Academic literature on the topic 'Kawasan Timur Indonesia'

AbstractThis study aims at analyzing the dynamics of food security and the factors that influence food security in Eastern Indonesia. The methodology used is panel data tobit model of 190 districts/municipalities in the Eastern Indonesia from 2008 to 2010. Based on the classication of the food security degree, the majority of households in Eastern Indonesia are categorized as the vulnerable. Food security is affected by percentage of poor people, GRDP per capita, female illiteracy rate and average years of schooling. Based on the elasticity, education has the highest contribution in improving food security in the Eastern Indonesia.Keywords: Food Security, Eastern Indonesia, Panel Data Tobit Model AbstrakStudi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika ketahanan pangan, serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ketahanan pangan di Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI). Ketahanan pangan dibagi tiga pilar, yaitu ketersediaan, aksesibilitas, dan pemanfaatan pangan. Metode yang digunakan adalah model tobit dengan data panel dari 190 kabupaten/kota di KTI Tahun 2008-2010. Berdasarkan klasikasi derajat ketahanan pangan, sebagian besar rumah tangga di KTI termasuk kategori rentan terhadap kerawanan pangan. Ketahanan pangan dipengaruhi oleh persentase penduduk miskin, PDRB per kapita, angka buta huruf perempuan, dan rata-rata lama sekolah. Berdasarkan nilai elastisitas, pendidikan memiliki pengaruh terbesar terhadap ketahanan pangan di KTI.Kata kunci: Ketahanan Pangan, Kawasan Timur Indonesia, Model Tobit Data Panel

The historiography of Indonesian political diplomacy in the Middle-East regions faces obstacles from the researchers themselves. The perspective contradictions are compounded by sorting data and sources. The appearance of Indonesian political diplomacy in the Middle East regions according to the Middle East researchers and academics themselves seems to be gloomy and lethargic, because they demand more than what Indonesia has achieved and done. Indonesia is considered not too interested in contributing to the recovery of conflict countries and the acceleration of the transition to democratic values. According to the other researchers who are not based on the Middle East institutions, the appearance of Indonesian political diplomacy in the Middle East is quite positive and slightly vague. Unlike the case with the version that came out directly from the Government of the Republic of Indonesia about their achievements and performance in building diplomatic relations with related countries in the Middle East. Some achievements are recorded annually and submitted to the public in their annual reports. The constraints in historical writing can be overcome by the historical reasoning approach which tries to examine reason, thought and awareness, and which not only focuses on historical facts and events themselves. This approach is able to map the narrative contestation and discourse ideology, and find solutions to the problems.

<strong>English</strong><br />From the agrarian politic history view, the eastern region of Indonesia has a relatively strong competition potential in the global arena. However, since the past five decades, the capacity of socio-economic-politic-culture of the eastern region of Indonesia was degraded to the lowest level. The political planning concern of the central government in the agrarian resource development management is the obstacle point to allow serious implication on social gap and backwardness. The agrarian politic set back in the western part of Indonesia has a heavy influence on the community’s socio-economic livelihood who are depending on local agrarian resources. The prominent ability of several local kings of kingdoms in the eastern Indonesia to perform agricultural trade at a global level during the period of 15-18 centuries has no longer existed. In the future, a strong political support is required to reform agrarian development planning for the eastern region of Indonesia. The plan should cover: First, the vision and direction to establish a strong, self-support, high competitive, fair, and sustainable industrial community based on the existing agrarian resource management. Second, to produce high value of agrarian products, manage by integrated organizations, use high technology and innovation, apply sharing system on collective assets, and select appropriate business adjusted to the existing local agro-ecosystems. Third, strengthen infrastructure networks, support financial institutions, and apply law enforcement in accordance with good governance in a decentralized government administration. Fourth, to establish the community’s rights to express their political opinion and aspiration, to involve in organization (economic, society, and politic), and support on local wisdom. Fifth, to perform policies that integrates agrarian management, safety and defense, and the empowerment of civil society in the eastern part of Indonesia.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Dilihat dari sejarah politik agraria, kawasan timur Indonesia mempunyai potensi daya kompetisi relatif kuat dalam “pertarungan” global. Hanya saja, sejak lima dekade terakhir secara sosio-ekonomi-politik-budaya kawasan timur Indonesia berbalik menjadi sangat memprihatinkan. Kepedulian politik perencanaan pemerintah pusat dalam pengembangan pengelolaan sumber daya agraria setempat tampaknya menjadi titik lemah yang berimplikasi serius terhadap munculnya keterbelakangan dan kesenjangan sosial. Kemunduran politik agraria yang terjadi di kawasan barat Indonesia berimbas sangat berat terhadap tingkat kehidupan sosial-ekonomi masyarakat berbasis pengelolaan sumber daya agraria setempat. Kehebatan kemajuan perdagangan produk agraris yang dikendalikan secara politik di tingkat global oleh beberapa kerajaan di kawasan timur Indonesia pada rentang abad 15-18 saat ini sudah hampir tidak tersisa lagi. Pada masa mendatang perlu dukungan politik yang kuat untuk merumuskan kembali perencanaan pembangunan agraria di kawasan timur Indonesia. Substansi perencanaan mencakup: Pertama, visi dan arah yang mengutamakan terbentuknya masyarakat industrial berbasis pengelolaan sumber daya agraria yang kuat, mandiri, berdaya saing tinggi, adil, dan berkelanjutan. Kedua, dihasilkannya produk agraria bernilai tambah tinggi, dikelola dengan organisasi yang utuh (tidak tersekat-sekat), sarat dengan muatan iptek tinggi, penguasaan aset secara kolektif dengan sharing system yang lebih adil, serta pilihan usaha yang sesuai dengan kekayaan agroekosistem setempat. Ketiga, dilakukan penguatan terhadap jaringan infrastruktur, kelembagaan modal finansial, penegakan hukum, serta good governance dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan yang desentralistik. Keempat, penguatan hak-hak warga dalam berpendapat dan beraspirasi secara politik, berorganisasi (ekonomi, kemasyarakatan, dan politik), serta pemberdayaan aspek kearifan lokal. Kelima, kebijakan politik yang mengintegrasikan pengelolaan agraria, pertahanan dan keamanan, serta penguatan civil society di kawasan timur Indonesia.

Teknologi pendidikan sebagai sarana memudahkan proses pembelajaran dilihat sebagai suatu hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan lagi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Tujuan penulisan jurnal ini adalah menumbuhkan kesadaran di antara para pemangku kepentingan dan pembuat kebijakan dalam merumuskan strategi dalam formula penerapan teknologi pendidikan di Indonesia umumnya dan KTI khususnya. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penulisan jurnal ini adalah ulasan dokumen masa lalu dan saat ini. Hasil analisis penelitian ini yaitu faktor pengajar, faktor perencanaan strategis dan faktor infrastruktur teknologi dan komunikasi. Kesimpulannya bahwa mutu pendidikan peserta didik harus ditingkatkan guna meningkatkan literasi teknologi.

Dewasa ini, sebagai efek dari krisis multidimensional di Indonesia pada tahun 1997, nasionalisme/kebangsaan bangsa ini ditengarai mengalami kemerosotan. Ini ditandai dengan maraknya aksi intoleransi antar etnis/agama, penetrasi budaya asing hingga pada munculnya upaya aksi separatisme di sejumlah wilayah, seperti Maluku dan Papua. Aksi-aksi separatis maupun konflik antar agama yang utamanya terjadi di wilayah-wilayah berbasis Kristen, seperti Poso, Ambon, dan Papua mempertanyakan kembali komitmen nasionalisme kelompok Kristen di Indonesia, khususnya bagi generasi muda Kristen yang berpendirian, sehingga perlu diteliti bagaimana persepsi mereka tentang kebangsaan/nasionalisme. Penelitian ini dilakukan di lima lokasi, yaitu Manado, Ambon, Jayapura (Papua), Poso, dan Toraja. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa SMA/sederajat beragama Kristen dengan jumlah sampel 1100 orang. Metode yang digunakan adalah mix methods, menggabungkan penelitian kuantitatif dengan kualitatif, dengan rancangan kombinasi sekuensial eksplanatory, menggunakan angket dan wawancara sebagai alat pengumpul data. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa, secara umum, pemahaman kebangsaan responden (dalam keempat aspek kebangsaan) adalah baik, namun dalam sejumlah hal aktual, agak berbeda. Masih ada problem keinginan berpindah kewarganegaraan, adanya ketidak yakinan bahwa Pancasila mampu mengatasi tantangan zaman, dan ketidakpatuhan terhadap hukum dalam hal tertentu yang perlu diperbaiki. Untuk itu, perlu dipertahankan dan ditingkatkan kegiatan terkait penanaman nilai nasionalisme di sekolah, baik melalui kegiatan-kegiatan ekstrakurikuler, maupun kegiatan seperti sosialisasi 4 pilar kebangsaan dan kader bela negara yang melibatkan pihak luar sekolah.

Pembangunan kawasan metropolitan di Indonesia bagian timur ditetapkan pada tahun 2003 yang diatur dalam Peraturan Daerah No. 10 Tahun 2003, tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Metropolitan Mamminasata. Dua tahun kemudian, pemerintah pusat mengeluarkan kebijakan yang mengatur tentang rencana pembangunan jangka menengah kawasan tersebut. Pada tahun 2011, pemerintah pusat kembali mengeluarkan kebijakan untuk memperkuat pelaksanaan pembangunan kawasan metropolitan mamminasata yang dimuat dalam Peraturan Presiden No. 55 tahun 2011. Pada peraturan tersebut kawasan metropolitan Mamminasata ditetapkan sebagai salah satu kawasan strategis nasional. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis kebijakan pembangunan di kawasan metropolitan Di Indonesia timur dan dampaknya terhadap tata kelola perkotaan. Data yang diperoleh dari hasil wawancara dan observasi, dan diperkuat dengan kajian data sekunder diolah melalui metode penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan kawasan metropolitan yang dilihat dari pendekatan kelompok, pendekatan kelembagaan, dan pendekatan peran serta warga Negara, belum mampu diimplementasikan dengan baik. Terdapat tumpang tindih kewenangan antara organisasi yang berperan dalam pengelolaan pembangunan kawasan metropolitan menyebabkan terkendalanya beberapa pembangunan. Kurangnya peran serta masyarakat dalam perumusan kebijakan menimbulkan reaksi penolakan dari beberapa kalangan terhadap pelaksanaan pembangunan kawasan metropolitan di Indonesia Timur.

Di sekitar lahan Pelabuhan Tanjung Tembaga Probolinggo (Propinsi Jawa Timur) terdapat salah satu pangkalan kapal-kapal penangkapan ikan demersal yang beroperasi di perairan kawasan timur Indonesia (Laut Arafura dan Laut Timor). Informasi tentang keragaan aktivitas pengusahaan sumberdaya tersebut sangat penting bagi para pemangku kepentingan yang mengkaji sumber daya ikan di perairan Laut Arafura dan Laut Timor. Hasil pengamatan menginformasikan bahwa karakteristik kapal-kapal penangkapan terbuat dari kayu, mempunyai bobot mati lebih dari 30 - 110 GT. Sebagianbesar kapal tersebut berasal dari Tanjung Balai Karimun yang secara operasional dikelola oleh para pengusaha yang membuka agen di Probolinggo. Alat tangkap yang digunakan terdiri atas pancing rawai, bubu, dan jaring insang tetap. Lokasi penangkapan yang dikunjungi dalam 1 tahun adalah perairan Laut Arafura pada bulan Nopember - Mei dan perairan Laut Timor pada bulan April - Oktober. Ikan-ikan hasil tangkapan dibawa langsung oleh kapal penangkapan atau melalui kapal-kapal penampungan yang sudah berlabuh di daerah Tanimbar dan Kupang, kemudian diangkut ke Pelabuhan Tanjung Tembaga, Probolinggo. Beberapa aktivitas bongkar muat ikan yang dilakukan meliputi kegiatan pembongkaran ikan dari palka, seleksi jenis ikan berdasarkan pada ukuran bobottiap ekor (sizing), seleksi berdasarkan pada kualitas, pencatatan hasil produksi, pengemasan, dan pengiriman ke pabrik-pabrik pengolahan ikan di luar daerah untuk diproses sebagai bahan baku komoditas ekspor. Ikan yang mendominasi hasil tangkapan adalah kelompok famili Lutjanidae (kakap)dan Pristidae (anggoli) terutama genera Lutjanus dan Pristipomoides.

Perbandingan PDB antara Kawasan Timur Indonesia dan Kawasan Barat Indonesia, yaitu 18,6% berbanding 81,4% menunjukkan pemerataan ekonomi yang masih timpang antara Kawasan Barat Indonesia (KBI) dan Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI) yang berdampak pada disparitas harga yang tinggi. Melalui program Tol Laut, pemerintah berupaya meningkatkan konektivitas antara KBI dan KTI sekaligus mengurangi disparitas harga melalui angkutan laut yang terjadwal dan bersubsidi. Trayek T-5 dengan Ternate sebagai salah satu pelabuhan singgahnya diharapkan menjadi sub-distributor lanjutan untuk daerah hinterlandnya yang berupa wilayah kepulauan yang ditunjang dengan kapal feeder. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan desain kapal feeder yang optimal sesuai dengan karakteristik beberapa pelabuhan singgah yang dilakukan dengan beberapa metode seperti analisa operasi dan pra rancangan menggunakan metode kapal pembanding. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kapal feeder yang optimal memiliki payload 729 ton kecepatan dinas 8 knot dengan frekuensi pelayaran 32 voyage per tahun.

Kegiatan ekonomi di suatu kawasan perlu ditunjang oleh mobilitas yang tinggi namun tetap efisien. Hal tersebut dapat diwujudkan dengan pengembangan sistem transportasi berkelanjutan di suatu kawasan. Sistem transportasi yang berkelanjutan memastikan bahwa sumber daya yang digunakan untuk melakukan mobilitas pada saat ini tidak akan menimbulkan dampak negatif bagi generasi yang akan datang. Makalah ini mengusulkan metode penilaikan indikator transportasi berkelanjutan di Indonesia dan membagi indikator transportasi berkelanjutan menjadi tiga pilar: ekonomi, sosial, dan lingkungan. Selain itu makalah ini mengusulkan metode perhitungan indikator transportasi berkelanjutan untuk 2 jenis kawasan: kawasan perkotaan, dan kawasan antar kota. Metode perhitungan indeks ini kemudian diaplikasikan untuk menghitung indeks transportasi berkelanjutan di kawasan kota-kota provinsi Jawa Barat. Untuk kawasan antar kota, perhitungan indeks untuk provinsi Jawa Barat kemudian dibandingkan dengan 4 provinsi lain di Indonesia dengan karakter yang hampir sama yaitu: Sumatera Utara, Banten, Jawa Tengah, dan Jawa Timur.

Indonesia achieved remarkable growth during the first 25 years of its series of Five Year Development Plans, which started in 1968. However, growth has not been well distributed across the regions, in part this is as a result of the Indonesian government development policy of a growth centre approach which has benefited �Western Indonesia� (Kawasan Barat Indonesia, KBI) more than �Eastern Indonesia� (Kawasan Timur Indonesia, KTI). Prosperity needs to be spread across Indonesian regions and needs to be more equitably shared. The thesis argues that government needs to search for other ways to overcome the imbalance by accelerating KTI development, to reduce this region�s resentment, which may increase the risk of disintegration. The central aim of this research is to describe and critically evaluate the potential usefulness of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) as a means to address the regional imbalance in economic development. It aims to make a contribution by: 1. Describing in detail the ways government decision-makers see the situation, in other words giving the viewpoints of the state; 2. Providing detailed transcriptions of the interpretations and opinions expressed by powerful decision makers in the public and private sectors; 3. Demonstrating how the public, private and non-government sectors operate; 4. Making the realistic point that the links across these sectors leads to both positive and negative outcomes; including 5. Illustrating through examples how corruption spreads from the public to the other sectors. This study examines the contributing factors to regional imbalance in Indonesia between KBI and KTI by means of a case study of policy and management challenges in KTI. It examines the current strategy used for accelerating the economic development of KTI and considers whether a new strategy of Public Private Partnerships would have relevance and can be developed and implemented to accelerate the development. Current strategies especially formulated for accelerating KTI economic development include: (i) The Policy and Strategy of the Eastern Indonesia Development Council (ii) The Program of the Ministry for Acceleration of Eastern Indonesian Development; and (iii) The Integrated Economic Development Zone program However, one of the weaknesses of these policies is the lack of cooperation across government and the private sector. This study has found that the government strategies and policies have neither matched local needs nor the implementation of economic development. The study, based on both interviews and secondary data, demonstrates that the causes of the economic imbalance are systemic and multiple. They span not only government policies contributing to the imbalance directly and indirectly but also other factors, such as: (i) Systemic corruption across the public, private and non-government sectors; (ii) Lack of willingness to address the issues, lack of capital, lack of capable human resource and lack of infrastructure, lack of domestic and international market access, lack of communication and coordination and lack of cooperation. To overcome these problems, the Indonesian government together with business and the watchful eye of diverse civil society organizations need to change policies, systems, and visions for developing this region. Public Private Partnerships through a mutual partnership program could be one way of accelerating the development in KTI. On the one hand there are some direct and positive consequences of this new vision, for example, the private sector sharing their knowledge, skills, funds, management and enhanced utilisation of market mechanisms to support the government in the development process. On the other hand there are many limitations to the approach such as government often accepts greater risk than is warranted, dangers of corruption and cronyism which may attend more intensive in long-term relationship and contracted services resulted in corruption and secret business influence in government. According to Transparency International, Indonesia remains one of the most corrupt nations internationally. Unless strategies are put in place to address systemic and endemic corruption and Public Private Partnerships are well managed, then the model for Public Private Partnership will only serve to exacerbate the problem. Systemic corruption also effects trust amongst stakeholders, which needs to be hand-in-hand with strategies to address �demoralisation� for developing prosperity. Government is becoming more responsive to the private sector�s needs by providing a conducive environment for investment, entrepreneurship and innovation. Public Private Partnerships could be a means to balance power between public, non-government and private sectors if there is more capacity building to enhance the competency and responsibility of the players. No development solution can come about by working with only the public or the private or the community sectors or just non-government organizations. This study makes a strong case that the �solutions need to be found in Partnerships�. However, in exploring the complexity of the social capital of trust-based networks between people (but which also unfortunately exclude others) which are important for partnerships and, correspondingly, with partnerships being important for social capital, the researcher finds that there is no neat or simplistic partnership that can produce miraculous results. Some partnerships can be corrupt, some can lead to better life chances for local citizens, but the merits of each case need to be considered contextually. Widespread change is only likely when there is systemic change across governance arenas (public, private and non-government) and with consideration of social, cultural, political, economic and environmental factors. Instead of blaming development problems on insufficient participation or the lack of capacity of the ordinary people, the problems lie equally with the state, big business and non-government organizations. More effective managerial skills and efficient processes are needed in the governance of all these organizations while the role played by civil society is essential in making this governance accountable. Better partnerships can provide models that could inspire others to follow. Overall this study describes the complex problems created by poor policy making from above. The �gaze� (in the sense used by Foucault) is shifted from the �non-participating and incapable� citizens to the �ineffective and inefficient� powerful. Why are ordinary people so often studied to find answers to societal or systemic problems? The thesis argues that this is because they are easier to ask, more tolerant of the researcher, more resigned to answering a number of questions, or perhaps think it is easier to answer questioners in order to �get rid of them�. Instead this thesis probes the viewpoints of the powerful. Researcher who is interested in understanding how the state operates in Eastern Indonesia could �trawl through this material� in order to develop a greater understanding of the dynamics of power. To conclude, the researcher is first and foremost a practical person, who wishes to find solutions by creating the conditions for better partnership arrangements. Instead, she found that the decision makers are part of the problem. For transformation in governance to occur, stronger civil society cooperation through �communities of practice� is needed. This would be in the interests of all sectors of society if a regionally more balanced sustainable future is to be achieved.