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PARSONS, TIMOTHY H. "MAU MAU'S ARMY OF CLERKS: COLONIAL MILITARY SERVICE AND THE KENYA LAND FREEDOM ARMY IN KENYA'S NATIONAL IMAGINATION." Journal of African History 58, no. 2 (June 7, 2017): 285–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853717000044.
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AbstractScholarly and popular histories of Kenya largely agree that African Second World War veterans played a central role in the Kenya Land Freedom Army. Former African members of the colonial security forces have reinforced these assumptions by claiming to have been covert Mau Mau supporters, either after their discharge, or as serving soldiers. In reality, few Mau Mau generals had actual combat experience. Those who served in the colonial military usually did so in labor units or support arms. It therefore warrants asking why so many Kenyans accept that combat veterans played such a central role in the KLFA and in Kenyan history. Understanding how veterans of the colonial army have become national heroes, both for their wartime service and their supposed leadership of Mau Mau, reveals the capacity of popular history to create more useful and inclusive forms of African nationalism.
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Gathogo, Julius. "‘WOMEN, COME AND ROAST YOUR OWN RAM!’: RECOLLECTIONS ON MAU-MAU GENERAL CHUI WA MARARO (1927–1956)." Oral History Journal of South Africa 2, no. 1 (September 22, 2016): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2309-5792/1586.
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Little has been written about General Chui (1927–1956), the unique and charismatic fighter during Kenya’s war of independence, yet he worked hand-in-hand with Field Marshall Dedan Kimathi Wachiuri, the overall commander of Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA), also called Mau- Mau fighters. Kibara wa Mararo, later General Chui, who came from Meiria residence, Mugaya state, Kamuiru village of Mutira location, Ndia Division of the present day Kirinyaga County, Kenya, became a household name, and a hero to the then marginalised African populace, after the famous Mbaara ya Rui Ruiru (battle of river Ruiru). In this war of 1953, which took place on the border of Nyeri district (which was elevated to a County in 2010) and the old Embu district (which constitutes Kirinyaga and Embu counties), Kibara wa Mararo disguised himself as a regional inspector of the police. Clad in full colonial army uniform, he was able to trick some security officers and the loyalists who were derogatorily called Tukonia (empty sacks). This made them quickly rush to meet their boss. In a twinkle of an eye, the coded language (kebunoko) was sounded calling the Mau-Mau fighters who eventually turned their guns on the officers thereby wiping them clean in one blow. It is from there that the Mau-Mau high command declared him an army general. Since then, he became known as General Chui – ‘Chui’ meaning the sharp leopard. As Kenya marked its 50 years of independence (1963–2013), with pomp and colour, the sacrificial role of General Chui re-appears as one wonders: how was such a military genius finally ambushed at River Rwamuthambi’s Riakiania mushy cave and subsequently shot dead by the colonial forces? Did the surrendering Mau-Mau soldiers betray him, General Magazine and the other fighters who died of gun shot wounds at the Riakiania scene? Again, what were his political ideals? In its methodology, the article begins by retracing the nature of Mau-Mau movement citing the key issues that possibly caused it. It then moves on to chronicle General Chui wa Mararo as a case study. The materials in this presentation are largely gathered through interviews and archival sources.
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Kiprotich, Davies, Lilian N. Milimu, and Naftali Rop. "Impact of Electronic Braille Note-Taking Devices Use on Academic Performance of Visually Impaired Learners in Selected Special Primary Schools in Kenya." International Journal of Social Science And Human Research 05, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): 481–4819. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i11-01.
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Owing to technological advancements, Electronic Braille note-taking (EBN) devices have been developed and are currently in use by learners with visual impairment in Kenya. This study intends to examine the impact of EBN devices on academic performance of visually impaired learners in selected special primary schools in Kenya. The study used a descriptive design while applying both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Six special schools were purposively sampled: St. Francis Special School in West Pokot County, Marigat Special School in Baringo County, Kiomiti Special School in Kisii County, Korara Special School in Bomet County, Kibos Salvation Army School for Visually Impaired in Kisumu County and Salvation Army Thika Special Primary School in Kiambu County. The data was analyzed both descriptively and thematically. The results were presented in form of tables and figures. The findings of the study show that the EBN devices as used in the primary schools for visually Impaired learners in Kenya have a positive impact on their academic performance. This study recommends that the stakeholders of schools with Visually Impaired leaners to increase the supply and distribution of EBN devices to the schools so as to achieve the recommended 1:1 device to learner ratio.
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Duder, C. J. D. "An Army of One's Own: The Politics of the Kenya Defence Force." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 25, no. 2 (1991): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485217.
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Duder, C. J. D. "An Army of One's Own: The Politics of the Kenya Defence Force." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 25, no. 2 (January 1991): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1991.10803889.
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Macharia, Isaac, Fredrick Koome, Thomas Kosiom, Florence Munguti, Benard Mukoye, Esther Kimani, and Kimenju J. W. "Pest Incursions Pose a Serious Threat To Food Security and the Kenyan Economy." African Phytosanitary Journal 2, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52855/vakd4164.
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Although Kenya has a well-developed phytosanitary system to regulate introduction of plant and plant products, several pest incursions have been reported in the last two decades. The incursions have culminated in devastating impact on agriculture, biodiversity and the entire Kenyan economy. The objective of this review is to consolidate information on the pests involved, their distribution, estimate the economic losses associated with them and management measures in place. A total of 11 major pests and diseases namely Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Bactrocera dorsalis, Banana xanthomonas wilt (BXW), Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), Cassava mosaic disease (CMD), Fall army worm (FAW), Maize lethal necrosis disease (MLND), Papaya mealybug (PMB), Parthenium hysterophorus, potato cyst nematode (PCN) and tomato leaf miners (Tuta absoluta) have been reported in the last two decades. Some of the pests are persistent, invasive, vicious and fast spreading. For instance, the FAW has now spread to nearly all maize growing areas in Kenya in one year after the pest was first reported in 2017. The incursion pests are a major threat to food security, expensive to control and are a barrier to international market access. Integrated measures including improvement of diagnostic potential, increased pest and disease surveillance, improvement in rapid response and pest containment are needed in view of the dangers posed by incursion pests to the entire Kenyan economy whose mainstay is agriculture. Key words: Bactrocera dorsalis, maize lethal necrosis disease, Parthenium hysterophorus, Tuta absoluta
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Matson, A. T., and D. H. Simpson. "A bibliography of the published & unpublished writings of A.T. Matson." African Research & Documentation 42 (1986): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00009316.
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Albert Thomas Matson, ‘Mat’ to his many friends, was born in Sipson, Middlesex in 1915. He was educated at Southall Grammar School before joining the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1939.1n 1944 he was seconded to the Colonial Service in Kenya as a Health Inspector. After serving in Kisii he was transferred to Nandi District in 1949, where he remained until his retirement fourteen years later.His interest in Kenyan history arose from a request from Senior Chief Elija arap Chepkwony and his colleagues of the Nandi District Council that the history of their people should be written. Matson responded to their request by undertaking research into oral history in the course of his travels as a Health Inspector and by consulting and copying a great range of archival sources, official and personal, in East Africa and in Britain.
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Matson, A. T., and D. H. Simpson. "A bibliography of the published & unpublished writings of A.T. Matson." African Research & Documentation 42 (1986): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00009316.
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Albert Thomas Matson, ‘Mat’ to his many friends, was born in Sipson, Middlesex in 1915. He was educated at Southall Grammar School before joining the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1939.1n 1944 he was seconded to the Colonial Service in Kenya as a Health Inspector. After serving in Kisii he was transferred to Nandi District in 1949, where he remained until his retirement fourteen years later.His interest in Kenyan history arose from a request from Senior Chief Elija arap Chepkwony and his colleagues of the Nandi District Council that the history of their people should be written. Matson responded to their request by undertaking research into oral history in the course of his travels as a Health Inspector and by consulting and copying a great range of archival sources, official and personal, in East Africa and in Britain.
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Turner, Luke John, D. Wilkins, and J. I. J. A. Woodhouse. "Military health outreach on Exercise ASKARI SERPENT: a discussion of clinical and ethical challenges." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 165, no. 5 (May 7, 2018): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2017-000868.
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Exercise ASKARI SERPENT (Ex AS) is an annual British Army medical exercise that sees the deployment of a medical regiment to rural Kenya. The exercise involves the delivery of health outreach clinics and health education to the civilian population alongside Kenyan governmental and non-governmental organisations. This article includes a post hoc analysis of the ethical and clinical challenges that clinicians faced during Ex AS, applying a four-quadrant approach to ethical decision-making. This article intends to stimulate further debate and discussion on how to best prepare clinicians for clinical challenges and ethical decision-making on future exercises and operations. We conclude that our experiences on Ex AS can provide an insight on how to develop predeployment training for clinicians. Furthermore, the universal nature of the challenges faced on Ex AS can be applied to training for future contingency operations.
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Spencer, Steven. "“Our Foreign Field”: records of the Salvation Army in Africa." African Research & Documentation 122 (2013): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00024225.
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In the autumn and winter of 1954 Commissioner John Allan, the second-incommand of the Salvation Army, visited Africa and travelled through those countries where The Salvation Army was then established: Kenya, Rhodesia, South Africa, Nigeria, the Gold Coast, French Equatorial Africa and the Belgian Congo. During his visit he met tribal and national leaders including, on 11 November 1954 in the Gold Coast, Kwame Nkrumah in his Presidential Office, where Commissioner Allan “asked God to guide Nkrumah as he controls the destiny of his people”.When an account of the tour was written up for publication in 1955, the article began as follows:Nowadays Africa is a continent where something dramatic is always happening. One part or another is constantly in the public eye. Here and there a new order is in course of being established and, as one competent authority has stated, tomorrow's headlines are certain to come out of the Dark Continent.
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Hand, Roger, Stanley Wiener, and Jay P. Sanford. "Medical Readiness Education and Training Exercises by United States Army Medical Personnel in Kenya." Military Medicine 154, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/154.8.417.
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Moradi, Alexander. "Towards an Objective Account of Nutrition and Health in Colonial Kenya: A Study of Stature in African Army Recruits and Civilians, 1880–1980." Journal of Economic History 69, no. 3 (September 2009): 719–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050709001107.
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This study presents fresh evidence on nutrition and health in colonial Kenya by using a new and comprehensive data set of African army recruits and civilians and applying a powerful measure of nutritional status: mean population height. Findings demonstrate huge regional inequalities, but only minor changes in the mean height of cohorts born 20 years before and after colonization. From 1920 onwards secular improvements took place, which continued after independence. I conclude that however bad colonial policies and devastating short-term crises were, the net outcome of colonial times was a significant progress in nutrition and health.
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Kitetu, Catherine Wawasi, and Raphael Mwaura Gacheiya. "Protocol and Order during the Mourning Period for the Late President Moi: Understanding Official Discourse of the Disciplined Forces and Cultural Ideologies." East African Journal of Traditions, Culture and Religion 6, no. 1 (October 11, 2023): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajtcr.6.1.1504.
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This paper is a reflection on both the language and acts of protocol and honour witnessed during the days of mourning and funeral service of the second President of the Republic of Kenya, Daniel Toroitich Arap Moi, between the fourth and the twelfth of February 2020. Interviews with some military officers were used to shed light on the meanings of the texts and acts of honour and protocol. These include; the Presidential Proclamation, the flags traditions, the military marches, and the gun ceremony by army. The army was in charge of most of the ceremonies and activities that took place during that time of mourning. This discourse and honorary acts are contrary to another underplayed disgruntled discourse that those who suffered under the KANU regime had. Is it a cultural thing not to say ill of the departed? Was the media down playing these contrary views because of what they called ‘negative Kenyan groupthink’? Discourse analysis theory was used to help shed light on the intricacies of language and meanings in the discourse of the disciplined forces and other discourses backgrounded in these events yet are part of human experiences and activities. The gist of the paper is how discursive elements in the chosen texts and acts (for this article, the military) have practical, ritual, symbolic, semiotic, and cultural functions. In discussing this one event, the paper endeavours to show the importance of language in revealing social and cultural ideologies and how this knowledge helps in understanding peoples’ lives. As a social practice, language informs the social structure; who the people are, their behaviours and way of life
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English, Richard. "Huw Bennett,Fighting the Mau Mau: The British Army and Counter-Insurgency in the Kenya Emergency." Intelligence and National Security 31, no. 2 (February 17, 2015): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2014.1002708.
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Elkins, Caroline. "Huw Bennett. Fighting the Mau Mau: The British Army and Counter-Insurgency in the Kenya Emergency." American Historical Review 119, no. 2 (April 2014): 653–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/119.2.653.
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BENNETT, HUW. "The Other Side of the COIN: Minimum and Exemplary Force in British Army Counterinsurgency in Kenya." Small Wars & Insurgencies 18, no. 4 (December 2007): 638–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592310701778514.
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Muthuku, Bernard M., Johnson Kinyua, and Josephine Kimani. "Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera Frugiperda, From Selected Regions in Kenya." International Journal of Biological Studies 4, no. 1 (April 18, 2024): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijbs.1808.
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Purpose: This study was done in Kenya for the purpose of confirmation and tentative identification of fall armyworm to help in proper monitoring and effective management of the pest. To achieve this, the study was organized in order to characterize Spodoptera frugiperda (fall army worm) found in Kenya using morphological and molecular techniques and determine prevalent strain of Spodoptera frugiperda in eastern and central regions of Kenya. The study was also organized to compare the host diversity for Spodoptera frugiperda strains in eastern and central regions of Kenya.
Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional study which was conducted in 5 regions namely; Machakos, Nyeri, Murang’a, Embu and Kiambu. Sampling of sub counties was done followed by random choice of at least 2 villages and eventually reaching the actual households. Questionnaires were used to interrogate farmers about their knowledge on fall armyworm and seeking permission to check and pick the fall armyworm from their farms. Samples of moths and larvae were obtained. The pest was identified morphologically in the field before being taken to the lab for DNA was extraction and COI gene amplification. The amplified DNA was shipped to Macrogen, Netherlands for sequencing.
Findings: This study confirmed actual establishment of Spodoptera frugiperda in eastern and central Kenya using COI gene amplification and analysis. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of both the “Rice” and “Corn” strains. Results indicated higher prevalence of the Rice strain at 77.8% while that of Corn strain was 22.2%. Investigation of the host plants for the fall armyworm gave no evidence of plant host specificity for R- strain since it was also found in Zea mays (maize). Only two plants species, maize and sorghum, were found to host Spodoptera frugiperda in the study region, with a higher preference towards the maize crop.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The findings of morphological and molecular characterization together with phylogenetic studies confirms presence of rice and corn strains of Spodoptera frugiperda in Kenya. The pest was recorded mainly in maize and sorghum crop and due to its host range in its native Western Hemisphere and migration ability it may spread to other crops like millet, rice, cotton, vegetables etc. Host status should be continuously investigated. It was also found that Spodoptera frugiperda has established itself in central and eastern regions of Kenya meaning that permanent solution to control its effects have to be developed.
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Ombati, Mokua. "Crossing Gender Boundaries or Challenging Masculinities? Female Combatants in the Kenya Defence Forces’ (KDF) War against Al-Shabaab Militants." Masculinities & Social Change 4, no. 2 (June 21, 2015): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/mcs.2015.1510.
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<p>Few institutions have historically presented more defined gender boundaries than the military. This study examines gender and war through the lens of military combat roles. Military combat roles have traditionally relied on and manipulated ideas about masculinity and femininity. Women arrive in the army with different types of capital and bring with them a shared cultural ‘tool kit’ (womanhood). Following the military’s labour allocation process, they are assigned combat roles, which is at variance to their gendered character. Assignment in non-traditional feminine roles means crossing gender boundaries. Ethnographic studies of the Kenya Defence Forces operations in Somalia reveal the different gendered characteristics of the military roles as reflected in the women’s soldiery experiences. The encounter with military power and authority challenges the women soldiers to redefine their feminine capital, to interpret the military reality via a gendered lens and, therefore, to critically (re)examine the patriarchal order. Grounded on the twin theoretical frameworks of socio-cultural capitals and cultural scripts, and structured on a gender framing of women’s military roles, the study illustrates the complex and contradictory realities of women in the army. The study unpacks the relationship between masculinity and femininity, and, war and the military. It underpins the value of the female soldier as a figurative illustration of the complex interrelations between the gendered politics of masculinity and femininity. It considers what the acts, practices and performances constitutive of female soldiering reveal about particular modes of governance, regulation and politics that arise from the sacrifices of soldiers in combatant.</p><p align="center"> </p>
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Ombati, Mokua. "Crossing Gender Boundaries or Challenging Masculinities? Female Combatants in the Kenya Defence Forces’ (KDF) War against Al-Shabaab Militants." Masculinities & Social Change 4, no. 2 (June 21, 2015): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/msc.2015.1510.
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<p>Few institutions have historically presented more defined gender boundaries than the military. This study examines gender and war through the lens of military combat roles. Military combat roles have traditionally relied on and manipulated ideas about masculinity and femininity. Women arrive in the army with different types of capital and bring with them a shared cultural ‘tool kit’ (womanhood). Following the military’s labour allocation process, they are assigned combat roles, which is at variance to their gendered character. Assignment in non-traditional feminine roles means crossing gender boundaries. Ethnographic studies of the Kenya Defence Forces operations in Somalia reveal the different gendered characteristics of the military roles as reflected in the women’s soldiery experiences. The encounter with military power and authority challenges the women soldiers to redefine their feminine capital, to interpret the military reality via a gendered lens and, therefore, to critically (re)examine the patriarchal order. Grounded on the twin theoretical frameworks of socio-cultural capitals and cultural scripts, and structured on a gender framing of women’s military roles, the study illustrates the complex and contradictory realities of women in the army. The study unpacks the relationship between masculinity and femininity, and, war and the military. It underpins the value of the female soldier as a figurative illustration of the complex interrelations between the gendered politics of masculinity and femininity. It considers what the acts, practices and performances constitutive of female soldiering reveal about particular modes of governance, regulation and politics that arise from the sacrifices of soldiers in combatant.</p><p align="center"> </p>
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Garges, Eric, June Early, Sandra Waggoner, Nazia Rahman, Dana Golden, Brian Agan, and Ann Jerse. "Biomedical Response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections in the US Military." Military Medicine 184, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy431.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to plague militaries and defense forces. While the historical recognition of the impact of STIs on operations is evident, contemporary surveillance and research activities are limited. As Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other sexually transmitted pathogens become increasingly resistant to antibiotics, the role of the Department of Defense (DoD) in disease surveillance and clinical research is essential to military Force Health Protection. Methods The Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program (IDCRP) of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences partnered with the DoD Global Emerging Infections Surveillance (GEIS) program to monitor the distribution of gonorrhea antimicrobial resistance (AMR) both domestically and abroad. The DoD gonococcal reference laboratory and repository was established in 2011 as a resource for confirmatory testing and advanced characterization of isolates collected from sites across the continental United States (CONUS) and GEIS-funded sites outside the continental United States (OCONUS). The IDCRP is currently implementing surveillance efforts at CONUS military clinics, including Madigan Army Medical Center, Naval Medical Center Camp Lejeune, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Naval Medical Center San Diego, and San Antonio Military Medical Center (efforts were also previously at Womack Army Medical Center). The reference laboratory and repository receives specimens from OCONUS collaborators, including Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS; Bangkok, Thailand), Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), Ghana Detachment (Accra, Ghana), Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6; Lima, Peru), U.S. Army Medical Research Unit – Georgia (USAMRD-G; Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia), and U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate – Kenya (USAMRD-K; Nairobi, Kenya). The gonococcal surveillance program, to include findings, as well as associated clinical research efforts are described. Results Among N. gonorrhoeae isolates tested within the United States, 8% were resistant to tetracycline, 2% were resistant to penicillin, and 30% were resistant to ciprofloxacin. To date, only one of the 61 isolates has demonstrated some resistance (MIC=1 μg/ml) to azithromycin. No resistance to cephalosporins has been detected; however, reduced susceptibility (MIC=0.06–0.125 μg/ml) has been observed in 13% of isolates. Resistance is commonly observed in N. gonorrhoeae isolates submitted from OCONUS clinical sites, particularly with respect to tetracycline, penicillin, and ciprofloxacin. While no azithromycin-resistant isolates have been identified from OCONUS sites, reduced susceptibility (MIC=0.125–0.5 μg/ml) to azithromycin was observed in 23% of isolates. Conclusion Continued monitoring of circulating resistance patterns on a global scale is critical for ensuring appropriate treatments are prescribed for service members that may be infected in the U.S. or while deployed. Domestic surveillance for gonococcal AMR within the Military Health System has indicated that resistance patterns, while variable, are not dramatically different from what is seen in U.S. civilian data. Global patterns of gonococcal AMR have been described through the establishment of a central DoD gonococcal reference laboratory and repository. This repository of global isolates provides a platform for further research and development into biomedical countermeasures against gonococcal infections.
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Finch, Michael P. M. "Fighting the Mau Mau: The British Army and Counter-Insurgency in the Kenya Emergency, by Huw BennettThe Indian Army and the End of the Raj, by Daniel Marston." English Historical Review 130, no. 547 (December 2015): 1609–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cev283.
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Peters, Marcell K., Tobias Lung, Gertrud Schaab, and Johann-Wolfgang Wägele. "Deforestation and the population decline of the army ant Dorylus wilverthi in western Kenya over the last century." Journal of Applied Ecology 48, no. 3 (February 23, 2011): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01959.x.
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Juma, Bonventure W., Meshack Wadegu, Albina Makio, Ronald Kirera, Fredrick Eyase, George Awinda, John Kamanza, David Schnabel, and Eyako K. Wurapa. "A Survey of Biosafety and Biosecurity Practices in the United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (USAMRU-K)." Applied Biosafety 19, no. 1 (March 2014): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153567601401900104.
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Kassaye Nygusie, Michael V. "The Horn of Africa: Past and Present." ISTORIYA 13, no. 3 (113) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840020553-7.
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The Horn of Africa has a special geographical position, since it has access to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. The worsening situation in the Horn of Africa is evidenced by the crisis in Somalia, the raging war in the Ethiopian region of Tigray, for the second year with the participation of the Eritrean army, as well as the growing tension in the states of Oromia and Amhara. The armed conflict that began in November 2020 in northern Ethiopia is now a source of instability for the region. The conflict and the collapse of the economy of this country lead to the displacement of the population, and neighboring states such as Sudan, Djibouti, Kenya and, probably, Somalia will suffer the most from the wave of migration. The article deals with political processes and relations in the Horn of Africa region.
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Hughes, Matthew. "Book Review: Fighting the Mau Mau: The British Army and Counter-Insurgency in the Kenya Emergency by Huw Bennett." War in History 21, no. 1 (January 2014): 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344513505934k.
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Marmor, Meir, Liav Goldstein, Yeheskel Levi, Erez Onn, Amir Blumenfeld, Yona Kosashvili, Gad Levy, et al. "Mass Medical Repatriation of Injured Civilians after Terrorist Attack in Mombassa, Kenya: Medical Needs, Resources Used, and Lessons Learned." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20, no. 2 (April 2005): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00002260.
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AbstractIntroduction:On 28 November 2002, three suicide bombers crashed their car into a hotel in Mombassa, Kenya; 12 people were killed, including three Israelis, and 80 were wounded (22 of whom were Israeli). The Israeli Defense Force Airborne Medical Evacuation Flight Teams participated in a repatriation mission to bring the wounded home.Objectives:The objectives of this study are to outline the distinctive aspects of this mission, as well as to share the experiences and lessons learned.Methods:Israeli Army debriefing reports were used to study the composition of the crew, medical equipment taken, injury distribution, mode of operation, and mission schedule.Results:A total of six fixed-wing aircraft were used—two Boeing 707s and four Hercules C-130s—with a total of 54 medical team members on board. A total of 260 Israelis were repatriated, 22 of whom were wounded, and three were dead. Of the casualties, 14 were conveyed sitting, and eight supine. The time from the first landing in Kenya to the evacuation of the last supine patient was 5.5 hours. Nurses, as well as social workers, played a central role in the mission. A forward team, including five doctors, was used for the initial organization and for gathering information on the medical status of the casualties.Conclusions:There was redundancy in the medical crew and medical equipment sent. The need for improved infrastructure on the medical aircraft was stressed. Based on this experience, a new mode for operation for similar missions in the future was formulated.
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Oloka Onyango, Joe. "Unpacking the African Backlash to the International Criminal Court (ICC): The Case of Uganda and Kenya." Strathmore Law Journal 4, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 41–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52907/slj.v4i1.44.
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From early bright beginnings and close cooperation, African relations with the International Criminal Court (ICC or Court) have recently witnessed a sharp deterioration. The explanations for this fall-out vary from the personal style of the first Prosecutor of the Court—Luis Moreno Ocampo—to the lack of a comprehensive appreciation of the reasons for which the institution was established in the first instance. This article specifically zeroes in on the troubled interactions between the Court and the governments of Uganda and Kenya. These two instances demonstrate that while the charge of anti-African bias has become the dominant discourse of contemporary scholarship on the issue, structural and systemic factors are not given enough attention. Particular attention is given to the way the cases of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and President Uhuru Kenyatta (from Uganda and Kenya respectively) found their way to the ICC and the subsequent developments relating thereto. In doing so, the article explores, among other factors, the way International Criminal Justice was politicised, and its links to enduring questions of global political and economic inequality. Such conditions of inequality find manifestation in the backlash by African countries towards what has been described as the ICC’s selective approach. At the same time, opportunism and double-standards abound on all sides as there is both an inconsistent and hypocritical embrace of the basic tenets of International Criminal Law and Justice. Ultimately, the victims of human rights violations are short-changed while those actors who really need to be brought to account remain beyond sanction.
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Schoning, Caspar, Washington M. Njagi, and Nigel R. Franks. "Temporal and spatial patterns in the emigrations of the army ant Dorylus (Anomma) molestus in the montane forest of Mt Kenya." Ecological Entomology 30, no. 5 (October 2005): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00720.x.
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ROSE, EDWARD P. F. "GORDON LYALL PAVER (1913–1988) AND 42ND GEOLOGICAL SECTION, SOUTH AFRICAN ENGINEER CORPS: MILITARY GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS IN WORLD WAR II SUPPORTING BRITISH ARMY OPERATIONS: PART 1, THE EAST AFRICAN CAMPAIGN 1940–1941." Earth Sciences History 43, no. 1 (May 8, 2024): 176–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-43.1.176.
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ABSTRACT 42nd Geological Section of the South African Engineer Corps was a unique unit that supported British armed forces during World War II. It was co-founded and led for most of the war by Gordon Lyall Paver (1913–1988), one of the few ‘British’ officers serving specifically as geologists during the war to achieve the rank of major. Born in South Africa at Johannesburg and in his early years educated there at St. John's College, from 1926 Paver was educated in England, at Charterhouse School until admitted in 1931 to Pembroke College in the University of Cambridge, where he studied chemistry, geology and mineralogy. He graduated in 1934 and returned to South Africa, being appointed to the Geological Survey of South Africa as one of its first geophysicists and contributing to magnetometric and gravimetric surveys in the Transvaal region, expertise used in 1938 to 1940 to draft his thesis for a PhD degree (awarded in 1942). Although married in 1939 and briefly employed as a consultant geophysicist, in August 1940 Paver was one of the first three geoscientists to be mobilized as officers to found 42nd Geological Section, at Zonderwater near Pretoria in South Africa. After only a month's military training, at the end of September the Section and its vehicles deployed by rail and sea to a base near Nairobi in Kenya for operational service in East Africa, with ‘Acting Captain’ Paver as its Second-in-Command. Detachments from the Section were widely deployed in Kenya and later in Italian and British Somaliland (present-day Somalia) and also in Abyssinia (present-day Ethiopia) for surveys by means primarily of electrical earth resistivity but also vertical force magnetometer. These guided drilling of wells by another unit of the South African Engineer Corps to abstract potable groundwater— thereby facilitating troop concentrations and forward movements in arid or semi-arid regions during the ‘British’ Army's East African Campaign. Members of the Section also compiled geological maps of Kenya at scales of 1:1,000,000 and 1:2,000,000 and pioneered a military geological unit created within the East African Engineers that supported British forces in the region from 1941 to 1945. The Campaign drew to a victorious close during 1941 and, from the end of August, the Section was re-deployed northwards to a base near Cairo in Egypt. It continued to serve within the British Army's Middle East Command but with leadership now by Paver, promoted ‘Acting Major’ from 31 August and in December ‘mentioned in despatches’ for his earlier distinguished service in East Africa.
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Sterling, Keir B. "Early twentieth-century mammal collecting in Africa: The Smithsonian-Roosevelt East African Expedition of 1909–1910." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 1 (April 2005): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.1.64.
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This paper deals with the scientific contributions made by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) and the three mammalogists attached to the Smithsonian-Roosevelt East African Expedition of 1909–1910. These individuals included Lieutenant-Colonel (retired) Edgar Alexander Mearns (1856–1916), an old friend of Roosevelt's and a retired Army surgeon-naturalist; Edmund Heller (1875–1947), long-time field naturalist with previous experience in Africa, and J. Alden Loring (1871–1947), a veteran field collector in the United States. They joined Roosevelt and his son Kermit (1889–1943), in the senior Roosevelt's efforts to collect large game mammal specimens for the United States National Museum, Washington, DC. The group also observed and collected more than 160 species of carnivores, ungulates, rodents, insectivores, and bats. Departing New York shortly after Roosevelt's tenure as President of the United States ended in March 1909, the party debarked at Mombasa in April, and spent most of the next year in Kenya and Uganda. They also visited Sudan before the expedition ended at Khartoum in March 1910. Other subjects discussed include the expedition's objectives and fi nancing, the information gathered by expedition members and the publications which resulted.
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Sterling, Keir B. "Early twentieth-century mammal collecting in Africa: The Smithsonian-Roosevelt East African Expedition of 1909–1910." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 1 (April 2005): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.1.70.
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This paper deals with the scientific contributions made by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) and the three mammalogists attached to the Smithsonian–Roosevelt East African Expedition of 1909–1910. These individuals included Lieutenant-Colonel (retired) Edgar Alexander Mearns (1856–1916), an old friend of Roosevelt's and a retired Army surgeon-naturalist; Edmund Heller (1875–1947), long-time field naturalist with previous experience in Africa, and J. Alden Loring (1871–1947), a veteran field collector in the United States. They joined Roosevelt and his son Kermit (1889–1943), in the senior Roosevelt's efforts to collect large game mammal specimens for the United States National Museum, Washington, DC. The group also observed and collected more than 160 species of carnivores, ungulates, rodents, insectivores, and bats. Departing New York shortly after Roosevelt's tenure as President of the United States ended in March 1909, the party debarked at Mombasa in April, and spent most of the next year in Kenya and Uganda. They also visited Sudan before the expedition ended at Khartoum in March 1910. Other subjects discussed include the expedition's objectives and financing, the information gathered by expedition members and the publications which resulted.
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Biggs, P. M. "Walter Plowright. 20 July 1923 — 20 February 2010." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 56 (January 2010): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2010.0018.
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Walter Plowright was a distinguished veterinary scientist who spent most of his active research life in Africa in the Colonial Service studying infectious diseases of cattle, sheep and pigs. Walter came from Lincolnshire farming stock but during his grammar school education decided that rather than following a career on the family farm he wished to be a veterinary surgeon. On graduating from the Royal Veterinary College, London, in 1944 he joined the Royal Army Veterinary Corps and had postings to the Middle East, Kenya and North Africa. It was this experience that convinced him he wished to spend his career in studying infectious disease of animals. Soon after demobilization he joined the Colonial Veterinary Service, in which he made major contributions to the understanding and control of several infectious diseases. His major contribution was the development of a tissue-culture-adapted attenuated rinderpest vaccine and seeing it into practical use. This vaccine has been the keystone in the global eradication of this disease, only the second disease after smallpox to be eradicated worldwide. This was a massive contribution to agriculture and humanity, and was recognized by the award of the World Food Prize. Walter had a clear and incisive mind, and his research was characterized by novelty, perseverance and attention to detail. He was driven by a wish that his work would provide an understanding of infectious diseases and contribute practically to their control.
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Jedrej, M. C. "The Southern Funj of the Sudan as a Frontier Society, 1820–1980." Comparative Studies in Society and History 46, no. 4 (October 2004): 709–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417504000337.
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The long civil war in the Sudan between the government and the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) is usually simply described as a war between ‘the Arab North’ and ‘the African South.’ Equally simply, it is understood as a continuation, by new means and in new circumstances, of nineteenth-century and earlier inequalities between free people and unfree people, and of hostilities between slavers and those they preyed upon. In the twentieth century these asymmetries came to be represented by a religious distinction between Muslims and non-Muslims. However, these apparent distinctions between free and unfree, and between Muslim and non-Muslim begin to blur when we ask who is making them. Likewise, at closer inspection, the division into “the Arab North” and “the African South” begins to fragment and reconstitute into a complexity of alliances and interest groups. These complexities become more evident as engagement moves from hostile encounters in the remote vastness of the Sudan to peace negotiations and press conferences in hotels and offices in capital cities. In the latter settings marginalized populations can be heard. Of special here interest are the three culturally ‘southern’ populations whose homelands are in the geo-political North: Abyei, the Nuba Mountains, and South Blue Nile. In January 2003, a public statement, headed “Let us not be denied the right to decide on our future,” was delivered to the North-South peace conference in Kenya by a local NGO, the Relief Organisation of Fazugli (ROOF), on behalf of “the people of South Blue Nile.” It demanded that their representatives, along with those of the Nuba Mountains and Abyei be included in the current peace negotiations.
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Agade, Kennedy Mkutu. "Changes and Challenges of the Kenya Police Reserve: The Case of Turkana County." African Studies Review 58, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2015.10.
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Abstract:In rural Kenya, the main visible security force is the Kenya Police Reserve, an unpaid force guarding localities and armed by the state. Turkana County faces challenges of low state penetration, small arms flows, and armed intercommunal conflict. The state has a weak hold on Kenya Police Reservists (KPRs) and their arms, and this situation is weakening further as many move into paid private security roles, including guarding oil exploration and drilling sites. Security is critical in view of the recent oil discovery and ensuing land disputes which could trigger widespread conflict, and the recent devolution of development and administrative functions to counties in Kenya.
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Brankamp, Hanno, and Patricia Daley. "Laborers, Migrants, Refugees." Migration and Society 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arms.2020.030110.
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This article examines the ways in which both colonial and postcolonial migration regimes in Kenya and Tanzania have reproduced forms of differential governance toward the mobilities of particular African bodies. While there has been a growing interest in the institutional discrimination and “othering” of migrants in or in transit to Europe, comparable dynamics in the global South have received less scholarly attention. The article traces the enduring governmental differentiation, racialization, and management of labor migrants and refugees in Kenya and Tanzania. It argues that analyses of contemporary policies of migration management are incomplete without a structured appreciation of the historical trajectories of migration control, which are inseparably linked to notions of coloniality and related constructions of (un)profitable African bodies. It concludes by recognizing the limits of controlling Africans on the move and points toward the inevitable emergence of social conditions in which conviviality and potentiality prevail.
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Mooka, Edward, and Sheila Kirotwa. "Depiction of Cattle Raiding and Rustling in Egara Kabaji’s ‘Mourning Glory’: An Analysis of Causes, Consequences, And Socio-Cultural Implications in Northern Kenya." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. XI (2023): 1307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.7011101.
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Banditry and cattle rustling in northern Kenya have posed persistent security challenges and hindered the region’s development and social cohesion. This qualitative study delves into the multifaceted factors contributing to the perpetuation of these criminal activities, drawing insights from a purposive sampling of the Kenyan fictional novel “Mourning Glory” (2022) by Egara Kabaji and related research. The study was guided by Shaw’s and McKay’s Social Disorganization Theory. The analysis reveals a complex web of issues, including government reluctance, cultural practices, greed-driven commercialization, and cross-border arms trade. The study found that the government’s lack of resolve in addressing insecurity has eroded public trust, and past efforts have yielded little tangible results. On the other hand, cultural norms, influenced by traditional nomadic lifestyles and territorial competition, continue to fuel the practice of cattle raiding and banditry. For instance, the commercialization of raids for monetary gain, involving political leaders and organized crime syndicates, has escalated the violence and transformed it into a lucrative enterprise. Therefore, to combat these challenges and achieve lasting peace, this study suggests a comprehensive approach involving multi-stakeholder collaboration, community engagement, and conflict resolution. Finally, the study’s findings emphasize the need for Kenya to adopt a holistic and sensitive approach to address the complexities of banditry and cattle rustling in northern regions.
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Muraya, Angela, Cecilia Kyany’a, Shahiid Kiyaga, Hunter J. Smith, Caleb Kibet, Melissa J. Martin, Josephine Kimani, and Lillian Musila. "Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates in Kenya by Whole-Genome Sequencing." Pathogens 11, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050545.
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Klebsiella pneumoniae is a globally significant opportunistic pathogen causing healthcare-associated and community-acquired infections. This study examined the epidemiology and the distribution of resistance and virulence genes in clinical K. pneumoniae strains in Kenya. A total of 89 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected over six years from five counties in Kenya and were analyzed using whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics. These isolates were obtained from community-acquired (62/89) and healthcare-associated infections (21/89), and from the hospital environment (6/89). Genetic analysis revealed the presence of blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-181 carbapenemase genes and the armA and rmtF genes known to confer pan-aminoglycoside resistance. The most abundant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes identified were blaCTX-M-15 (36/89), blaTEM (35/89), and blaOXA (18/89). In addition, one isolate had a mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-8). Fluoroquinolone resistance-conferring mutations in gyrA and parC genes were also observed. The most notable virulence factors were those associated with hyper-virulence (rmpA/A2 and magA), yersiniabactin (ybt), salmochelin (iro), and aerobactin (iuc and iutA). A total of 38 distinct sequence types were identified, including known global lineages ST14, ST15, ST147, and ST307, and a regional clone ST17 implicated in regional outbreaks. In addition, this study genetically characterized two potential hypervirulent isolates and two community-acquired ST147 high-risk clones that contained carbapenemase genes, yersiniabactin, and other multidrug resistance genes. These results demonstrate that the resistome and virulome of Kenyan clinical and hospital environmental K. pneumoniae isolates are diverse. The reservoir of high-risk clones capable of spreading resistance, and virulence factors have the potential to cause unmanageable infection outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality.
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Carrier, Neil, and Gordon Mathews. "Places of Otherness." Migration and Society 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arms.2020.030109.
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This article looks at two urban landscapes critical for mobility within the Global South: Eastleigh, Kenya, and Xiaobei, China. While different, they are both centers of global trade that attract migrants seeking livelihoods, and are also regarded with great ambivalence within the countries that host them. We explore this ambivalence, showing how it links to fear of the “others” who animate them, and to broader politics in which migrants become caught. Such places often simultaneously attract members of the host society for a taste of the other, or business opportunities, yet also repel and induce fear as places of danger. For the migrant population, there is also ambivalence—as they are places that offer both opportunity for social mobility, yet also places of hard lives and immobility. In short, both are critical nodes in patterns of South-South mobility where dynamics of such mobility and reaction to it can be understood.
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Ndege, Eric M., Dennis K. Muriithi, and Adolphus Wagala. "Application of Asymmetric-GARCH Type Models to The Kenyan Exchange Rates." European Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 4, no. 4 (August 31, 2023): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmath.2023.4.4.165.
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Modelling and forecasting the volatility of a financial time series has become essential in many economic and financial applications like portfolio optimization and risk management. The symmetric-GARCH type models can capture volatility and leptokurtosis. However, the models fail to capture leverage effects, volatility clustering, and the thick tail property of high-frequency financial time series. The main objective of this study was to apply the asymmetric-GARCH type models to Kenyan exchange to overcome the shortcomings of symmetric-GARCH type models. The study compared the asymmetric Conditional Heteroskedasticity class of models: EGARCH, TGARCH, APARCH, GJR-GARCH, and IGARCH. Secondary data on the exchange rate from January 1993 to June 2021 were obtained from the Central Bank of Kenya website. The best fit model is determined based on parsimony of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), Log-Likelihood criterion, and minimisation of prediction production errors (Mean error [ME] and Root Mean Absolute error [RMAE]). The optimal variance equation for the exchange rates data was APARCH (1,1) - ARMA (3,0) model with a skewed normal distribution (AIC = -4.6871, BIC = -4.5860). Volatility clustering was present in exchange rate data with evidence of the leverage effect. Estimated Kenya’s exchange rate volatility narrows over time, indicating sustained exchange rate stability.
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Clute, Robert E. "The American-Soviet Confrontation in Africa: Its Impact on the Politics of Africa." Journal of Asian and African Studies 24, no. 3-4 (1989): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685217-90007245.
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Despite enormous Soviet arms supplies to Africa, the V.S. stressed economic assistance throughout the 1970s and did not increase arms shipments. However, the fall of the Shah of Iran, the leftist regime in Mozambique and the Soviet-Cuban military build-up in Ethiopia and Angola, completely changed V.S. strategy in the 1980s. American emphasis shifted to the Horn of Africa. Increased aid was funneled to Kenya, Somalia and the Sudan. Support for Southern Africa states was minimal. The Reagan administration viewed South Africa as a bulwark against Communism and the Namibian question became stalemated.
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Diphoorn, Tessa. "‘Arms for mobility’: policing partnerships and material exchanges in Nairobi, Kenya." Policing and Society 30, no. 2 (March 24, 2019): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2019.1596102.
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Musila, Lillian, Cecilia Kyany’a, Rosslyn Maybank, Jason Stam, Valerie Oundo, and Willie Sang. "Detection of diverse carbapenem and multidrug resistance genes and high-risk strain types among carbapenem non-susceptible clinical isolates of target gram-negative bacteria in Kenya." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): e0246937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246937.
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Carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria are an increasingly significant clinical threat globally. This risk may be underestimated in Kenya as only four carbapenemase genes in three bacterial species have been described. The study aimed to understand the antibiotic resistance profiles, genes, sequence types, and distribution of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria from patients in six hospitals across five Kenyan counties by bacterial culture, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and whole-genome sequence analysis. Forty-eight, non-duplicate, carbapenem non-susceptible, clinical isolates were identified across the five counties (predominantly in Nairobi and Kisii): twenty-seven Acinetobacter baumannii, fourteen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, three Escherichia coli, two Enterobacter cloacae, and two Klebsiella pneumoniae. All isolates were non-susceptible to β-lactam drugs with variable susceptibility to tigecycline (66%), minocycline (52.9%), tetracycline (29.4%), and levofloxacin (22.9%). Thirteen P. aeruginosa isolates were resistant to all antibiotics tested. Eleven carbapenemase genes were identified: blaNDM-1, blaOXA-23, -58, -66, -69, and -91 in A. baumannii (STs 1, 2, 164 and a novel ST1475), blaNDM-1 in E. cloacae (STs 25,182), blaNDM-1, blaVIM-1and -6, blaOXA-50 in P. aeruginosa (STs 316, 357, 654, and1203), blaOXA-181, blaNDM-1 in K. pneumoniae (STs 147 and 219), and blaNDM-5 in E. coli (ST164). Five A. baumannii isolates had two carbapenemases, blaNDM-1, and either blaOXA-23 (4) or blaOXA-58 (1). AmpC genes were detected in A. baumannii (blaADC-25), E. cloacae (blaDHA-1 and blaACT-6, 16), and K. pneumoniae (blaCMY). Significant multiple-drug resistant genes were the pan-aminoglycoside resistance16srRNA methyltransferase armA, rmtB, rmtC, and rmtF genes. This study is the first to report blaOXA-420, -58, -181, VIM-6, and blaNDM-5 in Kenyan isolates. High-risk STs of A. baumannii (ST1475, ST2), E. cloacae ST182, K. pneumoniae ST147, P. aeruginosa (ST357, 654), and E. coli ST167, ST648 were identified which present considerable therapeutic danger. The study recommends urgent carbapenem use regulation and containment of high-risk carbapenem-resistant bacteria.
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Sangura Wafula, Cornelius, CrispinousoIteyo, and RuthoN OSimiyu. "The Socio-Economic Environment among Pastoral Communities in West Pokot and Turkana Counties in Kenya." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 8, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 6579–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v8i10.01.
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There are conflicts in many pastoral communities around the globe, while the Sahel region and EastoAfrica demonstrate sustained levels of inter-pastoral violent conflicts with associated potential impacts on their livelihoods. Turkana-Pokot Violence across borders, conflict is now the norm. A number of efforts have been made by various bodies to bring peace to the region. Despite the Kenya Police Reservists' disarmament and arming communities, peace building meetings, prosecuting perpetrators, declaring illicit firearms surrender amnesties, and setting up peace committees continue to prevail in the region, insecurity and violent conflict. This study was primarily utilized the Protracted Social Conflicts (PSC) theory of Edward Azar. The study adopted descriptive research design. The study was conducted in Turkana and West Pokot Counties of Kenya. A total of 434 respondents were targeted in Pokot North and Turkana South. The sample size of 130 respondents was selected from each of the two Sub Counties. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules, and document analysis and focus group discussions. Pilot study was conducted in Wajir County to establish reliability and validity of research instruments using content analysis and Cronbach alpha respectively. Quantitative data was analyzed using the SPSS to obtain descriptive statistics and chi-square. Qualitative data was analyzed by use of themes and presented in narrative form. Quantitative data was presented in form of tables, charts and graphs. Qualitative data was presented in form of narratives and verbatim quotations. The findings of the study revealed that, the proximity of Turkana County to three international borders, namely; Uganda, South Sudan and Ethiopia had contributed to the proliferation of small arms through the porous borders that are not governed by the respective governments. This contributed to the availability and cheapness of small arms in Turkana County as a whole, hence the sustenance of the conflict between the two communities. Therefore, this theoretical framework was useful in anchoring the study. The study findings therefore suggested that politics, governance, peace building strategies, commercialization of raided animals and proliferation of small arms are the sustainers of conflict among the pastoral communities of Turkana and West Pokot Counties of Kenya. The next chapter presents the effectiveness of the existing conflict management system towards the conflict between the Turkana and Pokot communities.
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Muvengei, Daniel, Simon Karanja, and Peter Wanzala. "Postnatal neonatal outcomes of a targeted mobile phone intervention use in antenatal care amongst pregnant women in a pastoralist community in narok county, Kenya: a randomized control trial." African Health Sciences 24, no. 2 (July 11, 2024): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v24i2.26.
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Background: Complications in pregnancy, at childbirth and the pueperium cause high mortality and morbidity among women and neonates globally especially in the Lower and Middle Income Countries. Antenatal care is a key high impact strategy to improve maternal and child health. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of a targeted mobile phone intervention use in the provision of antenatal care on attendance and subsequent postnatal outcomes among pregnant women in a pastoralist community. Methods: We conducted a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) in four hospitals in Narok County, Kenya. Pregnant women were recruited early in pregnancy and followed upto 42 days after delivery. Recruitment started in June 2018. There were two study groups; the intervention and non-intervention groups with the non-intervention group receiving the routine care. Results: Two-hundred-and-sixty-two of the 280 study participants completed the study (93.6% response rate). The difference in proportion of study participants who had neonatal mortality at birth between the two study arms was 9.32% (95% CI 1.91-16.74%) between the intervention (6.06%) and the non-intervention (15.38%) study arms (p value = 0.015). Conclusion: A targeted mobile phone intervention used in antenatal care was associated with improved antenatal care attendance and better neonatal outcomes. Keywords: Postnatal neonatal outcomes; targeted mobile phone intervention; use in antenatal care amongst pregnant women; in a pastoralist community in Narok county; Kenya.
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Babiker, E. M., T. C. Gordon, J. M. Bonman, S. Chao, M. N. Rouse, Y. Jin, M. Newcomb, R. Wanyera, and S. Bhavani. "Genetic Loci Conditioning Adult Plant Resistance to the Ug99 Race Group and Seedling Resistance to Races TRTTF and TTTTF of the Stem Rust Pathogen in Wheat Landrace CItr 15026." Plant Disease 101, no. 3 (March 2017): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-16-1447-re.
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Wheat landrace CItr 15026 previously showed adult plant resistance (APR) to the Ug99 stem rust race group in Kenya and seedling resistance to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici races QFCSC, TTTTF, and TRTTF. CItr 15026 was crossed to susceptible accessions LMPG-6 and Red Bobs, and 180 double haploid (DH) lines and 140 recombinant inbred lines (RIL), respectively, were developed. The 90K wheat iSelect single-nucleotide polymorphism platform was used to genotype the parents and populations. Parents and 180 DH lines were evaluated in the field in Kenya for three seasons. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for APR was consistently detected on chromosome arm 6AS. This QTL was further detected in the RIL population screened in Kenya for one season. Parents, F1, and the two populations were tested as seedlings against races TRTTF and TTTTF. In addition, the DH population was tested against race QFCSC. Goodness-of-fit tests indicated that the TRTTF resistance in CItr 15026 was controlled by two complementary genes whereas the TTTTF and QFCSC resistance was conditioned by one dominant gene. The TRTTF resistance loci mapped to chromosome arms 6AS and 6DS, whereas the TTTTF and QFCSC resistance locus mapped to the same region on 6DS as the TRTTF resistance. The APR identified in CItr 15026 should be useful in developing cultivars with durable stem rust resistance.
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Mkutu, Kennedy Agade. "Small Arms and Light Weapons Among Pastoral Groups in the Kenya–Uganda Border Area." African Affairs 106, no. 422 (July 28, 2006): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adl002.
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Angima, Caren B., Mirie Mwangi, Erasmus Kaijage, and Martin Ogutu. "Actuarial Risk Management Practices, Underwriting Risk and Performance of P & C Insurance Firms in East Africa." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 22 (August 31, 2017): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n22p207.
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The purpose of the study was to establish the intervening effect of underwriting risk (loss ratio) on the relationship between actuarial risk management practices (ARMP) and performance of property and casualty (P & C) insurance underwriters in East Africa. Findings from primary and secondary data gathered from 82 general insurers from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania show that there is a significant positive relationship between ARMP and non-financial performance and that loss ratio significantly mediates this relationship. The relationship with financial performance was however insignificant. The implication is that P & C insurance firms should keenly watch their loss ratios in order to improve their non-financial performance by correctly underwriting, pricing and reinsuring their risks in order to influence their claims ratio and also have a strategic claims management program in place that controls costs and leads to better firm reputation, which in turn will have ripple effect in increasing business volumes and performance. It is recommended that further empirical studies be carried out to establish other factors that especially influence financial performance.
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Suzuki, Kana, Yasuhiko Kamiya, Chris Smith, Satoshi Kaneko, Asiko Ongaya, and Evans Amukoye. "Protocol for a Randomized Control Trial for Tungiasis Treatment in Homa Bay County, Kenya: Dimeticone versus Sodium Carbonate." Methods and Protocols 6, no. 1 (January 23, 2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps6010012.
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Tungiasis, a World Health Organization neglected tropical disease, is caused by the female sand flea. Most clinical trials for tungiasis use expensive or impractical drugs, which are difficult for residents to use. However, in western Kenya, communities successfully treat tungiasis with sodium carbonate. We hypothesise that the topical risk-difference of 5% sodium carbonate is no more than 10% non-inferior to dimeticone (NYDA®) for tungiasis treatment. This is a protocol for a non-inferiority study, which will be randomised and with an observer-blinded control. The study will have two arms: 5% sodium carbonate and NYDA®, one on each foot, and will take place at state primary schools in Homa Bay County, Kenya. Fleas identified among school children aged 8–14 years with sand-flea lesions will be enrolled in the study. For each participant, the viability of the embedded fleas, clinical signs including inflammation, and symptoms will be monitored for seven days after treatment. The proportion of dead fleas will be compared in the primary analysis. All adverse events will be monitored throughout the study period. We expect to identify the most effective treatment between sodium carbonate and NYDA® for tungiasis, which can be adopted in the community.
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Kassaye, Seble G., John Ong’ech, Martin Sirengo, Judith Kose, Lucy Matu, Peter McOdida, Rogers Simiyu, Titus Syengo, David Muthama, and Rhoderick Machekano. "Cluster-Randomized Controlled Study of SMS Text Messages for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Rural Kenya." AIDS Research and Treatment 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1289328.
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Background. Antiretroviral medications are key for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, and transmission mitigation is affected by service delivery, adherence, and retention. Methods. We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled study in 26 facilities in Nyanza, Kenya, to determine the efficacy of SMS text messages on PMTCT outcomes. The relative risk and confidence intervals were estimated at the facility level using STATA. Results. 550 women were enrolled, from June 2012 to July 2013. The median age was 25.6 years, and 85.3% received ARVs. Maternal ARV use was similar between the intervention and control arms: 254/261 (97.3%) versus 241/242 (99.6%) at 34–36 weeks of gestation and 234/247 (94.7%) versus 229/229 (100%) at delivery. Among infants, 199/246 (80.9%) and 209/232 (90.1%) received ARVs (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.77–1.14); 88% versus 88.6% were tested for HIV at 6 weeks, with 1/243 (0.4%) and 3/217 (1.4%) positive results in the intervention and control arms, respectively. Communication increased in both the intervention and control arms, with the mean number of 7.5 (SD: 5.70) compared with 6 (SD: 9.96), p<0.0001. Conclusions. We identified high ARV uptake and infant HIV testing, with very low HIV transmission. Increased communication may influence health-seeking behaviors irrespective of technology. The long-term effectiveness of facilitated communication on PMTCT outcomes needs to be tested. The study has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier NCT01645865.
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Gichangi, Peter, Lianne Gonsalves, Jefferson Mwaisaka, Mary Thiongo, Ndema Habib, Michael Waithaka, Tigest Tamrat, et al. "Busting contraception myths and misconceptions among youth in Kwale County, Kenya: results of a digital health randomised control trial." BMJ Open 12, no. 1 (January 2022): e047426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047426.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesThe objective of this randomised controlled trial in Kenya was to assess the effect of delivering sexual and reproductive health (SRH) information via text message to young people on their ability to reject contraception-related myths and misconceptions.Design and settingA three-arm, unblinded randomised controlled trial with a ratio of 1:1:1 in Kwale County, Kenya.Participants and interventionsA total of 740 youth aged 18–24 years were randomised. Intervention arm participants could access informational SRH text messages on-demand. Contact arm participants received once weekly texts instructing them to study on an SRH topic on their own. Control arm participants received standard care. The intervention period was 7 weeks.Primary outcomeWe assessed change myths believed at baseline and endline using an index of 10 contraception-related myths. We assessed change across arms using difference of difference analysis.ResultsAcross arms, <5% of participants did not have any formal education, <10% were living alone, about 50% were single and >80% had never given birth. Between baseline and endline, there was a statistically significant drop in the average absolute number of myths and misconceptions believed by intervention arm (11.1%, 95% CI 17.1% to 5.2%), contact arm (14.4%, 95% CI 20.5% to 8.4%) and control arm (11.3%, 95% CI 17.4% to 5.2%) participants. However, we observed no statistically significant difference in the magnitude of change across arms.ConclusionsWe are unable to conclusively state that the text message intervention was better than text message ‘contact’ or no intervention at all. Digital health likely has potential for improving SRH-related outcomes when used as part of multifaceted interventions. Additional studies with physical and geographical separation of different arms is warranted.Trial registration numberISRCTN85156148.