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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Smith, Robert J. "Geophysics in Australian mineral exploration." GEOPHYSICS 50, no. 12 (December 1985): 2637–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1441888.

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I review a variety of recent case histories illustrating the application of geophysics in mineral exploration in Australia. Geophysics is now an integral part of most programs. Examples are given of contributions by geophysics to all stages of mineral exploration, from regional area selection through to mine planning and development. Specific case histories summarized are as follows: (a) Olympic Dam copper‐uranium‐gold deposit, discovered using a conceptual genetic model and regional geophysical data; (b) Ellendale diamondiferous kimberlites, illustrating the use of low level, detailed airborne magnetics; (c) Ranger uranium orebodies, discovered by detailed airborne radiometric surveys; (d) geologic mapping near Mary Kathleen with color displays of airborne radiometric data; (e) mapping of lignite in basement depressions of the Bremer Basin, near Esperance, with INPUT; (f) White Leads, a lead‐zinc sulfide deposit discovered with induced polarization (IP) and TEM, near Broken Hill; (g) Hellyer, a lead‐zinc‐silver‐gold deposit discovered with UTEM; (h) application of geophysical logging near Kanmantoo; (i) Cowla Peak, a subbituminous steaming coal deposit mapped with ground TEM; and (j) Cook Colliery, where high‐resolution seismic reflection methods have successfully increased the workable reserves.

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2

Oliver, N. H. S., G. M. Dipple, I. Cartwright, and J. Schiller. "Fluid flow and metasomatism in the genesis of the amphibolites-facies, pelite-hosted Kanmantoo copper deposit, South Australia." American Journal of Science 298, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 181–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.298.3.181.

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3

Hanneson, James E., and Callum N. Baxter. "Discovery of the Havieron Gold-Copper deposit, WA." Preview 2022, no. 219 (July 4, 2022): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14432471.2022.2103941.

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4

Bjorlykke, Arne, Ragnar Hagen, and Krister Soderholm. "Bidjovagge copper-gold deposit in Finnmark, Northern Norway." Economic Geology 82, no. 8 (December 1, 1987): 2059–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.82.8.2059.

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5

Lavrik, Natalya, Natalya Litvinova, Tatyana Aleksandrova, Valentina Stepanova, and Alexandra Lavrik. "Platinum mineralization comparative characteristics of the some Far East deposits." E3S Web of Conferences 56 (2018): 04017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185604017.

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In this article shown platinum mineralization comparative characteristics for three deposits: Kondoer-traditional unique deposit and other two probably alternative source of platinum: the Poperechnoe ironmanganese deposit and the Malmyzh copper-porphyry deposit. Platinoids of the Kondoer deposit are the chain Pt>>Ir>Os>Ru=Rh>Pd. The presences of platinum crystals are characteristic, there are over 50 rare and new platinoids minerals in different combinations. There are gold and silver. Platinoids from the iron-manganese ore of Poperechnoe are as Pt>>Rh≈Ir>Ru≈Os>Pd. A scattered dissemination of arsenide sulfate and sulfides of Rh, Ir, Ru, Os are noted in the platinum. Palladium is present as impurities in gold and platinum. The gold content is different-with admixtures Ag, Pb, Cd, Fe. At this stage the platinoids content in oxidized ores of the Malmyzh gold-copper porphyry deposit is Pt ≈ Pd. The gold is present as electrum. There is native silver cadmium.

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6

Idrus, Arifudin. "Halogen Chemistry of Hydrothermal Micas: a Possible Geochemical Tool in Vectoring to Ore for Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24273/jgeet.2018.3.01.1022.

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Porphyry copper-gold deposit commonly exhibits an extensive alteration zone of hydrothermal micas particularly biotite and sericite. This study is aimed to analyze and utilize the chemistry of halogen fluorine and chlorine of biotite and sericite to be a possible tool in vectoring to ore for copper porphyry deposits. To achieve the objectives, several selected altered rock samples were taken crossing the Batu Hijau copper-gold mine from inner to outer of the deposit, and hydrothermal micas contained by the rocks were analyzed petrographically and chemically. Mineral chemistry was detected by electron microprobe analyzer, whilst biotite is petrographically classified as either magmatic or hydrothermal types. Sericite replacing plagioclase occurred as fine-grained mineral and predominantly associated with argillic-related alteration types. Biotites in the Batu Hijau deposit are classified as phlogopite with a relatively low mole fraction magnesium (XMg) (~0.75) compared to the “typical” copper porphyry deposit (~0.82). The relationship between the XMg and halogen contents are generally consistent with “Fe-F and Mg-Cl avoidance rules”. F content in biotite and sericite decrease systematically from inner part of the deposit which is represented by early biotite (potassic) zone where the main copper-gold hosted, to the outer part of the deposit. However, chlorine in both biotite and sericite from each of the alteration zones shows a relative similar concentration, which suggests that it is not suitable to be used in identification of the alteration zones associated with strong copper-gold mineralization. H2O content of the biotite and sericite also exhibits a systematic increase outward which may also provide a possible geochemical vector to ore for the copper porphyry deposits. This is well correlated with fluorine content of biotite in rocks and bulk concentration of copper from the corresponding rocks.

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7

Stepanov, V. A., V. Ye Kungurova, and I. A. Koidan. "Металлогения Камчатского срединного массива." Bulletin of the North-East Science Center, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.34078/1814-0998-2020-4-39-54.

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The article describes the ore bearance of three stages of reflected activation of the Kamchatka middle massif: Late Cretaceous, Eocene, and Miocene. In the first stage, gold mineralization of the gold-quartz and gold-sulfide-quartz formations was formed; in the second - sulfide platinoid-copper-nickel; in the third - gold-copper-molybdenum-porphyry. The relationship of gold, sulfide platinoid-copper-nickel and gold-copper-molybdenum-porphyry mineralization with certain igneous rock complexes - (Kola, Dukuk and Lavkin) is shown. The mining of nickel, copper from the Shanuch deposit and gold from placers has been noted.

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8

Liu, Zhongfa, Yongjun Shao, Haodi Zhou, Nan Liu, Kuanxin Huang, Qingquan Liu, Jiandong Zhang, and Cheng Wang. "Major and Trace Element Geochemistry of Pyrite and Pyrrhotite from Stratiform and Lamellar Orebodies: Implications for the Ore Genesis of the Dongguashan Copper (Gold) Deposit, Eastern China." Minerals 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8090380.

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The Dongguashan copper (gold) deposit in Anhui Province is one of the largest copper (gold) deposits in the Tongling ore district, which is the most important region in the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt, Eastern China. Stratiform and lamellar orebodies are the major deposit types. Pyrite and pyrrhotite from the stratiform deposit type (Py I, Po I) and lamellar deposit type (Py II, Po II) are investigated using Electron-probe Microanalyses (EPMA) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Py I, Py II, Po I and Po II have high contents of Cu, Co, Au and Se, low contents of As, Pb and Zn, with Co/Ni ratios of 0.50−48.00, 4.00−45.00, 1.55−14.45 and 1.02−1.36, respectively, most of which are greater than 1 and vary widely; these characteristics are consistent with those of pyrite with a magmatic–hydrothermal origin. The higher Au/Ag and Fe/(S + As) ratios of pyrite and crystallization temperatures (286–387 °C) of hexagonal pyrrhotite indicate that the mineralization occurrs in environments with medium- to high-temperatures, high sulfur fugacity and medium-shallow depths. Therefore, we suggest that the Dongguashan copper (gold) deposit is a stratabound skarn-type ore deposit associated with magma intrusion activity during the Yanshanian Period.

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9

Vella, Lisa, and Michael Cawood. "Geophysical Characteristics of the Carrapateena Iron-Oxide Copper-Gold Deposit." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2012, no. 1 (December 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2012ab160.

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10

Jannas, Raymond R., Richard E. Beane, Bruce A. Ahler, and David R. Brosnahan. "Gold and copper mineralization at the El Indio deposit, Chile." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 36, no. 1-3 (February 1990): 233–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(90)90057-h.

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11

Meldrum, Simon J., Romeo S. Aquino, Rene I. Gonzales, Robert J. Burke, Artha Suyadi, Bambang Irianto, and Donald S. Clarke. "The Batu Hijau porphyry copper-gold deposit, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 50, no. 1-3 (March 1994): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(94)90025-6.

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12

Lang, Xing Hai, Ju Xing Tang, and Fu Wei Xie. "Geological Characteristics and Exploration Potential of the NO.III Deposit in the Xiongcun District, Tibet, China." Advanced Materials Research 868 (December 2013): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.868.217.

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The Xiongcun district is located along the south margin of the Gangdese porphyry copper belt, approximately 53 km west of the Xigaze. No.III deposit is a newly discovered porphyry copper-gold deposit in the Xiongcun district. This paper first reports geological characteristics and exploration potential of No.III deposit. No.III deposit is hosted by Early Jurassic hornblende quartz diorite porphyry. Pervasive alteration is dominated by a well-mineralized potassic alteration. Major ore-bearing vein types include quartz-sulfide and chlorite-sulfide veins. Drilling holes and geochemical anomaly indicated the No.III deposit has excellent potential for exploration.

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13

Goodman, S., A. E. Williams-Jones, and P. Carles. "STRUCTURAL CONTROLS ON THE ARCHEAN TROILUS GOLD-COPPER DEPOSIT, QUEBEC, CANADA." Economic Geology 100, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/100.3.577.

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14

Goodman, S., A. E. Williams-Jones, and P. Carles. "STRUCTURAL CONTROLS ON THE ARCHEAN TROILUS GOLD-COPPER DEPOSIT, QUEBEC, CANADA." Economic Geology 100, no. 3 (May 2005): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.100.3.577.

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15

Samarakoon, Nishika, Sanjeewa P. K. Malaviarachchi, Atula Senaratne, and Athula Wijayasinghe. "Gold occurrences in copper-magnetite-apatite deposit at Seruwila, Sri Lanka." Ore and Energy Resource Geology 8 (September 2021): 100014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oreoa.2021.100014.

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16

Vella, L., and D. Emerson. "Carrapateena: physical properties of a new iron-oxide copper-gold deposit." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2009, no. 1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2009ab086.

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17

Alderton, D. H. M., and T. Serafimovski. "The geology and genesis of the Plavica copper–gold deposit, Macedonia." Applied Earth Science 116, no. 2 (June 2007): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174327507x167073.

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18

Guirou, Adouley. "Petrophysical Characterisation of South East Dome Copper Gold Deposit, Northwest Zambia." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2018, no. 1 (December 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2018abp079.

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19

Nilsen, Kjell S., and Arne Bjørlykke. "Geological setting of the Bidjovagge gold-copper deposit, Finnmark, northern Norway." Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 113, no. 1 (March 15, 1991): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035899109453816.

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20

McInnes, Brent I. A., Jannene S. McBride, Noreen J. Evans, David D. Lambert, and Anita S. Andrew. "Osmium Isotope Constraints on Ore Metal Recycling in Subduction Zones." Science 286, no. 5439 (October 15, 1999): 512–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5439.512.

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Veined peridotite xenoliths from the mantle beneath the giant Ladolam gold deposit on Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea, are 2 to 800 times more enriched in copper, gold, platinum, and palladium than surrounding depleted arc mantle. Gold ores have osmium isotope compositions similar to those of the underlying subduction-modified mantle peridotite source region, indicating that the primary origin of the metals was the mantle. Because the mantle is relatively depleted in gold, copper, and palladium, tectonic processes that enhance the advective transport and concentration of these fluid soluble metals may be a prerequisite for generating porphyry-epithermal copper-gold deposits.

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21

Mamonov, Sergei. "Technological characteristics of sulfide-magnetite ore washability at the magnetite skarn Peschanskoe deposit." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal, no. 4 (June 25, 2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2021-4-45-56.

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Introduction. In the magnetite lime-skarn Peschanskoe deposit, the Zapadno-Peschanskaya ore deposit is distinguished, which differs from other ore bodies by an increased content of copper and precious metals. Due to the fact that the technology of processing magnetite ores of the Peschanskoe deposit at the enterprise of the subsurface user is configured to receive only iron concentrate, the development of a comprehensive technology for processing sulfide-magnetite ores is an urgent task. Research aim is to study the material composition and sulfide-magnetite ore concentration of the ZapadnoPeschanskaya ore deposit and to develop a comprehensive technology for its processing. The technology should ensure gold-containing, copper and iron concentrates production. Research methods consisted in studying the material composition of sulfide-magnetite ore by means of quantitative chemical analysis using Arcos emission spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma, Solaar atomic absorption spectrometer, CS-800sulfur analyzer, Titration Excellence T-70 automatic titration system, and Specord 250 Plus scanning spectrophotometer; chemical phase analysis for the forms of iron, copper, gold, silver and sulfur compounds; mineralogical analysis using the Axio Imager A1m optical microscope and Mineral C7 automated analyzer. Technological research was carried out by various concentration methods: X-ray radiometric separation on the SRF1-100L separator; dry magnetic separation on the PBS-90/25 magnetic separator; gravity on the KC-MD3 centrifugal concentrator and the SKL-0.2 concentration table; flotation on the FMP-L series flotation machines; wet magnetic separation on the electromagnetic separator EBM-32/20. Scope of results. The present research result can be used at complex sulfide-magnetite ores processing. Conclusions. The results of the material composition research and technological properties of the sulfidemagnetite ore of the Zapadno-Peschanskaya deposit of the Peschanskoe skarnovo-magnetite deposit are presented. It is established that the researched ore can be efficiently processed using a complex gravityflotation-magnetic technology, which allows to obtain: gravity gold-containing concentrate with a mass fraction of gold of 50 g/t at recovery of 27%; copper concentrate with a mass fraction of 23.71%, gold – 18.9 g/t and silver – 60.0 g/t when extracted, respectively, 93.6%, 42.9% and 54.6%; magnetite concentrate with a mass fraction of iron 66.5%, sulfur 0.7% with the recovery of total iron 76.6%.

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22

Liu, Yunhua, Yixiao Han, Zhen Li, Xuanxue Mo, Yu Huang, and Yuntao Li. "Geological characteristics, deposit type, and metallogenic epoch of the Katebasu gold-copper deposit in western Tianshan." Geological Journal 53 (December 28, 2017): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.3096.

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23

Yang, Xiao-Yong, Kuiren Wang, Xue-Ming Yang, and Liguang Sun Hefei. "Characteristics of mineralization and gold occurrence in Shaxi porphyry copper–gold deposit, central Anhui, China." Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 177, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 293–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0077-7757/2002/0177-0293.

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24

Zhou, Xiong, Yu Zhou, and Yi Zhang. "Further Studies of Ore-Forming Fluid Sources of Bangpu Molybdenum-Copper Polymetallic Deposit, Tibet." Advanced Materials Research 746 (August 2013): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.473.

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Bangpu molybdenum-copper polymetallic deposit is located in the eastern section of the Gangdese Porphyry Copper Belt of Tibet. It is a typical large porphyry molybdenum copper polymetallic deposit. The isotope study of fluid inclusions H and O in the quartz (calcite) of various mineralization stages shows that, the ore-forming fluid comes mainly from meteoric hydrothermal caused by atmospheric precipitation, which has consistency with ore-forming fluid sources of Gangdese Porphyry Copper Belt. The Mo-Cu phase with low δD value (-140.5 ~ -104.0 ) suggests a large-scale magmatic degassing. The alteration and mineralization have been caused precisely by the degassing, and the obvious O isotope drift occurred being accompanied by alteration-mineralization, so that the fluid has a low δ18O (vary from 5.50 to 9.0 ). The statistical research indicates that, the massive magmatic degassing occurred in Gangdese Porphyry Copper Belt, and was gradually increased from east to west, suggesting the direct impact of the magmatic degassing on the formation of the porphyry copper-gold deposit and molybdenum copper deposit: the stronger the magmatic degassing, the more easily to form the molybdenum-based porphyry deposit, otherwise it will be formed the deposits dominated by Cu and Au.

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25

Mansurov, M. I., B. H. Galandarov, U. I. Karimli, and A. I. Huseynov. "Distribution of Gold and Associated Ore-Bearing Elements in Gold-Copper-Pyrite Ores of the Kyzylbulag Deposit (Lesser Caucasus, Azerbaijan)." UNIVERSITY NEWS. NORTH-CAUCASIAN REGION. NATURAL SCIENCES SERIES, no. 3 (207) (October 2, 2020): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1026-2237-2020-3-51-59.

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The article presents the results of studies of the distribution of gold and associated ore elements in gold-copper pyrite ores of the Kyzylbulag deposit. It was established that the elemental composition of ores and host rocks of the deposit includes Cu, Pb, Au, Ag, Ni, As, Sb, Bi, and Mo, of which Au, Cu, Ag, and Zn are the more stable. The behavior of elements was also studied for the entire ore body, as a result of which they are divided by cluster analysis at R (5 %) - 0.1 into two groups: 1) Au, Cu and Ag; 2) Pb and Zn. The closest relationship in the first group was found between Au and Cu, Au and Ag, Ag and Cu; and in the second, between Pb and Zn. Acquired results confirm that gold and the copper are the major components of ore in the field expressed generally in the mineral paragenesis of chalcopyrite - native gold shown in the independent hydrothermal stage of ore deposition.

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26

McInerney, Philip M., Andrew J. Mutton, and William S. Peters. "COPPER-LEAD-ZINC: Abra lead-silver-copper-gold deposit, Western Australia: a geophysical case history." ASEG Extended Abstracts 1994, no. 1 (December 1994): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/asegspec07_06.

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27

Gusev, A. I., and N. I. Gusev. "PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF INTRUSIVE ROCKS OF THE SINYUKHINSKOYE DEPOSIT (GORNY ALTAI)." Geology and mineral resources of Siberia, no. 3 (2020): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20403/2078-0575-2020-3-100-109.

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New data on phase relationships, petrology and geochemistry of the Sinyukhinskoye rocks and dikes of the same deposit are presented. Five phases of rock intrusions formed in a homodromic-antidromic sequence are found. The Sinyukhinskoye rocks fall in the oxidized type. In the depth, a source of melting was garnet lherzolites, and, to a lesser extent, spinel lherzolites of an enriched mantle source of the lithospheric slab with a degree of partial melting from 0.2 to 0.4 and low pressure. The formation of intrusive rocks of the deposit took place in the post-collisional environment. The magmatite fluids of the massif and dikes were characterized by high partial pressures of such volatile components as H2O, Cl, F, CO2, which were the main carriers of metals. The rocks exhibit the tetrad effect of the W-type REE fractionation. The dependences of the values of the latter and the concentrations of copper and gold in igneous rocks and fluids were determined by different regimes of acidity and alkalinity of the medium. The deposit belongs to a complex family of ores of the copper-gold-skarn-porphyry type. In the Cheryomukhovaya Sopka and Chir areas, this is also confirmed by the presence of the copper-gold-porphyry type in the ore field, in addition to the gold-copperskarn mineralization.

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28

Lang, Xing Hai, Ju Xing Tang, and Fu Wei Xie. "Elements Spatial Distribution and Ore Prospecting of the No.II Porphyry Copper - Gold Deposit in the Xiongcun District, Tibet." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 1136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.1136.

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Xiongcun district is located in the western segment of the Gangdese porphyry copper belt, Tibet. Exploration activities in the No.I, No.II and No.III deposits in the past decade suggest that it would be a large prospective for porphyry copper-gold resources. In this paper, we focus on the systematical research of the elements spatial distribution of the No.II porphyry copper-gold deposit in the Xiongcun district. The results show, from center to the outer parts of the orebody, the elements distribution can be divided into Cu, Au, Ag, K, Mo and Ba → Co, Ni and Mn → Na and Ca → Pb, Zn, Cd, Bi, Sb and As. The No.II deposit is still open down-dip to the north and along the NW-striking, it need to conduct additional exploration.

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29

Anand, Abhishek, Sahendra Singh, Arindam Gantait, Amit Srivastava, Girish Kumar Mayachar, and Manoj Kumar. "Geological Constraints on the Genesis of Jagpura Au-Cu Deposit NW India: Implications from Magnetite-Apatite Mineral Chemistry, Fluid Inclusion and Sulfur Isotope Study." Minerals 12, no. 11 (October 24, 2022): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12111345.

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The Jagpura Au-Cu deposit is situated within the Aravalli craton in the northwestern part of India. In the present work, petrography, mineral chemistry, fluid inclusion and sulfur isotopic compositions were used to study the Jagpura Au-Cu deposit. The ore mineral association of the deposit is arsenopyrite, loellingite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and pyrite, along with native gold, magnetite and apatite. The gold fineness ranges from 914–937‰ (avg. 927‰). The presence of Au-Bi-Te phases, pyrite (>1 Co/Ni ratio), magnetite (≥1 Ni/Cr ratio, <1 Co/Ni ratio) and apatite (>1 F/Cl ratio) suggest the hydrothermal origin Au-Cu mineralization. A fluid inclusion study indicates the different episodes of fluid immiscibility with the homogenization temperatures varying between 120–258 °C and salinities range within the 8.86–28.15 wt% NaCl eq. The sulfur isotopic composition of sulfides varies from 8.98 to 14.58‰ (avg. 11.16‰). It is inferred that the variation in the sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfides is due to the cooling and dilution of the metalliferous fluid of mixed origin, derived from the basement meta-sedimentary rocks and the high saline basinal fluid. The iron oxide-copper-gold-apatite associations, structural control of mineralization, pervasive hydrothermal alteration, fluid salinity and sulfur isotope compositions indicate that the Jagpura Au-Cu deposit is similar to the iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG)-iron oxide-apatite (IOA)types of deposits. Based on the ore geochemistry and the trace elements systematic of magnetite, the deposit is further classified as an IOCG-IOA type: IOCG-Co (reduced) subtype.

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30

Proffett, John M. "Geology of the Bajo de la Alumbrera Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit, Argentina." Economic Geology 98, no. 8 (December 2003): 1535–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.8.1535.

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31

Sillitoe, R. H., J. Tolman, and G. Van Kerkvoort. "Geology of the Caspiche Porphyry Gold-Copper Deposit, Maricunga Belt, Northern Chile." Economic Geology 108, no. 4 (May 2, 2013): 585–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.108.4.585.

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32

Mclnerney, Philip M., Andrew J. Mutton, and William S. Peters. "Abra Lead-Silver-Copper-Gold Deposit, Western Australia: A Geophysical Case History." Exploration Geophysics 25, no. 3 (September 1994): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg994164.

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33

Denwer, K. P. "Alteration and mineral zonation at the Mt Lyell copper–gold deposit, Tasmania." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 65, no. 6 (June 26, 2018): 787–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2018.1472663.

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34

LIU, Zhongfa, Yongjun SHAO, Xin ZHOU, Hongbin LI, and Wei QUAN. "Identification of Composite Rock Body in Dongguashan Copper (Gold) Deposit, Anhui Province." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 88, s2 (December 2014): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12367_12.

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35

Wanhainen, C., M. Kontturi, and O. Martinsson. "Copper and gold distribution at the Aitik Deposit, Gällivare Area, Northern Sweden." Applied Earth Science 112, no. 3 (December 2003): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/037174503225011289.

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36

Hosseini-Dinani, Hengameh, Hashem Bagheri, and Mostafa Esmaeili-Vardanjani. "Mineralization and structural features of Kalchouyeh copper-gold deposit (west-central Iran)." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 8, no. 5 (March 28, 2014): 3007–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1368-0.

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37

Fedikow, M. A. F., and G. J. S. Govett. "Geochemical alteration halos around the Mount Morgan gold-copper deposit, Queensland, Australia." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 24, no. 3 (December 1985): 247–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(85)90037-8.

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Bhattacharya, B. B., Dinesh Gupta, Buddhadeb Banerjee, and Shalivahan. "Mise‐a‐la‐masse survey for an auriferous sulfide deposit." GEOPHYSICS 66, no. 1 (January 2001): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444924.

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A mise‐a‐la‐masse survey was carried out in Bhukia area, Banswara district, Rajasthan, India for auriferous sulfide occurrences. This area was originally surveyed for copper mineralization. Exploratory drilling, however, proved it to be economically not viable. The area was reopened for geophysical surveys when grab samples indicated the presence of gold. Initial geophysical surveys for copper mineralization showed electromagnetic, induced polarization, and resistivity anomalies. At first, one borehole was drilled for gold exploration on the basis of initial geophysical surveys. It encountered massive sulfide mineralization in association with gold. Borehole logging and a mise‐a‐la‐masse survey were carried out in this borehole. Three further boreholes drilled on the basis of the mise‐a‐la‐masse results encountered massive sulfide mineralization in association with gold. One of the three boreholes, 100 m from the first borehole along strike, was used for another set of mise‐a‐la‐masse measurements. A composite equipotential map was prepared using the results of mise‐a‐la‐masse results of both the boreholes. The equipotential contours show a north‐northwest‐south‐southeast trend of mineralization. The boreholes drilled on the basis of the mise‐a‐la‐masse results have delineated a strike length of more than 500 m of gold‐bearing sulfide mineralization. The sulfide content ranges from 10 to 40% and gold concentration ranges from 2 to 6 ppm. The dip and plunge of the lode, as anticipated from the mise‐a‐la‐masse results, are toward the west and north, respectively. Mise‐a‐la‐masse surveys are continuing in the adjoining areas.

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39

Reyes, Manuel. "The Andacollo strata-bound gold deposit, Chile, and its position in a porphyry copper-gold system." Economic Geology 86, no. 6 (October 1, 1991): 1301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.86.6.1301.

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40

Gregory, M. J., J. R. Lang, S. Gilbert, and K. O. Hoal. "Geometallurgy of the Pebble Porphyry Copper-Gold-Molybdenum Deposit, Alaska: Implications for Gold Distribution and Paragenesis." Economic Geology 108, no. 3 (March 7, 2013): 463–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.108.3.463.

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41

Yang, Xiao-yong, Xun-gui Li, De-zhi Huang, and Kui-ren Wang. "Study on shaxi porphyry copper-gold deposit in anhui: gold mineralization and occurrence determination by PIXE." Journal of Central South University of Technology 10, no. 4 (December 2003): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-003-0038-2.

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42

Avdalovic, Jelena, Tatjana Solevic-Knudsen, Biljana Dojcinovic, Vesna Conic, Jun Yao, Chao Lu, and Miroslav Vrvic. "Bioleaching of copper, zinc and gold from a polymetallic ore flotation concentrate from the Coka Marin deposit (Serbia)." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, no. 00 (2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc210127016a.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of applying Acidithiobacillus sp. B2 to copper, zinc and gold recovery from a polymetallic ore flotation concentrate. The study was designed in two phases. The first phase was a classic biooxidation process in which the microorganisms oxidize sulfides, leaching copper and zinc while simultaneously concentrating gold in the ore. In the second phase, after elimination of the sulfide substrate, the rate of gold leaching by potassium cyanide was analyzed. The leaching was conducted using the shake flask testing technique during a period of 28 days at a temperature of 28 ?C. The percentage of copper and zinc leached at the end of this study was 37.63 % and 47.95 % respectively. The results obtained indicated 6- and 13-fold (for copper and zinc, respectively) higher metal leaching efficiency in the suspension with iron-oxidizing Acidithiobacillussp. B2 than in the control suspension. In the next phase of the study, after elimination of the sulfide substrate, gold was extracted with potassium cyanide from the remaining polymetallic ore concentrate. The results obtained showed that the efficiency of the gold extraction process was 80 %. According to the available data, this is the first study of the microbiological leaching of copper, zinc and gold from a polymetallic ore flotation concentrate from the Coka Marin deposit (Serbia).

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De la Nuez Colon, D., and M. Santa Cruz Pacheco. "Gold and gold-bearing volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits of the Central Cuba." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2020-63-3-27-37.

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Background. Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits (VMS) are the most important sources of Cu and Zn; they account for a large share of the world production of Pb, Ag, Au, Se, Te, Bi and Sb, as well as small amounts of many other metals. The polymetallic VMS deposits of economic value of varying degrees are known in the rocks of the Los Pasos Cretaceous Formation, Cuba.Aim. To show the potential of the Cretaceous volcanic deposits of Central Cuba for gold, silver, copper, zinc and lead deposit prospecting.Materials and methods. The study characterises the San Fernando, Independencia, Antonio, Los Cerros VMS deposits and the Boca del Toro and El Sol ore occurrences located in the Los Pasos Formation. The similarities and differences in the mineral and elemental composition and structures of the ores of these objects are described, which underlie the assessment of their economic importance.Results. The latitudinal zoning of VMS and noble metal mineralisation of the Central Cuban ore region is outlined. In the west, copper-VMS deposits with accompanying gold ore objects prevail. In the east, copper-zinc VMS deposits with barite and gold-silver objects are widespread.Conclusions. It is necessary to assume the different erosional sections corresponding to the blocks of the Cretaceous volcanic arc of Central Cuba, which is larger in the west and smaller in the east. Proceeding from the presence of veinlet gold ores, their confinement to tectonic zones and the lack of correlation between noble and chalcophile metals at the San Fernando deposit, as well as significantly different gold-silver ratios in the considered ore objects, it could be assumed that some of the gold-silver ores were formed after VMS. The obtained Au/Ag ratios are close to the ores of the high sulphidation type (high sulphide ores) from similar ore regions of Venezuela and the Kur-il island arc. In this regard, one can expect hidden gold deposits in the west and gold-silver deposits in the east of the studied area.

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Wang, Qingshuang, Yanlan Wei, Yanchen Yang, and Hu Peng. "Zircon U–Pb Ages and Geochemistry of Granitoid in the Yuejinshan Copper–Gold Deposit, NE China: Constraints on Petrogenesis and Metallogenesis." Minerals 11, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11111206.

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Yuejinshan copper–gold orebodies form a hydrothermal deposit located southwest of the Wandashan massif in the western Pacific oceanic tectonic regime. The orebodies are veins and lenses in granite porphyry and skarn or contact zones between these rocks. Early Cretaceous Yuejinshan magmatism provides critical evidence for regional mineralization and tectonic history. In this work, whole-rock major and trace elements and zircon U–Pb data for Yuejinshan granitic intrusions were studied to investigate the geochronological framework, petrogenesis, tectonic implications, and metallogenesis. Granodiorites are calc-alkaline and have geochemical characteristics that indicate affinities with subduction-related crust–mantle magmas derived from partial melting of a mantle wedge and subducted sediments metasomatized by subduction-related fluids. These magmas have experienced fractional crystallization and assimilated crustal materials. Granite porphyries, monzogranites, and quartz diorites are peraluminous, geochemically similar to remelted granites, and derived from partial melting of the crust. Zircon U–Pb LA-ICP-MS data and previous ages indicate that the granitoids were emplaced in the Early Cretaceous. We propose that mineralization mainly occurred at 130 Ma, while magmatism during 116–109 Ma triggered the enrichment of copper and gold in this deposit. Magmatism of different geological ages overlapped spatially and formed the Yuejinshan copper–gold deposit in an active continental margin setting related to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.

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Li, Shunda, Xuebing Zhang, and Lingling Gao. "Ore Genesis at the Jinchang Gold–Copper Deposit in Heilongjiang Province, Northeastern China: Evidence from Geology, Fluid Inclusions, and H–O–S Isotopes." Minerals 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9020099.

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The Jinchang gold–copper deposit is located in Eastern Heilongjiang Province,Northeastern China. The orebody comprises primarily hydrothermal breccias, quartz veins, anddisseminated ores within granite, diorite, and granodiorite. Three paragenetic stages are identified:early quartz–pyrite–arsenopyrite (Stage 1), quartz–pyrite–chalcopyrite (Stage 2), and latequartz–pyrite–galena–sphalerite (Stage 3). Gold was deposited during all three stages and Stage 1was the major gold-producing stage. Copper is associated with the mineralization but has loweconomic value. Fluid inclusions (FIs) within the deposit are liquid-rich aqueous, vapor-rich aqueous,and daughter-mineral-bearing types. Microthermometric data for the FIs reveal decreasinghomogenization temperatures (Th) and salinities of the ore-forming fluids over time. The Th forStages 1–3 of the mineralization are 421–479, 363–408, and 296–347 °C, respectively. Stage 1 fluidsin vapor-rich and daughter-mineral-bearing inclusions have salinities of 5.7–8.7 and 49.8–54.4 wt%NaCl equivalent, respectively. Stage 2 fluids in vapor-rich, liquid-rich, and daughter-mineral-bearinginclusions have salinities of 1.2–5.4, 9.5–16.0, and 43.3–48.3 wt% NaCl, respectively. Stage 3 fluids inliquid-rich and daughter-mineral-bearing inclusions have salinities of 7.9–12.6 and 38.3–42.0 wt% NaClequivalent, respectively. The estimated trapping pressures are 160–220 bar, corresponding toan entrapment depth of 1.6–1.2 km in the paleo-water table. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data(δ18OV-SMOW = 8.6‰ to 11.4‰; δDV-SMOW = −92.2‰ to −72.1‰) suggest that the ore-forming fluidswere derived from magmatic fluids during the early stages of mineralization and subsequentlyincorporated meteoric water during the late stages. The sulfide minerals have δ34SVCDT values of0.2‰–3.5‰, suggesting that the sulfur has a magmatic origin. The Jinchang deposit is a typicalgold-rich gold–copper porphyry deposit.

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Melekestseva, I. Yu, V. V. Zaykov, G. A. Tret’yakov, K. A. Filippova, and V. A. Kotlyarov. "Geological structure and mineralogy of the Mechnikovskoe gold deposit, thе Southern Urals." LITOSFERA, no. 1 (March 17, 2019): 111–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2019-19-1-111-138.

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Subject. The article presents the results of study of Mechnikovskoe gold deposit associated with listvenites and beresites of the Miass region of the Southern Urals.Materials and methods. Materials were sampled during the field work of 2010– 2012. The chemical composition of rocks is analyzed by methods of classical chemistry (rock-forming oxides) and ICP MS (trace elements). The mineral composition is determined on an electron microscope with EDS.Results. The deposit is composed of tectonic sheets of serpentinites, carbonatized serpentinites and listvenites (sheet I), metadiabases and plagioclase metabasalts of the Irendyk Formation and beresites and volcanosedimentary rocks and metabasalts of the Karamalytash Formation (sheet II). In the central part of the deposit, the volcanic rocks are intruded by a dike of finegrained island-arc granites. Chromites of serpentinites are characterized (on average) by high Cr# (89) and low Mg# (29) values and low contents of Al2O3 (6.94 wt %) and MgO (5.5 wt %). Gold-bearing rocks include listvenites, beresites and carbonaceous shales. The major ore mineral is pyrite; accessory minerals are Au and Ag minerals, chalcopyrite, fahlores, galena, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, cubanite, vaesite, melonite, secondary copper sulfides, barite, rutile, monazite and xenotime. Gold of the deposit contains low Ag contents (3.52 wt %) and minor amount of Cu and Hg (<1 wt % in most analyses).Conclusions. The listvenites and beresites of the deposit were formed after ultramafic and mafic rocks, respectively. The discovery of gold in various rocks indicates that gold mineralization was deposited after the formation of the geological structure of the deposit. The source of gold was most likely related to a magmatic fluid.

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Zvereva, N., V. Myazin, and I. Kostromina. "Technological possibility of increasing the complexity of the use of gold-bearing polymetallic ores of the Novo-Shirokinsky deposit." TRANSBAIKAL STATE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 28, no. 6 (2022): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2022-28-6-6-14.

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Gold-bearing polymetallic ores of the Novo-Shirokinsky deposit (further NShD) are complex, containing other valuable components besides gold and silver, which include lead, zinc, copper, iron, etc. According to the content of sulfides in the ores, they belong to the moderate sulfide type. The main feature of the material composition of ores NShD: expressed multicomponent content of valuable minerals; proximity of flotation properties of shared minerals; especially valuable mineral in ores, in addition to gold and silver, is copper, which is mainly concentrated in lead concentrate. The highest technological indicators of ore beneficiation are achieved when they are enriched according to a collective technological scheme. The technological scheme of ore beneficiation at the plant is shown in fig. 1. A lead-copper concentrate is obtained, which, as a rule, is subsequently sent for subsequent selective flotation. The factory produces two main concentrates - lead and zinc (corresponding to TU 07.29.15-002-24722376-2018, TU 1725-001-24722376-2011). This work is aimed at increasing the complexity of the use of NShD polymetallic ores in order to justify the possibility of additional production of copper concentrate at the plant. The object of the study – gold-bearing polymetallic ores of the Novo-Shirokinsky deposit. The subject of the study – flotation process of ore beneficiation as the basis for obtaining copper concentrate by constructing effective technological schemes for the polymetallic ores’ processing. The main idea of the work – sequential extraction of copper from lead concentrates using retreatments and optimal operating parameters of the flotation process

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Carrillo Rosúa, F. J., S. Morales Ruano, and P. Fenoll Hach-Alí. "Iron sulphides at the epithermal gold-copper deposit of Palai-Islica (Almería, SE Spain)." Mineralogical Magazine 67, no. 5 (October 2003): 1059–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461036750143.

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AbstractAu-Cu mineralization at Palai-Islica occurs as disseminations in massive silicified volcanic rocks and, more abundantly, in sulphide-bearing quartz veins. The major ore minerals in the deposit are pyrite ± chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena and there is a great variety of accessory minerals, including Au-Ag alloys and native gold. Pyrite, the most abundant sulphide, is closely associated with gold. Seven different types of pyrite have been distinguished with a variable concentration of different trace elements. Among these, the only one free of trace elements (type IV) is related to Au-Ag alloys. Pyrite associated with these Au-Ag alloys has cubic and pentagonal dodecahedral habits, whereas pyrite with pentagonal dodecahedral habit only is from barren zones. In addition, there is no significant invisible gold in the pyrite, but there is a relatively large amount of Ag in collomorphic pyrite (up to 0.20 wt.%) or type III pyrite (up to 1.47 wt.%). Arsenic is the most abundant trace element in pyrite (up to 6.11 wt.%), present as a metastable solid solution or as a non-stoichiometric element. A variety of marcasite related to the gold levels also has a considerable amount of trace elements (As up to 1.15 wt.%, Sb up to 0.40 wt.%).

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Stepanov, Sergey Y., Roman S. Palamarchuk, Dmitry A. Varlamov, Darya V. Kiseleva, Ludmila N. Sharpyonok, Radek Škoda, and Anatoly V. Kasatkin. "The Features of Native Gold in Ore-Bearing Breccias with Realgar-Orpiment Cement of the Vorontsovskoe Deposit (Northern Urals, Russia)." Minerals 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050541.

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This paper describes native gold in ore-bearing breccias with realgar-orpiment cement from the Vorontsovskoe gold deposit (Northern Urals, Russia). Particular attention is paid to the morphological features of native gold and its relation to other minerals. The latter include both common (orpiment, barite, pyrite, prehnite, realgar) and rare species (Tl and Hg sulfosalts, such as boscardinite, dalnegroite, écrinsite, gillulyite, parapierrotite, routhierite, sicherite, vrbaite, etc.). The general geological and geochemical patterns of the Turyinsk-Auerbakh metallogenic province, including the presence of small non-economic copper porphyry deposits and general trend in change of the composition of native gold (an increase in the fineness of gold from high-temperature skarns to low-temperature realgar-orpiment breccias) confirm that the Vorontsovskoe deposit is an integral part of a large ore-magmatic system genetically associated with the formation of the Auerbakh intrusion.

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Svistunov, V. V. "Breccias of Svoboda ore area of Malmyzhskoe gold-copper porphyry deposit (Khabarovsk territory)." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 5 (November 28, 2019): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2019-5-50-57.

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The texture and variety of types of breccia bodies of the ore section of the Svoboda at the Malmyzhskoye deposit have been studied and described: a large one — the complex structure of eruptive (hydrothermal-magmatic) breccias and a relatively small — the columnar body of phreatic breccias. Eruptive breccias are intra-ore with respect to gold-copper mineralization. The detrital part in them is represented mainly by metasomatically altered intrusive rocks of the 1st phase of introduction and sedimentary formations of the cretaceous Largasinsky suite. Breccia cementing material is potassium feldspar-quartz-chlorite-sericite mass, which is an intensively metasomatically altered rock of the 2nd intrusive phase of intrusion. Ore mineralization in breccias has a veindisseminated texture and is part of the clastic part of breccias and is also superimposed on the already formed breccia bodies in the process of their metasomatic alternation. Phreatic breccias formed at the final stages of the development of the porphyry system. They are distinguished by low copper and gold contents and sharp secant contacts with the rocks surrounding them. The composition of the debris is generally similar to eruptive breccia, cement is quartz-sericite-epidote-chlorite. The position of ore mineralization is similar to that in eruptive breccias, but it is manifested to a much lesser extent. According to the proposed genetic model, the formation of the body of eruptive breccias occurred as a result of fluidization of rocks located in the arches of the intrusive body, followed by the introduction of significant volumes of magmatic melt. Subsequently, when rising, the fluids interacted with the cold near-surface waters, which caused the formation of phreatic breccias. The studied features of breccia formations are in a good agreement with the classical model of copper-porphyry deposits of the world.

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