Academic literature on the topic 'Kawa (river) model'

Abstract Introduction: The article aims to provide information on the Kawa Model and its application in occupational therapy. The model uses the metaphor of a river to depict a human life journey. Particular constructs connected with a river such as water, river side walls, driftwood or rocks represent elements of individuals′ social environment as well as their resources and limitations. Case study: The application of the Kawa Model in occupational therapy makes it possible to recognize and interpret the state of a patient taking into account social and cultural contexts. It also helps to structure an individual’s narration. Description: The situation of a patient diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia is analysed according to the presented model and shown in both graphic and descriptive versions. Conclusions: As well as analysing theoretical aspects of implementing the Kawa Model, the present study shows elements of practical applications of this concept when working with a schizophrenic patient.

Introduction. The Kawa Model is a conceptual occupational therapy model of practice that uses the metaphor of a river as a medium to support the exploration of self, life events, and environment. In this study, the Kawa Model was used by occupational therapy students during a practice placement in a remote community setting as a tool to support learning, build self-awareness, and promote reflection on personal and professional development. Method. The study used an exploratory qualitative research design. Six student participants were purposively recruited and orientated to the use of the Kawa Model at the beginning and throughout their remote community practice placement. Semistructured interviews were used to collect data which were analysed thematically using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Findings. Analysis of the student transcripts revealed three overarching themes: self-awareness, the development of personal and professional skills, and working with metaphor. All students identified the model as a reflective tool that enhanced their understanding of their student selves in a remote setting. The students described the growth of various professional skills including communication, goal planning, and confidence. Whilst initially students found the metaphor challenging to fathom, throughout their placement, they found it impactful for comprehending their development of self. Conclusion. This study revealed that the students’ self-awareness and personal and professional development were influenced by their engagement with and application of the Kawa Model. Repeated engagement with the Kawa Model enhanced the students’ journey of personal and professional skill development.

For the rivers of the Kama basin, two methods have been developed for daily short-term forecasting of average daily water discharges with a lead time of 1, 2, and 3 days. The first technique uses the HBV-96 river runoff formation conceptual model and the subsequent correction of forecasts outputs. The second technique is based on the hydrograph extrapolation method and is limited to the data of hydrological observations available by the date of the forecast. For the first technique, the expected values of the COSMO-Ru meteorological model temperature and precipitation forecasts are used for the lead-time period of the hydrological forecast. The influence of meteorological forecast errors on the accuracy of river streamflow forecasts was analyzed. The results of the verification based on an independent sample showed that, in general, both methods give a satisfactory forecast quality. The technique that uses the runoff formation model and meteorological information is slightly more accurate than the hydrograph extrapolation method, and its advantage increases with increasing forecast lead time. Keywords: Kama basin, water discharge, hydrological model, correction, extrapolation, verification, forecast quality

The experience of constructing a method for short-range forecasting of water discharge in the Kama River basin is described. The forecast method is based on the HBV-96 conceptual model of runoff formation in a watershed with optimized parameters, as well as on the algorithm for the correction of operational forecasts. It is shown that if the runoff formation model parameters are optimized and the forecast correction algorithm is applied, the model simulates variations in water discharge at gaging stations with high efficiency and can be used for operational short-range hydrological forecasting and for the evaluation of the hazard of expected hydrological conditions on the rivers. The implementation of the forecasting method allows obtaining water discharge forecasts for gaging stations in the Kama River basin with a lead time up to 3 days using meteorological forecasts with a corresponding lead time.

Abstrak:Permasalahan banjir seringkali melanda wilayah DAS Kali Ngotok setiap tahun. Masalah banjir pada umumnya disebabkan oleh perubahan tata guna lahan dan penurunan fungsi sungai yang ada di wilayah DAS Kali Ngotok serta sering terjadinya back water dari sungai-sungai yang bermuara di Kali Brantas pada saat mengalami debit maksimal. Untuk itu studi perbandingan debit puncak banjir perlu dilakukan karena belum adanya penelitian mengenai pengendalian banjir. Sehingga dilakukan penelitian mengenai analisis model hidrograf satuan sintetik. Metode hidrograf satuan sintetik yang digunakan adalah SCS, Snyder, dan Nakayasu. Data hujan yang digunakan adalah data hujan tahun 1998-2016 dari 14 stasiun hujan di wilayah DAS Kali Ngotok. Metode poligon Thiessen digunakan untuk mengetahui besaran hujan yang tersebar di wilayah DAS Kali Ngotok. Besaran hujan rata-rata yang turun di DAS Kali Ngotok dalam kurun waktu 1998-2016 sebesar 97.05 mm. Pada tahap pemodelan, pembagian sub catchment DAS dilakukan dengan membagi menjadi 5 sub DAS. Hasil pemodelan dengan metode SCS, Snyder, dan Nakayasu menunjukkan besaran debit untuk kala ulang 2 tahun, 5 tahun, 10 tahun, 20 tahun, 25 tahun, 50 tahun, 100 tahun, dan 200 tahun yang bervariasi. Data AWLR yang mendekati hasil pemodelan adalah data tahun 2014. Hasil kalibrasi hidrograf untuk metode SCS dengan kala ulang 25 tahun sebesar 0.88, untuk metode Snyder dengan kala ulang 25 tahun sebesar 0.74, dan untuk metode Nakayasu dengan kala ulang 25 tahun sebesar 0.43. Dengan demikian model hidrograf SCS dengan kala ulang 25 tahun mendekati dengan model hidrograf lapangan berdasarkan data AWLR yang ada serta sesuai dengan hasil pengamatan pada saat survey penduduk.Kata-kata kunci: DAS, Kali Ngotok, SCS, Snyder, NakayasuAbstract: Flood problems often hit the Ngotok River watershed every year. The problem of flooding is generally caused by changes in land use and a decrease in river functions in the Ngotok River watershed area as well as frequent back water from rivers which empties into Brantas River when experiencing maximum discharge. For that reason a comparative study of peak flood discharge needs to be done because there is no research on flood control. So that research is conducted on the analysis of synthetic unit hydrograph models. The synthetic unit hydrograph method used is SCS, Snyder, and Nakayasu. Rainfall data used is data from 1998-2016 from 14 rain stations in the Ngotok River watershed. The Thiessen polygon method is used to determine the amount of rain scattered in the Ngotok River watershed. The average rainfall in the Ngotok River watershed in the period 1998-2016 was 97.05 mm. In the modeling phase, the sub catchment division of the watershed is carried out by dividing it into 5 sub catchments. The modeling results using the SCS, Snyder, and Nakayasu methods show the amount of discharge for the return period of 2 years, 5 years, 10 years, 20 years, 25 years, 50 years, 100 years, and 200 years which varies. AWLR data approaching the modeling results are 2014 data. The hydrograph calibration results for the SCS method with a 25 year return period are 0.88, for the Snyder method with a 25 year return period of 0.74, and for the Nakayasu method with a 25 year return period of 0.43. Thus the SCS hydrograph model with a 25 year return period approaches the field hydrograph model based on the AWLR data that exists and is in accordance with the observations during the population survey.Keywords: Watershed, Ngotok River, SCS, Snyder, Nakayasu

A quantitative assessment of the influence of the uncertainty in meteorological elements during the period of the lead time of long-term river runoff forecasts on their error is proposed. Examples of such assessment are given for long-term forecasts of various characteristics of the water inflow into the Cheboksary Reservoir and the runoff of rivers in the Oka, Kama, Tobol and Don basins, which were obtained using the ECOMAG, DWAT, HBV river runoff formation models and the ensemble approach. It is shown that the influence of the uncertainty in the course of meteorological characteristics depends not only on climatic conditions of the formation of river runoff, but also on the accuracy of its modeling. As increasingly advanced river runoff formation models are introduced, this uncertainty will become the main factor determining the quality of its forecasting. Keywords: river runoff, forecast, lead time, error, meteorological elements, uncertainty, assessment

The idea of the research to assess the impact of 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming in the 21st century on the runoff formation in the Volga basin corresponds to the Paris agreement on climate change 2016 with the main goal to keep the global air temperature rise to below 2 °C relative to the pre-industrial level and to take measures to limit warming to 1.5 °C by the end of the 21st century. The purpose of this study was to obtain physically based results of changes in the water regime of the Volga basin rivers under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2 °C relative to pre-industrial values. The physical and mathematical model of runoff generation ECOMAG (ECOlogical Model for Applied Geophysics) was applied in calculations using data from global climate models (GCMs). The estimation of flow anomalies of the Volga River and its major tributaries showed a decrease in annual runoff by 10–11% relative to the period from 1970 to 1999. The largest relative decrease in runoff by 17–20% was noted for the Oka and Upper Volga rivers, while the Kama River had only a 1–5% decrease. The Volga winter runoff increased by 17% and 28% under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2 °C, respectively, and negative runoff anomalies during the spring flood and the summer–autumn period turned out to be in the range of 21 to 23%. Despite the increase in precipitation, the role of evaporation in the water balance of the Volga basin will only increase.

This study was aimed to reveal relationships between the formation of the structures of river systems and to discover the tectonic structural features of the territory. We analyzed the morphometric parameters of river catchment areas of various orders, which comprise the Kama river basin. A digital terrain model in ESRI ArcGis 10.4 geoinformation system was used. Within the identified river basin geosystems, quantitative morphometric characteristics of the terrain were calculated for comparative analysis. Multidimensional statistical analysis methods were used to group the basins with respect to their sets of geometric and morphometric characteristics. A spatial typification technique was developed to distinguish the basin geosystems by their morphometric indicators. This study pioneered in using the results of cluster analysis for identification of seven groups of basins, which reflect the spatial heterogeneity of the ancient tectonic elements and the geomorphological conditions within the entire territory of the Kama river basin. It is established that the types of the river basin geosystems with characteristic morphometric features are related to various ancient tectonic structures, which suggests a genetic relationship of endogenous processes of river channel fracturing and the diversity of geometric parameters of different river basins.