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Journal articles on the topic "Kangaroo population"
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Brunton, Elizabeth A., Sanjeev K. Srivastava, David S. Schoeman, and Scott Burnett. "Quantifying trends and predictors of decline in eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) populations in a rapidly urbanising landscape." Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 1 (2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17034.
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Human population growth and the resultant expansion of urban landscapes are drivers of biodiversity loss globally. Impacts of urbanisation on wildlife are not well understood, although the importance of preserving biodiversity in urban areas is widely recognised. The eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), a common species of large macropod, can be found in high densities in many urban landscapes across Australia. South East Queensland is a subtropical region of Australia that has experienced high rates of urban expansion. Human population growth in the region has resulted in widespread changes to the landscape and much of the eastern grey kangaroo’s natural habitat has been modified. Declines in kangaroo populations have been anecdotally reported; however, the impact of urbanisation on kangaroo populations has not been quantified. This study used a modelling approach, collecting data from the community, and private and government organisations to: (1) map the current distribution of eastern grey kangaroos; (2) quantify trends in kangaroo abundance; and (3) identify anthropogenic drivers of changes in kangaroo abundance in the region. Of the kangaroo populations identified, 42% were reported to have undergone an overall decline in abundance since 2000. Higher human population growth rate and smaller area remaining under natural land use were predictors of kangaroo population declines. Further kangaroo declines can be anticipated in the region, particularly in areas with projected human population growth rates over 80% for the next decade. This study emphasises the importance of integrated urban development over large spatial extents to mitigate impacts of urbanisation on terrestrial mammals.
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Brunton, Elizabeth A., Sanjeev K. Srivastava, and Scott Burnett. "Spatial ecology of an urban eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) population: local decline driven by kangaroo–vehicle collisions." Wildlife Research 45, no. 8 (2018): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18077.
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Context As urban landscapes proliferate globally, the need for research into urban wildlife interactions is magnified. The eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) is a widespread species commonly involved in wildlife–vehicle collisions in urban areas in Australia. Despite the many urban kangaroo populations and associated conflicts with human activities, few studies have examined how eastern grey kangaroos interact with, and are affected by, the urban matrix. Aims The present study aimed to quantify kangaroo demography, movements, habitat utilisation and exposure to risks during a period of intensive urban development in a rapidly changing suburb located in a region undergoing high urban growth rates. Methods We utilised foot-based census surveys, global positioning system (GPS) collars, direct observations and reports of wildlife mortality between 2014 and 2016. Geographical information systems (GIS) were used to integrate GPS-tracking data with spatial layers, to quantify kangaroo movements and habitat utilisation. Key results The kangaroo population underwent a steep decline and kangaroo–vehicle collisions were the main source of mortality (73%) during the study period. Kangaroos were regularly exposed to the risk of injury, with roads intersecting many parts of their home range. Kangaroos showed positive habitat selection both for lawn and forest habitats and kangaroo movement and presence at the study site were influenced by high-quality forage and cover. Conclusions The present research has highlighted that despite areas of suitable habitat remaining, road-kill was a major contributor to localised kangaroo-population decline. We showed that habitat preferences of eastern grey kangaroos in this urban area were consistent with those in natural landscapes. Implications The present study is the first to implicate kangaroo–vehicle collisions as the major factor in population decline in kangaroos. These findings can be utilised to guide design and placement of kangaroo–vehicle collision mitigation and assist in planning of urban areas, particularly where kangaroo populations are in decline. Local extirpation of urban kangaroo populations would be greatly reduced by incorporating site-specific kangaroo habitat preferences and existing patterns of kangaroo habitat use in infrastructure planning. The study has contributed to our understanding of the effects of roads on urban wildlife in general and highlighted the importance of landscape permeability.
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Collins, D., and K. Menz. "An Economic Perspective to the Population Management of Commercially Harvested Kangaroos." Rangeland Journal 8, no. 2 (1986): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9860103.
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Both overseas and within Australia, the need for a commercial kangaroo industry is being questioned. Some groups believe that the larger kangaroo species presently being culled are under threat of extinction and that the pest status of kangaroos to agriculture is largely a myth. As the commercial kangaroo industry is export oriented, the imposition of import bans by overseas governments would significantly affect the viability of the industry. Also, agricultural producers who believe they bear the costs of maintaining kangaroo population are concerned that damage by kangaroos would become unacceptably high if their numbers were to go unchecked. The aim of this article is to put an economic perspective on the population management of commercially harvested kangaroos. The major groups in conflict are identified, along with their respective preferences regarding the appropriate level of the kangaroo population. The underlying reason for conflict, the common property characteristic of kangaroos, is examined, and an economic framework for reconciling these conflicts through population management presented. The lack of data on kangaroo numbers and the benefits and costs which various population levels have for the various interest groups remain a major impediment to quantifying an economic model for determining optimal population levels. An examination is made of relevant data and a national appraisal of the order of magnitude of kangaroo damages to agriculture is presented.
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Henderson, Timothy, Rajanathan Rajaratnam, and Karl Vernes. "Population density of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) in a periurban matrix at Coffs Harbour, New South Wales." Australian Mammalogy 40, no. 2 (2018): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17010.
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We surveyed eastern grey kangaroos at four locations at the Northern Beaches region of Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, to estimate densities in this growing peri-urban region. This region is considered a regional hotspot for human–kangaroo conflict, with numerous kangaroo-related incidents in recent years. Direct counts of kangaroos were undertaken every two months during 2016. Kangaroo densities varied between sites, ranging from 0.2 individuals ha–1 to 4.9 individuals ha–1. Because no estimates of population density exist for the Northern Beaches, our results assisted the development of a regional kangaroo management plan, and contribute to a broader understanding of eastern grey kangaroo densities in peri-urban areas.
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Descovich, Kris, Andrew Tribe, Ian J. McDonald, and Clive J. C. Phillips. "The eastern grey kangaroo: current management and future directions." Wildlife Research 43, no. 7 (2016): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16027.
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The eastern grey kangaroo is a common and iconic species of Australia. Its specialised behaviour and reproduction have evolved as adaptations to the Australian environment, allowing the species to survive and flourish, despite wide climatic and seasonal variations in habitat. Across its range, the eastern grey kangaroo is harvested and subjected to population management for a variety of reasons, including localised over-abundance, livestock competition, crop grazing, native habitat conservation, animal welfare and direct threats to human safety. Population management of kangaroos is most commonly undertaken by shooting, although other methods such as reproductive control, translocation and repellents may also contribute successfully to management. Kangaroo harvesting and population control are controversial and divisive, because the kangaroo is perceived as both a national icon and as a pest species. Although a limited number of surveys have been undertaken on attitudes towards kangaroos and their management, the socio-political aspects affecting these issues are yet to be systematically investigated. Within this review we discuss the relevance of culture and language to species management and conservation, as well as the importance of scrutiny of stakeholder perceptions, motivations and values. Future directions should examine human dimensions that influence kangaroo-management decisions and conservation. The following three key aspects are recommended as research and management priorities: (1) experimental determination of whether gaps exist between actual and perceived impacts of kangaroo populations, (2) empirical investigation of how stakeholder language, culture, identity and values influence perceptions of kangaroos and their management, and (3) where population control is determined to be necessary, an incorporation of stakeholder differences within decision making to ensure best outcomes for both species conservation and population management.
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Klöcker, Ulrike, David B. Croft, and Daniel Ramp. "Frequency and causes of kangaroo - vehicle collisions on an Australian outback highway." Wildlife Research 33, no. 1 (2006): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04066.
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Kangaroo–vehicle collisions are frequent on Australian highways. Despite high economic costs, detrimental effects on animal welfare, and potential impacts on population viability, little research has been done to investigate the impact of road mortality on kangaroo populations, where and why accidents occur, and how the collisions can be mitigated. We therefore collected data on species (Macropus rufus, M. giganteus, M. fuliginosus, M. robustus), sex and age of kangaroos killed on a 21.2-km bitumenised section of outback highway over 6 months in far western New South Wales, Australia. The spatial and temporal distribution of road-killed kangaroos was investigated in relation to the cover and quality of road-side vegetation, road characteristics, the density of kangaroos along the road, climatic variables and traffic volume. A total of 125 kangaroos were found killed on the road at a rate of 0.03 deaths km–1 day–1. Grey kangaroos of two species (M. giganteus, M. fuliginosus) were under-represented in the road-kill sample in comparison with their proportion in the source population estimated during the day. No bias towards either sex was found. The age structure of road-killed kangaroos was similar to age structures typical of source kangaroo populations. Road-kills mainly occurred in open plains country. In road sections with curves or stock races, road-kill frequencies were higher than expected. Greater cover and greenness of roadside vegetation at the verge probably attracted kangaroos to the road and variation in this vegetation affected the spatial distribution of road-kills. The temporal distribution of road-kills was positively correlated with the volume of night-time traffic. The probability of a kangaroo–vehicle collision increased exponentially with traffic volume. Results are discussed in relation to the potential for mitigation of kangaroo–vehicle collisions.
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Hacker, Ronald B., Michael R. Constable, and Gavin J. Melville. "A step-point transect technique for estimation of kangaroo populations in sheep-grazed paddocks." Rangeland Journal 24, no. 2 (2002): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj02019.
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This paper presents an empirical and theoretical evaluation of a step-point transect procedure for estimating the relative and absolute abundance of kangaroos in sheep-grazed rangeland paddocks. The method assumes that the proportion of kangaroos in the total (sheep + kangaroo) population can be estimated from their proportional representation in the dung. The actual population of kangaroos can then be estimated if the population of sheep is known. Proportional representation in the dung is estimated by the probability that dung of a given species will lie closest to a 'random' point. For operational simplicity, sample points are not strictly random but are located systematically along walked transects. The procedure was applied in seven paddocks spread throughout the Western Division of NSW and south-west Queensland where actual kangaroo and sheep populations were determined by ground survey and from station records, respectively. Dung was also collected from sample transects to allow comparison of step-point population estimates with corresponding estimates based on dung weight or pellet counts. A theoretical estimator of the kangaroo population based on step-point data was also derived and compared with actual populations estimated from ground surveys. Results indicate that the step-point transect procedure should produce acceptable estimates of both relative and absolute kangaroo populations in sheep-grazed rangeland paddocks. The appropriate equations, and minimum sample sizes, are provided. The step-point transect technique has the practical advantage that it avoids the tedious sampling procedures inherent in count- or weight-based methods. Further, in contrast to these methods, it may be expected to become both more reliable and less time consuming as the density of dung increases, thus providing the greatest operational advantage under circumstances where reliable estimation is most required.
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Brandimarti, Maquel E., Rachael Gray, Fabiola R. O. Silva, and Catherine A. Herbert. "Kangaroos at maximum capacity: health assessment of free-ranging eastern grey kangaroos on a coastal headland." Journal of Mammalogy 102, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 837–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab022.
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Abstract Sprawling urban development is fragmenting the landscape and native wildlife habitats on the Australian east coast. The impact of this rapid urbanization on wildlife health is largely unknown. This study surveyed the health of a high-density (5.4 individuals per ha) population of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) affected by urban encroachment and prolonged drought. Blood parameters (hematological and serum protein), trace element and heavy metal concentrations, and parasite counts (fecal worm egg counts, ticks, and mites) are reported for a sample of ≤ 54 kangaroos at Look at Me Now Headland, New South Wales, Australia. These parameters were compared to lower density kangaroo populations from other sites in New South Wales. We found the health and welfare of this population to be severely compromised, with nonregenerative anemia and nutritional deficiencies evident. Our results indicate that high-density kangaroo populations isolated by urban encroachment are at significant health risk. To prevent further decline in this population’s health, we discuss management strategies that could be employed, concurrent with ongoing health and disease monitoring, to mitigate the poor health outcomes in this population. We conclude that it is essential to retain habitat connectivity when altering land use in areas with resident kangaroo populations if managers are to maintain healthy populations.
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Shima, Amy L., Lee Berger, and Lee F. Skerratt. "Conservation and health of Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi)." Australian Mammalogy 41, no. 1 (2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17030.
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Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) is an iconic species in far north Queensland yet little is known about its health or population status. Studies on this species have been conducted in a limited number of locations and focused primarily on ecology, habitat use and home-range size. The species is relatively common in the Atherton Tablelands but habitat loss, predation by domestic, feral and wild dogs, vehicle strike, low fecundity, and disease have been identified as threats to the population. We review knowledge of population ecology and threats for this species, and include a novel collation of disease reports on all tree-kangaroos with particular reference to Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo. Health of Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo appears to be impacted by the increase in humans and domestic animals in their range. There have been reports of melioidosis, toxoplasmosis, tick paralysis and blindness in wild tree-kangaroos. We identify where increased information on health and population viability will improve conservation and management of the species.
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Hume, Georgina, Elizabeth Brunton, and Scott Burnett. "Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) Vigilance Behaviour Varies between Human-Modified and Natural Environments." Animals 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2019): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080494.
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Rapid increases in urban land use extent across the globe are creating challenges for many wildlife species. Urban landscapes present a novel environment for many species, yet our understanding of wildlife behavioural adaptations to urban environments is still poor. This study compared the vigilance behaviour of a large mammal in response to urbanisation at a landscape level. Here, we investigate urban (n = 12) and non-urban (n = 12) populations of kangaroos in two regions of Australia, and the relationship between kangaroo vigilance and urbanisation. We used a linear modelling approach to determine whether anti-predator vigilance and the number of vigilant acts performed were influenced by land use type (i.e., urban or non-urban), human population densities, kangaroo demographics, and environmental factors. Kangaroo behaviour differed between the two study regions; kangaroo vigilance was higher in urban than non-urban sites in the southern region, which also had the highest human population densities, however no effect of land use was found in the northern region. Season and sex influenced the vigilance levels across both regions, with higher levels seen in winter and female kangaroos. This study is the first to compare urban and non-urban vigilance of large mammals at a landscape level and provide novel insights into behavioural adaptations of large mammals to urban environments.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Kangaroo population"
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Fletcher, Don. "Population dynamics of eastern grey kangaroos in temperate grasslands." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://erl.canberra.edu.au/public/adt-AUC20070808.152438/.
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Fletcher, Donald Bryden, and N/A. "Population Dynamics of Eastern Grey Kangaroos in Temperate Grasslands." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 2006. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20070808.152438.
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This thesis is about the dynamics of eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) populations
and their food supplies in temperate grasslands of south-eastern Australia. It is based on the
study of three populations of eastern grey kangaroos inhabiting �warm dry�, �cold dry�, and
�warm wet� sites within the Southern Tablelands climatic region. After a pilot survey and
methods trial in early 2001, the main period of study was from August 2001 to July 2003.
The study populations were found to have the highest densities of any kangaroo populations,
450 to 510 km-2. Their density was the same at the end of the two year study period as at the
beginning, in spite of a strong decline in herbage availability due to drought. The eastern grey
kangaroo populations were limited according to the predation-sensitive food hypothesis.
Fecundity, as the observed proportion of females with late pouch young in spring, was high,
in spite of the high kangaroo density and restricted food availability. Age-specific fecundity
of a kangaroo sample shot on one of the sites in 1997 to avert starvation was the highest
reported for kangaroos. Thus, limitation acted through mortality rather than fecundity.
Population growth rate was most sensitive to adult survival but the demographic rate that had
the greatest effect in practice was mortality of juveniles, most likely sub-adults. The
combination of high fecundity with high mortality of immatures would provide resilience to
low levels of imposed mortality and to fertility control.
The normal pattern of spring pasture growth was not observed in the drought conditions and
few of the recorded increments of growth were of the magnitude considered typical for sites
on the southern and central tablelands. Temperature was necessary to predict pasture growth,
as well as rainfall, over the previous two months. The best model of pasture growth (lowest
AICc) included negative terms for herbage mass, rainfall over the previous two months, and
temperature, and a positive term for the interaction between rainfall and temperature. It
accounted for 13% more of the variation in the data than did the simpler model of the type
used by Robertson (1987a), Caughley (1987) and Choquenot et al. (1998). However this was
only 63% of total variation. Re-evaluation of the model based on measurements of pasture
growth in more typical (non-drought) conditions is recommended. Grazing had a powerful
influence on the biomass of pasture due to the high density of kangaroos. This is a marked
difference to many other studies of the type which have been conducted in semi-arid
environments where rainfall dominates.
The offtake of pasture by kangaroos, as estimated on the research sites by the cage method,
was linear on herbage mass. It was of greater magnitude than the more exact estimate of the
(curved) functional response from grazedowns in high�quality and low�quality pastures.
The widespread recognition of three forms of functional response is inadequate. Both the
theoretical basis, and supporting data, have been published for domed, inaccessible residue,
and power forms as well (Holling 1966; Noy-Meir 1975; Hassell et al. 1976, 1977; Short
1986; Sabelis 1992). Eastern grey kangaroos had approximately the same Type 2 functional
response when consuming either a high quality artificial pasture (Phalaris aquatica), or dry
native pasture (Themeda australis) in autumn. Their functional response rose more gradually
than those published for red kangaroos and western grey kangaroos in the semi-arid
rangelands, and did not satiate at the levels of pasture available. This gradual behaviour of
the functional response contributes to continuous stability of the consumer-resource system,
as opposed to discontinuous stability.
The numerical response was estimated using the ratio equation, assuming an intrinsic rate of
increase for eastern grey kangaroos in temperate grasslands of 0.55. There is indirect
evidence of effects of predation in the dynamics of the kangaroo populations. This is
demonstrated by the positive relationship between r and kangaroo density. Such a
relationship can be generated by predation. A desirable future task is to compile estimates of
population growth rate and simultaneous estimates of pasture, in the absence of predation,
where kangaroo population density is changing, so that the numerical response can be
estimated empirically.
The management implications arising from this study are numerous and a full account would
require a separate report. As one example, kangaroos in these temperate grasslands are on
average smaller, eat less, are more numerous, and are more fecund, than would be predicted
from other studies (e.g. Caughley et al. 1987). Thus the benefit of shooting each kangaroo, in
terms of grass production, is less, or, in other words, more kangaroos have to be shot to
achieve a certain level of impact reduction, and the population will recover more quickly, than
would have been predicted prior to this study.
Secondly, of much importance to managers, the interactive model which can readily be
assembled from the products of Chapters 4, 5 and 8, can be used to test a range of
management options, and the effect of variation in weather conditions, such as increased or
decreased rainfall. For example, the model indicates that commercial harvesting (currently
under trial in the region), at the maximum level allowed, results in a sustainable harvest of
kangaroos, but does not increase the herbage mass, and only slightly reduces the frequency of
crashes when herbage mass falls to low levels. (To demonstrate this with an ecological
experiment would require an extremely large investment of research effort.) However, an
alternative �national park damage mitigation� formula, which holds kangaroo density to about
1 ha-1, is predicted to increase herbage mass considerably and to reduce the frequency of
crashes in herbage mass, but these effects would be achieved at the cost of having to shoot
large numbers of kangaroos. Thus, aside from many specific details of kangaroo ecology, the
knowledge gained in this study appears to have useful potential to illustrate to managers the
dynamic properties of a resource-consumer system, the probabilistic nature of management
outcomes, and the consequences of particular kangaroo management proposals.
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McKenzie, Jane, and janemckenzie@malpage com. "Population demographics of New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri)." La Trobe University. Zoology Department, School of Life Sciences, 2006. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20080509.121141.
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Assessment of trophic interactions between increasing populations of New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) and fisheries in southern Australia is limited due to a lack of species specific demographic data and an understanding of the factors influencing population growth. To establish species specific demographic parameters a cross-sectional sample of New Zealand fur seal females (330) and males (100) were caught and individually-marked on Kangaroo Island, South Australia between 2000 and 2003. The seals were aged through examination of a postcanine tooth, which was removed from each animal to investigate age-specific life-history parameters. Annual formation of cementum layers was confirmed and accuracy in age estimation was determined by examination of teeth removed from individuals of known-age. Indirect methods of assessing reproductive maturity based on mammary teat characteristics indicated that females first gave birth between 4-8 years of age, with an average age at reproductive maturity of 5 years. Among reproductively mature females, age-specific reproductive rates increased rapidly between 4-7 years of age, reaching maximum rates of 70-81% between 8-13 years, and gradually decreased in older females. No females older than 22 years were recorded to pup. Age of first territory tenure in males ranged from 8-10 years. The oldest female and male were 25 and 19 years old, respectively. Post-weaning growth in females was monophasic, characterised by high growth rates in length and mass during the juvenile growth stage, followed by a gradual decline in growth rates after reproductive maturity. In contrast, growth in males was biphasic and displayed a secondary growth spurt in both length and mass, which coincided with sexual and social maturation, followed by a rapid decline in growth rates. Age-specific survival rates were high (0.823-0.953) among prime-age females (8-13 yrs of age) and declined in older females. Relative change in annual pup production was strongly correlated with reproductive rates of prime-age females and adult female survival between breeding seasons.
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Andersen, John. "Population Genetics of Kangaroo Mice, Microdipodops (Rodentia: Heteromyidae)." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-11054.
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Dark (Microdipodops megacephalus) and pallid (Microdipodops pallidus) kangaroo mice are ecological specialists found in arid regions of the Great Basin Desert of the southwestern United States. Historical and current habitat alterations have resulted in disjunct distributions and severely diminished abundance of both species. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic research has discovered unique mitochondrial clades within M. megacephalus (eastern, central, western, and Idaho clades) and M. pallidus (eastern and western clades). Population-genetic analyses targeting the same mitochondrial markers also have found low amounts of maternal gene flow among the clades. However, little is known about population structure and genetic demography (historical and current migration rates, historical and current effective population sizes) within each mitochondrial clade.
Herein, nuclear-encoded microsatellite loci were isolated to evaluate the underlying processes that may have molded kangaroo mouse relationships and distributions. Results from population-genetic analyses support previous findings that there are at least three genetically distinct clades within M. megacephalus and two such clades within M. pallidus. Three clades of M. megacephalus appear to have undergone different demographic histories, with little to no migration among clades. The two clades of M. pallidus also appear to have experienced varying demographic change although there has been small but recent migration between them. Additionally, the contemporary effective population sizes of all clades within Microdipodops appear to be low, suggesting that these populations may have difficulty coping with environmental pressures and hence are at risk of extinction. Results of this study are consistent with the recommendation that each Microdipodops clade should be managed as separate units and continually monitored in an effort to conserve these highly specialized taxa.
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Kenny, Raymond J. L. "Population, distribution, habitat use and natural history of Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordi) in the sand hill areas of south-western Saskatchewan and south-eastern Alberta." 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/17069.
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Palisetty, Raghunadh. "Effects of sheep, kangaroos and rabbits on the regeneration of trees and shrubs in the chenopod shrublands, South Australia." 2007. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/28390.
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After European settlement, Australian rangelands especially in South Australia underwent significant changes because of the main land use of pastoralism. Many studies have revealed that the plant communities are negatively effected by herbivory mainly by sheep. The main aim of this study is to separate the different effects of sheep, rabbits and kangaroos. This was examined by survey supported by experimental and modelling research. A 32,000 km² area previously surveyed by Tiver and Andrew (1997) in eastern South Australia was re-surveyed to monitor populations of perennial plant species at sites of various intensity of grazing by sheep, rabbits and kangaroos (goats populations are low in the study area), the most important vertebrate herbivores. Plant population data were collected in both sheep paddocks and historically ungrazed by sheep (road reserves) by using the Random Walk method and analyzed using Generalized Linear Modelling (GLM) to separate the effects of sheep and rabbits on plant regeneration and their regeneration in response to grazing. These data were also compared to similar data collected by Tiver and Andrew in 1992 (1997) to ascertain if the reduction in rabbit numbers through introduction of RCV had allowed increased regeneration. Regeneration of many species inside paddocks were negatively affected and species in roadside reserves neither did not significantly increase from 1992 to 2004. However, some species showed increase of populations in spite of sheep grazing, with some species being less susceptible than others. This research also indicates kangaroo grazing impact on some plant species. Reduction in rabbit numbers following the 1995 release of calicivirus has not been effective in restoring regeneration. Another experiment was conducted at Middleback Field Station near Whyalla to identify herbivore grazing pressure on the arid zone plant species Acacia aneura using unfenced, sheep fenced and rabbit fenced grazing exclosures. This experiment was set up with seedlings in exclosures, ten replicates of each treatment, at plots four different distances from the watering point to identify the survivorship of seedlings. Data were collected by recording canopy volumes of seedling over an 18 month period and analyzed by Residual Maximal Likelihood (REML). Seedlings both near and far from the watering point were severely effected by large herbivores, either sheep, kangaroos or both, and in a separate experiment kangaroo grazing effects on the seedling were also identified. Seedlings browsed by the rabbits were recovered better than the seedlings grazed by the large herbivores. Decreasing kangaroo activities has been noticed when the rabbit movements increased. Computer modelling was conducted to predict the future plant population structure over 500 years using a matrix population model developed by Tiver et al. (2006) and using data collected in the survey as a starting point. Extinction probabilities of populations of Acacia aneura near watering points, far from watering points and under pulse grazing scenarios were compared. Sheep grazing was found to cause eventual extinction of populations in all parts of sheep paddocks. Together, the results indicate that sheep are the major herbivore suppressing regeneration of perennial plant species. Kangaroo and rabbits have an identifiable but lesser effect. The results have implications for conservation and pastoral management. To achieve ecological sustainability of arid lands a land-use system including a network of reserves ungrazed by sheep and with control of both rabbit and kangaroo numbers will be required.
Books on the topic "Kangaroo population"
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Coulson, Graeme, and Mark Eldridge, eds. Macropods. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643098183.
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This book covers the proceedings of a major 2006 symposium on macropods that brought together the many recent advances in the biology of this diverse group of marsupials, including research on some of the much neglected macropods such as
the antilopine wallaroo, the swamp wallaby and tree-kangaroos.
More than 80 authors have contributed 32 chapters, which are grouped into four themes: genetics, reproduction and development; morphology and physiology; ecology; and management.
The book examines such topics as embryonic development, immune function, molar progression and mesial drift, locomotory energetics, non-shivering thermogenesis, mycophagy, habitat preferences, population dynamics, juvenile mortality in drought,
harvesting, overabundant species, road-kills, fertility control, threatened species, cross-fostering, translocation and reintroduction. It also highlights the application of new techniques, from genomics to GIS.
Macropods is an important reference for academics and students, researchers in molecular and ecological sciences, wildlife and park managers, and naturalists.
Book chapters on the topic "Kangaroo population"
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Blessington, Jacque, Judie Steenberg, Karin R. Schwartz, Ulrich Schürer, Brett Smith, Megan Richardson, Razak Jaffar, and Claire Ford. "Tree Kangaroo Populations in Managed Facilities." In Tree Kangaroos, 249–69. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814675-0.00020-8.
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Mitchell, Peter. "Introducing Horse Nations." In Horse Nations. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198703839.003.0006.
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Hidden by rocks near a waterhole in Australia’s desert interior an Aboriginal woman and her children catch their first sight of the shockingly large animal of which they have previously only heard: the newcomer’s kangaroo. Thousands of kilometres to the west and high in southern Africa’s mountains a shaman completes the painting of an animal that does not exist, horned at the front, bushy tail at the rear, a composite of two species, one long familiar, the other new. Across the Atlantic Ocean on the grasslands of Patagonia the burial of an Aónik’enk leader is in its final stages, four of his favourite possessions killed above the grave to ensure his swift passage to the afterlife. To the north in what Americans of European descent call New Mexico, Diné warriors chant the sacred songs that ensure their pursuers will not catch them and that they will return safely home. And on the wintry plains of what is not yet Alberta, Siksikáwa hunters charge into one of the last bison herds they will harvest before the snows bring this year’s hunting to an end. Two things unite these very different scenes. First, though we cannot be sure, the historical, ethnographic, and archaeological sources on which they are based allow for them all happening on precisely the same day, sometime in the 1860s. Second, all concern people’s relationship with one and the same animal—pindi nanto, karkan, kawoi, ∤íí’, ponokáómita·wa—the animal that English speakers know as ‘horse’. And that simple fact provides the basis for this book. For, before 1492, horses were confined to the Old World—Europe, Asia, and Africa north of the tropical rainforests and a line reaching east through South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Somalia to the sea. They were wholly unknown in Australasia, the Americas, or southern Africa. As a result, the relationships implied by the vignettes I have just sketched, as well as those involving Indigenous populations in Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Mexico, South Africa, and New Zealand, evolved quickly. And they were still evolving when these societies were finally overwhelmed by European colonization.
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"As an adjunct to this, egg masses of Austropeplea were hatched out and reared in constant temperature rooms at 15°C, 25°C and 30°C with weekly changes of water and vegetation (Figure 9.5). Shell length was measured weekly until time of reproduction. At 15°C the snails grew slower but lived longer, but at 25°C and 30°C, there was little difference in growth rates, although those at 25°C were marginally larger at equivalent periods. Although water temperatures at the Ross River dam do occasionally drop to 16°C on occasions, generally they average 25–28°C (Hurley et al. 1995). Thus from this, an Austropeplea of 12 mm shell length collected during summer will be around one month old and capable of reproducing. One of 20 mm at either 25°C or 30°C water temperature would be approximately 100 days old. On this basis, it is suggested that monitoring could be comfortably done every two to three months. 9.6 Management options 9.6.1 General conclusions There are several other lakes, man-made or otherwise in northern Queensland, that support diverse recreational activities without apparent mishap. All are subjected to tropical conditions conducive to year round production of mosquitoes, snails, mites and pathogens. What is different about the Ross River dam stage 2A is its shallowness and proximity to large human populations. Nevertheless, the studies carried out in two blocks (1983–1987 and 1990–1995) have defined its mosquito and alphavirus hazard as considerable but no greater in the northern and north-eastern areas of Big Bay, Ti-Tree Bay, Round Island and Antill Creek than that experienced by local residents in everyday life. The relative hazard would change considerably, however, if the responsible local authorities ever decided to mount a broadscale aerial control programme against larval Aedes vigilax, which breed in the extensive intertidal wetlands. Restriction of activities to daylight hours will not only facilitate easier control of the public but will also reduce exposure to key vector species such as Culex annulirostris, Anopheles amictus and Aedes normanensis. However, who takes the responsibility for an estimated 5 billion mosquito larvae found periodically in the floating Hydrilla beds? As discussed, both Culex annulirostris and Anopheles annulipes are quite capable of dispersing from the reservoir into the urban populace. Recreational management issues are probably far less complicated than the moral issues. Whereas land clearance prior to the flooding of the stage 2A lake was effective in controlling tropical itch mites and some mosquito species, it also probably effected a redistribution of the kangaroos and wallabies, known to be most effective intermediate hosts of some arboviruses, including Ross River and the often fatal Murray Valley encephalitis. They have probably been driven towards the quieter eastern areas around Toonpan, where in 1992 Ross River virus was detected in wet season Aedes normanensis at rates as low as 1:217." In Water Resources, 151. CRC Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203027851-38.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Kangaroo population"
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"Simulating kangaroo farming: extending GRASP to include kangaroo population density simulation." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.b1.moloney.
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Pravitasari, Ines Ratni, Vitri Widyaningsih, and Bhisma Murti. "Meta Analysis: Kangaroo Mother Care to Elevate Infant Weight in Premature Infants." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.127.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Background: Premature birth is most often challenge with many health issues such as low birth weight. Kangaroo position is the practice of skin-to-skin contact between an infant and parents and was found to be an effective intervention for improving weight gain in premature infant. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of kangaroo mother care to elevate infant weight in premature infants. Subjects and Method: This was a meta-analysis and systematic review. This study collected published articles from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. The inclusion criteria were full text, in English language, and using randomized control trial study design. The study population was premature infants. The intervention was kangaroo mother care. The comparison was conventional care. The outcome was infant weight. The selected articles were analyzed using RevMan 5.3. Results: 9 articles were met the study criteria. This study had high heterogeneity between groups (I2= 89%; p<0.001). Kangaroo mother care was higher elevated infant weight than conventional method (Standardized Mean Difference= 0.60; 95% CI= 0.17 to 1.03; p= 0.006). Conclusion: Kangaroo mother care is effective to elevate infant weight in premature infants. Keywords: Kangaroo mother care, infant weight, preterm infant Correspondence: Ines Ratni Pravitasari. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: inesratnip@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285649507909. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.127