Journal articles: 'Karbala'

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Fahad, Ali F., Hamid A. Al-Jameel, and Raid R. A. Al Muhanna. "Evaluating Urban Streets and Public Transportation in Karbala City Using GIS." E3S Web of Conferences 427 (2023): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342704009.

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Because of the privilege of the city of Karbala with its religious character, this city has become a destination for all visitors from all cities of the world; as a consequence, there are now more people living in Karbala, which has increased the number of vehicles on the road and, consequently, the amount of traffic congestion. In this study, the degrees of public transportation service in the city of Karbala as well as the urban road network, were assessed using GIS. The collected data include the number of nodes, links, and the total length of Karbala's urban road network using a GIS program and traffic composition (bus and minibus). Then, a set of coefficients for evaluating the urban road network was calculated) β- Index, α- Index, γ- Index, η- Index and GTP- Index), After determining the percentage of buses and minibusses, it became clear that public transportation in Karbala is very weak and needs development, as the percentage of buses and minibusses did not exceed 30% of the total traffic volume.

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Parkes, Aidan. "The Ashura Assemblage: Karbala’s Religious Urban Fabric and Reproduction of Collective Shiʿi Identity." Religions 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12100904.

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Assemblage theory complicates an already extensive literature on religious urbanity, cultural heritage, the social construction of space and the power of place. Nevertheless, the concept can be applied to social and religious history in locations such as West Asia. As this paper argues, avoiding dichotomous and politicised treatments of Karbala in dynamics of the Sunni–Shia divide and debates concerning the so-called “Karbala Paradigm”, the “Ashura Assemblage” demonstrates how space contributes to the reproduction of collective Shiʿi identity in Karbala. It outlines aspects of territoriality and sacralised Shiʿi rituals, tracing constantly recurring connections between various sacred spots, spaces and places of ritual. This study then illustrates how collective Shiʿi identity is mnemonically connected to Ashura-oriented spaces. This study utilises representational tools such as maps and diagrams to depict Karbala’s religious urban landscape. Ethnographic fieldwork and an array of primary and secondary source research uncover granularities in the Ashura Assemblage, suggesting a more prominent role for interpretive approaches to atomistic assemblages of urban religious spaces.

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Takim, Liyakat. "Reliving Karbala." American Journal of Islam and Society 26, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v26i3.1384.

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Most studies on the epic events in Karbala and the martyrdom in 680 ofHusayn, the Prophet’s grandson, have focused on the possible ramificationsof his sacrifice and the paradigmatic models that can be constructed fromthis event. Other studies have examined the various genres of Shi`i ritualsenacted to commemorate Husayn’s martyrdom. Akbar Hyder’s RelivingKarbala examines this death from very different perspectives.The author does not claim to provide a systematic exposition of the historicalevents or philosophy of Husayn’s martyrdom. He neither focuses onthe written texts of history nor presents a normative reading of Karbala.Rather, he transcends the traditional Shi`i-coded understanding by offeringa more trans-sectarian and trans-communal, as well as multiple readings, ofthis entire episode. The book also covers Karbala’s influence on the SouthAsian cultural and literary landscape, demonstrating, in the process, how thisnarrative is appropriated and lived in the contexts and memories of SouthAsian Muslims and non-Muslims at different times.Hyder uses a wide array of sources, ranging from classical Islamic textsto modern twentieth-century discourses and incorporates citations from Iqbal, Premchand, Gandhi, and others. The book opens a window on how variousinterpretive strategies can be utilized to read a seventh-century event and howthey can shape social milieus inhabited by more than a billion people ...

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Hyder, Syed Akbar. "Iqbal and Karbala." Cultural Dynamics 13, no. 3 (November 2001): 339–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/092137400101300305.

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Valjevac, Mina, and Mensur Valjevac. "KARBALA – A CRITICAL REVIEW." Zbornik radova 15, no. 15 (December 15, 2017): 193–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.51728/issn.2637-1480.2019.15.193.

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The peace treaty between hadrat Hasan and hadrat Muawiya brought peace to a new Islamic state. According to it, the authority was supposed to be given to hadrat Hasan after hadrat Muawiya, who could not name the commander of the faithful after himself. However, hadrat Muawiya did not adhere to the treaty, but introduced a hereditary monarchy and named his son Yazid as the heir to the throne. Hadrat Husain could not acknowledge him as the new caliph, since it would have presented a violation of the peace agreement. Thus, the Kufians offered to acknowledge hadrat Husain as the caliph. However, they betrayed him and left him to Yazid's army who carried out the massacre of the noble family (Ahlul-Bayt) of the Prophet of Allah (p.b.u.h.) in Karbala. On the other hand, the Prophet of Allah (p.b.u.h.) had clearly foreshadowed the establishment of a monarchy after the period of righteous caliphs, as well as the hadrat Husain’s death. This event at Karbala presents the confirmation of the value of the Day of Ashura, marked by the Prophet of Allah (p.b.u.h.) due to its specific exceptionality. Hadrat Husain was chosen on the chosen day for the chosen death, i.e. the death on the Allah's way (shahadah). Islamic scholars, such as Es-Sujuti and Ibn Taymiyyah, consider it completely justified to imprecate Yazid for the murder of hadrat Husain, the massacre on Ahli-Bayt, and the desecration of Medina and Makkah.

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ÇAKIR, Mumine. "Karbala Dirges of Kadimi." Journal of Turkish Studies Volume 7 Issue 1, no. 7 (2012): 705–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.3087.

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Jolivet-Levy, Catherine. "The horsemen of Karbala." Zograf, no. 33 (2009): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zog0933019j.

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This article analyzes a fresco from the ninth or tenth century preserved in a sepulchre church at Guzelyurt (ancient Karbala) in Cappadocia. Two officers of the Byzantine army, Leon, a skribon, who is buried there, and Michael, a turmarch, are depicted on horseback, in keeping with the iconographic scheme of representing holy horsemen. They are attacking an infantryman depicted between them. The infantryman has driven his dagger into the breast of Michael's horse. The text provides a historical background and an iconographic interpretation of the composition. It is a commemorative representation of two soldiers who probably died in battle. Compositions celebrating military activities and justifying the killings committed in war were of special importance in the region at a time when the military played a major role in defending the empire. .

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Preston, Travis. "The Road to Karbala." TDR/The Drama Review 48, no. 1 (March 2004): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105420404772990709.

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Rizvi, Sajjad H. "The Women of Karbala." American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i2.1628.

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This beautifully produced work provides a gendered reading of the centralityof the Karbala commemorations among Shi`i communities. There isa strong Persian(ate) bias in the selections (only two papers really deal withpractices in an Arab context). However, it represents the maturity of the stateof Shi`i studies, having moved beyond the sensationalism of political obsessionsfollowing the Iranian revolution of 1979 and the textually basedOrientalism of an earlier generation to considerations of actual practices,performances, understanding of texts, and enactments of doctrines. The Women of Karbala is a significant contribution to the study of Shi`iIslam in practice. Most of the papers are based on anthropological fieldworkin majoritarian communities. The collection could have benefited from somemore historical studies (there are two studies on the Qajar period), textualstudies, and examinations of Arab communities, as well as the increasingsignificance of the Shi`i diasporic communities in Europe and North America(one paper does nod in that direction). Another feature that would haveenhanced the collection would be to interpret Shi`i more widely. For example,there is one paper on Bohra practices but none on the Zaydis and recentdevelopments in the Yemeni highlands that have made Shi`i commemorationscritical junctures of conflict ...

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Abdul-Hussein Mahdi AL-SAKHANI, Mohsen. "THE IMPACT OF HOTEL SERVICES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL TOURISM: A FIELD STUDY ON A SAMPLE OF HOSPITALS IN KARBALA." International Journal of Humanities and Educational Research 05, no. 03 (June 1, 2023): 208–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2757-5403.20.13.

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This study aims to determine the impact of hotel services in the hospitals of the holy city of Karbala in the development of medical tourism. The current study relies on the descriptive analytical approach in order to achieve the goal of the study, a number of 400 survey forms were distributed to a random sample of patients in Karbala hospitals, of which only 382 were valid for analysis, at a rate of 95.5%. The data received was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 26, to arrive at the results of the study. The study concluded that there is a positive statistically significant effect between the quality of hotel services in Karbala city hospitals and the development of medical tourism in Karbala, and the quality of hotel services in hospitals contributes to increasing the number of arrivals to Karbala city. Based on the extracted results, a set of recommendations were developed, most notably, building an information base on Arab patients in particular who were previously dealt with to communicate with them and introduce them to the new services in Iraqi hospitals

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أبو رحيل, عبد الحسن مدفون, and مروه وسام عبد العالم. "Some hydrological characteristics of groundwater in Karbala governorate." Kufa Journal of Arts 1, no. 33 (November 14, 2017): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36317/kaj/2017/v1.i33.6034.

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The study of the hydrological characteristics of the groundwater in Karbala Governorate is of great importance to know the qualitative characteristics of the groundwater in the study area, including knowing the sources of groundwater feeding, which is one of the most important hydrological characteristics of the groundwater in Karbala Governorate, because through it the water penetrates through the soil section and reaches The groundwater level and also knowing whether the origin of the groundwater in Karbala governorate is marine or continental, and it has been shown through conducting equations that it is of continental origin.

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Fauzi, Ihsan Ali. "PARADIGMA KARBALA DAN PROTES POLITIK KAUM SYI`AH *." Dialog 34, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47655/dialog.v34i2.159.

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The Martyrdom of Husein in Karbala became cultural power for Syiah followers from any political and social groups, to protest what they considered as inequity. Why the Martyrdom of Husein was so important for Syiah followers? What is moral message behind his martyrdom so that it has been keeping and even developing until now? Some of modern Syiah followers utilize to protest against inequity. On the contrary, the opponents of Syiah also utilize the event for the opposite objectives. This article investigates why the martyrdom of Husain in Karbala so important and addresses the cultural and political effects of Karbala event from historical perspective.

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Ali, Aleeha Zahra. "Conjuring Karbala Online and Offline." Journal of Muslims in Europe 11, no. 1 (February 18, 2022): 124–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22117954-bja10050.

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Abstract Majlis sermons are a cornerstone of Shiʾa ritual, and the online growth of this practice, mostly as videos, poses challenges for majlis preachers and audiences. This article explores Dutch Shiʾas’ experiences of majalis ethnographically and considers how they vary online and offline. Practitioners seek experiences of authentication in majalis – meaningful, truthful, emotional and legitimising experiences. Majlis preachers aim to create experiences of authentication. This text considers how such experiences occur through registers of authentication, explored as re-memory, embodiment and discourse. These registers are employed by preachers of the majlis sermon and recognised by audiences to produce highly affective religious experiences. However, online contexts pose challenges as ways of eliciting registers of authentication shift. This article describes these shifts to explore the implications for Shiʾa practices.

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Mottahedeh, Negar. "Karbala Drag Kings and Queens." TDR/The Drama Review 49, no. 4 (December 2005): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105420405774762989.

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Aljaafari, Raad K. "New report of Mesostenus transfuga Gravenhorst, 1829 (Ichneumoni-dae - Hymenoptera) from Karbala Province in Iraq." Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences 9, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.59658/jkas.v9i2.970.

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Mesostenus transfuga Grav., 1829 is recorded first time in Karbala city about 100km south of Baghdad. The specimens assessed were from Karbala city. This parasitoid wasp is very imported as a bioagent against key pests. It is important to understand the diversity of beneficial insects in the area of study and how to keep them up

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Al-Janabi, Ayoob, Riyadh Al-Saadi, and Husam Alwan. "A Laboratory Watershed Model to Study the Effect of Rainfall Intensity and Soil Surface Slope on Surface Runoff Rate of Karbala Desert Soil." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 2E (November 30, 2023): 146–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2e.11ms-2023-11-16.

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Precipitation generating surface runoff is very important in various water resources development and management activities such as flood control and management, irrigation scheduling, irrigation design, and drainage networks. The aim of this study is to indicate the effect of rainfall intensity and soil surface slope on the surface runoff rate of Karbala desert soil. This study was conducted on the soil of the Karbala desert in Iraq, located between the provinces of Karbala and Najaf, extended from the longitude 32o44'186'' E and latitude 44o100'960''N. In this study, a laboratory watershed model was designed and constructed to be used to examine surface runoff of the Karbala desert soil and other hydrological properties, under the influence of different precipitation intensities (1.83 cm/min, 1.67 cm/min, 0.9 cm/min, and 0.64 cm/min) and different slopes of the soil surface (0.0 %, 2.0 %, 3.3 %, and 6.7 %). A Gene Expression Programming model was used to develop an equation of the surface runoff rate for the Karbala desert soil. The results showed that the rate of surface runoff increased with increasing rainfall intensity. The highest surface runoff rate of 101.53 cm/hr was obtained when the rainfall intensity was 1.83 cm/min, while at the rainfall intensity of 0.64 cm/min, the highest value of surface runoff rate of 31.17 cm/hr was obtained. The results also showed that the slope of the soil surface has a clear effect on the surface runoff rates. The highest value of surface runoff rate of 96.82 cm/hr was obtained when the slope of the soil surface was 0.0%, while at the slope of the soil surface of 6.7%, the highest value of surface runoff rate of 101.53 cm/hr was obtained. According to the simulation results, the surface runoff rate equation created using the Gene Expression Programming model did a great job of predicting the Karbala desert soil surface runoff, with a coefficient of determination R2 equal to 0.8812 for training and 0.8155 for testing.

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Chelkowski, Peter J. "From Karbala to New York City: Taziyeh on the Move." TDR/The Drama Review 49, no. 4 (December 2005): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105420405774762871.

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This collection of articles traces Taziyeh from its origins in Karbala in Iraq through its development as a serious dramatic form in Iran; its adaptation in Lebanon, India, and the Caribbean; and its debut on Western stages, culminating in a 2002 performance at Lincoln Center in New York City and a historic symposium at the Asia Society, where this issue got its start. Karbala and the relationship between Shiite and Sunnite Muslims, the origins of which are represented in the plays and rituals that commemorate the death of the Prophet Muhammad's grandson Hussein, have become major preoccupations of the Western media since the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003.An examination of Taziyeh reveals many of the historical, cultural, religious, and political paradigms that have made Karbala the touchstone for Shiite Muslims everywhere.

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Hussein, Ahmed Naji, Abolhasan Hosseini, Meysam Shirkhodai, and Bahareh Abedin. "Identifying the Development Trends of Tourism Marketing Based on Media Technology in Karbala tourism Offices." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, no. 9 (May 7, 2024): e6671. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n9-099.

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Objectives: The main objective of this study is to determine the modern trends of media and their impact on tourism marketing in the city of Karbala, specifically focusing on the role of tourism offices and companies. The study aims to assess the extent to which these media trends influence the operations and performance of tourism offices and companies, identifying both present and absent aspects. Methods: The study conducted interviews with 15 tourist offices, including managers, experts, and employees, and distributed questionnaires to gather data. The analysis relied on the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) system to identify the most important modern means of tourism marketing. Additionally, a field study was conducted to examine how tourism offices and companies utilize media in their interactions with customers. Results: The study found several key results: 1.Modern media trends have become integral to the operations and performance of tourism offices and companies in Karbala. 2.Social media emerged as the most prominent modern media trend in tourism marketing, surpassing other trends such as analyzing customized messages, creating content, implementing tourism marketing strategies, improving websites, collaborating with influencers, and virtual tourism. This highlights the significant role of modern media, particularly social media, in developing and marketing tourism content for Karbala. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study demonstrates the vital role of modern media, especially social media, in tourism marketing for the city of Karbala. The findings underscore the importance of leveraging these media trends to enhance the visibility and attractiveness of tourism offerings. By embracing modern media strategies, tourism offices and companies can effectively engage with customers and promote Karbala as a desirable tourist destination.

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Al-Musawi, Alaa Yousef, and Saad Issa Sarsam. "Assessment of Pedestrian Walking Speed Through the Religious Occasions in Iraq." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.01.01.

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The design of safe pedestrian facilities usually depends on the assessment of pedestrian characteristics and behavior. In this investigation, pedestrian walking speed through the religious occasion have been monitored at three locations, Al- Kadhimiya (Imam AL-Kadim), Najaf and Karbala (Imam AL-Husain) holy shrines. Video captures of the pedestrian through their walking to the two holy shrines have been prepared and analyzed for walking speed, gender, age groups, and clothing tradition. The pedestrian sample size is 468, 501, and 447 for Al- Kadhimiya, Karbala, and Najaf respectively. When the gender is taken into consideration, it can be noted that the walking speed of male and female pedestrian is (0.97, 1.68, and 1.63) and (0.82, 1.46, and 1.48) meter/second for Al- Kadhimiya, Karbala, and Najaf respectively. When the cloth tradition is considered, female pedestrian wearing Arabic style is slower than male by 9% for Karbala and Najaf and 3% for Al- Kadhimiya. On the other hand, when age groups are considered, the elder pedestrian is slower in walking by 6% regardless of the gender and location. It was recommended that the restricted walking path at Al- Kadhimiya could be improved to control the jam density of pedestrian and increase the walking speed to its standard limit.

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Kulisz, Abby. "Trauma Unending." Journal of Religion and Violence 5, no. 3 (2017): 274–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jrv20181543.

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This paper explores the ways communities reexperience traumatic events. Previous studies have made important contributions by observing that communities, in contrast to individuals, often use a traumatic event to construct their identity; and trauma is not always painful but sometimes desired. To further investigate these dimensions of traumatization, I focus on the performance of mātam or self-flagellation, which is practiced by a small minority of the world’s Shīʿī Muslim population on the Day of ʿĀshūrāʾ. For many Shīʿa, particularly Twelvers, Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī’s death at the battle of Karbala in 680 C.E. is a collectively traumatic event. Not only does Karbala embody a collective tragedy for Shīʿī Muslims, it defines and shapes their interpretation of history. During the practice of mātam, the mourner enacts the trauma of Karbala on one’s body, thus reliving and preserving the collective trauma.

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Sihotang, Asnani. "Ashura Ritual in Fadel Ilahi Eldimisky's Novel Muara Cinta." International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics (IJEAL) 1, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/ijeal.v1i2.1211.

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The purpose of the research is to elaborate on the Ashura Ritual in Karbala, Irak. The primer data are quotations taken from Fadel Ilahi Eldimisky's novel Muara Cinta. The research is qualitative research related to social problems. Damono in Wiyatmi (2008) states that sociology is an approach in literary studies that understands and evaluates literary works by considering social aspects. In the Indonesian Dictionary, rituals are defined as matters relating to procedures in religious ceremonies. Ashura ritual is done every ten of Muharram, the month of the Hijri lunar calendar. It is celebrated all over the world. In Karbala, Irak, the ritual has been performed by Shiah. The Ashura rituals found in Karbala are the ritual of beating the chest, hitting the back with a chain, and hurting the head and body. All the findings are analyzed in the discussion.

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Hameed, Zainab L., and Adnan A. Lahuf. "First Report of Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot on fig (Ficus carica L.) in Karbala Province, Iraq." Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences 9, no. 4 (December 3, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.59658/jkas.v9i4.1058.

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Fig is an important tree that is cultivated worldwide including Iraq. During a survey held in 2018 in orchards of Alhusaynia territory, Karbala Province, Iraq, an epidemic leaf spot disease affecting fig trees was observed. Based on morphological appearances and rDNA-ITS sequence analyses, the fungi caused this disease was recognized as Alternaria alternata. To our knowledge, this is the first record of A. alternata causing leaf spot disease on fig trees in Karbala, Iraq.

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Khudier, Nibras H. T., and Rajaa G. Abdalmoohsin. "First Report of Acrophialophora jodhpurensis Causing Root Rot and Seedling Damping-Off of Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) in Karbala Province, Iraq." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262, no. 3 (December 1, 2023): 032009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/3/032009.

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Abstract Pepper is an important vegetable crop in Iraq and worldwide. During a survey conducted in 2022 in Karbala Province, Iraq, an epidemic root rot disease affecting pepper plants was observed. Based on morphological appearances, pathogenicity assessment and rDNA-ITS sequence analyses, the fungal causing this disease was identified as Acrophialophora jodhpurensis (OQ102241.1). To best of our knowledge, this is the first record of A. jodhpurensis fungus causing root rot on pepper crop in Karbala, Iraq.

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Farhan, Sabeeh Lafta, Mohamed Gamal Abdelmonem, and Zuhair A. Nasar. "THE URBAN TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL CITY CENTRES: HOLY KARBALA AS A CASE STUDY." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 12, no. 3 (November 4, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1625.

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Karbala is one of the metropolitan cities in Iraq, its historic and religious centre has a long history, yet many of its buildings are under threat because of unclear conservation management due to urban transformation. The history of religious rituals and processions reflects an array of values, concepts and planning philosophy that has used the power of religion and holiness of the city as a source of homogeneity and integration. By looking at the mass-pilgrimage spatial practices to the Holy Shrines in Karbala city centre and the adaptation by its residents of their domestic neighbourhoods, this paper analyses the spatial conditions of the city and offers insights into a set of factors that have shaped its historical evolution and urban spaces. The paper is in three parts; first, it discusses the causes of the urban transformation in this holy city. Secondly, it documents a set of everyday practices and problems in Karbala city, focusing on the urban level (the traditional fabric), following the analytical method of the historic evolution of Karbala as a religious centre as well as the incompatibility of the modern development with the centre’s historical heritage. Thirdly, it analyses the transformation of the urban structure by discussing the characteristics of the historical centre and the role of legislation in urban transformation of traditional city centres.

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Strong, Cynthia A. "Book Review: The Women of Karbala." Missiology: An International Review 34, no. 4 (October 2006): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182960603400418.

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Ali Mohammed, Salah A., and Ali B. Mohsen ALwaaly. "Prevalence trichomonas tenax in Karbala Governorate." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1294 (September 2019): 062030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1294/6/062030.

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Barer, Michael R., Mohanad Mohsin Ahmed, Hassan Abood Nasirallah, Suhad Ahmed, and Ali Al-Zaag. "The CARA tuberculosis project in Karbala." Medicine, Conflict and Survival 29, no. 1 (March 2013): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2013.765187.

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Al Lami, F., A. Al Fatlawi, P. Bloland, A. Nawwar, A. Jetheer, H. Hantoosh, F. Radhi, et al. "Pattern of morbidity and mortality in Karbala hospitals during Ashura mass gathering at Karbala, Iraq, 2010." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 19, Supp. 2 (December 1, 2013): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2013.19.supp2.s13.

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Asri, Syamsul, Heddy Shry Ahimsa Putra, and Albertus Bagus Laksana. "Global Husaini; Identity Formation at Shrinescape." International Journal of Interreligious and Intercultural Studies 4, no. 1 (June 19, 2021): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32795/ijiis.vol4.iss1.2021.1269.

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Imam Husain`s martyrdom regains its global importance thanks to arbain walk, an annual inter-religious ziyarah event done by walking from Najaf to Karbala, along the route of which epic hospitality is being practiced for the comfort of Imam Husain`s devotee that coming from around the world. If Imam Husain`s martyrdom previously exist in revolutionary and spiritual imaginary of world leaders and mystics, arbain walk opens up a new path to convey Imam Husain`s legacy, in the sense that arbain walk reenact nonshi`i involvements in Karbala event thus make it as an arena for interreligious encounters. Those nonshi`i participated in 3 days walking from Najaf to Karbala are comprising of what I call global Husaini, emerge as the result of dynamic encounter in shrinescape of Imam Husain. Without this dynamics of shrinescape, global Husaini will be only a scattered presence of nonShi`is in communal pockets of Shi`i adherents around the world commemorating Imam Husain`s martyrdom.

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Hylén, Torsten. "Myth, Ritual, and the Early Development of Shiite Identity." Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 6, no. 3 (May 30, 2018): 300–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2212943x-00603004.

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Abstract The developing myth about the events at Karbala, as well as the image of al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī and the cult connected with him, were important factors in the shaping of early Shiite identity. In this article, I argue that some of the earliest traces of this process are found in the account of the Tawwābūn, or Penitents, events which took place in the years immediately following the death of al-Ḥusayn at Karbala in 60/680. Important elements of this story originate at least as early as the late first/early eighth century. In the story we see the image of al-Ḥusayn in process of transformation from that of someone merely human to someone ascribed traits that transcend the human. In the same course of events, the story of his death at Karbala is in process of being elevated from a tragic story to a myth with its associated rituals.

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النجم, عقيل, محمود بدر السميع, and آمال صالح الكعبي. "Spatial analysis of hepatitis A virus in Iraq for the period (2008-2013)." Kufa Journal of Arts 1, no. 28 (September 8, 2016): 63–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.36317/kaj/2016/v1.i28.6127.

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The study of the spatial distribution of disease infections and deaths in Iraq showed that there is a spatial variation in the prevalence rates between the governorates, as the highest prevalence rate was concentrated in central Iraq in Karbala Governorate. The prevalence of disease deaths in the governorates (Nineveh, Kirkuk, Diyala, Baghdad, Karbala, Basra), and the research also showed that the relationship between the geographical environment factors and the pathological factors controlled to some extent the temporal trends and the spatial distribution of the disease in the research area.

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Hussein, Sadeq H., and Hayder Hamed Blaw. "An Estimation of Dates Production Function in Karbala Governorate For The Agricultural Season 2020 (Al-jadual Al-gharby District A case Study)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 923, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/923/1/012070.

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Abstract This study aimed to detect the most important factor that affects dates production. About 108 questionary forms collecttted palm orchard farmers in Karbala to estimate the dates production function in Karbala governorate for the agricultural season 2021 (the district of Al-jadual Al-Gharby). The study distributed those formmmsss for about 10% of the total palm orchards in Al-jadual Al-Gharby district of the holy governorate of Karbala. The study used the method of ordinary Least squares (OLS) to estimate the mathematical model of the function. The results showed that the double Logarithmic function in terms of its estimation of the estimated Coefficients by one unit leads to a corresponding change in the produced quality of dates and the same direction by 0.188 0.808) % respectively, and that the capital variable is more in fluently in production than the work variable. As for the total production elasticity (the sum of the partial elasticities of the resources used), which represents returns to scale, it amounted to about (0.996), which indicates a decrease in the return to scale.

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Al-Kahafaji, Makki A. "337 Determining Suitable Chilling Conditions for Deciduous Fruit Trees in Iraq." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 501B—501. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.501b.

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This study was conducted during two season (1993-1994) to formulate a suitable mathematical model to determine optimal chilling conditions for deciduous fruit trees from different areas of Iraq (Baghdad, Diyala, Karbala, and Naynawa). A hygrothermograph was utilized to record the average chilling temperature: Baghdad (571), Diyala (874), Karbala (548), and Naynawa (1206). Temperature information gathered 1982-1994 from weather forecasting records also proved beneficial to our study. The model designed for this project was then used to measure optimal chilling conditions of deciduous fruit trees in 11 areas of Iraq: 1000-1200 h in northern areas (Douhook, Sulaymaniyah, Arbeel Naynawa); 700-800 h in the north central areas (Al-Taameen, Salah al din, Diyala), 500-600 h in the middle and south centeral areas (Baghdad, Karbala, Babil, Al-Najaf, Wasit), and 200 h in the southern areas (Al Qadissiyah, Thi-qar, Misan, Basrah). The chilling temeperature differences recorded in the central areas were due primairly to variations in water surface and plant coverage. Temperature proved to be the determining factor for chilling hours accumulations recorded during the growing seasons.

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Oleiwi Jasim, Abdul Razzaq, Noor Abdul Razzaq, Ali Thoulfikar A. Imeer, Rahem Mahdi Rahem, Abdul Amir H. Kadhum, and Ahmed A. Al-Amiery. "Epidemiological profile and diabetes control of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus patients in Karbala Governorate, Iraq." F1000Research 12 (April 17, 2023): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.126561.1.

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Background: Type1 Diabetes Mellitus is a common chronic diseases among children, and associated with morbidity, mortality, and enormous healthcare expenditures. Objectives; to estimate the prevalence, incidence, and describe the epidemiological characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus among children in Karbala governorate, Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among all children who attended the main DM center in Karbala Teaching Hospital for Children, Public Clinics, and Primary Health Care centers. Data was collected by structured questionnaire and biochemical and anthropometric measurements. The statistical analysis data entry was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results: Total number of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus patients aged 0-15 years in Karbala in 2015 was 199; making 44.66/1005. Fifty-four patients were newly diagnosed patients making an incidence of 12.11/1005. There was nearly equal distribution among both sexes. Most of the cases were from urban areas and most of the patients had a Family history of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetic ketoacidosis was reported in 16.8% of the patients. Only 31.6% of patients had HbA1c < 7%. Half of the patients had a history of admission to the hospital for diabetes. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the only independent variables significantly correlated with poor glycemic control were lack of Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose, irregular visits to the Diabetic Center, and positive family history of diabetes. Conclusion: Only one-third of T1DM children in Karbala city had controlled blood sugar. Lack of regular blood glucose monitoring and irregular contact with health care providers were the main determinants of uncontrolled blood sugar.

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Bareas, Ahmed Kadhim, and Ali Abdulhassan Abbas. "Measuring the Readiness of Administrative Leaders to Adopt the Servant Leadership Philosophy: Exploratory Study in Karbala University." International Business Research 10, no. 4 (March 3, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v10n4p1.

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The current study aims to discover the willingness of the leaderships in Karbala University to work by the servant leadership philosophy through the (226) employee points of view survey. Through a questionnaire (Dierendonck & Nuijten, 2011), it reached a group of conclusions; one of it was that there is a weakness in the readiness of Administrative Leaders to adopt servant leadership philosophy. The originality of this research is that the findings will help leaders in Karbala University to understand that they need to enhance their readiness to adopt servant leadership so that they can help their followers do their job effectively and efficiently.

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Natik Raheem, Noor. "A clinicopathological study of Pyogenic Granuloma." Mustansiria Dental Journal 18, no. 1 (July 10, 2023): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32828/mdj.v18i1.904.

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The aim of study: this study was done to assess the clinicopathological features including gender, age, and clinical variations of Twenty Two diagnosed oral pyogenic granuloma in Iraqi patients attended Al Hussein Teaching Medical Center, Karbala city Materials and Methods: A retrospective study for the twenty two cases (22) diagnosed as Pyogenic Granuloma was achieved, the submitted biopsies during a3 years period from January 2018 to March 2021 at Al Hussein Teaching Medical Center, Karbala Health Office, Iraqi Ministry of Health. Data for the following parameters were reported gender, age, site, and clinical presentation (size, base attachment, surface and color).

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Mjali, Ahmed, Haider Hasan Jaleel Al-Shammari, Nareen Tawfeeq Abbas, Zahraa Deheyaa Azeez, and Saja Khudhair Abbas. "Leukemia Epidemiology in Karbala province of Iraq." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care 4, no. 4 (August 12, 2019): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/apjcc.2019.4.4.135-139.

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Objective: Investigate epidemiology of leukemia in Karbala province of Iraq, compare and identify possible changes with other populations. Methods: This was retrospective descriptive study for more than 400 leukemia patients in Karbala province from November 2011 to May 2018 with evaluation of age, gender distribution, types distribution and frequency distribution types of leukemia according to age and gender.Result: About 402 patients with leukemia were retrospectively enrolled in this study at median age of 30 years. Males accounted for a higher proportion of leukemia patients, 58.2 % compared to 41.8% females, with a male to female ratio of nearly 1.4:1. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was the most prevalent in the study group, contributing 41% (median age 10 years), followed by chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) 24.1% (median age 42 years), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 19.2% (median age 36 years) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL) of less frequent type which contributed only 15.7% (median age 60 years). Conclusion: This is the first statistical study of leukemia in Karbala. It can be used as basic information to investigate epidemiological characteristics, to evaluate progress in recent years and to develop future leukemia strategies. More statistical leukemia analyses in Iraq are needed.

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Renta, Person Pesona. "TABOT Upacara Tradisi Masyarakat Pesisir Bengkulu." Sabda : Jurnal Kajian Kebudayaan 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/sabda.v6i1.13301.

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The traditional ceremony of Tabot in Bengkulu is basically to commemorate the suicide of Hassan and Hussein, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad as martyrs in the field of Karbala. Ceremony of Tabot in Bengkulu was brought by Muslims from India who were working to build the Port of Marlborough in the 17th century AD. Tabot laden with religious rituals, ranging from the preparation, implementation until the end of the ceremony. Tabot is also laden with religious symbols that contain the meaning within. Although not an original culture, Tabot in Bengkulu has become a tradition that does not conflict with the local culture, so that it can be accepted by the community. Ceremony of Tabot in Bengkulu is a tradition held annually by the family descendants of the Tabot from date 1 to date 10 Muharram in Hijri and ends with "Tabot tebuang" in Karbela at Padang Jati area, Bengkulu.

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Abutiheen. "CLIENTSâ SATISFACTION WITH REFERRAL SYSTEM IN KARBALA." American Journal of Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2014.216.222.

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Tawfiq, L. N. M., and A. K. Jabber. ""Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Karbala City"." Muthanna Journal of Pure Science 8, no. 1 (October 25, 2020): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52113/2/08.01.2021/40-48.

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"The aim of the paper is determine the groundwater quality depending on mathematical method for chemical analysis of groundwater to confining the suitability to multiple uses. The chemical analysis of groundwater for Karbala city depending on mathematical method is evaluated. Then used to find groundwater quality and suitability for multiple uses based on different chemical indices. The characterization of laboratory data has been contoured for the hydrogen ion concentration (PH), and the electrical conductivity (EC), and they are compared with WHO and Iraqi standards. Also, the contaminants parameters distributions of GW in the Karbala city have been evaluate the suitability of water. The evaluation based on the observed GW data of 91 unconfined wells represented the study area. Then, described the treatment of water based on Lewa Plus package gives details for the specific pump, motor power consumption as well as system power consumption. The estimated system capacity is about 96 m3 day with a recovery of 80%"

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Al-Anbari, Mohammad Ali, and Yusra Raad Ensaif. "LANDFILL SITE SELECTION IN KARBALA GOVERNORATE, IRAQ." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, no. 06 (December 1, 2018): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.2018.6.4.

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Albaroodi, Khansaa A. Ibrahim. "Pharmacists’ Knowledge Regarding Drug Disposal in Karbala." Pharmacy 7, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7020057.

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Background: Consumers and caregivers should remove expired, or unwanted, medications to minimize the chance for misuse or accidentally using those medicines. This study investigated pharmacists’ knowledge regarding drug disposal in Karbala, Iraq. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey among pharmacists in Karbala. It was performed from December 2018 until January 2019. A standardized, 12-item, self-administered questionnaire was designed, developed and validated to assess pharmacists’ knowledge when generating pharmaceutical waste in pharmacies. Results: One hundred twenty-nine participants enrolled in the study. The mean age of participants was 33 ± 9.3 years—more than two-thirds (65.9%)—agreed that the return of medications to the source would be appropriate drug disposal. A good proportion of participants agreed with disposing of drugs in the trash. Further, 63.6% believe that education is the main barrier opposing the implementation of a medicine–take–back program in Iraq. Conclusion: Pharmacists had relatively poor knowledge regarding drug disposal methods. Health care providers (not only pharmacists) need educational courses and workshops to improve their knowledge regarding medication disposal in Iraq.

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Khudhair, Hayder S., Hamid A. E. Al-Jameel, and Vladimir N. Konoplev. "INVESTIGATION OF TRAFFIC EFFICIENCY ON KARBALA ROADS." International Journal of Advanced Studies 14, no. 1 (March 29, 2024): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2227-930x-2024-14-1-251.

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In this article, we analyze the operation of the road network of the city of Karbala in Iraq, which is characterized by its religious and tourist character, and evaluate the effectiveness of the urban street network in it in order to identify the main steps that need to be taken to take measures to improve traffic efficiency and reduce delays. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the fact that it is the first of its kind, as far as we know, which addresses the problem of traffic efficiency in the city of Karbala as a whole, since the traffic density on the main transport axes in this city varies greatly during normal times and peak hours (morning and evening). The results of the analysis showed that some sectors operate in conditions of congested (stable) traffic (LOS F) in the morning and evening hours, and such sectors require immediate traffic management strategies. While the rest of the sectors are operating at or close to the same capacity (LOSE). Purpose - Analyzed the operation of the Karbala city road network in Iraq and evaluate its effectiveness to identify the main steps that need to be taken to improve traffic efficiency and reduce delays. Methodology. In this work, an experimental analytical methodology was used, in which data were collected, analyzed and compared with relevant information sources. Results. The categories of urban roads were determined based on the speed of free movement (FFS), and the level of service (LOS) is calculated for selected urban streets taking into account the average speed of traffic (ATS). Measurements of speed and travel time showed that traffic jams occurred on Fatima Al-Zahra Street, the second part of Ramadan Street and some sections of Al-Abbas Street in the morning. These areas require immediate traffic management strategies. In the evening, traffic jams were also observed on sections of Fatima Al-Zahra Street, part 2 of Al-Iskan Street and the first section of Ramadan Street. The decrease in traffic speed led to traffic jams on Al-Abbas, Al-Iskan Streets and some sections of Fatima Al-Zahra Street. Low FPS values indicate that the average speed of movement in these areas is low even with a small flow. Practical implications. It is recommended to apply the results obtained to the Traffic Management Department of the city of Karbala.

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K. alaarji, Khalid. "Risk factors of congenital anomalies in Karbala." AL-QADISIYAH MEDICAL JOURNAL 13, no. 24 (December 4, 2018): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.28922/qmj.2017.13.24.23-29.

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BACKGROUND; Congenital anomalies can be defined as structural or functional abnormalities present at birth. They are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Various risk factors have been identified as contributing factors to these defects. The objectives of the present study are to determine the frequency of different structural congenital anomalies and possible risk factors responsible for these anomalies. METHODS; This case - control study was carried out in the neonatal intensive care unit of Kerbala teaching hospital for children in Karbala / Iraq. The study was conducted over 18 month’s period from January 1, 2014 to May 31, 2015. All babies admitted to neonatal care unit with congenital anomalies during this period were included apart from neonate with suspicion of inborn error of metabolism and those with chromosomal abnormalities because there are no facilities for definite diagnosis of these diseases. Seventy seven newborns with congenital anomalies included in this study, males 47(61.04%) and females 30 (38.96%) and 100 newborn without congenital anomalies, male 59 (59%) and female 41 (41%), selected randomly as a control. The statistical method which used to signify the risk factors is relative risk (RR). [RR = 1 no effect, RR > 1 is a risk factor, and RR < 1 is protective] RESULTS; In present study, the congenital anomalies related to the cardiovascular system (CVS) were the most common 33(42.86%). Males 47(61.04%) were more commonly affected than females 30 (38.96%). Cases of congenital anomaly were found in 60 (77.92%) of multiparas, whereas 17 (22.08%) in primiparas. It has been seen that 45 (58.44%) of the mothers were 20 - 30 years old, 15 (19.48%) of the mothers were between 30 - 40 years old, and 6 (7.79%) of the mothers were over the 40 years old. In the present study, 54 (70.13%) mothers of babies delivered with congenital anomalies had a history of consanguinity. Also, 6 (7.79%) mothers of babies delivered with congenital anomalies had a history of diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION; The congenital anomalies were cardiovascular system (CVS) 33(42.86%), gastrointestinal system 25 (32.47%), and central nervous system 14 (18.18%). The main risk factors were consanguinity and maternal diabetes.

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Musa, Hala Hussein, Aseel Mezher Hussein, Ammar N. Hanoon, Mahir M. Hason, and Ali A. Abdulhameed. "Phases of Urban Development Impact on the Assessment of Thermal Comfort: A Comparative Environmental Study." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 951–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-05-08.

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Millions of pilgrims and visitors from numerous parts of the world flock to Karbala (one of the most prominent ideological and religious places in central Iraq) each year to visit the holy shrines in Karbala due to their sanctity. Many improvements have been made to the Two Holy Shrines (THS), the Shrines of Imam Husayn and Imam Abbas, and the area between them (ATHS), due to the high temperatures in this region and to improve pedestrian thermal comfort. Studies on improving outdoor thermal comfort in Karbala are scarce. Hence, this research aims to look into historical and current architectural changes and how they affect thermal comfort. On the hottest summer day, the ENVI-met software program was used to simulate the building design and calculate the impact of vegetation on outdoor thermal comfort. According to the findings, trees of medium-density in a compacted arrangement should be used nearby built-up structures in newly planned urban regions. In existing urban plots, the best approach is to use free blank areas (e.g. car parks) to set trees of medium-density, as well as plant along large pedestrian and driving routes. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-05-08 Full Text: PDF

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Ali, Luma Hakim, and Maher AL-Quraishi. "Diagnosis of <em>Moniezia expansa</em> in Babylon and Karbala butchery's sheep." Multidisciplinary Science Journal 6, no. 8 (February 17, 2024): 2024147. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2024147.

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Moniezia expansa is a prevalent species of tapeworm that poses potential health risks to sheep and other ruminant animals. Its distribution is global, including regions such as Babylon and Karbala. The diagnosis of Moniezia expansa in sheep processed through butcheries and abattoirs in these areas typically follows a structured approach. A crucial aspect of the diagnostic process involves postmortem examination, where butchers and inspectors meticulously inspect the sheep's intestines. The small intestines, particularly the jejunum and ileum, often serve as habitats for Moniezia expansa tapeworms. During visual inspection, professionals identify the presence of adult tapeworms or their segments. Subsequently, the identified tapeworm segments undergo specific identification procedures. Typical Moniezia expansa segments exhibit a flat and rectangular shape, often appearing broader than their length and extending several centimeters. Between March 2020 and February 2021, 266 random samples of small intestines were collected from sheep slaughtered in Babylon and Karbala butcheries. The study results indicate that the parasite had a widespread presence in both regions, with infection rates of 30.45% (37.78%, 28.47%) for Babylon and Karbala, respectively. The highest infection rate, reaching 48.71%, was observed during the summer season, particularly in July.

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Mjali, Ahmed, Abdulrazzak Kalaf Hassan, Hassan Ali Abood Nassrullah, Alaa Othman Sedeeq, Nareen Tawfeeq Abbas, Haider Hasan Jaleel Al-Shammari, Afnan Fouad Alwakeel, and Bahaa Mjali. "Pattern of Head and Neck Cancers in Karbala Province of Iraq: Data from Developing Country." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care 8, no. 4 (October 21, 2023): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/apjcc.2023.8.4.703-708.

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Background: Head and neck cancers (HNCs) patterns vary worldwide in relation to demographic and environmental factors. Objective: The aim of our study was to investigate the pattern of HNCs in Karbala province of Iraq, compare and identify possible changes with other populations.Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was carried out at Al-Hussein Cancer Center in Karbala, Iraq, on 302 patients diagnosed with HNCs between January 2012 and December 2021 with evaluation of age, gender distribution and sites of cancers.Results: Among total 302 patients, median age was 58 years. Males accounted for a higher proportion of patients, (67.55%) were males and (32.45%) were females, with an M:F ratio of 2.08:1. Larynx was the most affected site among our patients contributing (28.48%) followed by nasopharynx (28.14%), lip & oral cavity (14.57%), salivary glands (11.59%), oropharynx (8.28%), paranasal sinuses (5.30%) and hypopharynx (3.64%). The most frequent site of HNCs in males was larynx, while the most frequent site in females was nasopharynx. Conclusion: This is the first statistical study of HNCs in Karbala province of Iraq. It can be used as basic information to investigate epidemiological characteristics, to evaluate progress in recent years and to develop treatment strategies.

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Hameed, Zeinab L., Adnan A. Lahuf, Mundher T. Jasim, Hassan M. Mohsen, Bahaa J. Kadim, Sara A. Saleh, and Asmaa F. Mohamed. "First Report of Alternaria Alternata Causing Brown Leaf Spot on Apricot (Prunus Armeniaca) in Karbala Province of Iraq." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 910, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/910/1/012080.

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Abstract During a survey in season 018, leaf spot symptoms were commonly observed on apricot (Prunus armeniaca) trees in the orchards of Al-Hussainiya district in Karbala Province of Iraq. The symptomatic leaves were gathered, the associated fungus was isolated and characterized relied on its morphological features and ITS-rDNA sequencing. The causative factor was found to be the fungus Alternaria alternata that caused distinguishable leaf spot symptoms on the inoculated leaves of apricot. Based on a review of previous references relatedof this disease in Iraq, this is the first report of the brown leaf spot disease caused by A. alternata in Karbala province of Iraq.

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Lami, Faris, Inam Hameed, and Ali Arbaji. "Assessment of Temporary Community-Based Health Care Facilities During Arbaeenia Mass Gathering at Karbala, Iraq: Cross-Sectional Survey Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 5, no. 4 (October 4, 2019): e10905. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/10905.

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Background Arbaeenia mass gathering (MG) in Karbala, Iraq, is becoming one of the largest MGs in the world. The health care infrastructure in Iraq is inadequately prepared to serve the health needs of the millions of pilgrims. Objective This study aimed to describe the temporary health care facilities installed and run by the local community to provide health care services to Arbaeenia pilgrims in Karbala, Iraq. Methods A survey was conducted in all community-based health care facilities located along part of Najaf to Karbala road within Karbala governorate. A structured questionnaire was answered through an interview with the workers and direct observation. Data were collected on staff profile, type of services provided, use of basic infection control measures, medical equipment, drugs and supplies, and the most commonly encountered medical problems. Results The total number of health care facilities was 120, staffed by 659 workers. Only 18 (15.0%, 18/120) facilities were licensed, and 44.1% (53/120) of the workers were health professionals. The health care workers provided different services including dispensing drugs (370/1692, 21.87%), measuring blood pressure and blood sugar (350/1692, 20.69%), and caring for wounds and injuries (319/1692, 18.85%). Around 97% (116/120) health facilities provided services for musculoskeletal disorders and only 16.7% (20/120) provided services for injuries. The drugs available in the clinic were analgesics, drugs for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases, and antibiotics, with an availability range of 13.3% to 100.0%. Infection control practices for individual protection, environmental sanitation, and medical waste disposal were available in a range of 18.1% to 100.0%. Conclusions Community-based health care facilities experienced a profound shortage of trained human resources and medical supplies. They can significantly contribute to health services if they are adequately equipped and follow standardized operation procedures.

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Jamil, Ammar. "The Impact of Total Quality Management on Improving Institutional Performance: A field study in the General Directorate of Education at the Holy Karbala Governorate." Al Kut Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences 15, no. 48 (September 22, 2023): 657–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29124/kjeas.1548.30.

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The study aims to improve the role of organizations by focusing on the principles of Total Quality Management (TQM) as one of the most effective methods for establishing institutional performance. In this research, a descriptive approach is used to express the variables of total quality management. It is represented by focusing on customer auditors, employee needs, staff improvement of operations, administrative needs for competition and institutional performance. The research is based on the opinions of The research sample consisted of 100 people employees in the General Directorate of Education at the Holy Karbala. The research problem was identified in answering the following questions: What is the impact of total quality on the institutional performance in the General Directorate of Education in The Holy Karbala? Is there an effect of the employees' needs as a dimension of the overall quality dimension on the institutional performance in the General Directorate of Education at Holy Karbala? The research aims to achieve several objectives. It aims to identify the impact of employees’ needs on the institutional performance in the General Directorate of Education at Holy Karbala, to identify the influence of governmental and technological needs on the institutional performance, and to identify the impact of work focus on institutional performance. The study depend on the five-point of Likert scale in designing the questionnaire. Statistical methods such as correlation coefficient are used to determine the relationship between variables and extract as standard deviation, the arithmetic mean, and others. The equations are extracted by using the computer program (SPSS, V, 22). The research presents a set of conclusions that confirmed that TQM has a positive link and impact on the institutional performance in governmental organizations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Karbala'

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