Journal articles on the topic 'Kangaroo Composition'
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Iles, Jordan, Jeff Kelleway, Tsuyoshi Kobayashi, Debashish Mazumder, Lisa Knowles, David Priddel, and Neil Saintilan. "Grazing kangaroos act as local recyclers of energy on semiarid floodplains." Australian Journal of Zoology 58, no. 3 (2010): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo10020.
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On Australian semiarid floodplains, large herbivores such as kangaroos have a role in the cycling of energy (carbon) through the mechanism of feeding and defaecation of vegetative material. The degree to which kangaroos are vectors of energy within this system is not fully understood. This study describes the stable carbon isotope signature of floodplain plants and kangaroo scats at two close study sites. Kangaroos were found to deposit scats that mirrored the forage composition at each particular feeding site. Scats were 3.94‰ higher in δ13C values at the site where C4 grasses were available, indicating that this grass contributed ~25–30% of the diet of these kangaroos. The difference in diet due to the relative availability of C3 and C4 forage, detectable in the carbon stable isotope signature of scats, is used to demonstrate that kangaroos are recycling and redistributing energy locally, rather than transporting it more broadly across the floodplain.
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Brookman, Tom H., and Stanley H. Ambrose. "Seasonal variation in kangaroo tooth enamel oxygen and carbon isotopes in southern Australia." Quaternary Research 78, no. 2 (June 20, 2012): 256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.05.011.
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AbstractSerial sampling of tooth enamel growth increments for carbon and oxygen isotopic analyses of Macropus (kangaroo) teeth was performed to assess the potential for reconstructing paleoseasonality. The carbon isotope composition of tooth enamel apatite carbonate reflects the proportional intake of C3 and C4 vegetation. The oxygen isotopic composition of enamel reflects that of ingested and metabolic water. Tooth enamel forms sequentially from the tip of the crown to the base, so dietary and environmental changes during the tooth's formation can be detected. δ13C and δ18O values were determined for a series of enamel samples drilled from the 3rd and 4th molars of kangaroos that were collected along a 900 km north–south transect in southern Australia. The serial sampling method did not yield pronounced seasonal isotopic variation patterns in Macropus enamel. The full extent of dietary isotopic variation may be obscured by attenuation of the isotopic signal during enamel mineralisation. Brachydont (low-crowned) Macropus teeth may be less sensitive to seasonal variation in isotopic composition due to time-averaging during mineralisation. However, geographic variations observed suggest that there may be potential for tracking latitudinal shifts in vegetation zones and seasonal environmental patterns in response to climate change.
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Coulson, G. "The Influence of population density and habitat on grouping in the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus." Wildlife Research 20, no. 2 (1993): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930151.
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Population density and habitat structure have been identified as influencing grouping patterns in kangaroos, but the separate contributions of each factor have rarely been distinguished. Grouping was examined in the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus, at Hattah-Kulkyne National Park, north-western Victoria, where the population exhibits marked changes in density throughout habitats that provide a range of cover. Group size and population density in each habitat were surveyed at two times of day and at roughly 2-monthly intervals from March 1983 until December 1985. Of the four major habitats, mallee and woodland offered moderate cover, whereas grassland and lake bed gave sparse cover. Visibility of kangaroo groups was highest in the sparse habitats, and was positively related to the size of the group, at least in the lower range of group sizes. At densities up to 40km-2, groups that formed in the sparse habitats were larger than the groups in the two habitats that offered moderate cover. Three habitats (lake bed, grassland and woodland) had more smaller and more larger groups than expected if group formation was a random process. Large males were seen alone more often than expected by chance in lake bed, and less often in moderate cover; females with young-atfoot were over-represented as singletons in all four habitats. The size and composition of groups recorded in this study suggest that the basic components of the social organisation of kangaroos are best discerned in habitats that carry a low population density, but that also provide the most cover.
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L. Goldingay, Ross, Patrick A. Kelly, and Daniel F. Williams. "The Kangaroo Rats of California: endemism and conservation of keystone species." Pacific Conservation Biology 3, no. 1 (1997): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970047.
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This review describes the great diversity and endemism of Kangaroo Rats Dipodomys spp. in California. Many species are formally listed as endangered and others are likely to be listed in the near future. We review recent efforts to conserve these small bipedal rodents. We argue that they deserve special emphasis because they have been shown to play key roles in ecosystem structure and composition. Indeed, many of the plant communities occupied by Kangaroo Rats have now been identified as at risk because of excessive habitat destruction and fragmentation. It is clear that preservation of Kangaroo Rats and their plant communities will not be achieved through simply setting aside blocks of habitat as reserves. Conservation areas will require active management in order to maintain existing biodiversity, but further studies are required to ascertain how best to manage these communities. We believe that Kangaroo Rats are important subjects for management studies and ecosystem monitoring. Preliminary studies of the size of reserves required to maintain viable populations of one species show that despite the often high abundance of Kangaroo Rats (35 animals/ha), large areas (>5 000 ha) will be required. Therefore, considerable biodiversity is likely to be protected by focusing on these species, particularly if conservation and recovery efforts are applied on a regional scale.
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Engel, Kathrin M., Jürgen Schiller, Karin Müller, Dirk Dannenberger, and Ulrike Jakop. "The Phospholipid Composition of Kangaroo Spermatozoa Verified by Mass Spectrometric Lipid Analysis." Lipids 52, no. 10 (August 11, 2017): 857–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-017-4283-9.
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Mitchell, D. Rex, and Stephen Wroe. "Biting mechanics determines craniofacial morphology among extant diprotodont herbivores: dietary predictions for the giant extinct short-faced kangaroo, Simosthenurus occidentalis." Paleobiology 45, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2018.46.
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AbstractLarge herbivores can act as keystone species that strongly influence their communities. During the Pliocene and Pleistocene, Australia was dominated by a number of large to gigantic marsupial herbivore taxa. Many of these have been understudied quantitatively with regard to their ecology; and identifying the diet of these species will improve our understanding of not only their ecologies, but also of past environments. Recent research has found that cranial morphology among kangaroos and wallabies corresponds with foraging behaviors and mechanical properties of preferred plant tissues. Here we apply shape analysis and computational biomechanics to test the hypothesis: that feeding ecology is associated with craniofacial morphology across a taxonomically broad sample of diprotodont herbivores. Based on our results we predict the diet of an extinct short-faced kangaroo, Simosthenurus occidentalis. We find that biting behaviors are reflected in craniofacial morphology, but that these are more a reflection of the hardest bites required for their lifestyle, rather than diet composition alone. A combination of a very short face, robust musculoskeletal features, and dental arrangements predict that S. occidentalis was a browser, capable of consuming particularly resistant, bulky plant matter. These features were largely conserved among other short-faced kangaroos and may have offset the unpredictable availability of quality forage during the climatically variable Pleistocene epoch, contributing to their prolific diversification during this time.
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Davis, Naomi E., Julian Di Stefano, Graeme Coulson, Jim Whelan, and John Wright. "Vegetation management influences habitat use by mammalian herbivores in shrub-encroached grassy woodland." Wildlife Research 43, no. 5 (2016): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15218.
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Context Restoration of disturbed vegetation communities commonly involves altering vegetation composition and structure, attributes that can influence the suitability of habitat for fauna. Feedbacks may occur whereby changes to the vegetation affect mammalian herbivores, and unintended changes may prevent managers from achieving conservation goals. Aims To understand how vegetation management affects habitat use by five mammalian herbivores, namely eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor), common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and hog deer (Axis porcinus). Methods A management experiment (mechanical slashing of the encroaching shrub Leptospermum laevigatum) at Wilsons Promontory National Park, Australia, created slashed swales in addition to untreated dune and scrub woodland. In each vegetation stratum, we estimated the cover of L. laevigatum and quantified herbivore abundance by counting the standing crop of faecal pellets. Key results Relative to untreated vegetation, mechanical slashing of L. laevigatum substantially reduced cover of this species above 200 cm, but increased its cover below 30 cm. On the basis of faecal-pellet counts, multispecies use of managed and unmanaged parts of the landscape differed substantially, with the differences principally driven by higher abundance of European rabbits and eastern grey kangaroos at slashed sites. Conclusions The responses of three grazing species (kangaroo, rabbits and wombats) to vegetation management were predicted well by prior knowledge of diet and habitat preferences. This was not the case for the browser (swamp wallaby), nor for the grazer that consumes substantial amounts of browse in the study area (hog deer), and additional knowledge of the processes underlying their responses to vegetation change is required. Implications Our findings highlighted that vegetation management can influence herbivore abundances in the managed system. An improved understanding of these associations will allow vegetation management plans to incorporate herbivore responses.
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Leigh, JH, DH Wood, MD Holgate, A. Slee, and MG Stanger. "Effects of Rabbit and Kangaroo Grazing on Two Semi-Arid Grassland Communities in Central-Western New South Wales." Australian Journal of Botany 37, no. 5 (1989): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9890375.
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The effects of rabbits and kangaroos, and rabbits alone, on the biomass and species composition of a native grassland dominated by Stipa nitida/nodosa, Danthonia caespitosa and Aristida contorta, and a grassland dominated by the exotic species Hordeum glaucum, Vulpia spp., Medicago laciniata and the native Erodium crinitum growing at Yathong Nature Reserve in central New South Wales was monitored between 1979 and 1985. Rabbits generally favoured the grassy component; kangaroos also favoured grasses but less so. Changes in non-grass species composition due to grazing was generally insignificant. Changes in species composition due to seasonal differences in rainfall was highly significant. No new species appeared on plots exclosed from grazing for 10 years, suggesting that the grazing by livestock, rabbits, and kangaroos in the past has determined the present species composition. The annual biomass consumption by rabbits averaged over 6 years was 100-200 kg ha-1, which is equivalent to reducing the carrying capacity by one sheep for every 2-4 ha rabbit-infested area. In the native grassland the spatial pattern of rabbit grazing, as indicated by faecal pellet distribution, biomass removal, and percentage of 'unpalatable' species in the pasture, shows greatest grazing pressure to be within 50 m of the warren, grazing intensity dropping off from there to 300 m the greatest distance studied. From the start of the study 'palatable' species, especially grasses, were at their lowest density within 50 m of the warren; this appeared to be a historical effect of grazing. No patterns were discernible in the pasture dominated by introduced species. Little change in species composition of these grasslands can be expected under a wide range of grazing pressure, except close to rabbit warrens.
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McDonald, Brandon, Bryce Geiger, and Sarah Vrla. "Ultraviolet vision in Ord’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii)." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 5 (August 18, 2020): 1257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaa083.
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Abstract Knowledge of a species’ visual system has far reaching implications that affect our understanding of a species’ ecology and evolutionary history. As a model taxon, the heteromyid rodent genus Dipodomys has been valuable in elucidating patterns and mechanisms in biomechanics, ecology, adaptive physiology, biogeography, and more. Although studied extensively, the visual system of Dipodomys has not been described beyond anecdotal mention of their large eyes. Here, the transmittance parameters of the cornea and lens of Ord’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) were analyzed and photoreceptor proteins (opsins) expressed in the retina were identified with immunohistochemical (IHC) labeling. Retina maps were constructed to illustrate the relative densities of photoreceptor cells expressing short wavelength (SWS1) opsins, middle/long wavelength (MW/LW) opsins, and rhodopsin (RH1). The retina of D. ordii has variable densities of SWS1 opsin with the highest density being ventral to the optic nerve, high density of MW/LW opsin, and uniform distribution and high density of RH1 across the retina. Our results suggest that D. ordii has a UV-sensitive visual system. Composition and densities of MW/LW- and SWS1-expressing cells resemble that of a crepuscular/diurnal species thereby supporting previous authors who have reported such activity patterns. Uniform retinal distribution of RH1 indicates visual acuity at night, also confirming the paradigm of D. ordii as primarily a nocturnal species and suggesting visual acuity at all times of the day in the species. These results demonstrate not only that the species is capable of UV vision and has a retina characteristic of a diurnal mammal, but that many previously unknown photic niche selective advantages likely have shaped the evolution and ecology of this model taxon.
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Christensen, Erica M., Gavin L. Simpson, and S. K. Morgan Ernest. "Established rodent community delays recovery of dominant competitor following experimental disturbance." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1917 (December 11, 2019): 20192269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2269.
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Human activities alter processes that control local biodiversity, causing changes in the abundance and identity of species in ecosystems. However, restoring biodiversity to a previous state is rarely as simple as reintroducing lost species or restoring processes to their pre-disturbance state. Theory suggests that established species can impede shifts in species composition via a variety of mechanisms, including direct interference, pre-empting resources or habitat alteration. These mechanisms can create transitory dynamics that delay convergence to an expected end state. We use an experimental manipulation of a desert rodent community to examine differences in recolonization dynamics of a dominant competitor (kangaroo rats of the genus Dipodomys ) when patches were already occupied by an existing rodent community relative to when patches were empty. Recovery of kangaroo rat populations was slow on plots with an established community, taking approximately 2 years, in contrast with rapid recovery on empty plots with no established residents (approx. three months). These results demonstrate that the presence of an established alternate community inhibits recolonization by new species, even those that should be dominant in the community. This has important implications for understanding how biodiversity may change in the future, and what processes may slow or prevent this change.
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Davidson, Ana D., and David C. Lightfoot. "Keystone rodent interactions: prairie dogs and kangaroo rats structure the biotic composition of a desertified grassland." Ecography 29, no. 5 (August 21, 2006): 755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04699.x.
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Koontz, Terri L., and Heather L. Simpson. "The composition of seed banks on kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) mounds in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland." Journal of Arid Environments 74, no. 10 (October 2010): 1156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.03.008.
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Snape, Melissa A., Don Fletcher, and Peter Caley. "Species composition, herbage mass and grass productivity influence pasture responses to kangaroo grazing in a temperate environment." Ecological Management & Restoration 22, S1 (November 2021): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emr.12477.
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Riquelme, Linda, Libby Rumpff, David H. Duncan, and Peter A. Vesk. "Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of understorey biomass in semi-arid woodlands of south-eastern Australia." Rangeland Journal 44, no. 1 (April 16, 2022): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj21060.
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When managing grazing pressure for conservation, understanding forage dynamics is essential. In south-eastern Australia, ongoing grazing is inhibiting regeneration in several semi-arid woodland communities. Western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus (Desmarest, 1817)) have been identified as a key component of total grazing pressure. They are thought to switch from grass to lower-quality browse, including tree seedlings, when grass biomass falls below 400 kg ha−1. One static threshold may not adequately capture the spatial and temporal hazard associated with kangaroo grazing, and this study aimed to explore how grassy biomass varies across a case-study landscape. Understorey biomass and species composition data were collected in the field on seven occasions between December 2016 and May 2019. We used Generalised Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) to describe the influence of environmental and herbivory variables on total (live and dead) understorey, live understorey, and grass (live and dead) biomass. Canopy cover showed the strongest influence on understorey biomass, with more biomass found in open sites than in woodland. Understorey biomass levels were lowest in summer and autumn. Grass biomass, in particular, fell below the 400 kg ha−1 forage-switch threshold in wooded areas during this time. We anticipate that an increased understanding of understorey biomass dynamics will inform managers as to when and where to focus management efforts to promote regeneration and sustained recovery of these semi-arid woodlands. Results of this study suggest that conducting management efforts before the summer/autumn decline in understorey biomass, particularly in woodlands, is critical in reducing the browsing risk to seedlings.
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Dierenfeld, Ellen S., Daniel Solomon Okena, Oliver Paul, and Lisa Dabek. "Composition of browses consumed by Matschie's tree kangaroo ( Dendrolagus matschiei ) sampled from home ranges in Papua New Guinea." Zoo Biology 39, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21543.
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Schlierenzauer, Corinne, Anita C. Risch, Martin Schütz, and Jennifer Firn. "Non-Native Eragrostis curvula Impacts Diversity of Pastures in South-Eastern Australia Even When Native Themeda triandra Remains Co-Dominant." Plants 10, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030596.
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Lowland grassy woodlands in Australia’s south-east face reductions in native plant diversity because of invasion by non-native plants. We compared the relative abundance and diversity of plant species among sites dominated by the native Kangaroo grass (KG) Themeda triandra with sites co-dominated by the non-native African lovegrass (ALG) Eragrostis curvula and KG. We found significant differences in plant species composition depending on the dominant species. Furthermore, our results revealed differences in several diversity parameters such as a lower species richness and forb diversity on sites co-dominated by ALG and KG. This was the case despite the functional similarity of both ALG and KG—both C4 perennial tussock grasses of a similar height. Therefore, our results highlight the critical function of the native KG in maintaining and enhancing the target plant species composition and diversity within these grassy woodlands. Herbivore grazing potentially impacts on the abundance of the dominant grass and forb species in various ways, but its impact likely differs depending on their evolutionary origin. Therefore, disentangling the role of individual herbivore groups (native-, non-native mammals, and invertebrates) on the plant community composition of the lowland grassy woodlands is essential to find appropriate grazing regimes for ALG management in these ecosystems.
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Sinclair, Andrew J., Kerin O'Dea, Graeme Dunstan, Paul D. Ireland, and Maggie Niall. "Effects on plasma lipids and fatty acid composition of very low fat diets enriched with fish or kangaroo meat." Lipids 22, no. 7 (July 1987): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02540369.
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List Sánchez, Rurik H., and David W. Macdonald. "Carnivora atnd their larger mammalian prey species invenory and abundance in the Janos-Nuevo Casas Grandes praire dog complex, Chihuahua." Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Nueva Epoca) 3, no. 1 (January 23, 2014): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ie.20074484e.1998.3.1.62.
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Abstract. This study examined the carnivore species composition and abundance in the Janos-Nuevo Casas Grandes prairie dog complex of north-western Chihuahua, Mexico. Thirteen species of carnivores were recorded in habitats including prairie dog towns, grassland, mesquite scrub and riparian vegetation. From artificial scent-stations and spotlight transects the most abundant carnivore species appeared to be the kit fox Vulpes macrotis and the coyote Canis latrans. Striped/hooded skunks (Mephitis spp) and American badgers (Taxidea taxus) were also common. No significant differences were found between the abundance of kit foxes or coyotes on prairie dog towns or grassland; but skunks were more abundant on grasslands. The abundance of hares (Lepus californicus), rabbit (Sylvilagus audubonii), and kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spp) was also estimated; hares and kangaroo rats were more abundant in the grassland, whilst rabbits were more abundant in prairie dog towns.Resumen. Se estudió la composición de espeices de carnívoros en el complejo de perros llaneros Janos-Nuevo Casas Grandes, en el noroeste de Chihuahua, México. Se registraron 13 especies de carnívoros en los siguientes hábitats; colonias de perros lIaneros, pastizal, matorral de mezquite y vegetación riparia. Por medio de estaciones olfativas y transectos de lampareo se determinó que la zorra norteña Vulpes macrotis y el coyote Canis latrans fueron los más abundantes. Los zorrillos (Mephitis spp) y tejones (Taxidea taxus) también fueron comunes. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la abundancia de zorras norteñas o coyotes entre colonias de perros llaneros o pastizal. Los zorrillos fueron más abundantes en el pastizal. También se estimó la abundancia de liebres (Lepus californicus), conejos (Sylvilagus audubonii), y ratas canguro (Dipodomys spp); las liebres y ratas canguro son más abundantes en el pastizal, mientras los conejos son mas abundantes en las colonias de perros lIaneros.Key words: Carnivore abundance, Chihuahua, Mexico, prairie dog, scent-station, spotlighting.
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Gomez, Victoria A., Pamela L. Utterback, Carl M. Parsons, and Maria R. de Godoy. "PSXI-10 Macronutrient and Protein Quality Evaluation of Novel Mammalian Proteins for Canine and Feline Nutrition." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 272–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.494.
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Abstract The use of novel protein sources has become a popular human food trend and with the continued humanization of pets, these trends have been followed in the petfood industry. There is limited data regarding the macronutrient composition and overall quality of novel mammalian proteins. In this study, beef, yak, camel, kangaroo, and wild boar were analyzed for chemical composition, amino acid (AA) digestibility, and calculation of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) by application of the precision fed cecectomized rooster assay. Dry matter values were >90% and crude protein was greatest in yak meat (95%). Yak meat also contained the least amount of total fat at 11% whereas the greatest amount was found in beef at 57%. The standardized AA digestibility values were determined to be highly digestible as all values were >81%. The reference proteins used for DIAAS-like calculations were based on the Association of American Feed Control officials (AAFCO) nutrient profile and National Research Council (NRC) recommended allowances for adult dogs and cats at maintenance. The DIAAS-like values were >100% for yak and camel meat and were determined to be high quality for dogs. In cats, all proteins received DIAAS-like scores >100% except for wild boar. Tryptophan and methionine were most often the first-limiting acids for both dogs and cats.
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Balland, Jeff, Catherine A. Herbert, Justin A. Welbergen, and John M. Martin. "Habitat selection in a peri-urban area by a large mammal indicates a low potential for human–wildlife conflict." Wildlife Research 47, no. 5 (2020): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19234.
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Abstract ContextIn Australia, various species of macropods (family Macropodidae) are known to occur within peri-urban areas, where they can be a source of human–wildlife conflict. Some species, such as the eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), have received considerable research attention over the past few years following demands from land managers for evidence-based management guidelines; however, the ecology of other macropod species found in peri-urban areas, such as the eastern wallaroo (Osphranter robustus robustus), remains poorly understood. AimsThe aims were to determine the home range of male and female eastern wallaroos and assess habitat selection in order to define whether wallaroos in a peri-urban environment should be viewed as thriving (‘matrix-occupying’), persisting (‘matrix-sensitive’) or struggling (‘urban-sensitive’). MethodsHome range and habitat use of six adult male, five adult female and one subadult male eastern wallaroo were investigated using GPS telemetry between October 2017 and May 2018 in the south-west of Sydney. Key resultsHome ranges (mean±s.e.) of males (63.1±10.2ha) were significantly larger than those of females (31.1±3.3ha). Every adult wallaroo had highly overlapping monthly home ranges, indicating strong site fidelity in all individuals. Eastern wallaroos selected habitats based on vegetation composition during the night and canopy cover during the day. Grassland and open native woodlands were preferred during foraging activities at night. By contrast, human-modified habitats, including hard surfaces and lawns, were avoided at all times by all individuals. ConclusionThe results indicate that eastern wallaroos avoid human-modified features in the landscape, so they could be viewed as persisting (‘matrix-sensitive’) in peri-urban areas. ImplicationsCompared with matrix-occupying macropods, such as the eastern grey kangaroo, the eastern wallaroo is less likely to cause human–wildlife conflicts – a result of its avoidance of human-modified habitat. Land-use planning, involving green corridors linking remnant vegetation, should be implemented as part of urban planning to enable the persistence of diverse mammal populations in urban areas, particularly matrix-sensitive species.
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Hall, Trevor J., Paul Jones, Richard G. Silcock, and Piet G. Filet. "Pasture production and composition response after killing Eucalypt trees with herbicides in central Queensland." Rangeland Journal 38, no. 5 (2016): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj16013.
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Clearing woodlands is practised worldwide to increase crop and livestock production, but can result in unintended consequences including woody regrowth and land degradation. The pasture response of two eucalypt woodlands in the central Queensland rangelands to killing trees with herbicides, in the presence or absence of grazing and regular spring burning, was recorded over 7 or 8 years to determine the long-term sustainability of these common practices. Herbage mass and species composition plus tree dynamics were monitored in two replicated experiments at each site. For 8 years following herbicide application, killing Eucalyptus populnea F. Muell. (poplar box) trees resulted in a doubling of native pasture herbage mass from that of the pre-existing woodland, with a tree basal area of 8.7 m2 ha–1. Conversely, over 7 years with a similar range of seasons, killing E. melanophloia F. Muell. (silver-leaved ironbark) trees of a similar tree basal area had little impact on herbage mass grown or on pasture composition for the first 4 years before production then increased. Few consistent changes in pasture composition were recorded after killing the trees, although there was an increase in the desirable grasses Dichanthium sericeum (R. Br.) A. Camus (Queensland bluegrass) and Themeda triandra Forssk. (kangaroo grass) when grazed conservatively. Excluding grazing allowed more palatable species of the major grasses to enhance their prominence, but seasonal conditions still had a major influence on their production in particular years. Pasture crown basal area was significantly higher where trees had been killed, especially in the poplar box woodland. Removing tree competition did not have a major effect on pasture composition that was independent of other management impositions or seasons, and it did not result in a rapid increase in herbage mass in both eucalypt communities. The slow pasture response to tree removal at one site indicates that regional models and economic projections relating to tree clearing require community-specific inputs.
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Sukee, Tanapan, Ian Beveridge, Ahmad Jawad Sabir, and Abdul Jabbar. "Phylogenetic Relationships within the Nematode Subfamily Phascolostrongylinae (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from Australian Macropodid and Vombatid Marsupials." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010009.
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The strongyloid nematode subfamily Phascolostrongylinae comprises parasites of the large intestine and stomach of Australian macropods and wombats. In this study, we tested the phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the Phascolostrongylinae using the first and second internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Monophyly was encountered in the tribe Phascolostrongylinea comprising two genera, Phascolostrongylus and Oesophagostomoides, found exclusively in the large intestine of wombats. The tribe Hypodontinea, represented by the genera Hypodontus and Macropicola from the ileum and large intestine of macropods, was also found to be monophyletic. The tribe Macropostrongyloidinea, comprising the genera Macropostrongyloides and Paramacropostrongylus, was paraphyletic with the species occurring in the stomach grouping separately from those found in the large intestines of their hosts. However, Macropostrongyloidesdissimilis from the stomach of the swamp wallaby and Paramacropostrongylus toraliformis from the large intestine of the eastern grey kangaroo were distinct from their respective congeners. This study provided strong support for the generic composition of the tribe Phascolostrongylinea. The unexpected finding of M. dissimilis and P. toraliformis being distantly related to their respective congeners suggests a requirement for future taxonomic revision that may warrant separation of these species at the generic level.
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Beal, AM. "Effect of Diet and Mineralocorticoid Administration on the Concentration of Anions in Parotid-Saliva From the Red Kangaroo, Macropus-Rufus." Australian Journal of Zoology 35, no. 2 (1987): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9870133.
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The composition of parotid saliva from six red kangaroos was compared after they had been fed for 21 days with supplement pellets plus chaff, with chaff only, and with chaff plus injections of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) at 0.25 or 0.3 mg kg-' every 12 h. DOCA administration caused a marked reduction in sodium concentration and increase in potassium concentration (Na:K ratio of from 0.17�0.097 to 4.68�0.749 depending on flow rate) and an overall reduction in total cation concentration; salivary chloride concentration and osmolality were also reduced. Partial replacement of the chaff diet with supplement pellets produced significantly higher salivary bicarbonate and lower phosphate concentrations. No relationship between salivary bicarbonate concentration and arterial pCO2, plasma bicarbonate concentration or the rate of acetylcholine infusion was found which might indicate the cause of the anion changes. Similarly, no causal relationship was observed between salivary phosphate concentration and arterial plasma phosphate concentration or dietary phosphate intake. Dietary intakes of calcium and magnesium, and the plasma and salivary concentrations of these ions, were similar under the three experimental regimes. The diet-induced changes in salivary bicarbonate and phosphate were not associated with differences in dietary intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein or neutral detergent fibre, but may have been related to concurrent changes in intake of one or more subcomponents of dietary fibre.
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Zabaras, R., B. J. Richardson, and S. G. Wyllie. "Evolution in the suite of semiochemicals secreted by the sternal gland of Australian marsupials." Australian Journal of Zoology 53, no. 4 (2005): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo04070.
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The nature and distribution of the components, and evolution of the suite of compounds, secreted by the sternal gland of marsupials were studied. Individuals from nine families (18 species) of marsupials and from the echidna were sampled over an 18-month period. The assay system used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and utilised thermal desorption with cryofocusing. Parsimony analysis, constrained by an assumed phylogeny, was used to examine the evolution of the suite of compounds detected. Large interspecies variation in secretion composition was observed with acetic acid, short-chain (C6–C10) aldehydes, long-chain (>C15) hydrocarbons and 1,1-bis-(p-tolyl)-ethane being constituents of the secretion of most species. The suite of compounds, however, varied from three compounds in the yellow-bellied and feathertail gliders to 41 in the koala. The most complex suites of compounds were found in the brown antechinus, red kangaroo, tammar wallaby and koala. Radical differences were observed between the secretions of related species (for example, brown antechinus and mulgara, tammar and parma wallabies, wombat and koala). Compounds appeared and disappeared repeatedly across the phylogeny. No compound constituted a synapomorphy for the Australian marsupials and only one compound was considered a synapomorphy for the Diprotodontia.
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Whiffin, T., and PY Ladiges. "Patterns of variation and relationships in the Eucalyptus Alpina–E. baxteri complex (Myrtaceae) based on leaf volatile oils." Australian Systematic Botany 5, no. 6 (1992): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9920695.
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In the stringybark eucalypts, the baxteri clade consists of E. arenacea, from South Australia and northwestern Victoria, E. baxteri, mainly from the Great Dividing Range of Victoria, and E. alpina, an endemic taxon from the Grampian Ranges of Victoria. Populations of these taxa were sampled from across their geographic and morphological ranges. Phenetic and phylogenetic analyses were undertaken of the leaf volatile oil composition of the sampled plants. On the basis of these analyses, E. arenacea emerges as a cohesive, monophyletic species, while E. baxteri is a variable and probably paraphyletic species. Populations on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, are variable and intermediate, and may represent recent intergradation between the two species. Populations of E. baxteri from the Grampians are distinctive chemically, but not morphologically, within the species. Recent hybridisation between this form of E. baxteri and E. alpina was shown to be occuning within the Grampians. E. alpina is a highly variable taxon, and probably polyphyletic as currently recognised. Three distinct forms were recognised within E. alpina. The first, and most distinctive, is from the southern Serra Range; the second is from the northern Serra Range and Wonderland Range; the third, and most similar to E. baxteri, is from the Victoria Range.
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Sadgrove, Nicholas J., and Graham L. Jones. "Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils and Solvent Extracts from Zieria species (Rutaceae)." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 6 (June 2013): 1934578X1300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300800615.
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Essential oils were hydrodistilled from six Zieria species, including two previously not investigated: Z. floydii and Z. odorifera subsp. williamsii, and characterized using GC-MS. Additionally, solvent extracts of leaf material from five of these species were prepared using n-hexane, acetone and methanol as solvents, respectively. These solvent extracts were examined, along with essential oils, for antibacterial activity using micro titer plate broth dilution assays. Antifungal activity against pathogenic Trichophyton species responsible for dermal infections such as Tinea and Kangaroo Pox (uncommon), was examined using a similar method. Results of essential oil characterizations are relatively consistent with those previously reported. Interestingly, the essential oil composition of Z. floydii showed car-3-en-2-one at a concentration of 71%, similar to that observed in a previous study for Z. furfuracea and Z. granulata, thus complementing the observations of A.G. Floyd that Z. floydii is morphologically allied with these two species (CANB 598758). Antimicrobial assays demonstrated relatively high antibacterial and antifungal activity, using both essential oils and solvent extracts. This is particularly true for the n-hexane extract from Z. smithii. We therefore conclude that Zieria species may be a useful source for the development of antiseptic, cosmaceutical and/or topical nutraceutical products. In addition, they may well serve as a source of further novel, purified compounds providing scaffolds for pharmaceutical development in the future.
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Waters, C. M., S. E. McDonald, J. Reseigh, R. Grant, and D. G. Burnside. "Insights on the relationship between total grazing pressure management and sustainable land management: key indicators to verify impacts." Rangeland Journal 41, no. 6 (2019): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj19078.
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Demonstrating sustainable land management (SLM) requires an understanding of the linkages between grazing management and environmental stewardship. Grazing management practices that incorporate strategic periods of rest are promoted internationally as best practice. However, spatial and temporal trends in unmanaged feral (goat) and native (kangaroo) populations in the southern Australian rangelands can result land managers having, at times, control over less than half the grazing pressure, precluding the ability to rest pastures. Few empirical studies have examined the impacts of total grazing pressure (TGP) on biodiversity and resource condition, while the inability to manage grazing intensity at critical times may result in negative impacts on ground cover, changes in pasture species composition, increased rates of soil loss and reduce the ability for soils to store carbon. The widespread adoption of TGP control through exclusion fencing in the southern Australian rangelands has created unprecedented opportunities to manage total grazing pressure, although there is little direct evidence that this infrastructure leads to more sustainable land management. Here we identify several key indicators that are either outcome- or activity-based that could serve as a basis for verification of the impacts of TGP management. Since TGP is the basic determinant of the impact of herbivory on vegetation it follows that the ability for rangeland pastoral management to demonstrate SLM and environmental stewardship will rely on using evidence-based indicators to support environmental social licence to operate.
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Hall, Trevor J., Paul Jones, Richard G. Silcock, and Piet G. Filet. "Grazing pressure impacts on two Aristida/Bothriochloa native pasture communities of central Queensland." Rangeland Journal 39, no. 3 (2017): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj16126.
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Managing native pastures for sustainable and economic production requires a good understanding of grazing effects on pasture dynamics. The Aristida/Bothriochloa pastures of north-eastern Australia are important for cattle production but little data on grazing pressure impacts on pastures are available to guide management decisions of producers, for land management education programs, or for predictive modelling. To address this deficiency, four different continuous grazing intensities were imposed on woodland communities over 7 or 8 years at two sites: a Eucalyptus populnea (poplar box) and a E. melanophloia (silver-leaved ironbark) community. Both sites had replicated paddocks grazed at a low, medium or high grazing pressure by +/− tree killing using herbicide (12 paddocks), and 12 ungrazed (nil grazing pressure) 1-ha plots subjected to the same tree-killing contrasts. Grazed paddock areas were fixed and varied between 3.5 and 21.5 ha. Differential grazing pressures were reset each autumn, by adjusting cattle numbers to consume over the next year the equivalent of 0%, 25%, 50% or 75% of the standing pasture mass available. Pasture grasses suitable as indicators of grazing pressure were identified for both communities. Under low grazing pressure, Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) was the only desirable grass to show a significant increase in total contribution over time at both sites, although Dichanthium sericeum (Queensland bluegrass) also increased its contribution at the poplar box site. Chloris species increased their contribution as grazing pressure increased. The proportion of less palatable Aristida spp. (wiregrasses) in the pasture was not affected by high grazing pressure, although they increased at low grazing pressure in the poplar box community. There were no consistent changes in native legumes or weedy forb species to any treatment. Increasing grazing pressure had a greater negative effect on pasture mass, ground cover and pasture crown cover area than on changing species composition. Most changes in composition due to grazing pressure were smaller than those associated with variable seasonal rainfall, and were greater in the poplar box community. In above-average rainfall years grazing up to 50% of autumn standing pasture mass had no detrimental effect on composition in treeless poplar box country in the short term. The pastures remained stable or improved in both communities when grazing pressure was set annually to utilise 25% of the standing autumn forage.
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Miller, R. R., C. J. Sheffer, C. L. Cornett, R. McClean, C. MacCallum, and S. D. Johnston. "Sperm membrane fatty acid composition in the Eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), and common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) and its relationship to cold shock injury and cryopreservation success." Cryobiology 49, no. 2 (October 2004): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2004.06.002.
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Smith, Rowan W., Mick Statham, Tony W. Norton, Richard P. Rawnsley, Helen L. Statham, Alistair J. Gracie, and Daniel J. Donaghy. "Effects of wildlife grazing on the production, ground cover and plant species composition of an established perennial pasture in the Midlands region, Tasmania." Wildlife Research 39, no. 2 (2012): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11032.
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Context Management of grazing wildlife on private land in Tasmania is a contentious issue for landowners, animal-welfare groups and the Tasmanian Government. Wildlife species known to graze pasture include Tasmanian pademelon (Thylogale billardierii), Bennett’s wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus), forester kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and fallow deer (Dama dama). Understanding the spatio-temporal patterns of wildlife grazing is important when considering wildlife-control options to mitigate pasture loss; however, limited research has been undertaken. Aims To quantify the impact of wildlife grazing on pasture production and to assess the spatial and temporal pasture biomass loss from an established pasture; to investigate the effect of protecting pastures from wildlife grazing on species composition of an existing perennial pasture; to determine whether wildlife grazing contributes to a decline in the composition of improved pasture species over time and an increase in-ground cover of less desirable grasses and broadleaf weeds; and to examine whether protecting pastures from wildlife grazing could increase ground cover. Methods Pasture biomass loss to wildlife grazing was determined by a paired exclusion-cage method over a 26-month period from February 2008 to April 2010. A quantitative pasture model was used to simulate pasture growth at the study site. Changes in the botanical composition of the sward in response to wildlife grazing were determined by hand-separation, drying and weighing of harvested material, and also by visual estimation of the ground cover of individual plant species. A wildlife faecal-pellet survey was used to develop an index of wildlife feeding activity. Key results Pasture loss to wildlife grazing varied spatially and temporally. Pasture loss decreased with increasing distance from the edge of cover vegetation. The proportion of pasture lost increased during periods of slow pasture growth. Visual estimates of ground cover showed that grazing by wildlife resulted in an increase in bare ground in unprotected swards, whereas protection from grazing resulted in an increase in production of perennial and annual species, as determined by hand-separation of harvested material, and a decrease in bare ground as determined by visual estimate. Faecal-pellet surveys were found to be strongly correlated with pasture biomass losses. Conclusions The proportion of pasture loss to wildlife grazing was found to be influenced by distance from native vegetation and also by pasture availability, which was seasonal. Wildlife can alter the composition of pastures by reducing the ground cover and yield of improved grasses. Continual grazing of pastures by wildlife in addition to rotational sheep grazing may increase the amount of bare ground. Implications Wildlife-control methods need to be carefully chosen if the intended benefits of alleviating pasture biomass losses are to be achieved. Quantifying the loss of pasture is important because it enables the extent and significance of losses to be determined and may inform decisions about the most appropriate wildlife control measures to adopt. Controlling wildlife during periods of slow pasture growth may be important in preventing damage and yield loss of plant species actively growing during these times. Failure to control wildlife may result in a decrease in the composition of desirable plant species.
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Wilson B, A., and J. Wolrige. "Assessment of the Diet of the Fox, Vulpes vulpes, in Habitats of the Eastern Otway Ranges, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 2 (1999): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am00201.
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The Eastern Otway Ranges, Victoria have highly diverse native mammal communities. Although the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) has been recorded in the area the extent of its distribution and effects on native mammals are unclear. The aims of this study were to analyse the diet of the Red Fox in the study area, to compare the diet between seasons and habitats (woodland, forest, heathland) and to assess the diet in the habitat of the New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) which is endangered in Victoria. Fox scats collected monthly in each habitat were analysed to determine the composition of the diet and small mammal trapping was carried out in each habitat to determine potential small mammal prey species. Overall, mammals (42%) constituted the highest proportion in the fox scats and sixteen species, including nine native species were recorded. Large-sized native mammals including Swamp Wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) and the Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) constituted 60% of the mammal diet category. The occurrence of plant material was significantly different between seasons, being more abundant in winter. There was a significant difference in the frequency of large introduced mammals in the diet between seasons, with consumption being higher in winter. The occurrence of large, native mammalian prey increased from 15% in winter to 47% in autumn. The frequency of occurrence of the major dietary categories (plant material, invertebrates, reptiles, birds, mammals) was similar across habitats. Large introduced mammals occurred in higher proportions in the diet from woodland habitat. Small mammals were more numerous in scats of heathland and scats from the forest contained the highest abundance of medium-sized mammals. There was no evidence of the endangered New Holland Mouse in scats collected from habitat where a population of the species was present.
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Muths, E. "Milk Composition in a Field Population of Red Kangaroos, Macropus Rufus (Desmarest) (Macropodidae: Marsupialia)." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 2 (1996): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960165.
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The composition of milk from early pouch life (0-40 days) to weaning (360 days) was determined in samples collected from a field population of red kangaroos, Macropus rufus (n = 150). Total milk solids increased from 11% at 0-40 days to 26% at permanent emergence from the pouch (235 days), then decreased towards weaning. Compared with other macropodids, milk from red kangaroos is relatively dilute. Carbohydrate concentrations increased from 2.0 to 6.2% at about Day 235 then declined while lipid concentrations increased from 3.9 to 10.3% over the course of lactation. Protein values increased from 5.0 to 7.0% prior to pouch emergence. Whey proteins were separated by means of SDS PAGE, identifying and confirming the presence of several phase-specific proteins. These results are similar to those reported for components of milk in captive red kangaroos and therefore confirm the general macropodid pattern of changing milk composition throughout lactation for a field population of red kangaroos.
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Robertson, G. "Effect of drought and high summer rainfall on biomass and comsumption of grazed pastures in western New South Wales." Rangeland Journal 9, no. 2 (1987): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9870079.
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The biomass and composition of grazed pastures near Menindee, in westem New South wales, were estimated over a range of seasonal condilions between 1980 and 1985. Differences in biomass and composition of pastures grazed separately by kangaroos and by a mixture of sheep and kangaroos were minor. Pasture biomass ranged from 7 kgha during a drought to 1,100 kgha following high summer rainfall. Overall, biomass average 374 kgha with a slandard deviation among years of 302 kgha. Pasture biomass fluctuated markedly among calendar seasons and years in response to erratic rainfall and grazing. I-Iigh summer rainfall triggered a switch in pasture dominatnace from annuals to shoa-lived perennials.
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Reef, Ruth, Ilka C. Feller, and Catherine E. Lovelock. "Mammalian herbivores in Australia transport nutrients from terrestrial to marine ecosystems via mangroves." Journal of Tropical Ecology 30, no. 3 (February 20, 2014): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467414000054.
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Abstract:Nutrient subsidies from one ecosystem to another serve a critical link among ecosystems. The transfer of materials across the terrestrial-to-marine boundary is considered to be driven by hydrological connectivity, but animal movement can provide another pathway for nutrient transfers. In two separate studies we assessed the role mammals (bats and kangaroos) play in alleviating nutrient limitation in mangrove forests in Australia. At Lizard Island, we measured tree growth and foliar elemental and isotopic composition of trees growing within and outside a large flying fox roost. In Western Australia, we measured foliar elemental and isotopic composition of trees within two forests frequented by kangaroos that feed in spinifex grasslands and shelter in the shade of the mangroves. We compared those with mangroves from adjacent forests that are not frequented by kangaroos. We show that at both locations, the mangrove forest receives terrestrial nutrient subsidies through animal movement. At Lizard Island dominant mangrove species were significantly enriched in nitrogen within the bat roost, as evidenced by higher foliar N concentrations (by up to 150%), N:P and N:C ratios in trees within the roost compared with trees outside the roost. The isotopic signature of foliar N was significantly enriched in 15N by 1–3‰ within the roost, further suggesting that the source of the N enrichment was the bat roost. Growth rates of mangroves within the roost were nearly six times higher than trees outside the roost. In the arid coast of Western Australia, we show elevated foliar 15N abundance of up to 3‰ in mangroves where kangaroos shelter relative to trees where they do not. Thus, this study presents two examples for mammalian herbivore mediated localized transport of nutrients from terrestrial to marine ecosystems, consequently affecting mangrove tree growth, productivity and forest structure.
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Pahl, Lester. "Macropods, feral goats, sheep and cattle. 2. Equivalency in what and where they eat." Rangeland Journal 41, no. 6 (2019): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj19059.
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The extent to which sheep, cattle, feral goats, red kangaroos, western grey kangaroos, euros and eastern grey kangaroos are equivalent in their use of the Australian southern rangelands is partly dependent on the extent to which their diets and foraging areas overlap. These herbivores all eat large amounts of green annual grasses, ephemeral forbs and the green leaf of perennial grasses when they are available. Overlap in use of these forages by all seven herbivores is concurrent and high. As the abundance of these preferred forages declines, sheep, cattle and feral goats consume increasing amounts of mature perennial grasses and chenopod and non-chenopod perennial forbs. Red kangaroos and western grey kangaroos continue to graze mature perennial grasses longer than sheep, cattle and feral goats, and only switch to perennial forbs when the quantity and quality of perennial grasses are poor. Consequently, overlap in use of perennial forbs by sheep, cattle, feral goats, red kangaroos and western grey kangaroos is sequential and moderately high. When palatable perennial forbs are eaten out, the diets of all herbivores except feral goats comprise predominantly dry perennial grass, and overlap is again concurrent and high. In comparison, feral goats have higher preferences for the browse of a wide range of shrubs and trees, and switch to these much earlier than the other herbivores. When perennial grasses and perennial forbs become scarce, sheep, feral goats and cattle browse large shrubs and trees, and overlap is sequential and high. If climatic conditions remain dry, then red and western grey kangaroos will also browse large shrubs and trees, but overlap between them, sheep, cattle and goats is sequential and low. In contrast to the other herbivores, the diets of euros and eastern grey kangaroos are comprised predominantly of perennial grasses, regardless of climatic conditions. As for diet composition, concurrent overlap in foraging distributions of sheep, cattle, feral goats and the four species of macropods is often low. However, over periods of several months to two or three years, as climatic conditions change, overlap in foraging distributions is sequential and high. While equivalency in what and where these herbivores eat is not quantifiable, it appears to be high overall. This is particularly so for perennial grass, which is the dominant forage for herbivores in the southern rangelands.
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Moore, Benjamin D., Graeme Coulson, and Sarah Way. "Habitat selection by adult female eastern grey kangaroos." Wildlife Research 29, no. 5 (2002): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01057.
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We determined patterns of habitat selection in the winter–spring period by adult female eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) at Yan Yean Reservoir Catchment near Melbourne, Victoria, during 1994–95. We assessed habitat selection at two levels by radio-tracking 11 adult female kangaroos. The 95% isopleth harmonic mean home-range size (mean = 62.3 ha) was the smallest recorded for female eastern grey kangaroos. No range encompassed all of the habitat types available in the study area, and the mix and rankings of habitats selected at this level varied amongst individuals when compared by compositional analysis with available habitats. Selection of habitats at the within-range level also varied among individuals and differed between night and day for many individuals, but not for the population mean. Individuals selected strongly for good foraging habitat within their ranges. In particular, grassy clearings were used by all individuals and were selected strongly by day, night or at both times.
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Necidová, L., E. Renová, and I. Svoboda. "Counter immunoelectrophoresis: a simple method for the detection of species-specific muscle proteins in heat-processed products." Veterinární Medicína 47, No. 5 (March 30, 2012): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5818-vetmed.
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Counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was used for the detection of species-specific muscle proteins in food products. This technique allowed the detection of pork, beef, poultry, or and kangaroo meats in heat-processed products at concentrations below 1.5%. CIE is based on the use of species-specific polyclonal antibodies prepared by immunisation of rabbits with heat-stable antigens extracted from visibly fat-free muscular tissue heated to 75°C, 100°C, or 120°C for 30 minutes. Adulterations in terms of declared product compositions were demonstrated by this method in 7 of the 50 tested commercial products.
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Quesnel, L., A. MacKay, D. M. Forsyth, K. R. Nicholas, and M. Festa-Bianchet. "Size, season and offspring sex affect milk composition and juvenile survival in wild kangaroos." Journal of Zoology 302, no. 4 (March 23, 2017): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12453.
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MURPHY, BRETT P., DAVID M. J. S. BOWMAN, and MICHAEL K. GAGAN. "The interactive effect of temperature and humidity on the oxygen isotope composition of kangaroos." Functional Ecology 21, no. 4 (August 2007): 757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01284.x.
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O’Dea, Christian, Roger Huerlimann, Nicole Masters, Anna Kuballa, Cameron Veal, Paul Fisher, Helen Stratton, and Mohammad Katouli. "Microbial Diversity Profiling of Gut Microbiota of Macropus giganteus Using Three Hypervariable Regions of the Bacterial 16S rRNA." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 1721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081721.
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Animal faecal contamination of surface waters poses a human health risk, as they may contain pathogenic bacteria or viruses. Of the numerous animal species residing along surface waterways in Australia, macropod species are a top contributor to wild animals’ faecal pollution load. We characterised the gut microbiota of 30 native Australian Eastern Grey Kangaroos from six geographical regions (five kangaroos from each region) within South East Queensland in order to establish their bacterial diversity and identify potential novel species-specific bacteria for the rapid detection of faecal contamination of surface waters by these animals. Using three hypervariable regions (HVRs) of the 16S rRNA gene (i.e., V1–V3, V3–V4, and V5–V6), for their effectiveness in delineating the gut microbial diversity, faecal samples from each region were pooled and microbial genomic DNA was extracted, sequenced, and analysed. Results indicated that V1-V3 yielded a higher taxa richness due to its larger target region (~480 bp); however, higher levels of unassigned taxa were observed using the V1-V3 region. In contrast, the V3–V4 HVR (~569 bp) attained a higher likelihood of a taxonomic hit identity to the bacterial species level, with a 5-fold decrease in unassigned taxa. There were distinct dissimilarities in beta diversity between the regions, with the V1-V3 region displaying the highest number of unique taxa (n = 42), followed by V3–V4 (n = 11) and V5–V6 (n = 8). Variations in the gut microbial diversity profiles of kangaroos from different regions were also observed, which indicates that environmental factors may impact the microbial development and, thus, the composition of the gut microbiome of these animals.
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Ayliffe, Linda K., and Allan R. Chivas. "Oxygen isotope composition of the bone phosphate of Australian kangaroos: Potential as a palaeoenvironmental recorder." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, no. 9 (September 1990): 2603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90246-h.
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Leng, R. A. "Unravelling methanogenesis in ruminants, horses and kangaroos: the links between gut anatomy, microbial biofilms and host immunity." Animal Production Science 58, no. 7 (2018): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15710.
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The present essay aims to resolve the question as to why macropod marsupials (e.g. kangaroos and wallabies, hereinafter termed ‘macropods) and horses produce much less methane (CH4) than do ruminants when digesting the same feed. In herbivores, gases produced during fermentation of fibrous feeds do not pose a major problem in regions of the gut that have mechanisms to eliminate them (e.g. eructation in the rumen and flatus in the lower bowel). In contrast, gas pressure build-up in the tubiform forestomach of macropods or in the enlarged tubiform caecum of equids would be potentially damaging. It is hypothesised that, to prevent this problem, evolution has favoured development of controls over gut microbiota that enable enteric gas production (H2 and CH4) to be differently regulated in the forestomach of macropods and the caecum of all three species, from the forestomach of ruminants. The hypothesised regulation depends on interactions between their gut anatomy and host-tissue immune responses that have evolved to modify the species composition of their gut microbiota which, importantly, are mainly in biofilms. Obligatory H2 production during forage fermentation is, thus, captured in CH4 in the ruminant where ruminal gases are readily released by eructation, or in acetate in the macropod forestomach and equid caecum–colon where a build-up in gas pressure could potentially damage these organs. So as to maintain appropriate gut microbiota in different species, it is hypothesised that blind sacs at the cranial end of the haustral anatomy of the macropod forestomach and the equid caecum are sites of release of protobiofilm particles that develop in close association with the mucosal lymphoid tissues. These tissues release immune secretions such as antimicrobial peptides, immunoglobulins, innate lymphoid cells and mucin that eliminate or suppress methanogenic Archaea and support the growth of acetogenic microbiota. The present review draws on microbiological studies of the mammalian gut as well as other microbial environments. Hypotheses are advanced to account for published findings relating to the gut anatomy of herbivores and humans, the kinetics of digesta in ruminants, macropods and equids, and also the composition of biofilm microbiota in the human gut as well as aquatic and other environments where the microbiota exist in biofilms.
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Beal, A. M. "Effect of phosphate-regulating hormones on plasma composition, cardiovascular function, and parotid salivary phosphate secretion in red kangaroos (Macropus rufus)." General and Comparative Endocrinology 81, no. 1 (January 1991): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(91)90125-p.
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Arnold, GW, A. Grassia, DE Steven, and JR Weeldenburg. "Population ecology of western grey kangaroos in a remnant of wandoo woodland at Baker's Hill, southern Western Australia." Wildlife Research 18, no. 5 (1991): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910561.
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A subpopulation of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) living in a 305-ha remnant of wandoo woodland in the mediterranean climate of the south-west of Western Australia was studied for 10 years. Measurements and estimates were made of a wide range of population characteristics including population size, composition, reproductive rate, emigration and immigration rates and death rates. Growth rates of males and females were established and yearly differences in nutritional status assessed. The population increased over four years from 146 � 22 to a plateau of around 200 before being culled to 95. The numbers then increased slowly over another six years to 158 individuals. The population had an average of 46 adult males per 100 adult females. Subadults plus juveniles made up 10-36% of the population, depending on the year. Breeding was seasonal, being earlier in years with early autumn rain. Reproductive rate was higher, overall, in these years. Females became sexually mature at about 16 kg, their reproductive rate increased with weight until they reached 24 kg; 91% of adult females over 24 kg had pouch young annually. Mortality of young appeared to be high, and to be the factor regulating the population. On average, only 27% of young survived the first year after leaving the pouch. Emigration rate was estimated to exceed immigration by 5% per annum. The estimated mortality rate of adults was 5% per annum. The nutritional status of individuals varied from year to year; within a year, only females were heavier in early summer than in later summer. It was concluded from faecal nitrogen levels that nitrogen was not a major factor influencing nutritional status in summer. Fifteen years after this remnant woodland was established by clearing, the subpopulation of kangaroos living in it appeared to be relatively stable in numbers, and certainly was not showing the marked fluctuations known to occur in semi-arid areas of Australia.
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Harriott, Lana, Matthew Gentle, Rebecca Traub, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães, and Rowland Cobbold. "The association between diet of periurban wild dogs and zoonotic pathogen carriage." Australian Mammalogy 41, no. 2 (2019): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am18042.
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Established wildlife populations in periurban environments provide an opportunity to spread zoonotic pathogens within human-associated environments. Characteristics of prevalent pathogens harboured by periurban wild dogs suggest that dietary preference could influence their infection status; however, data comparing diet composition and pathogen presence are rarely available. We analysed the stomach contents of 170 periurban wild dogs (Canis familiaris) for the occurrence and biomass of prey items, and then associated this with their known infection status of key zoonotic pathogens. The staple prey items detected were mammalian prey species, most commonly swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) (20.6±6.1%), canines (C. familiaris) (prey) (10.6±4.6%), eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) (10.0±4.5%), and deer (various species) (10.0±4.5%). Unidentified bird species (10.0±4.5%) were also common. Wild dogs that were positive for Echinococcus granulosus were significantly more likely to have consumed swamp wallabies. These findings demonstrate the importance of managing both the definitive and intermediate stages of E. granulosus, and suggest that diet correlates with pathogen presence in some cases. This information may assist the development of specific strategies to manage zoonotic pathogens of wild dogs, which are currently lacking.
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Aliyani, Farhad, Mohammad Maanijou, Zahra Sabouri, and Mirmohammad Miri. "Investigation of tectonic setting and thermobarometry of the Kangareh area gabbro body (southwest of Kurdistan) using pyroxenes mineral composition." Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 26, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 527–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/ijcm.26.3.527.
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He, Bo, Jian Ping Wu, Jiake Xu, Robert E. Day, and Thomas Brett Kirk. "Microstructural and Compositional Features of the Fibrous and Hyaline Cartilage on the Medial Tibial Plateau Imply a Unique Role for the Hopping Locomotion of Kangaroo." PLoS ONE 8, no. 9 (September 18, 2013): e74303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074303.
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Hwidi, Rajeb Salem, Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar, and Farah Naemah Mohd Saad. "Characterization of Limestone as Raw Material to Hydrated Lime." E3S Web of Conferences 34 (2018): 02042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183402042.
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In Malaysia, limestone is essentially important for the economic growth as raw materials in the industry sector. Nevertheless, a little attention was paid to the physical, chemical, mineralogical, and morphological properties of the limestone using X-ray fluorescence (X-RF), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning electron microscopy / energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) respectively. Raw materials (limestone rocks) were collected from Bukit Keteri area, Chuping, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. Lab crusher and lab sieved were utilized to prepare five different size of ground limestone at (75 µm, 150 µm, 225 µm, 300, and 425 µm) respectively. It is found that the main chemical composition of bulk limestone was Calcium oxide (CaO) at 97.58 wt.% and trace amount of MnO, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 at 0.02%, 0.35%, and 0.396% respectively. XRD diffractograms showed characteristic peaks of calcite and quartz. Furthermore, main FTIR absorption bands at 1,419, 874.08 and 712.20 cm-1 indicated the presence of calcite. The micrographs showed clearly the difference of samples particle size. Furthermore, EDS peaks of Ca, O, and C elements confirmed the presence of CaCO3 in the samples.
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Sunny Goh Eng Giap and Mohammad Fadhli Ahmad. "Preliminary Study on Perlis State Soil Series and Its Implication on Water Storage and Irrigation." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics 92, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/aram.92.1.15.
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The over irrigation method applies to meet crop demand may not be a sustainable approach in the near future. Considering agricultural water demand constitutes a huge water consumption than the portable demand, alternative to the over-irrigation practice could be explored as over-irrigation could lead to water wastage and groundwater pollution. The current study investigates the Perlis state soil by determining the minimal water storage in the soil to maintain crop water demand. All the soil series in the state were identified and classified into soil texture based on its sand, silt, and clay composition. The soil water characteristic curve was determined to relate the soil water content to soil particle suction pressure, which then used to determine the soil water content field capacity and permanent wilting point. Subsequently, the plant available water can be determined. The Chengai, Kangar, Hutan, Sogomana, Gajah Mati, Kundor, and Tualang soil series constitute the highest plant available so that it could store more water for crop usage than the other soil series. The study concludes that crop irrigation at field capacity was necessary to avoid water wastage than irrigation at fully saturated soil water content.
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Ludwig, JA, KC Hodgkinson, and RD Macadam. "Principles, problems, and priorities for restoring degraded rangelands." Rangeland Journal 12, no. 1 (1990): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9900030.
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Past and current research on restoring degraded rangelands was reviewed at a workshop held in July 1989 by the CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology. Basic ecological and economic principles for restoration, and prevention of further degradation, were explored and priorities for future research were identified. Although all ecological principles are applicable to restoring degraded rangelands to some degree, four principles emerged as being critically important: (1) ecesis, those basic processes involved in the successful establishment of desired forage species; (2) ecological succession, that series of species replacements where fast growing ephemeral species are replaced by slower growing perennial species which are strongly competitive; (3) resource patchiness, where resources, such as nutrients and water, are concentrated within patches or islands; and (4) facilitation, where herbivores (e.g. kangaroos) act as agents for seed dispersal, influence the establishment of seedlings, and shift species composition by causing differential mortality in species populations. A number of economic principles also apply to the restoration of rangelands. However, one very significant principle emerged from the Workshop: sustainability, which implies that economic benefits must be long-term, cumulative and lasting (i.e. the costs and benefits of restoration treatments must be viewed well into the future). Participants in the Workshop listed the following research areas as high priority: (1) assess the extent and current rate of degradation in different rangeland regions, (2) define indicators of degradation for different rangeland types, (3) form multi-disciplinary teams to study those processes critical to understanding degradation and restoration (include scientists from different organizations such as CSIRO and State agencies), and (4) transfer information to land managers to raise their awareness of the degradation problem and the need for restoration using appropriate tools such as computer-based decision support systems (including economic models).