrugs of acyclovir for improved bioavailability and therapeutic activity utility in treating ocular, oral and genital herpes infections /." Diss., UMK access, 2007.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Pharmacy and Dept. of Chemistry. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007."A dissertation in pharmaceutical sciences and chemistry." Advisor: Ashim K. Mitra. Typescript. Vita. Description based on contents viewed July 16, 2008; title from "catalog record" of the print edition. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 173-182). Online version of the print edition.
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Perches, Cintia Sesso [UNESP]. "Uso de colírios à base de Citrus lemon no reparo de úlcera de córnea induzida em coelhos: avaliação clínica, histomorfométrica e imuno-histoquímca." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99364.
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O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar por meio de exames oftalmológicos, histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímica para PCNA, o processo de reparação corneal de úlceras superficiais induzidas em coelhos, frente à utilização de colírios de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon, produto até então não utilizado em oftalmologia. Foram utilizadas 50 fêmeas da espécie leporina, todas submetidas à indução da úlcera superficial, constituindo-se 5 grupos experimentais de 10 animais cada. Em três grupos foram instilados colírios à base de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon, em diferentes concentrações, sendo 1,5% (GL1,5), 3% (GL3) e 5% (GL5). O grupo controle (GC) recebeu substituto da lágrima, e o grupo Tween 80 8% (GT) foi tratado com o diluente utilizado na produção dos colírios de citrus. Todos os protocolos foram realizados quatro vezes ao dia. Os grupos foram divididos, aleatoriamente, em dois subgrupos, de acordo com o período final de avaliação, sendo M1, coelhos avaliados após 24 horas, e M5, após 5 dias. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos utilizados quanto aos sinais clínicos secreção ocular, hiperemia conjuntival, quemose e opacidade corneal. O grupo tratado com colírio de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon na concentração 1,5%, no período final de avaliação, apresentou maior sensibilidade ocular em relação ao GC, além de aumento da celularidade corneal, representada principalmente por células inflamatórias. Nas comparações entre os momentos iniciais e finais, os grupos tratados com substituto da lágrima, Tween 80 8% e colírio à base de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon 5% promoveram aumento na espessura epitelial na periferia da córnea e maior percentual de proliferação celular, na avaliação final. Quanto à úlcera de córnea, houve redução significativa da extensão total para leve...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare through ophthalmic exams, histopathology and immunohistochemistry for PCNA, the repair process in superficial corneal ulcers induced in rabbits using eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil, a product not used in ophthalmology yet. Fifty female rabbits were submitted to induction of the corneal ulcer and then divided into 5 experimental groups of 10 animals each. Were instilled into three groups eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil, in different concentrations, being 1.5% (GL1, 5), 3% (GL3) and 5% (GL5). The control group (CG) received a tear substitute, and the Tween 80 8% group (GT) was treated with the diluent used in the production of eyedrops of citrus. All protocols were performed four times a day. The groups were divided randomly into two subgroups, according to the final period of evaluation, in the M1 rabbits were evaluated after 24 hours, and in the M5 after 5 days. There was no difference between treatments for clinical signs: ocular discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis and corneal opacity. In the final period of evaluation, the group treated with eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil in the concentration 1.5% showed a higher ocular sensitivity compared to the GC, and increased of corneal cellularity, represented mainly by inflammatory cells. In the comparison between the initial and final moments, the groups treated with tear substitute, Tween 80 8% and eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil 5% led to an increase in epithelial thickness at the periphery of the cornea and a higher percentage of cell proliferation, in the final evaluation. In the clinical evaluation of corneal ulcer, there was significant reduction in total length for mild or absent at the time of final evaluation in all groups; the exception was GL 3%, that showed a lower... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Trevisan, Brandi C. "Encystment of Acanthamoeba and Evaluating the Biobus Program." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/biology_diss/88.
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Acanthamoeba are ubiquitous protists that play an environmental role in regulating microbial diversity; they also occasionally cause infections of the eye (Acanthamoeba keratitis) and brain (granulomatous amoebic encephalitis). These organisms exhibit two distinct phenotypes. The trophozoite form dominates in favorable conditions, in which the Acanthamoeba move through the extension of pseudopodia, engulfing microbes and other particles. During stressful conditions, the Acanthamoeba undergo a process of encystment, in which they build a double cell wall and become relatively inactive. The cyst form can survive years until more favorable conditions arise, at which point they may excyst. For this study, multiple laboratory encystment methods were compared to determine the percent encystment and the different viabilities of laboratory-produced cysts. Furthermore, four different encystment genes were targeted for development of a primer library for reverse-transcription, polymerase chain reaction expression studies. The library was developed using sequences accessed from various databases, including NCBI and EMBL; primers were screened through polymerase chain reaction, and those primers producing positive results were used to further screen cellular RNA that was extracted from encysting cells over various time points during the encystment process, and using various encystment media. Using these methods, target gene involvement in the encystment process was compared between species and encystment methods. These studies lay the foundation for quantitative gene expression analysis, and provide the basis for comparison of various encystment methods.
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Williams, Susan R. "Role of Mal/TIRAP in TLR2- and TLR4-, but not TLR5-Induced Corneal Inflammation." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=case1259983828.
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Chinnery, Holly Rose. "Dendritic cells and macrophages in the mammalian cornea : distribution, morphology, phenotype and their role in responding to microbial challenge." University of Western Australia. School of Anatomy and Human Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0217.
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[Truncated abstract] The cornea plays a major role in the refraction of light and thus the maintenance of its transparency is critical for optimal vision. Infection or trauma can initiate a host inflammatory response, which can cause edema of the collagenous stroma. This tissue edema compromises vision by disrupting the regular arrangement of the corneal stromal lamellae, whose organization is critical to its refractive properties. Until recently, it was the accepted dogma that the cornea was an immune privileged tissue owing in part to its avascular nature and paucity of resident macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) in the central region of the cornea. However, recent studies have identified heterogenous populations of macrophages and DCs in both the corneal stroma and epithelium. Despite the recognition of the existence of these cells in the cornea, very little is known about their biological role. The overall purpose of the experiments described in this thesis is to characterise corneal macrophages and DCs in homeostatic conditions and investigate their role in the initiation of inflammatory responses to bacterial ligands that induce corneal inflammation and contribute to the severity and resolution of bacterial keratitis. Experiments described in this thesis utilized a range of transgenic, knock-out and bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice to address the immunological function and characterization of BM-derived cells in the mouse cornea. Of particular importance was the use of Cx3cr1 transgenic mice, which contain an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) encoding cassette knocked into the Cx3cr1 gene that disrupts its expression but facilitates GFP expression under the control of the Cx3cr1 promoter. ... This highlights a novel functional role for corneal BM-derived cells in the recognition and initiation of inflammatory responses to LPS. Finally, a novel observation of a potential mechanism by which DC in the cornea communicate with neighbouring DCs via fine membrane extensions was identified in both chimeric and wild-type mice. These membrane nanotubes, found exclusively on MHC class II+ cells in the corneal stroma, significantly increased in density in the central cornea under inflammatory conditions, suggesting a role for these cell protrusions in the immune response. These data represent the first ever description of nanotubes in vivo, the only previous evidence of their presence being in vitro studies. In summary, the data presented in this thesis supports a role for Cx3cr1 in the homing of DCs to the normal corneal epithelium and also suggests that Cx3cr1-deficiency may influence the ability of corneal macrophages and DCs to respond to bacteria. In addition, the thesis supports a role for resident corneal macrophages and DCs in the initiation of immune responses following challenge with LPS, which is possibly supported by a newly discovered system of membrane nanotubes. A greater understanding of the biology of the resident corneal immune cells could lead to the development of potential therapies aimed at targeting macrophages and DCs as a means of regulating potentially harmful inflammatory responses in the cornea.
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Danboise, Brook Alicia. "Role of MAP Kinase in Fusarium Association With Contact Lenses." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/biology_diss/45.
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Fusarium solani is a soil-borne pathogen devastating agricultural crops throughout the world. While most pathogens are host specific, the fusaria are able to infect both plants and animals. In 2004, an outbreak of Fusarium occurred in association with contact lens wear. Several species of Fusarium were involved but F. solani and F. oxysporum were most prominent. In this work, we have identified a MAP kinase (MAPK), highly similar to fmk1 in F. oxysporum, belonging to the YERK1 subfamily of extracellular regulated kinases. Directed disruption of fmk1 in F. solani AFR4 (FSSC 1) affected several aspects of fungal growth and pathogenicity. Colonies of AFR4„½fmk1 displayed pigmented colony-like formation as opposed to the cottony-white diffuse growth observed with the wild-type strain. Mutants displayed changes in morphology and conidiation patterns with AFR4„½fmk1 mutants producing increased amounts of macroconidia vs. microconidia. AFR4„½fmk1 germ tube emergence was similar to that of wild-type AFR4 and wet weight growth was equivalent but germinules were not able to sense nutrient in chemotropic assays. The disruption of fmk1 increased spore surface hydrophobicity leading to a decrease in association with commercially available hydrogel contact lenses. FMK1 did not affect unworn lens penetration in phosphate buffered saline as both wild-type and mutant strains were able to penetrate commercially available silicone hydrogel contact lenses. AFR4 displayed increased penetration of silicone lenses and this is likely due to: increased spore/lens association, and the inability of AFR4„½fmk1 macroconidia to germinate in phosphate buffered saline. Diminished invasive growth was also noted with disruption of fmk1. Wild-type AFR4 was detected throughout the eye after conidial microinjection while AFR4„½fmk1 was limited to the vitreous fluid. The reduced invasive growth seen is attributed to the loss of chemotropism. The ability to sense and respond to the environment is essential for pathogenicity. MAPK has been deemed essential for plant pathogenicity and now, with its affect on chemotropism, appears to be necessary for animal pathogenicity. FMK1 plays a conserved role in the pathogenicity of Fusarium.
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Lu, Liang. "CLINICAL AND ANIMAL STUDIES OF LIPID-DERIVED PROTEIN MODIFICATIONS IN AUTISM, KIDNEY DIALYSIS, KERATITIS AND AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1180231149.
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Perches, Cintia Sesso. "Uso de colírios à base de Citrus lemon no reparo de úlcera de córnea induzida em coelhos : avaliação clínica, histomorfométrica e imuno-histoquímca /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99364.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Cláudia Valéria Seullner BrandãoBanca: José Joaquim Titton Ranzani
Banca: Alexandre Lima de Andrade
Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar por meio de exames oftalmológicos, histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímica para PCNA, o processo de reparação corneal de úlceras superficiais induzidas em coelhos, frente à utilização de colírios de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon, produto até então não utilizado em oftalmologia. Foram utilizadas 50 fêmeas da espécie leporina, todas submetidas à indução da úlcera superficial, constituindo-se 5 grupos experimentais de 10 animais cada. Em três grupos foram instilados colírios à base de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon, em diferentes concentrações, sendo 1,5% (GL1,5), 3% (GL3) e 5% (GL5). O grupo controle (GC) recebeu substituto da lágrima, e o grupo Tween 80 8% (GT) foi tratado com o diluente utilizado na produção dos colírios de citrus. Todos os protocolos foram realizados quatro vezes ao dia. Os grupos foram divididos, aleatoriamente, em dois subgrupos, de acordo com o período final de avaliação, sendo M1, coelhos avaliados após 24 horas, e M5, após 5 dias. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos utilizados quanto aos sinais clínicos secreção ocular, hiperemia conjuntival, quemose e opacidade corneal. O grupo tratado com colírio de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon na concentração 1,5%, no período final de avaliação, apresentou maior sensibilidade ocular em relação ao GC, além de aumento da celularidade corneal, representada principalmente por células inflamatórias. Nas comparações entre os momentos iniciais e finais, os grupos tratados com substituto da lágrima, Tween 80 8% e colírio à base de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon 5% promoveram aumento na espessura epitelial na periferia da córnea e maior percentual de proliferação celular, na avaliação final. Quanto à úlcera de córnea, houve redução significativa da extensão total para leve... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare through ophthalmic exams, histopathology and immunohistochemistry for PCNA, the repair process in superficial corneal ulcers induced in rabbits using eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil, a product not used in ophthalmology yet. Fifty female rabbits were submitted to induction of the corneal ulcer and then divided into 5 experimental groups of 10 animals each. Were instilled into three groups eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil, in different concentrations, being 1.5% (GL1, 5), 3% (GL3) and 5% (GL5). The control group (CG) received a tear substitute, and the Tween 80 8% group (GT) was treated with the diluent used in the production of eyedrops of citrus. All protocols were performed four times a day. The groups were divided randomly into two subgroups, according to the final period of evaluation, in the M1 rabbits were evaluated after 24 hours, and in the M5 after 5 days. There was no difference between treatments for clinical signs: ocular discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis and corneal opacity. In the final period of evaluation, the group treated with eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil in the concentration 1.5% showed a higher ocular sensitivity compared to the GC, and increased of corneal cellularity, represented mainly by inflammatory cells. In the comparison between the initial and final moments, the groups treated with tear substitute, Tween 80 8% and eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil 5% led to an increase in epithelial thickness at the periphery of the cornea and a higher percentage of cell proliferation, in the final evaluation. In the clinical evaluation of corneal ulcer, there was significant reduction in total length for mild or absent at the time of final evaluation in all groups; the exception was GL 3%, that showed a lower... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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