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1
Kunzmann, Klaus R. "City Tour Kathmandu." disP - The Planning Review 53, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2017.1340490.
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Shrestha, Mohan Bikram, and Udhab Raj Khadka. "The Water Footprint of Kathmandu Metropolitan City." Journal of Natural History Museum 28 (December 19, 2015): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v28i0.14170.
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The water footprint is consumption-based indicator of water use. Water footprint is defined as the total volume of both indirect and the direct freshwater used for producing goods and services consumed by individuals or inhabitants of community. There are many studies regarding the direct water use but studies incorporating both direct and indirect water use is deficient. This study tries to estimate total volume of water based on the consumption pattern of different commodities by individuals of Kathmandu Metropolitan city using extended water footprint calculator. The average water footprint of individuals appears to be 1145.52 m3/yr. The indirect and direct water footprint appears to be 1070.82 Mm3/yr and 46.59 Mm3/yr respectively which cumulatively give the total water footprint of Kathmandu Metropolitan City of 1117.40 Mm3/yr. This volume is equal to 2.27 times the annual flow the River Bagmati. The indirect water footprint includes food water footprint of 1055.60 Mm3/yr or 2.14 times the annual flow and industrial water use of 15.22 Mm3/yr or 0.03 times the annual flow while the direct water footprint includes domestic water use of 46.59 Mm3/yr or 0.09 times the annual flow. In food water footprint, cereals consumption shared the highest contribution of 34.82% followed by meat consumption with share of 32.62% in total water footprint. Per capita per day water use of inhabitants appears to be 3138 liters which includes water use in food items of 2965 liters, industrial water use of 43 liters and domestic water use of 131 liters. The per capita per day domestic water use is 90 liters more than supplement of 41 liters by the water operator of Kathmandu Valley. Per capita per day domestic water use is already 5 liters more than expected improvement in water supplement of 126 liters per capita per day in 2025 after accomplishment of Melamchi water project. And, it is expected to increase further observing the rapid urbanization of Kathmandu Metropolitan City. The study showed water footprint of individuals is directly related to food consumption behavior, life style and services used therefore it is necessary to initiate water offsetting measures at individual level and water operator to find environmentally sustainable alternatives along with ongoing water project to fulfill demand. J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 28, 2014: 73-80
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Amatya, Kailash Patendra. "Consumer Preference on Instant Noodles in Kathmandu City." Management Dynamics 22, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/md.v22i1.30229.
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This paper attempts to measure customer preference on instant noodles in Kathmandu City. Descriptive and causal research design was used. 100 samples were taken through structured questionnaires. Convenient sampling was used. Descriptive and correlation analysis was done to analyse the data and to test the hypothesis. This study confirmed that brand, price, quality, taste, easy and fast and availability is factors for purchasing noodles in Kathmandu City.
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Amatya, Kailash Patendra. "Consumer Preference on Instant Noodles in Kathmandu City." Management Dynamics 22, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/md.v22i2.30229.
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This paper attempts to measure customer preference on instant noodles in Kathmandu City. Descriptive and causal research design was used. 100 samples were taken through structured questionnaires. Convenient sampling was used. Descriptive and correlation analysis was done to analyse the data and to test the hypothesis. This study confirmed that brand, price, quality, taste, easy and fast and availability is factors for purchasing noodles in Kathmandu City.
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Dahal, Arvind. "Under the Tourist Gaze: Kathmandu in Popular Culture." JODEM: Journal of Language and Literature 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jodem.v11i1.34799.
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This research explores the shifts and continuities of representing Kathmandu City in Western cinematic and musical creations since 1970s. My research concerns with the representations of Kathmandu in the popular culture intends to explore the imagination of Kathmandu as a touristic place and how they represent the city and produce images in the popular culture which expands far beyond the visual apprehension and enjoyment of a landscape. While doing so my research first explores the representations, practices and processes of identity formation and cultural negotiations that are brought about in the city by tourism and secondly, it analyses the content and the visual representations of the movies and songs relying primarily on the theoretical tools of Popular Culture and secondarily the image production of the landscape in terms of Tourist gaze.
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Baral, Sushim Ranjan, and Puran P. Kurmi. "Assessing city beautification with plants: the Kathmandu perspective." Banko Janakari 15, no. 1 (March 25, 2017): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v15i1.17042.
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K.C., Rodit. "Study of Earthquake Preparedness in Kathmandu City, Nepal." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 5, no. 1 (November 10, 2022): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v5i1.49348.
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Earthquakes cannot be predicted but effective planning and preparation may reduce the impact. Impacts from earthquake risk is believed to be increasing very rapidly mainly due to the improper development activities. People require to have basic knowledge on preparing themselves to mitigate the impacts from the earthquake. This paper studied the effectiveness of implementation of knowledge and skills to mitigate the impact of earthquake by focusing on the knowledge and ability of the household members in the community. This study also helped the respondents and institutions and stakeholders who were the part of this research to reflect, analyse and assess their own earthquake preparedness measure. It is seen that there is a necessity for a sound coordination and realization on importance of better preparedness which is essential to mitigate the impact from the earthquake.
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Singh, Ramesh Prasad, and Januka Dhakal. "Accessibility and Disability-Inclusive Urban Planning in Kathmandu Metropolitan City." International Research Journal of MMC 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/irjmmc.v5i1.63080.
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This research aims to explore the importance of accessibility and disability-inclusive urban planning. For this, it analyzes the problems of disabled people, especially physically disabled people, living in Kathmandu Metropolitan City. The review of the literature shows that people with disabilities face a widespread lack of accessibility to build environments, from roads and housing to public buildings and spaces and basic urban services such as sanitation and water, health, education, transportation, and emergency response and resilience programs. Particularly, one of the main problems in Kathmandu Metropolitan City is the inaccessibility of urban public spaces such as sidewalks, bus stops, pedestrian crossings, etc. for people with all kinds of abilities. Persons with disability (PWDs), often struggle with the complexities of the built environment in urban areas that hinder their equal participation in daily activities. So, there is a need for accessibility and disability-inclusive urban planning in Kathmandu metropolitan city.
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Molden, Olivia. "Water Heritage and Urban Development: Lessons from Nepal’s Kathmandu Valley." Journal of Heritage Management 4, no. 2 (December 2019): 176–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455929619890512.
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Residents of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal face growing water insecurities: too much at times and not enough at others coupled with constant worry about water quality and access. In this rapidly changing city, ancient water infrastructure is a critical mediator of urban water security. Drawing on six years of mixed methods research, I explain the vital role of water heritage for Kathmandu’s water security and urban development by critiquing three common assumptions about water heritage. First, so-called traditional water infrastructure is not a temporary alternative. Second, water heritage is not a living museum. Third, water heritage is not a panacea for modern woes. This article concludes with reflections on the potentials for Kathmandu’s water heritage to address persistent urban insecurities and inequities.
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Karmacharya, Sunaina. "Land Readjustment in Kathmandu Valley." Journal of Science and Engineering 8 (November 12, 2020): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsce.v8i0.32863.
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Urban expansion of Kathmandu Valley is taking place at the fast rate challenging urban managers and planners of the city. In-migration has resulted in the unplanned urban growth of the city with the shortage of serviced land for urban development in Kathmandu. So Land Readjustment (LR) technique has been used as urban land development tool by the government. There are twenty two LR projects completed, and some of the projects are ongoing in the valley. The overview of the Land Readjustment technique of Kathmandu Valley has been done to explore the required measures needed to reform the existing legal and Institutional Framework and procedure of LR. Among the implemented LR projects, Nayabazar Land pooling has been selected for the case study as almost all the plots have been developed. Now, it is a dense residential neighborhood. The instruments used for research are literature study, in-depth interviews with different stakeholders of LR projects and landowners. Field visit and questionnaire survey in case study area are conducted regarding the street network and open space of the area. The existing system of LR technique is studied relating it with international experience mainly the case of Germany and Japan to draw positive inferences to explore the wider scope of LR technique for the comprehensive development in urban areas.
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Pokharel, Samidha Dhungel. "Health Negligence of Girl Child in Kathmandu Metropolitan City." Tribhuvan University Journal 31, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2017): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v31i1-2.25356.
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Along with right to food, shelter and education, children have also right to primary health regardless to their sex. Though the Government of Nepal has achieved the goal for reducing child mortality related to Millennium Development Goal. However still a large numbers of children especially girls are deprived of rights to health. This study is based on the oral reporting of purposively selected 269 parents including father and mother. Kathmandu Metropolitan city was taken into consideration during the year of 2013 to 2015. This study reveals that, more parents take their son to private health institutions and daughters to governmental health institutions. Similarly, this study has taken some socio-economic variables related to discrepancy of their son and daughter.
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Khanal, K., R. Maharjan, B. R. Pokharel, and S. Sanjel. "School Teachers’ Knowledge about Epilepsy in Kathmandu Metropolitan City." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 13, no. 4 (February 26, 2017): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v13i4.16830.
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Background Studies on Knowledge towards epilepsy among school teachers are very limited on developing countries especially with reference to Nepal. Level of knowledge of schoolteachers plays an important role on providing a greater educational support for epileptic child and to maintain good communication skills between epileptic and normal child.Objective Objective of this study is to assess the level of knowledge about epilepsy and its associated factors among school teachers.Method A cross sectional study was conducted from 10th June to 4th July, 2014 among 165 teachers teaching in six different schools of Kathmandu Metropolitan City. A self-administrated questionnaire consisting of structured and multiple choice questions were designed to collect information on the teacher’s socio-demographic profile and knowledge about epilepsy. A scoring system was developed for each question: each correct answer was given a score of 1, and a score of 0 for wrong answer. Total score was categorized on two categories: Good Knowledge and Poor Knowledge.Result Teacher’s age did not correlate significantly with their knowledge about epilepsy but total years of teaching experiences and knowledge about epilepsy were found to be positively correlated (ρ= 0.165, p= 0.01). Academic qualification of teachers and different teaching level were associated with level of knowledge (p= 0.023, p= 0.021). Significant difference on knowledge score was found among teachers having different academic qualification (p= 0.019).Conclusion All teachers were aware about epilepsy, but their knowledge about epilepsy was not sufficient therefore, health education training program about epilepsy is needed for teachers.
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McGranahan, Carole. "Activism as Care: Kathmandu, Paris, Toronto, New York City." kritisk etnografi: Swedish Journal of Anthropology 3, no. 1 (2020): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33063/diva-419426.
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Bajracharya, Pradip. "Job Satisfaction of the teachers in Kathmandu Metropolitan City." Shanti Journal 3, no. 1-2 (December 29, 2023): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/shantij.v3i1-2.60815.
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This article explores the satisfaction of the teachers who are working in different public and private schools in Kathmandu Metropolitan City. The article aims to identify the factors that satisfy the teachers so that they retain in the school for a longer period of time. The participants of this study were purposively selected. Collecting questionnaires as the means of data generation, this article finds out insights from 194 teachers who have been in the teaching field for more than a year. Most of the teachers found enjoyment in their work, regardless of government, private or community schools. They pointed out the importance of the role of the supervisor as well as the opportunity to attend the training in the job satisfaction. The research shows that overall enjoyment of job depends on the satisfaction with the benefits provided to the respondents.
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Rai, Indra Mani. "Learning to 'Be/Live' in Kathmandu City: Kirat Migrants' Transformation." Journal of Education and Research 7, no. 2 (October 4, 2018): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jer.v7i2.21244.
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This paper, based on auto/ethnographic inquiry, explores how particular urbanised Kirats (internal migrant ethnic community members in Kathmandu city from the East of Nepal) learn to live in Kathmandu city. The paper argues that the formal education in Nepal, guided by Western modern worldviews as hegemony, is promoting imported instrumental knowledge and skills, which are impractical and less relevant in the job market, particularly in the city context. The paper further argues that the work based learning support them to transform to become particular urban professionals. However, those Kirats are made forced-learners in urban structures for their adaptation in a new context. Such forced-learning is subjugating indigenous knowledge inherited to them from their ancestors and accumulated in their village life.
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Ghimire, Prayas, Poonam Pant, Sujata Khatiwada, Swechchha Ranjit, Sharad Malla, and Sudip Pandey. "Self-medication practice in Kathmandu Metropolitan City: A cross-sectional study." SAGE Open Medicine 11 (January 2023): 205031212311589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121231158966.
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Objectives: Self-medication is increasingly popular among people in developing nations like Nepal where the expense of healthcare is relatively high and over-the-counter) medications are widely and easily accessible. Although this method has certain advantages, it is also clear that it has some drawbacks, including the potential for adverse drug reactions, drug resistance, medication interactions, and increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the use of self-medication in nine wards of Kathmandu Metropolitan City (ward no. 4, 5, 13, 15, 16, 17, 23, 31, and 32). Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted in the chosen wards of Kathmandu Metropolitan city for 3 months from August to October 2021. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 372 patients who were seeking self-medication. The participants were chosen randomly. Results: Self-medication was common among people (78%). The most frequent ailments for which participants self-medicated were the common cold (17.1%), headache (14.7%), fever (14.5%), and cough (7.6%). Anticold medications (18.2%), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (17.4%), antipyretics (15.2%), and analgesics (9.1%) were the most popular drug classes used in self-medication. The two most frequent justifications for self-medication were the absence of any major ailment (35%) and self-experience (22.7%). When symptoms started, the majority of patients started taking medication for themselves, and 47.7% of them got their prescriptions directly from the pharmacist by explaining their symptoms. When the symptoms were not relieved by the medication used for self-medication, it was found that the majority of participants (79.7%) stopped using the medication and visit the doctor. Conclusion: The prevalence of self-medication in Kathmandu city was ascertained by assessing the practice among residents of the Kathmandu Metropolitan city. The study showed self-medication is common among people and therefore, proper education about drug use and self-medication is needed.
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Shrestha, Sajeeb Kumar. "Customer Impulse Buying Behavior in Kathmandu." Journal of Nepalese Business Studies 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnbs.v11i1.24204.
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This study examines customer impulse buying behavior in Kathmandu for the retail sector. Departmental store located in Kathmandu City were approached and collected data. Judgmental sampling technique was used and data were collected from 250 samples. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to summarize the nature of data and to test the hypotheses. The research confirmed that window display, in-store display and promotional signage had significanct influence on impulse buying of customers. No support was found for floor merchandising.
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Shrestha, Sajeeb Kumar. "Celebrity Endorsement and Purchase Intention: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach." Management Dynamics 22, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/md.v22i1.30237.
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This study tries to measure the impact of celebrity endorsement on purchase intention in Kathmandu City. Structured questionnaires were as administered to collect data. 200 samples were taken. Structure Equation Modeling was applied via EFA, CFA and SEM to refine the constructs, to validate the measurement model and to test hypotheses of structural model. This research confirmed that similarity, matching and familiarity of endorser’s are the major factors for increasing purchase intention in Kathmandu City. No support was established for expertise and trustworthiness to enhance purchase intention. This study contributes in marketing research that how celebrity influences purchase intention towards endorsed products or services.
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Shrestha, Sajeeb Kumar. "Celebrity Endorsement and Purchase Intention: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach." Management Dynamics 22, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/md.v22i2.30237.
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This study tries to measure the impact of celebrity endorsement on purchase intention in Kathmandu City. Structured questionnaires were as administered to collect data. 200 samples were taken. Structure Equation Modeling was applied via EFA, CFA and SEM to refine the constructs, to validate the measurement model and to test hypotheses of structural model. This research confirmed that similarity, matching and familiarity of endorser’s are the major factors for increasing purchase intention in Kathmandu City. No support was established for expertise and trustworthiness to enhance purchase intention. This study contributes in marketing research that how celebrity influences purchase intention towards endorsed products or services.
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Badal, Bharat Prasad. "Madhyapurthimi Tourism: Reviews on Local Development." Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies 6, no. 1 (October 2, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v6i1.58914.
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Madhypurthimi is one of the oldest city in the centre of Kathmandu, Kageswarimanahara, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Suryavinayak, Chanhgunarayan, and Mahalaxmi Municipalities of Kathmandu valley. Being such a centrally located venue with historical cultural heritage and values tourism potentiality, the tourist arrival is not satisfactory. Thus to identify the tourism potentiality of historic city Madhyapurthimi, the study has been conducted. The desk study, field survey, focus group discussion, workshop and interactions have been conducted in different occasion to find out the tourism potentials. Agriculture, Art and architecture, Cultural dances and shows, Historical heritage walks, Mask making, Open living museum, Pottery, River and Jungle in city, Riverside walk, Theme all, Tigani Baji, and Vermilion and other festivals are the major tourism products must be sold to the potential tourists inbound as well as outbound.
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Sharma, Nirmala, and Subarna Shakya. "5G Coverage Planning for Urban Area at Kathmandu City, Nepal." September 2022 4, no. 3 (September 8, 2022): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jei.2022.3.004.
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The excitement about the 5G wireless network has passed. Mobile network operators (MNO) have begun rolling out 5G networks alongside 4G cellular networks in lower frequency and mid-frequency bands (i.e., 3-6 GHz) all over the world. The mid-frequency band can greatly improve the performance of the current network (i.e., 50 MHz–100 MHz). All we know that the wider spectrum can be provided by the high frequency bands which is required to fulfill the greatest bitrates (20 Gb/s), lowest latencies, and constantly increasing capacity demands. The free space propagation loss rapidly increases as we move to higher frequency bands, that will reduce the individual cell site radius to 100 m for the high frequency band from various distances in 4G. To offer consistent 5G coverage, the MNOs will have significant challenges in precisely planning and acquiring these enormous numbers of new cell site locations. This paper describes about the signal characteristics at 800MHz, 1800MHz for 4G and at 700MHz, 2300MHz, 2600MHz, 3500MHz for 5G and the upgradation of 4G towards 5G in the test environment. The 5G Coverage Planning with three sector cells and its SINR Mapping in advance antenna array will be performed to provide better coverage in 5G environments.
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Shrestha, Sajeeb Kumar. "Factors of Brand Image and Television Purchase in Kathmandu City." Batuk 5, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/batuk.v5i2.30117.
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This study attempted to measure factors of brand image and television purchase in Kathmandu City. Descriptive and causal research design was used. Primary cross-section data were collected. Structured questionnaires were administered and 200 data were obtained. Judgmental sample technique was applied. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) tool was used to validate the model and testing causal relationships among exogenous and endogenous constructs. It was found consumer experience and after sales service were the important factors for creating brand image in the television markets. Brand image influenced television buying behavior. But celebrity endorsement and country of origin had no influence on building brand image.
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Shrestha, Shakti Raj, Richard Sliuzas, and Monika Kuffer. "Open spaces and risk perception in post-earthquake Kathmandu city." Applied Geography 93 (April 2018): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.02.016.
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Marasini, Deepak, Nirmal Basnet, Prakash Bahadur Chand, Dipendra Aidi, Dashrath Saud, and Manoj Bahadur Khati. "PRESENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF ROOFTOP FARMING IN KATHMANDU CITY." Engineering Heritage Journal 6, no. 2 (2022): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/gwk.02.2022.34.41.
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Rooftop farming is the cultivation of different food crops in the roof of buildings which is usually done in the city areas where there is scarcity of open agricultural land. Rooftop farming is the best techniques to promote healthier environment and food in city areas. Among the different problems of rooftop farming; major are heavy rainfall, occurrence of diseases and pest, soil loss, lack of improved practices and poly tunnel. These factors restricted the House Holds (HH) to adopt rooftop farming technology. In this study, the focus was especially given to study the status and feasibility of rooftop farming in Kathmandu city. Specifically, this research tried to understand perception of people towards rooftop farming and to identity the major factors affecting rooftop farming, and its significance during covid-19 pandemic. Chandragiri and Tarakeshwar area of Kathmandu city were purposively selected for the study. Out of sample population 50 rooftop farmers were selected, 36 from Chandragiri and 14 from Tarakeshwar by random sampling technique sample size proportion to the population size. The total respondents were 50, out of which 2% were male and 98% were female having 67.27m² average area for rooftop cultivation. 96% respondents were satisfied from vegetable and fruit rooftop. The major problem was wilting having 2.09 mean weightage on Likert scale. The average total input cost was NRS. 7044. 76% respondents were using organic manure and biological control for diseases and pests. 14% of the respondents were facing input supply problem during Lockdown.
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Chidi, Chhabi Lal, Ramesh Kumar Salami Magar, and Dipendra Salami Magar. "Assessment of urban heat island in Kathmandu valley (1999-2017)." Geographical Journal of Nepal 14 (March 10, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gjn.v14i0.35544.
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Growing urbanization results built up surfaces converting from agriculture land, forest and other natural land cover surfaces. Increasing built up surfaces, means of transport and industrial activities are major results for increasing temperature in the city area as compared to other areas. Increasing heat is a concern to human health of the people living in urban areas. Increasing temperature in the city area in developing countries is being a growing concern. Kathmandu valley is one of the most rapidly growing urbanization in Nepal. The present study aims to assess the changing Land Surface Temperature (LST) in Kathmandu valley using LANDSAT 7 images. Similarly, Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect was evaluated in land use categories which were derived from Google Earth images. Study revealed that built up area contributed highly to increase land surface temperature. New built up with compact settlement area has higher land surface temperature as compare to other land use/land cover surfaces. City core has higher LST as compared to less urbanized and surrounding parts. The LST has highly increased during 1999 to 2017 with increasing urbanization. However, the ecological condition of UHI effect is not so bad till date but the study result indicated the continuous increasing urbanization may result worse ecological condition in Kathmandu Valley in the future.
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Karunaratne, Siri, Darshana Athukorala, Yuji Murayama, and Takehiro Morimoto. "Assessing Surface Urban Heat Island Related to Land Use/Land Cover Composition and Pattern in the Temperate Mountain Valley City of Kathmandu, Nepal." Remote Sensing 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 4047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14164047.
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Rapid urban growth has coincided with a substantial change in the environment, including vegetation, soil, and urban climate. The surface urban heat island (UHI) is the temperature in the lowest layers of the urban atmosphere; it is critical to the surface’s energy balance and makes it possible to determine internal climates that affect the livability of urban residents. Therefore, the surface UHI is recognized as one of the crucial global issues in the 21st century. This phenomenon affects sustainable urban planning, the health of urban residents, and the possibility of living in cities. In the context of sustainable landscapes and urban planning, more weight is given to exploring solutions for mitigating and adapting to the surface UHI effect, currently a hot topic in urban thermal environments. This study evaluated the relationship between land use/land cover (LULC) and land surface temperature (LST) formation in the temperate mountain valley city of Kathmandu, Nepal, because it is one of the megacities of South Asia, and the recent population increase has led to the rapid urbanization in the valley. Using Landsat images for 2000, 2013, and 2020, this study employed several approaches, including machine learning techniques, remote sensing (RS)-based parameter analysis, urban-rural gradient analysis, and spatial composition and pattern analysis to explore the surface UHI effect from the urban expansion and green space in the study area. The results revealed that Kathmandu’s surface UHI effect was remarkable. In 2000, the higher mean LST tended to be in the city’s core area, whereas the mean LST tended to move in the east, south, north, and west directions by 2020, which is compatible with urban expansion. Urban periphery expansion showed a continuous enlargement, and the urban core area showed a predominance of impervious surface (IS) on the basis of urban-rural gradient analysis. The city core had a lower density of green space (GS), while away from the city center, a higher density of GS predominated at the three time points, showing a lower surface UHI effect in the periphery compared to the city core area. This study reveals that landscape composition and pattern are significantly correlated with the mean LST in Kathmandu. Therefore, in discussing these findings in order to mitigate and adapt to prominent surface UHI effects, this study provides valuable information for sustainable urban planning and landscape design in mountain valley cities like Kathmandu.
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Maskey, Arun, A. Sayami, and M. R. Pandey. "CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE : AN EMERGING EPIDEMIC IN NEPAL." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 42, no. 146 (March 1, 2003): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.807.
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ABSTRACTCardiovascular disease is the commonest cause of death globally and is the major contributor to the burdenof premature mortality and morbidity. Coronary artery disease ( CAD) is greatest killer of mankind. Coronaryartery disease in western industrialized countries show a declining trend. However developing countrieshave shown an alarming increase. The identification of major risk factors and effective control of themthrough population based strategies of prevention were mainly responsible for this decline.A few cases ofacute myocardial infarction were seen in Kathmandu ,Nepal in 1950 and in the sixties the incidence startedrising rapidly. In a study between 1960-1968 a total of 150 cases were reported with myocardial infarctionin Kathmandu , Nepal. Although national datas for incidence and prevalence on CAD in Nepal is notavailable, hospital based datas on admission pattern in different hospitals of Kathmandu, capital city ofNepal show 40 fold increase in incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in last 30 years. Prevalenceof coronary artery disease (CAD) estimated from these figures of AMI cases indicate that 5 % of adultpopulation in Kathmandu suffer from CAD. Hence, Coronary artery disease is emerging as epidemic in Kathmandu, Nepal.Key Words: Coronary artery disease (CAD), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), Epidemic.
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Ranjan, S., A. Bhattarai, and M. Dutta. "Prevalence of depression among elderly people living in old age home in the capital city Kathmandu." Health Renaissance 11, no. 3 (January 17, 2014): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v11i3.9634.
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Background: There has been a considerable increase in the numbers of older people in the world population of both developed and developing countries. These populations are thought to be at greater risk for depression. Many researches are conducted on physical wellbeing of elderly but studies regarding depression among elderly, especially in old age home is lesser in the developing countries. Objectives: To assess depression among elderly residing in an old age home in Kathmandu and its association with some of the socio-demographic variables. Methods: One hundred fifty elderly people residing in social welfare centre elderly home, Pashupatinath, Gaushala, Kathmandu, Nepal were selected randomly. Geriatric depression scale (GDS) was applied in all the individuals to assess the prevalence and degree of depression. Results: This study showed that, 47.33% of population had depression. Among the depressed population, 70.42% had mild depression and 29.58% had severe depression. There was significant association between the prevalence of depression and history of physical illness. Conclusion: Depressive disorder is highly prevalent among the elderly population residing in the old age home in Kathmandu with history of physical illness. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v11i3.9634 Health Renaissance 2013;11(3):213-218
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Gautam, Suresh. "Need of Soft Skills for Undergraduate Urban Youth for Career Development." Journal of Training and Development 2 (August 11, 2016): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v2i0.15441.
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The paper aims to show the importance of soft skills of the undergraduate urban youth who are preparing their career within Nepal or abroad. Youth in city pursue formal education from colleges and university in Nepal. After the completion of undergraduates, they prepare themselves for the job market. In this line, I argue that those youth who have not developed their soft skills struggle much to find out a job. It also increases the urban poverty and unemployment. I employed ethnographic research approach to explore everyday life activities of urban youth showing their preparedness of career. In doing so, I am telling credible, rigorous, and authentic stories of those undergraduate urban youth who are preparing their career in Kathmandu. The research is carried out in Kathmandu with four young research participants who are going to appear their final semester examination of undergraduate level in Management stream from a private college of Kathmandu. Two of them have just started working in companies and two of them are searching jobs. Applying the soft skill perspective the paper explores the situation of undergraduate youth in Kathmandu who theoretically learned about some soft skills in colleges and university during their academic hours but they hardly practiced in working environment. The research explores that it is not enough to deliver theories of soft skills in the classroom rather practice for youth who are going to start their career in the city.
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Gautam, Bhim Lal. "Language Use and Attitude among the Sherpa Speaking Community in the Kathmandu Valley." Gipan 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gipan.v3i2.48897.
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This paper aims to explore the status of language use and attitude among the Sherpa speaking community in the Kathmandu valley, the multilingual capital city of Nepal. It focuses on language contact situations in different domains viz. social, cultural, personal, and official as well as media related activities where the Sherpas make use of different languages along with the use of their own mother tongue. Based on 45 questionnaires from different informants, this paper presents interesting patterns of language use and attitudes among the Sherpa speaking community in Kathmandu.
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Subedi, Bhim Prasad. "Rural–urban migration and ethnic diversification in Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 30, no. 2 (June 2021): 225–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01171968211017966.
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This article analyzes rural–urban migration and subsequent caste/ethnic diversification in Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) using ward-level (the smallest spatial unit) data from Nepal’s National Population and Housing Census 2011 ( CBS, 2012 ). KMC has 975,453 residents with migrants constituting 57 percent of the population. Almost all caste/ethnic groups (122 out of 125 in total) are present in KMC, with Newar, Brahmins and Chhetris as the largest groups. Eighty-six percent of the migrants are rural-urban migrants. Thirty-five percent of all rural–urban migrants in the country are in KMC. In this study, I examine ethnic diversity using the ethnic diversification index (EDI). The index of 83.7 percent reflects the significant role of migration in urbanization. The diversified landscape also demonstrates distance function, educational differentials and regional segregation of migrants.
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Khanal, P. "Sexual Behaviour among Higher Secondary School Students of Kathmandu Metropolitan City." Health Prospect 11 (July 22, 2018): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v11i0.7424.
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Background:Lack of knowledge and skills to avoid risky behaviour and lack of access to youth- friendly reproductive health information and services place young people in a position of great vulnerability.Adolescents are at the stage of experimentation and are easily influenced by their peers and are therefore a vulnerable population at risk for HIV/ AIDS and other STIs. Safe sexual behaviour has a crucial role in the prevention of problems related to sexual and reproductive health. The study was designed to explore the sexual behaviour among students of Higher Secondary School in Kathmandu Metropolitan City. Methods: The study was cross-sectional and a total of 268 students enrolled in 12th grade from 6 Higher Secondary Schools were involved in the data collection process. Data collection was done using anonymous, self-administered questionnaire Results: Among total 263 unmarried students, nearly onefifth (17.9%) students have ever had sexual contact. Study showed that nearly half of the sexually experienced students (46.8%) were involved in unsafe sexual behaviour. Conclusion: Nearly one-fifth students had premarital sex and nearly half of the students had been involved in unsafe sexual behavior. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the major concern should be on making the sexual relations safe and it is therefore necessary to encourage young people to be consistent condom users. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v11i0.7424 Health Prospect 2012;11:15-18
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Aryal, Eliz, Sabina Bhattarai, Govind Pokhrel, and B. Sanju Shrestha. "Photodermatosis and Photo protection in Metropolitan Traffic Police in Kathmandu city." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v8i2.23332.
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Background: Police officer serves a vital role in maintaining safety and serve are role model for discipline throughout the world, they are non–intentional type sun exposure(NISE).The objective of our present study was to evaluate photo protector practice, knowledge in response to Ultra violet Radiation ,Sunscreens and sun related photodermatosis.
Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted in traffic police officer at different locations at Kathmandu. Data was collected by using self-administered questionnaires and interviewed by Dermatologist to establish their knowledge and behaviour and practice in relation to ultra violet radiation and photo-protection.
Result: Out of 265 participants, mean age was 27.1 years. Respondent with graduation and master degrees had knowledge and practice toward UVR, follow by higher secondary education. Regarding the practice for photo protection only 59.6% had knowledge about sunscreen, 39.6% knowledge about Ultraviolet Radiation and 24.9% had knowledge about Ultra Violet Index .Skin problem like melasma, premature wrinkles, and hardening of skin, polymorphic light eruption, burning foot syndrome, dermatophytes, and varicose vein.
Conclusion: Traffic police officers showed good practices in term of wearing hat, clothes that cover most of the body parts but poor practice over sunscreen, UVR, UVI. Lectures & seminar regarding the awareness and photo protection practice should be recommended.
With lack of awareness among police officers and providing sunscreen for free should be considered by Police authorities. Similarly lectures & seminar on sun protection should be provided in regularly.
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Acharya, Sandip, Sagar Upreti, Sandeep Jha, Ananda Marasani, Suyog Kattel, and Hemant Tiwari. "Public Transportation Optimization on Godawari to Budanilkantha Route Via Introduction Of Bus Rapid Transit." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 6 (July 9, 2021): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38346.
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Kathmandu is Rapidly growing city where the Crisis due to centralization is foreseen in Transportation sector due to lack of proper Planning and Vision prior of establishing settlement. The Current status of Transportation system in Kathmandu is quite alarming in absence of well-organized Public Transportation system. The growth of Vehicles and simultaneously lack of improvements of existing facilities and traffic management have resulted in unorganized improvement of Traffic thereby increasing congestion, accidents and decrease in vehicle speed affecting road capacity. So using managed Scientific system to decrease jam causing parameters with most planned system and replacing the existing Systems by modern facilities, the problem can be reduced. Introduction of Bus rapid transit by gradual replacement of old transportation systems by providing a bus lane can be promising remedial measure to optimize public transportation system in Kathmandu valley
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Thapa, Man Bahadur, and Rishikesh Pandey. "From Substance Abuse to Unsafe Sexual Behavior at an Early Age: Maladies of Street Children of Kathmandu City, Nepal." Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (July 13, 2023): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/qjmss.v5i1.56294.
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Background: Street children are a marginalized group considered the most at-risk population (MARPs). Because of their substance abuse practice, ranging from glue sniffing to injecting drugs and unsafe sexual behavior, they are vulnerable to transmitting HIV and other blood-borne diseases. Numerous studies have been conducted on street children in Kathmandu. However, there are gaps in studying hardcore substance abuse and unsafe sexual behavior. Objective: This study aims to assess the state of substance abuse and practice of unsafe sexual behavior among the street children of Kathmandu city. Methods: This research applied both exploratory and descriptive study designs. Using the non-probability sampling of snowball sampling technique, we interviewed 50 respondents (including six females) from purposively selected three location clusters, i.e., New-road, Thamel and Gaushala/ Pashupati Temple area of Kathmandu)have been interviewed. We used both open-ended and close-ended questions to collect data. Results: The findings of the study disclosed that substance abuse transitioned from solvent use in the earlier ages of 11 to 13 years to the progress towards injecting drugs as they grow older, 14 to 16 years old. Of the total, 14% of the respondents sharing the needle/syringe with others while injecting drugs. Likewise, 88% of the male respondents have reported practicing unsafe sexual behavior, with their friends, in exchange for food and money. Conclusion: The street children of Kathmandu are living a risky life. Substance abuse and unsafe sexual activities are the most high-risk behavior, making them vulnerable to transmission of HIV, HCV, HBV and STIs. However, the policies to respond to the issue of street children in Nepal are simply inadequate and ineffective.
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Sarif, Md Omar, Bhagawat Rimal, and Nigel E. Stork. "Assessment of Changes in Land Use/Land Cover and Land Surface Temperatures and Their Impact on Surface Urban Heat Island Phenomena in the Kathmandu Valley (1988–2018)." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 12 (December 6, 2020): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9120726.
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More than half of the world’s populations now live in rapidly expanding urban and its surrounding areas. The consequences for Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) dynamics and Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) phenomena are poorly understood for many new cities. We explore this issue and their inter-relationship in the Kathmandu Valley, an area of roughly 694 km2, at decadal intervals using April (summer) Landsat images of 1988, 1998, 2008, and 2018. LULC assessment was made using the Support Vector Machine algorithm. In the Kathmandu Valley, most land is either natural vegetation or agricultural land but in the study period there was a rapid expansion of impervious surfaces in urban areas. Impervious surfaces (IL) grew by 113.44 km2 (16.34% of total area), natural vegetation (VL) by 6.07 km2 (0.87% of total area), resulting in the loss of 118.29 km2 area from agricultural land (17.03% of total area) during 1988–2018. At the same time, the average land surface temperature (LST) increased by nearly 5–7 °C in the city and nearly 3–5 °C at the city boundary. For different LULC classes, the highest mean LST increase during 1988–2018 was 7.11 °C for IL with the lowest being 3.18 °C for VL although there were some fluctuations during this time period. While open land only occupies a small proportion of the landscape, it usually had higher mean LST than all other LULC classes. There was a negative relationship both between LST and Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and LST and Normal Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), respectively, and a positive relationship between LST and Normal Difference Built-up Index (NDBI). The result of an urban–rural gradient analysis showed there was sharp decrease of mean LST from the city center outwards to about 15 kms because the NDVI also sharply increased, especially in 2008 and 2018, which clearly shows a surface urban heat island effect. Further from the city center, around 20–25 kms, mean LST increased due to increased agriculture activity. The population of Kathmandu Valley was 2.88 million in 2016 and if the growth trend continues then it is predicted to reach 3.85 million by 2035. Consequently, to avoid the critical effects of increasing SUHI in Kathmandu it is essential to improve urban planning including the implementation of green city technologies.
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Poudel, Muna. "Domestic Violence in Province 3: An Empirical Reference to Case of Women in Pharping, Kathmandu." Journal of Business and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 3, 2018): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbss.v1i1.22826.
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The aim of the research is to explore the domestic violence in woman of Pharping, Kathmandu. The descriptive and exploratory research designs have been adopted in the study. The sample has been taken from Sheshnarayan Mahila Bidhyalaya, Pharping, Kathmandu. The study has been focused only on women. The purposive sampling method has been used to collect the information. The descriptive analysis concluded that women in city are still victims of discrimination and domestic violence. There is a great need for the commitment of all people including social workers, organizations, and political institutions to bring an end to all forms of violence against woman.
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Poudel, Muna. "Domestic Violence in Province 3: An Empirical Reference to Case of Women in Pharping, Kathmandu." Journal of Business and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (December 3, 2018): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbss.v2i1.22826.
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The aim of the research is to explore the domestic violence in woman of Pharping, Kathmandu. The descriptive and exploratory research designs have been adopted in the study. The sample has been taken from Sheshnarayan Mahila Bidhyalaya, Pharping, Kathmandu. The study has been focused only on women. The purposive sampling method has been used to collect the information. The descriptive analysis concluded that women in city are still victims of discrimination and domestic violence. There is a great need for the commitment of all people including social workers, organizations, and political institutions to bring an end to all forms of violence against woman.
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Maharjan, Monalisa, and Filipe Th Barata. "Living with Heritage: Including tangible and intangible heritage in the changing time and space." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 13, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 178–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v13i1.20365.
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Kathmandu Valley, which now the compose of many cities and towns, is the result of centuries of evolution from small villages, hamlets and small towns. These cities evolved with the need and the lifestyle of people, a result of which gave birth to the magnificent art and architecture. The centuries old temples, squares, monuments, rest houses and water fountains are still present despite the frequent natural calamites like earthquake. The city which was once seemed to be designed for people and God now has to incorporate many things like population growth due to migration, urbanization, globalization and so on. The sudden influx of so-called “development” is putting the heritage and traditional values at risk. The integrated form of intangible heritage like rituals, festivals, mask dances and many more are the vehicle for the continuity of tangible heritage. But still in the heritage conservation practice, the focus has been on the tangible heritage. One of the major driving forces of heritage has been the indigenous people of Kathmandu Valley and the interconnectedness of their social life with the heritage. This paper is about the interrelationship with the tangible and intangible heritage in the changing dynamic of city, and how indigenous people are incorporating it concentrating only on Kathmandu city. This paper is based mostly on the field visit for the PhD of the author in 2014 and was initially presented in the conference Cultural Landscape and Heritage Values at University of Massachusetts, Amherst in 2015.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2017, 13(1): 178-189
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Thygerson, Steven M., Marion J. House, Robbie Chaney, and Seshananda Sanjel. "Prevalence of Motorcycle Helmet Use in Kathmandu, Nepal: An Observational Study." Studies in Engineering and Technology 7, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/set.v7i1.4662.
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This study investigated the rate of helmet use among motorcycle drivers and passengers in Kathmandu, Nepal during the Fall of 2016, and compared helmet use rates based on highways, main roads and secondary roads in the city. The study design involved cross-sectional observations along roadways in Kathmandu, Nepal. The following variables were studied: helmet use, gender, age category (youth, adult, elder), and type of road (highway, main road, secondary road). Statistical analysis included general behavioral prevalence, relationship comparison via Fisher’s Exact Test, and odds ratios. A total of 1878 observations were made at 14 locations in Kathmandu; n=1321 observations of motorcycle drivers and n=557 observations of motorcycle passengers. Nearly all drivers used helmets (0.994 [1313/1321]; 95% CI: [0.988, 0.997]), whereas the vast majority of passengers did not wear helmets (0.014 [8/557]; 95% CI: [0.004, 0.021]). Helmet use was significantly different between drivers and passengers (
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Timsina, Netra Prasad, Dilli Prasad Poudel, Rojani Manandhar, and Binod Adhikari. "POLITICAL ECONOMY OF URBAN CHANGE IN KATHMANDU VALLEY: A CASE FROM SOUTHERN LALITPUR METROPOLITAN CITY." New Angle: Nepal journal of social science and public policy 7, no. 1 (August 25, 2022): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53037/na.v7i1.75.
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Urbanisation in Kathmandu Valley (KV), comprising the capital city Kathmandu, accelerated after the restoration of democracy in the 1990s, as the neoliberal economic policy adopted by the country opened doors for investments in infrastructure development. Urbanisation further accelerated during the Maoist insurgency and heightened after the conflict resolution in 2006 and since then, the country has gone through multiple (spatial, demographic, political, and economic) transitions. With better access to education, hospitals, jobs, businesses, politics, Kathmandu Valley attracts people from all over the country, resulting in the densification in the core cities and an uncontrolled urban sprawl thereby unplanned growth of built-up areas in the periphery. This paper, taking reference of Lalitpur Metropolitan City in the valley with a focus on Khokana (Ward 21) analyses (1) the trend of urbanisation in KV with a reference to urban growth and land use change and (2) examines the contradictions and contestations brought by the centrally planned development and constructional projects as part of the drivers of the urbanisation process in and around Khokana. We examine how the infrastructural imperatives and real estate boom is shifting the core to the periphery and the periphery again is transforming into a new core due to the expansion of capital and market. The planned infrastructural projects, additionally, have also increased the risk of delinking local communities from their land, which is the main cause of community dissatisfaction. We, therefore, conclude with the policy suggestion to ensure the participation of local people and prioritisation of urban development projects based on local needs to achieve a resilient tomorrow’s cities.
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Bhattarai, Bibek, and Bikram Singh Bhattarai. "Pervious Concrete for Urban Stormwater Management in Kathmandu Valley." Journal of Sustainability and Environmental Management 2, no. 4 (December 29, 2023): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/josem.v2i4.61021.
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Urban drainage difficulties have sparked debates and conflicts because of population growth and land use. Expanding urban infrastructure has led to an increase in impermeable zones, which prevent water from seeping into the ground and percolating. Rapid urbanization, population growth, and climate change have put strain on water management in Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC). Urban flooding is becoming more frequent, which has a negative impact on daily life and causes major damage. This study assesses the possibilities for controlling runoff volume through stormwater management in Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC). To counteract floods brought on by urbanization, pervious concrete, a substance that allows water to seep through floors or seams, is essential. Dosing strategies must be used, concentrating on aggregate content and water/cement ratio (water/cement (w/c)), to obtain acceptable traces. The purpose of this study is to evaluate permeable concrete's effectiveness as a flood-prevention alternative. A review of books, journals, monographic works, and standards is included as part of a bibliographical research project. The strengths of the previous concrete ranged from 2.8 to 28 MPa, according to data gathered after 28 days, falling within the normal range of ACI 522R:06 (2006) and below the normal range of 10 MPa. The porous concrete successfully percolated precipitated water in just a short period, demonstrating its potential as a successful substitute for flood prevention.
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Basnet, Laxman. "Forecast Models for Urban Dynamics (Kathmandu Valley)." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 6 (July 8, 2021): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38318.
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The climatic signature of global warming is both local and global. The forcing by increasing greenhouse gases is global, so there is clearly a global component to the climatic signature. Moreover, the damaging impacts of global warming are manifesting themselves around the world in the form of extreme weather events like storms, tornadoes, floods and droughts, all of which have been escalating in frequency and intensity. Furthermore, it is a well-known fact that there is high degree of uncertainty surrounding projections of basic climate variables, such as temperature and precipitation. However, numerous authors have explored many of these effects individually and have begun exploring the interactions between climate change-induced impacts in different sectors of urban activities. Therefore, it is safe to say that an attempt to conduct a definitive, comprehensive analysis of all the potential impacts of climate change on the urban structure is premature at present. This communication attempts to examine the trends in maximum monthly urban temperature fluctuations. Analysis reveals increasing trends in urban temperature fluctuations showing effect of Kathmandu industrializations. Forecast models also suggest future scenario with respect to occurrence of extreme temperature. The analysis carried out in this work would be useful for urban planners for sustainable future development, economists and environmentalists etc.
Let C be an urban complex (such as a city with its entire infrastructure) and UC the urban system associated with C. We shall consider UC = UC (PC, SC, EC) where, PC is the set of physical indicators like population, land, population density and infrastructure like developed and undeveloped areas etc. SC is the set of socio-economic factors and EC is the set of environmental indicators like pollution and climatic variability (land and sea surface temperature, frequency of hazards like cyclones etc.). All these sets are finite. The urban development can refer to both growth and decline. If we represent the growth of an urban complex by GC, then it will be the rate of increase of UC with respect to time so that GC = . G is thus a system resulting from the complex dynamical interactions of P, S, and E in a certain time interval. Furthermore, P, S, and E which are called generator functions or the complexity of the system U involve finite variables depending on time. On occasions these may be random making the situation complex. The urban growth G can be considered a system itself depending on P, S, and E. Thus, we can consider G = G (P, S, E). In the following we shall study the urban growth G in the perspective of the variability in P and E only so that G = G (P, E). We shall also study the interactions of P and E. The generator function P and E are themselves subsystems of the system G.
We begin by reviewing the global and local trends of urban growth and then separately study the components P and E of urban growth G. The component P of G corresponds to the physical growth of the urban complex C under consideration i.e. the growth of urban population and area. As a consequence of urban growth, a settlement comprising of small population limited to a small area can be gradually transformed into a town, city and megacity. The process usually gets impetus from the massive population movements from rural to urban areas. The urban growth phenomenon associated with a particular urban complex at first seems to be very local but in the perspective of international migrations, globalization of socio-economic activities and environmental issues like global warming, it simultaneously translates into global one. The component E of G corresponds to the environmental issues associated with an urban complex C. There are a number of issues requiring attention and those which are particularly related to climatic variability. Climatic variability may be natural or arising from natural causes or may be anthropogenic arising due to non-friendly attitude of humans towards environment. There are various strands of the study of the links between urban growth and climatic variability. But we restrict ourselves to the study of the temperature variations associated with urban mega-complexes. It is interesting to study the impact of these temperature variations on the urban population. In this regard we have given stress to the possibility of increase in the number of tropical cyclones which can create hazards in the coastal populations. This is why we have selected the mega-city of Kathmandu to study as a test case.
The following points are sufficient to gauge the importance of our selection.
As regards population and population density Kathmandu is among one of the top of the world
It has a very high population growth rate
Though it is considered to be a planned city but problems related to its unplanned part which consists of slums seems to overwhelm those of the planned part.
It is considered a city having a moderate climate as compared to the other parts of the country. But now spells of intense heat can be easily observed in the records of past few decades.
It is the economic hub of Nepal as it is Kingdom of Nepal.
The situation arising from the very high population growth rate and the increasing number of Kathmandu is clearly hazardous and it will be no exaggeration if we consider high level of population concentration pollution itself. We are of the opinion that the enhanced level of anthropogenic activities is increasing the environmental burden. So we shall stress upon (d) as well and will see that how the extreme temperatures are behaving and whether these extremes are under the influence of human activities or not.
In the perspective of Kathmandu the urban growth G will be a system G = G (P, S, E) with P, S and E as its subsystems where P = P (p (t), A (t)) and E = E (T1 (t), Tss (t)), p, A, Tl, Tss and t represent the population, area, land temperature, sea surface temperature and time respectively. The subsystem P can further be considered asP = Ps(p (t), A (t)) + Pus (p (t), A (t)) where Ps and Pus are the settled and unsettled parts respectively of an urban complex. P and E and in turn G can be considered as physical processes. The subsystem S because of its prime importance has worth for a separate study and will be considered somewhere else.
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Quincey, Duncan J., Paul Kay, John Wilkinson, Laura J. Carter, and Lee E. Brown. "High concentrations of pharmaceuticals emerging as a threat to Himalayan water sustainability." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29, no. 11 (January 8, 2022): 16749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18302-8.
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Abstract The sixth UN Sustainable Development Goal, Clean Water and Sanitation, directly underpins other goals of Health, Life in Water and Sustainable Cities. We highlight that poor sanitation, exemplified through some of the highest concentrations of pharmaceuticals ever detected in rivers, will amplify societal and environmental stress where climate-induced reductions in flow are predicted. Rapidly growing urban centres with inadequate water treatment works will need to prioritise water quality improvement before supply reductions become a reality. For 23 river locations within Kathmandu City and the Annapurna region, Nepal, we show the presence of 28 of 35 monitored human-use pharmaceuticals. Concentrations of antibiotics measured in this sampling campaign in both Kathmandu City (sulfamethazine, metronidazole and ciprofloxacin) and rural locations (ciprofloxacin) are in excess of predicted no effect concentrations, suggesting these sites are at risk of proliferating antimicrobial resistance as well as affecting other ecotoxicological endpoints. It is anticipated that climate-induced reductions in flow combined with contaminated river systems will amplify future societal and environmental stress.
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Shrestha, Shobha. "Cultural Practices and Environment along the Bishnumati River in Kathmandu." Geographical Journal of Nepal 7 (December 1, 2009): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gjn.v7i0.17443.
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The Bishnumati River is one of the major sources of water in Kathmandu city for domestic and agricultural uses. But the quality of the river environment has been degraded seriously since the last few years. This paper is an attempt to explore environmental condition along the Bishnumati River with specific focus on human activities, perception and institutional efforts in dealing with the river environment. Based on field observation, household survey, and key informant survey in eight segments along the river stretch from the city periphery to down town, the information acquired indicate that human activities related to environmentally sensitive phenomena were very much dominant in degrading the river environment. The local inhabitants were aware of the river environmental conservation. The local public agencies were however not seriousness in implementing the waste management activities, but instead they practiced environmentally sensitive activities at the riverbanks. Efforts at both local community and public agencies levels are most warranted to protect the Bishnumati river environment from further degradation. The Geographical Journal of Nepal, Vol. 7, 2009: 53-60
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Rai, Dipak Raj, Shwar Kumar Rai, and Rajan Rai. "Socio-economic Adjustment of Rural Migrants in an Urban Setting: A Study of Sampang Rai Migrants in Kathmandu, Nepal." Shanti Journal 2, no. 1 (April 6, 2023): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/shantij.v2i1.53735.
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This article explores the socio-economic adjustment of rural migrants in the cities of Kathmandu Valley. This study was conducted among Sampang Rai migrants and utilizes the network theory of migration. Information was gathered through questionnaire using KoBoToolbox, in-depth interviews, and observation in the study areas. Sampang Rais migrate to the Kathmandu Valley to get an education, find better work, experience city life, help their families, get medical treatment, and learn new skills. The already established and available networks facilitate the selection of migration destinations and socio-economic adjustment in Kathmandu Valley. Friends, families, earlier migrants, and institutions assisted migrants to adjust socially and economically in the destination areas by providing information, physical resources, material resources, and sociocultural support. Sampang Rai migrants also made efforts to diversify their livelihood, keep strong connections with friends and families, join religious communities, learn new skills, exchange labour and encourage one another while they go through the process of socio-economic adjustment.
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Kido, Anri, Naohiko Yamamoto, Masaya Masui, and Yasushi Takeuchi Takeuchi. "Study on formation of urban tissue in Bhaktapur in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Journal of Science and Engineering 1 (February 1, 2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsce.v1i0.22488.
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This paper makes a study of street patterns and organization of dwelling units of the historic city of Bhaktapur, a World Heritage Site in Kathmandu Valley. Spatial syntax is used to analyze the street patterns, which shows the western part of the city as structured along its main street while the eastern part more nucleated with squares as centers of the settlement. With this clue that suggests the development phase of Bhaktapur city, the patterns of dwelling clusters of the eastern part are studied. The study taking into account of specific settlement culture of Newars, the traditional inhabitants of the Valley, then makes a typological differentiation of the dwelling clusters that are also related to development phase of the settlement. The paper then studies the location of the shrine of Ganesa—an essential religious feature of the neighborhood. Further, user households of other community facilities, such as pati—the resting place, and hiti—the water fountain, are identified and the respective user community compared with respect to the neighborhood boundaries.
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KC, Saurav, Sangam Shrestha, Sarawut Ninsawat, and Somchai Chonwattana. "Predicting flood events in Kathmandu Metropolitan City under climate change and urbanisation." Journal of Environmental Management 281 (March 2021): 111894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111894.
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Pokharel, Sharmila. "Major Risk Factors Faced by Women During Pregnancy in Kathmandu Metropolitan City." Tribhuvan University Journal 35, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v35i1.35873.
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Giving birth to another person's life is not a minor matter. Pregnancy canals be a risky condition that can lead to death, while some die; some survive a short-lived battle of death happens. This study aimed to identify risk factors for female pregnancy and find out the major pregnancy problems faced by pregnant women. Forty six women who teach in the Faculty of Education in Kathmandu, Nepal were taken as a sample size. A descriptive quantitative method was used where a structured questionnaire was filled with their consent. IBM SPSS 20version was used for statistical analysis which calculated the risk estimates odd ratio and confidence interval at 95%; the only normal frequency was tabulated and analyzed. This study finds that many risk factors in the pregnancy period like; health problems, lack of adequate knowledge, lifestyle exposure, and age factors. Hence women should be accompanied by their partner and family and society and support them during pregnancy time.
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Nepal, Ratna Mani, and Om Kumari Ramtel. "Entrepreneurial Productivity of Single and Non Single Women of Kathmandu Metropolitan City." Management Dynamics 23, no. 1 (March 9, 2020): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/md.v23i1.35584.
Full textAbstract:
Despite that women’s socio-economic status is poor, there involvement in entrepreneurial development is low. Data shows that women’s participation in income generating activities and their access to property is quite unsatisfactory. Globally, only eight percent small scale-manufacturing units are owned and operated by women. Compared to the universal statistics, Nepal’s scenario is different because the country owns more than six lakhs small scale manufacturing units. In these units women’s participation is relatively higher. Certain ethnic community, especially the Newar and Tibeto–Burman highland groups such as the Sherpa, Gurung and Thakali, are known to have a long tradition of women being involved in small business enterprises. However, women’s ownership of these enterprises is extremely low. This study aims to examine the entrepreneurial status of single and non-single women who are engaged in entrepreneurial activities in Kathmandu Metropolitan city. It also analyzes the entrepreneurial productivity of the enterprises run by the women. In order to discuss the objectives, primary data was collected from field work. This study found that single women’s involvement in the small businesses was encouraging. The entrepreneurial productivity of the enterprises run by single-women was higher than non-single women.