Journal articles: 'Kangaroo Island'

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Webley, L. S., I. Beveridge, and G. Coulson. "Endoparasites of an insular subspecies of the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus." Australian Journal of Zoology 52, no. 6 (2004): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo04011.

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This study examined parasites occurring in the insular subspecies of the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus, from Kangaroo Island. A total of 25 kangaroos from three sites were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. Fifteen parasite species were identified: eight in the stomach, five in the small intestine and two in the large intestine. Parasite prevalence showed a bimodal distribution: 'satellite' species were predominantly cestodes, whereas 'core' species were nematodes. There was no evidence of co-speciation in the 12 parasite species occurring in both island and mainland western grey kangaroo subspecies. M. f. fuliginosus harboured fewer parasite species than M. f. melanops from the Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia. This might be related to parasite prevalence and the intensity of infection in the original population of kangaroos. Alternatively, it might be related to differing environmental conditions or to chance. Host switching was evident, with Cloacina kartana, which has been recorded as a common parasite of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, also occurring in some kangaroos.

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Taggart, Patrick L., Bronwyn A. Fancourt, David Peacock, Charles G. B. Caraguel, and Milton M. McAllister. "Variation in Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence: effects of site, sex, species and behaviour between insular and mainland macropods." Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19041.

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Context Feral cats threaten wildlife conservation through a range of direct and indirect effects. However, most studies that have evaluated the impacts of feral cats on species of conservation significance have focussed on direct impacts such as predation; few studies have considered the indirect impacts of cat-borne disease. Toxoplasma gondii, a cat-borne parasite, causes both acute and latent disease in a range of wildlife species, and macropods are particularly susceptible. Kangaroo Island is Australia’s third largest island and supports a high density of feral cats and high seroprevalence of T. gondii in multiple species, relative to the mainland. This suggests that Kangaroo Island has a high environmental contamination with the parasite and a high risk of infection for other species. Aims We aimed to describe T. gondii seroprevalence in culled and road-killed macropods, so as to assess the effects of island versus mainland location, sex, species and behaviour. Methods Macropod sera were tested for T. gondii IgG antibodies using a commercially available modified agglutination test. Key results The seroprevalence of T. gondii in culled western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) was significantly higher on the island (20%, 11/54 positive) than on the mainland (0%, 0/61 positive). There was no difference in T. gondii seroprevalence between culled and road-killed (21%, 21/102 positive) kangaroos from the island. The seroprevalence of T. gondii was significantly higher in female (32%, 12/38 positive) than in male (13%, 8/60 positive) kangaroos, but we observed no sex effect in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii), and no effect of species. Conclusions The higher T. gondii seroprevalence in insular macropods supports previous reports of higher T. gondii exposure in other Kangaroo Island fauna. The lack of difference in T. gondii seroprevalence between culled and road-killed kangaroos suggests that T. gondii-positive animals are not more vulnerable to road mortality, in contrast to that suggested previously. Implications Our findings suggest greater potential adverse conservation impacts owing to toxoplasmosis on the island than on the mainland. In light of a recent study demonstrating higher cat abundance on the island than on the mainland, the higher observed T. gondii seroprevalence in insular macropods is likely to be a consequence of higher cat density.

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MOORE, MICHAEL D., ETHAN P. BEAVER, ALEJANDRO VELASCO-CASTRILLÓN, and MARK I. STEVENS. "Two new endemic species of Abantiades Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) from Kangaroo Island, Australia." Zootaxa 4951, no. 3 (April 7, 2021): 571–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.9.

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Abantiades penneshawensis Moore & Beaver sp. nov. and Abantiades rubrus Moore & Beaver sp. nov. are described as new. Both species are endemic to Kangaroo Island, and although both are related to species that occur on the Australian mainland and other islands, they are distinguished from those sister and phenotypically similar species by morphology and mtDNA (COI) barcodes. These two new species raise the number of Abantiades species on Kangaroo Island to six, three being endemic, and 45 species in the genus for the whole of Australia. There are now 13 species of Hepialidae (one undescribed) known from Kangaroo Island and we discuss the potential effects of recent catastrophic fire on some distributions.

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Shaughnessy, P. D., S. D. Goldsworthy, and A. I. Mackay. "The long-nosed fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) in South Australia in 2013–14: abundance, status and trends." Australian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 2 (2015): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo14103.

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The long-nosed (or New Zealand) fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) breeds in southern Australia and New Zealand. Most of the Australian population is in South Australia, between Kangaroo Island and Eyre Peninsula. Fur seal populations in southern Australia were heavily exploited by colonial sealers between 1801 and 1830, resulting in major reductions. Numbers remained low for 150 years, then slowly built up and new colonies established across their presumed former range. Here we present estimates of pup abundance at South Australia colonies, mostly during the 2013–14 breeding season. Long-nosed fur seals bred from Baudin Rocks in the south-east to Fenelon Island in the north-west. In total, 29 breeding colonies produced 20 431 pups, 3.6 times greater than the 1989–90 estimate; the increase is attributed to recovery from 19th century overharvesting. The 2013–14 pup estimate leads to an estimate of abundance of long-nosed fur seals in South Australia of 97 200. Most pups were on Kangaroo Island (49.6%) and the Neptune Islands (38.6%). New breeding colonies were identified on Williams Island and at two small sites on Kangaroo Island. The increasing trend in South Australia is likely to continue over the coming decade, primarily by expansion in colonies on Kangaroo Island and by establishment of new colonies.

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Hohnen, Rosemary, Karleah Berris, Pat Hodgens, Josh Mulvaney, Brenton Florence, Brett P. Murphy, Sarah M. Legge, Chris R. Dickman, and John C. Z. Woinarski. "Pre-eradication assessment of feral cat density and population size across Kangaroo Island, South Australia." Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19137.

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Abstract Context Feral cats (Felis catus) are a significant threat to wildlife in Australia and globally. In Australia, densities of feral cats vary across the continent and also between the mainland and offshore islands. Densities on small islands may be at least an order of magnitude higher than those in adjacent mainland areas. To provide cat-free havens for biodiversity, cat-control and eradication programs are increasingly occurring on Australian offshore islands. However, planning such eradications is difficult, particularly on large islands where cat densities could vary considerably. Aims In the present study, we examined how feral cat densities vary among three habitats on Kangaroo Island, a large Australian offshore island for which feral cat eradication is planned. Methods Densities were compared among the following three broad habitat types: forest, forest–farmland boundaries and farmland. To detect cats, three remote-camera arrays were deployed in each habitat type, and density around each array was calculated using a spatially explicit capture–recapture framework. Key results The average feral cat density on Kangaroo Island (0.37 cats km−2) was slightly higher than that on the Australian mainland. Densities varied from 0.06 to 3.27 cats km−2 and were inconsistent within broad habitat types. Densities were highest on farms that had a high availability of macropod and sheep carcasses. The relationship between cat density and the proportion of cleared land in the surrounding area was weak. The total feral cat population of Kangaroo Island was estimated at 1629±661 (mean±s.e.) individuals. Conclusions Cat densities on Kangaroo Island are highly variable and may be locally affected by factors such as prey and carrion availability. Implications For cat eradication to be successful, resources must be sufficient to control at least the average cat density (0.37 cats km−2), with additional effort around areas of high carcass availability (where cats are likely to be at a higher density) potentially also being required.

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Taggart, Patrick L., Bronwyn A. Fancourt, Andrew J. Bengsen, David E. Peacock, Patrick Hodgens, John L. Read, Milton M. McAllister, and Charles G. B. Caraguel. "Evidence of significantly higher island feral cat abundance compared with the adjacent mainland." Wildlife Research 46, no. 5 (2019): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18118.

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Context Feral cats (Felis catus) impact the health and welfare of wildlife, livestock and humans worldwide. They are particularly damaging where they have been introduced into island countries such as Australia and New Zealand, where native prey species evolved without feline predators. Kangaroo Island, in South Australia, is Australia’s third largest island and supports several threatened and endemic species. Cat densities on Kangaroo Island are thought to be greater than those on the adjacent South Australian mainland, based on one cat density estimate on the island that is higher than most estimates from the mainland. The prevalence of cat-borne disease in cats and sheep is also higher on Kangaroo Island than the mainland, suggesting higher cat densities. A recent continental-scale spatial model of cat density predicted that cat density on Kangaroo Island should be about double that of the adjacent mainland. However, although cats are believed to have severe impacts on some native species on the island, other species that are generally considered vulnerable to cat predation have relatively secure populations on the island compared with the mainland. Aims The present study aimed to compare feral cat abundance between Kangaroo Island and the adjacent South Australian mainland using simultaneous standardised methods. Based on previous findings, we predicted that the relative abundance of feral cats on Kangaroo Island would be approximately double that on the South Australian mainland. Methods Standardised camera trap surveys were used to simultaneously estimate the relative abundance of feral cats on Kangaroo Island and the adjacent South Australian mainland. Survey data were analysed using the Royle–Nichols abundance-induced heterogeneity model to estimate feral cat relative abundance at each site. Key results Cat abundance on the island was estimated to be over 10 times greater than that on the adjacent mainland. Conclusions Consistent with predictions, cat abundance on the island was greater than on the adjacent mainland. However, the magnitude of this difference was much greater than expected. Implications The findings show that the actual densities of cats at local sites can vary substantially from predictions generated by continental-scale models. The study also demonstrates the value of estimating abundance or density simultaneously across sites using standardised methods.

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Alcorn, G. Bruce. "My practice on Kangaroo Island." Medical Journal of Australia 156, no. 4 (February 1992): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb139748.x.

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Crawford, Gregory B. "PALLIATIVE CARE ON KANGAROO ISLAND." Australian Journal of Rural Health 8, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2000.tb00325.x.

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9

Crawford, Gregory B. "PALLIATIVE CARE ON KANGAROO ISLAND." Australian Journal of Rural Health 8, no. 1 (February 2000): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1584.2000.81230.x.

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10

Hume, Julian P., and Christian Robertson. "Eggs of extinct dwarf island emus retained large size." Biology Letters 17, no. 5 (May 2021): 20210012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0012.

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Islands off southern Australia once harboured three subspecies of the mainland emu ( Dromaius novaehollandiae ), the smaller Tasmanian emu ( D. n. diemenensis ) and two dwarf emus, King Island emu ( D. n. minor ) and Kangaroo Island emu ( D. n. baudinianus ), which all became extinct rapidly after discovery by human settlers. Little was recorded about their life histories and only a few historical museum specimens exist, including a number of complete eggs from Tasmania and a unique egg from Kangaroo Island. Here, we present a detailed analysis of eggs of dwarf emus, including the first record of an almost complete specimen from King Island. Our results show that despite the reduction in size of all island emus, especially the King Island emu that averaged 44% smaller than mainland birds, the egg remained similar sized in linear measurements, but less in volume and mass, and seemingly had a slightly thinner eggshell. We provide possible reasons why these phenomena occurred.

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Masters, Pip, Toni Duka, Steve Berris, and Graeme Moss. "Koalas on Kangaroo Island: from introduction to pest status in less than a century." Wildlife Research 31, no. 3 (2004): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03007.

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In less than a century the ecological profile of koalas on Kangaroo Island has shifted from that of a species introduced for conservation purposes to one of pest status. Between 1923 and 1925, 18 koalas were released on Kangaroo Island. Their numbers increased rapidly and in 1997 a population-control program was implemented based on a population estimate of 5000 koalas. During the course of this program, it became clear that the koala population on Kangaroo Island was much greater and more widely distributed than previously thought, hence a more comprehensive population survey was carried out.In 2000–01 the koala population size was calculated using a stratified sampling approach based on five 'catchment units' and three habitat classifications that were known to support koalas. The koala population was estimated to be ~27 000 koalas in 2001. There were substantial differences in koala density in the low-, medium- and high-quality habitat within each catchment unit, and therefore large differences in the spatial distribution of koalas across Kangaroo Island. This revised population estimate has substantial ramifications for the Kangaroo Island Koala Management Program that was set in place in 1997.

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Arthur, H., K. Bell, and D. W. Cooper. "Plasma protein polymorphisms in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 2 (1998): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97047.

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Five populations of the Australian tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, from Kangaroo Island, South Australia, and Garden, Abrolhos and Middle Islands and Perup, Western Australia, were examined for plasma protein polymorphisms. Select Kangaroo/Garden Island hybrids and backcross progeny were also included in the study. Vitamin D binding protein (GC), albumin (ALB), transferrin (TF), protease inhibitor (PI), haemopexin (HX), haptoglobin (HP) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, pH 7.9, isoelectric focusing, pH 4.2–4.9, and immunoblotting with rabbit antisera to human proteins. Five GC (A, B, C, D, E), two ALB (A, B), two TF (A, B) and five PI (I, J, L, M, P) variants were detected, and limited family studies demonstrated a codominant allelic inheritance for each of the systems.

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Lavery, Trish J., Ben Roudnew, and James G. Mitchell. "Nitrogen transport from sea to land by a threatened and declining population of Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) on Kangaroo Island, South Australia." Australian Mammalogy 37, no. 1 (2015): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am12029.

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Australian sea lions consume prey in highly productive foraging grounds and defaecate nutrients on land. The resident population of 1100 Australian sea lions contributes 3800 (±80) kg N year–1 into Seal Bay Conservation Park, Kangaroo Island, South Australia. If this population were to decline in abundance the nitrogen availability and coastal productivity of Kangaroo Island may be reduced.

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Jones, Frederic Wood. "18. The Status of the Kangaroo Island Kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus Desm.)." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 94, no. 2 (August 21, 2009): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1924.tb01508.x.

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Cristescu, Romane, Valma Cahill, William B. Sherwin, Kathrine Handasyde, Kris Carlyon, Desley Whisson, Catherine A. Herbert, Britt Louise J. Carlsson, Alan N. Wilton, and Des W. Cooper. "Inbreeding and testicular abnormalities in a bottlenecked population of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)." Wildlife Research 36, no. 4 (2009): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08010.

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Habitat destruction and fragmentation, interactions with introduced species or the relocation of animals to form new populations for conservation purposes may result in a multiplication of population bottlenecks. Examples are the translocations of koalas to French Island and its derivative Kangaroo Island population, with both populations established as insurance policies against koala extinction. In terms of population size, these conservation programs were success stories. However, the genetic story could be different. We conducted a genetic investigation of French and Kangaroo Island koalas by using 15 microsatellite markers, 11 of which are described here for the first time. The results confirm very low genetic diversity. French Island koalas have 3.8 alleles per locus and Kangaroo Island koalas 2.4. The present study found a 19% incidence of testicular abnormality in Kangaroo Island animals. Internal relatedness, an individual inbreeding coefficient, was not significantly different in koalas with testicular abnormalities from that in other males, suggesting the condition is not related to recent inbreeding. It could instead result from an unfortunate selection of founder individuals carrying alleles for testicular abnormalities, followed by a subsequent increase in these alleles’ frequencies through genetic drift and small population-related inefficiency of selection. Given the low diversity and possible high prevalence of deleterious alleles, the genetic viability of the population remains uncertain, despite its exponential growth so far. This stands as a warning to other introductions for conservation reasons.

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Cristescu, Romane, Valma Cahill, William B. Sherwin, Kathrine Handasyde, Kris Carlyon, Desley Whisson, Catherine A. Herbert, Britt Louise J. Carlsson, Alan N. Wilton, and Des W. Cooper. "Corrigendum to: Inbreeding and testicular abnormalities in a bottlenecked population of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)." Wildlife Research 39, no. 4 (2012): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08010_co.

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Habitat destruction and fragmentation, interactions with introduced species or the relocation of animals to form new populations for conservation purposes may result in a multiplication of population bottlenecks. Examples are the translocations of koalas to French Island and its derivative Kangaroo Island population, with both populations established as insurance policies against koala extinction. In terms of population size, these conservation programs were success stories. However, the genetic story could be different. We conducted a genetic investigation of French and Kangaroo Island koalas by using 15 microsatellite markers, 11 of which are described here for the first time. The results confirm very low genetic diversity. French Island koalas have 3.8 alleles per locus and Kangaroo Island koalas 2.4. The present study found a 19% incidence of testicular abnormality in Kangaroo Island animals. Internal relatedness, an individual inbreeding coefficient, was not significantly different in koalas with testicular abnormalities from that in other males, suggesting the condition is not related to recent inbreeding. It could instead result from an unfortunate selection of founder individuals carrying alleles for testicular abnormalities, followed by a subsequent increase in these alleles' frequencies through genetic drift and small population-related inefficiency of selection. Given the low diversity and possible high prevalence of deleterious alleles, the genetic viability of the population remains uncertain, despite its exponential growth so far. This stands as a warning to other introductions for conservation reasons.

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Nash, Joshua. "Naming places—on and around Kangaroo Island." South Australian Geographical Journal 112, i_current (2013): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/sagj-2013-005.

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Shaughnessy, Peter D., Jane McKenzie, Melanie L. Lancaster, Simon D. Goldsworthy, and Terry E. Dennis. "Australian fur seals establish haulout sites and a breeding colony in South Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 58, no. 2 (2010): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo10017.

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Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) breed on Bass Strait islands in Victoria and Tasmania. They have been recorded in South Australia (SA) for many years as non-breeding visitors and on Kangaroo Island frequently since 1988, mostly in breeding colonies of the New Zealand fur seal (A. forsteri) which is the most numerous pinniped in SA. Australian fur seals have displaced New Zealand fur seals from sections of the Cape Gantheaume colony on Kangaroo Island. North Casuarina Island produced 29 Australian fur seal pups in February 2008. Australian fur seal pups were larger than New Zealand fur seal pups in the same colony and have been identified genetically using a 263-bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region. North Casuarina Island has been an important breeding colony of New Zealand fur seals, but pup numbers there decreased since 1992–93 (contrary to trends in SA for New Zealand fur seals), while numbers of Australian fur seals there have increased. This study confirms that Australian fur seals breed in SA. The two fur seal species compete for space onshore at several sites. Australian fur seals may compete for food with endangered Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) because both are bottom feeders.

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Hohnen, Rosemary, Brett P. Murphy, Sarah M. Legge, Chris R. Dickman, and John C. Z. Woinarski. "Uptake of ‘Eradicat’ feral cat baits by non-target species on Kangaroo Island." Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19056.

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Abstract ContextPredation by feral cats (Felis catus) threatens a range of vertebrate species across Australia, and cat-free islands increasingly act as safe havens for biodiversity. A feral cat eradication program has begun on Kangaroo Island (4405km2) in South Australia, and poison baiting is likely to be one of the main methods used. Aims Here, we trial a non-toxic version of a cat bait, ‘Eradicat’, on western Kangaroo Island, to examine its potential impact on non-target species. MethodsNon-toxic baits containing the biomarker Rhodamine B were deployed across four sites in early August and late November in 2018, with bait take and consumption assessed both by remote cameras and by the presence of Rhodamine B in mammalian whisker samples taken post-baiting. Key resultsCats encountered baits on very few occasions and took a bait on only one occasion in August (<1% of 576 baits deployed). Non-target species accounted for over 99% of identifiable bait takes. In both seasons, >60% of all baits laid was taken by either the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), bush rat (Rattus fuscipes) or Australian raven (Corvus coronoides). In November, Rosenberg’s goanna (Varanus rosenbergi) and southern brown bandicoot (south-eastern subspecies; Isoodon obesulus obesulus), listed nationally as Endangered, also took baits (3% and 1% respectively). The Kangaroo Island dunnart (Sminthopsis fuliginosus aitkeni), listed nationally as endangered, approached a bait on only one occasion, but did not consume it. Evidence of bait consumption was visible in the whiskers of captured common brushtail possums (100% of post-baiting captured individuals in August, 80% in November), bush rats (59% in August and 50% in November), house mice (Mus musculus) (45% in November) and western pygmy-possums (Cercartetus concinnus) (33% in November). ConclusionsAlthough feral cat baiting has the potential to significantly benefit wildlife on Kangaroo Island, impacts on non-target species (particularly the bush rat and common brushtail possum) may be high. ImplicationsAlternative cat baits, such as those containing a toxin to which native species have a higher tolerance or that are less readily consumed by native wildlife, will be more appropriate.

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FERGUSON, D. J., R. V. GLATZ, and D. K. YEATES. "New stiletto flies in the genus Anabarhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Therevidae) from Kangaroo Island, South Australia." Zootaxa 4646, no. 2 (July 24, 2019): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4646.2.8.

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Anabarhynchus Macquart 1848 is a species-rich genus of stiletto flies (Diptera: Therevidae) belonging to the subfamily Therevinae, with over 113 species described from Australia. These flies are diverse and abundant in Australia’s eucalypt woodland and mallee habitats. Here we describe, diagnose and illustrate a further three new Anabarhynchus species in the genus as follows: A. aurantilateralis sp. nov. and A. halmaturinus sp. nov., and A. venabrunneis sp. nov., from Kangaroo Island. These new species bring the total number of described Australian species in the genus to 116, with 13 of these known to occur on Kangaroo Island.

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Oorebeek, M., and P. Rismiller. "Bothriocroton concolor (Acari: Ixodidae) on the Kangaroo Island Kangaroo: A New Host-Parasite Relationship." Journal of Medical Entomology 44, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 901–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/44.5.901.

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Cunningham, Calum X., Thomas A. A. Prowse, Pip Masters, and Phillip Cassey. "Home range, habitat suitability and population modelling of feral Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) on Kangaroo Island, South Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 2 (2016): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo15045.

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The Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) is a declared alien pest species on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, where it is implicated in a range of social problems and potential ecological impacts. To inform the management of feral peafowl, we aimed to (1) provide an estimate of peafowl distribution and abundance; (2) measure peafowl home ranges; (3) calculate the area of suitable peafowl habitat; and (4) estimate how the population could change under various culling scenarios. Using expert and landholder surveys, we estimated that ~380 individuals (range 330–428) were distributed among 21 separate groups on Kangaroo Island. Habitat suitability modelling identified native vegetation near agriculture as the preferred peafowl habitat and indicated that substantial unoccupied suitable habitat is available. The mean home range of eight peafowl was 52 ha and one dispersal event of 4.5 km demonstrated that unoccupied suitable habitat could feasibly be colonised. Demographic models indicated that, if unmanaged, the peafowl population could exceed 2000 individuals after 10 years, but that culling ~85 individuals annually could maintain the current population size. We therefore suggest that control of the Kangaroo Island peafowl population is warranted while the current distribution of peafowl is well understood.

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Shaughnessy, Peter D., and Simon D. Goldsworthy. "Dispersion of long-nosed fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) determined by tagging." Australian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 3 (2019): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo20032.

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Long-nosed fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) were tagged as pups in colonies on Kangaroo Island, South Australia in eight consecutive pupping seasons from 1988–89 to 1995–96. Thirty-nine tagged animals were sighted on the southern Australian coast, being 0.89% of those tagged. They were aged from 9 months to 14 years 6 months, with half in their second and third years. Most records (88%) were of animals that moved eastwards. The most distant records were from Sydney in the east (1700 km), south of Tasmania in the south (1240 km) and Head of Bight in the west (700 km). One animal was seen twice, both times on the north coast of Kangaroo Island, once underwater and two years later ashore. Satellite telemetry studies of juvenile A. forsteri from Kangaroo Island showed that they typically forage in pelagic waters ~1000 km further south in association with the subtropical front. The study reported here shows that some animals tagged as pups disperse widely as juveniles around the southern Australian coast. The possibility of genetic interchange between breeding colonies is suggested by sightings of three tagged females aged 4 years and older at non-natal colonies.

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KLOOT, P. M. "The invasion of Kangaroo Island by alien plants." Austral Ecology 12, no. 3 (September 1987): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1987.tb00947.x.

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Shaughnessy, Peter D., Catherine M. Kemper, David Stemmer, and Jane McKenzie. "Records of vagrant fur seals (family Otariidae) in South Australia." Australian Mammalogy 36, no. 2 (2014): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am13038.

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Two fur seal species breed on the southern coast of Australia: the Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) and the New Zealand fur seal (A. forsteri). Two other species are vagrants: the subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis) and the Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella). We document records of vagrant fur seals in South Australia from 1982 to 2012 based primarily on records from the South Australian Museum. There were 86 subantarctic fur seals: 49 specimens and 37 sightings. Most (77%) were recorded from July to October and 83% of all records were juveniles. All but two specimens were collected between July and November. Sightings were prevalent during the same period, but there were also nine sightings during summer (December–February), several of healthy-looking adults. Notable concentrations were near Victor Harbor, on Kangaroo Island and Eyre Peninsula. Likely sources of subantarctic fur seals seen in South Australia are Macquarie and Amsterdam Islands in the South Indian Ocean, ~2700 km south-east and 5200 km west of SA, respectively. There were two sightings of Antarctic fur seals, both of adults, on Kangaroo Island at New Zealand fur seal breeding colonies. Records of this species for continental Australia and nearby islands are infrequent.

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Poole, WE, JT Wood, and NG Simms. "Distribution of the tammar, Macropus eugenii, and the relationships of populations as determined by cranial morphometrics." Wildlife Research 18, no. 5 (1991): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910625.

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Apparently once widespread throughout dense thickets in south-western Australia, the tammar is now much restricted in its distribution. On mainland Australia, isolated populations still persist in Western Australia, but in South Australia, where there is little remaining evidence to confirm that it extended beyond Eyre Peninsula, the wallaby is probably close to extinction. All originally recorded populations on five islands in Western Australia remain, but in South Australia all natural island populations, other than those on Kangaroo I., appear to be extinct. Morphometric analyses of crania representative of most known populations provide a means of assessing their relationships. Canonical variate analysis, the derivation of Mahalanobis distances and subsequent calculation of minimum spanning trees supported the existence of affinities within three major regional groups-a group predominantly from Western Australia, a group from Kangaroo and Greenly Is, South Australia, and a group from New Zealand-all apparently related via a population from Eyre Peninsula, presumably representative of a former widespread mainland population. By cranial criteria, feral tammars established in New Zealand are South Australian in origin although probably not introduced from Kangaroo I.

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Shaughnessy, P. D. "Instances of predation on fur seals by white sharks in South Australia." Australian Mammalogy 28, no. 1 (2006): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am06015.

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King, J. M., and S. D. Bradshaw. "Stress in an Island kangaroo? The Barrow Island euro, Macropus robustus isabellinus." General and Comparative Endocrinology 167, no. 1 (May 2010): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.02.018.

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Rismiller, Peggy D., and Michael W. McKelvey. "Activity and behaviour of lactating echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus multiaculeatus) from hatching of egg to weaning of young." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 4 (2009): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09031.

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Throughout their Australia-wide distribution, short-beaked echidnas breed during the winter months, i.e. June through early September. Actual duration of the female reproductive cycle, from attracting males and mating until weaning the young, can vary from 7 to 9 months depending on geographic location. Much of this variation is due to length of courtship and age of weaning the young. This paper presents data about the behaviour of free-ranging female echidnas on Kangaroo Island from egg laying through to weaning and compares it with findings from other areas. On Kangaroo Island, behaviour of lactating echidnas falls into two distinct phases: (1) while carrying the young in the pouch; and (2) after the young is placed in a nursery burrow. Females significantly increased both the number of hours active each day as well as the size of area utilised after the young was in the nursery. Although types of nursery burrows are similar throughout Australia, duration of use and frequency visited varies between geographic locations. A major difference is that Kangaroo Island echidnas are often active while carrying either the egg or the young in the pouch and echidnas in other regions remain in a burrow for extended periods.

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Paull, D. "The distribution of the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus obesulus) in South Australia." Wildlife Research 22, no. 5 (1995): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950585.

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This paper describes the South Australian distribution of the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus obesulus) on the basis of records of its past occurrence and field surveys undertaken to determine its present distribution. Since European settlement I. o. obesulus has been recorded from four separate regions of the state: the Mount Lofty Ranges, the South East, Kangaroo Island and Eyre Peninsula. Subfossil remains show that I. o. obesulus also once occurred on Yorke Peninsula but there is no evidence that it has existed there in modem times. Field surveys conducted between 1986 and 1993 confirmed that I. o. obesulus still exists in the Mount Lofty Ranges, the South East and on Kangaroo Island. Its status on Eyre Peninsula is uncertain. Isoodon o. obesulus is vulnerable in the South East and Mount Lofty Ranges because of habitat fragmentation and predation by feral carnivores. The Kangaroo Island population is less threatened as large areas of habitat have been preserved and the fox (Vulpes vulpes) has not been introduced. The area of potential bandicoot habitat remaining in these three regions totals approximately 190 000 ha, most of which is already managed for nature conservation. This habitat is highly fragmented, occurring as small remnant patches of native vegetation separated by extensive tracts of cleared and modified land cover. The implications of this habitat configuration for the long-term survival of I. o. obesulus are discussed.

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Shaughnessy, PD,, M. Berris, and T. E. Dennis. ". Predation on Australian sea lions Neophoca cinerea by white sharks Carcharodon carcharias in South Australia." Australian Mammalogy 29, no. 1 (2007): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am07008.

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From January 1988 to December 2002, 182 Australian sea lions Neophoca cinerea with injuries attributable to white sharks Carcharodon carcharias were recorded in the N. cinerea colony at Seal Bay, Kangaroo Island. The mean number per month was 1.0 (s.d. 1.3), and the number per calendar year varied from 5 to 25 (mean 12.1, s.d. 6.1). The incidence was highest in summer (December to February) and autumn (March to May). The month with the greatest incidence of injured sea lions was January, when it was 17% of the total. This coincides with the higher proportion of white shark records around Kangaroo Island in summer and autumn than in other seasons (Bruce 1992). Adult female and juvenile sea lions were attacked most frequently, with 38% and 26%, respectively. Adult females pass through the waters near the colony more frequently than other sea lions, which makes them more susceptible than other age-sex groups to attacks by white sharks. Most (42%) injuries were to the head and central parts of the sea lions' bodies and 39% were to the rear of their bodies ('rear trunk' and 'hind flippers' areas). The stomach contents of a white shark caught in a bottom-set monofilament gill-net at Cape Gantheaume, Kangaroo Island in April 1992 included two N. cinerea pups aged 10-12 months. They formed about 75% of the shark?s stomach contents.

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Oorebeek, M., and P. Rismiller. "Bothriocroton concolor (Acari: Ixodidae) on the Kangaroo Island Kangaroo: A New Host–Parasite Relationship." Journal of Medical Entomology 44, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 901–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[901:bcaiot]2.0.co;2.

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King, Rachael A., and Remko Leys. "Molecular evidence for mid-Pleistocene divergence of populations of three freshwater amphipod species (Talitroidea : Chiltoniidae) on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, with a new spring-associated genus and species." Australian Journal of Zoology 62, no. 2 (2014): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13099.

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Recent molecular and morphological analyses have shown that chiltoniid amphipods, once thought to be a relictual group, are a diverse and speciose family of Australian freshwater amphipods. As part of a larger examination of the family, chiltoniids from Kangaroo Island in South Australia were collected and analysed using molecular (COI and 28S) and morphological methods in order to understand species distributional patterns and relationships. Kartachiltonia moodyi gen. nov., sp. nov., a spring-associated species endemic to the island, was discovered and populations of three additional mainland species (Austrochiltonia australis, A. dalhousiensis and A. subtenuis) were examined. The island populations of A. australis, A. dalhousiensis and A. subtenuis were found to form natural groups with differing haplotype coalescence times dating from the Early to Mid-Pleistocene. Numerous cycles of regional climate change throughout the Pleistocene are likely to have driven speciation in chiltoniid amphipods in southern Australia and the presence of multiple chiltoniid species at Kangaroo Island indicates that it exists at a likely convergence of species distribution patterns. Three possible hypotheses to explain the evolution and diversity of chiltoniids in southern Australia are discussed as are evidence for potential introduction and long-distance dispersal events.

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Bengsen, Andrew J., John A. Butler, and Pip Masters. "Applying home-range and landscape-use data to design effective feral-cat control programs." Wildlife Research 39, no. 3 (2012): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11097.

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Context Effective feral-cat (Felis silvestris catus) management requires a sound understanding of the ways cats use their environment. Key characteristics of landscape use by cats vary widely among different regions and different conditions. Aims The present study aimed to describe the most important characteristics of landscape use by feral cats on a large, human-populated island, and to use this information to guide the development of feral-cat management programs. Methods We used GPS tracking collars to record the movements of 13 feral cats at two sites on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, for between 20 and 106 days. We described home-range extents by using local convex hulls, and derived management suggestions from examination of home-range and movement data. Key results Median feral-cat home range was 5.11 km2, and this did not differ between sexes or sites. Cats at a fragmented pastoral site tended to favour woody vegetation over open paddocks, but habitat preferences were less clear at a bushland site. Cats that preferentially used treelines at the pastoral site were almost twice as likely to be recorded close to a tree-line junction as expected. Conclusions Control programs for feral cats on Kangaroo Island should deploy control devices at a density no less than 1.7 devices km–2. Spatial coverage should be as large as practicable or repeated frequently. Infrequent programs covering small areas can be expected only to provide short-term reductions in cat abundance. Implications The information gained from the present study will contribute to the development of strategic sustained management plans for feral cats on Kangaroo Island. The principles from which we inferred management guidelines are applicable to other regions and species.

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Libert, Alan Reed. "Insular Toponymies: Place-naming on Norfolk Island, South Pacific and Dudley Peninsula, Kangaroo Island." Australian Journal of Linguistics 40, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2019.1567300.

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36

Caiazzo, Luisa. "Insular Toponymies: Place-naming on Norfolk Island, South Pacific and Dudley Peninsula, Kangaroo Island." Names 68, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00277738.2020.1735811.

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KALLIES, AXEL, BERNARD MOLLET, and DAVID A. YOUNG. "A new zygaenid moth species from Kangaroo Island, South Australia (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae: Procridinae)." Zootaxa 4429, no. 1 (June 5, 2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.7.

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A new species of forester moths, Pollanisus hyacinthus sp. nov., is described from Kangaroo Island, South Australia. It is similar to Pollanisus isolatus Tarmann, 2004 and Pollanisus cyanota (Meyrick, 1886) but differs in several external characters and in the genitalia.

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Szymkowiak, Paweł. "Diaea kangarooblaszakisp. nov. from Kangaroo Island, South Australia (Araneae: Thomisidae)." Annales Zoologici 58, no. 2 (June 2008): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/000345408x326799.

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39

Oldroyd, Benjamin P., Walter S. Sheppard, and J. Anthony Stelzer. "Genetic characterization of the bees of Kangaroo Island, South Australia." Journal of Apicultural Research 31, no. 3-4 (January 1992): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1992.11101276.

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40

Kruse, Peter D., and Elena Moreno-Eiris. "Archaeocyaths of the White Point Conglomerate, Kangaroo Island, South Australia." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 38, no. 1 (August 21, 2013): 1–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2013.806209.

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Grewal, Nerida. "An Ant Feast for an Echidna, Kangaroo Island, SA, Australia." Spine 40, no. 9 (May 2015): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000465131.65112.7d.

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Nash, Joshua. "An Insular Toponymy: Place-Naming on Dudley Peninsula, Kangaroo Island." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 136, no. 2 (January 2012): 67–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03721426.2012.10887165.

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43

Hohnen, Rosemary, Brett P. Murphy, Jody A. Gates, Sarah Legge, Chris R. Dickman, and John C. Z. Woinarski. "Detecting and protecting the threatened Kangaroo Island dunnart (Sminthopsis fuliginosusaitkeni)." Conservation Science and Practice 1, no. 1 (January 2019): e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csp2.4.

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44

Shaughnessy, PD, SD Goldsworthy, and JA Libke. "Changes in the abundance of New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, on Kangaroo Island, South Australia." Wildlife Research 22, no. 2 (1995): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950201.

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Kangaroo Island was an important seal-harvesting site during the early years of European colonisation of Australia. A recent survey of the New Zealand fur seal, Arctocephalus forsteri, in South and Western Australia indicates that Kangaroo I. is still an important centre for the species. In order to determine changes in the abundance of the population, numbers of pups were determined at four colonies on Kangaroo Island by mark-recapture in up to five breeding seasons from 1988-89 to 1992-93. Clipping was the preferred technique for mark-recapture estimation of pups because it was quick, easy and effective. Recaptures were conducted visually; they were repeated several times in each season to improve precision of the estimates. No pups were marked between recaptures in order to minimise disturbance. Assumptions made in estimating population size by the mark-recapture technique pertinent to this study are reviewed. Pup numbers increased at three colonies: at Cape Gantheaume, from 458 to 867 over five years (with exponential rate of increase r = 0.16, n = 5); at Nautilus North, from 182 to 376 over five years (at r = 0.19, n = 4); and at North Casuarina Islet, from 442 to 503 over four years (at r = 0.043, n = 2). Rates of increase in the first two colonies are similar to those at the most rapidly increasing fur seal populations in the Southern Hemisphere. The Kangaroo I. population is estimated to be 10000 animals in 1992-93. It is likely to be at the recolonisation phase of growth, with high rates of increase at individual colonies (or parts of colonies) resulting from local immigration. As space does not appear to be limiting expansion in these colonies, fur seal numbers may continue to increase there.

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Bonney, Mitchell T., Yuhong He, and Soe W. Myint. "Contextualizing the 2019–2020 Kangaroo Island Bushfires: Quantifying Landscape-Level Influences on Past Severity and Recovery with Landsat and Google Earth Engine." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 3942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233942.

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The 2019–2020 Kangaroo Island bushfires in South Australia burned almost half of the island. To understand how to avoid future severe ‘mega-fires’ and how vegetation may recover from 2019–2020, we can utilize information from the bulk of historical fires in an area. Landsat time-series of vegetation change provide this opportunity, but there has been little analysis of large numbers of fires to build a landscape-level understanding and quantify drivers in an Australian context. In this study, we built a yearly cloud-free surface reflectance normalized burn ratio (NBR) time-series (1988–2020) using all available summer Landsat images over Kangaroo Island. Data were collected in Google Earth Engine and fitted with LandTrendr. Burn severity and post-fire recovery were quantified for 47 fires, with a new recovery metric facilitating comparison where fire frequency is high. Variables representing the current burn, fire history, vegetation structure, and topography were related to severity and yearly recovery with random forest and bivariate analysis. Results show that the 2019–2020 bushfires were the most widespread and severe, followed by 2007–2008. Vegetation recovers quickly, with NBR stabilizing ten years post-fire on average. Severity is most influenced by fire frequency, vegetation capacity and land use with more severe burns in nature conservation areas with dense vegetation and a history of frequent fires. Influence on recovery varied with time since fire, with initial (year 1–3) faster recovery observed in areas with less surviving vegetation. Later (year 6–10) recovery was most influenced by a variable representing burn year and further investigation indicates that precipitation increases in later post-fire years likely facilitated faster recovery. The relative abundance of eucalypt woodlands also has a positive influence on recovery in middle and later years. These results provide valuable information to land managers on Kangaroo Island and in similar environments, who should consider adjusting practices to limit future mega-fire risk and potential ecosystem shifts if severe fires become more frequent with climate change.

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Littlejohn, Murray J. "Geographic variation in the advertisement call of Crinia signifera (Anura:Myobatrachidae) on Kangaroo Island and across southern south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 56, no. 4 (2008): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08018.

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The male advertisement call of anuran amphibians has a major role in mate choice, and regional variation in this attribute can act as an indicator of speciation and a marker for genetic differentiation. As part of a regional study of geographic variation in the male advertisement call of Crinia signifera across south-eastern Australia and adjacent larger continental islands, samples of advertisement calls from two populations on Kangaroo Island and two populations on the adjacent Fleurieu Peninsula were compared. Four call attributes were considered: pulse number, call duration, pulse rate and dominant frequency. Pulse number is considered the most reliable for comparative purposes because it is not influenced by effective temperature or audio recording and analysis. The two island populations (central and eastern, ~24 km apart) differ significantly in pulse number, with contact but no overlap of interquartile ranges. The eastern sample differs markedly from those on the nearby Fleurieu Peninsula – which are both similar to the more distant central island sample. Geographic variation in pulse number in these four samples and 11 others from two recent publications is then interpreted in the light of land bridges and lower temperatures of the late Pleistocene and early Holocene.

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Walshe, Keryn, and Tom Loy. "An Adze Manufactured From A Telegraph Insulator, Harvey’S Return, Kangaroo Island." Australian Archaeology 58, no. 1 (January 2004): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2004.11681780.

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Drummond, Murray, Sam Elliott, Claire Drummond, and Felicity Lewis. "Men’s physical activity and dietary behaviours on Kangaroo Island, South Australia." Health Education Journal 76, no. 2 (July 28, 2016): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0017896916652434.

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Background: Men’s health has been subjected to diverse approaches to research over the past two decades. Much of the literature has focused on specific medical and health issues. Other contributions have focused more broadly on masculinities and its relationship to health. It is arguable that there has not been a lot of attention paid to Australian rural men’s health and even less on their understanding of health as it relates to physical activity and dietary behavior. Objectives: To gain a better understanding of these issues this paper provides rich, descriptive qualitative data from men living on Kangaroo Island, which is 13.5 kilometres off the South Australian mainland and is regarded as a rural and remote area. Methods: Qualitative data is used to develop greater understanding of the men’s attitudes and behaviours as they relate to physical activity and dietary behaviours. The semistructured interviews and focus groups were conducted with 40 men aged between 23–64. Conclusions: The results indicated that the locality in which the men lived provided them with an excellent opportunity to be physically active and eat fresh, locally produced, foods. However, it was identified that many of the men did not have a comprehensive understanding of health and seemingly displayed low levels of health knowledge. As a result for many of these men, their physical health was left to chance. There was little evidence of any planned health promotion to assist them with making improvements to their nutrition and physical activity levels as they aged. Recommendations and population-based strategies are provided to assist men living in remote rural settings to enhance not only their health ultimately their health knowledge. This will positively impact community health.

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McFARLAND, IJ, and PE SAUNDERS. "A survey of sheep flocks on Kangaroo Island for virulent footrot." Australian Veterinary Journal 74, no. 5 (November 1996): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb15451.x.

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Hohnen, Rosemary, Brett P. Murphy, Jody A. Gates, Sarah Legge, Chris R. Dickman, and John C. Z. Woinarski. "Detecting and protecting the threatened Kangaroo Island dunnart ( Sminthopsis fuliginosus aitkeni )." Conservation Science and Practice 1, no. 1 (January 2019): e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/csp2.4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Kangaroo Island'

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