Academic literature on the topic 'KANAI AND TAJIMI PARAMETERS'

Based on the Kanai-Tajimi power spectrum filtering method proposed by Du Xiuli et al., a genetic algorithm and a quadratic optimization identification technique are employed to improve the bimodal time-varying modified Kanai-Tajimi power spectral model and the parameter identification method proposed by Vlachos et al. Additionally, a method for modeling time-varying power spectrum parameters for ground motion is proposed. The 8244 Orion and Chi-Chi earthquake accelerograms are selected as examples for time-varying power spectral model parameter identification and ground motion simulations to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the improved bimodal time-varying modified Kanai-Tajimi power spectral model. The results of this study provide important references for designing ground motion inputs for seismic analyses of major engineering structures.

Control of a multi-degree-of-freedom structural system under earthquake excitation is investigated in this paper. The control approach based on the Generalized Minimum Variance (GMV) algorithm is developed and presented. Our approach is a generalization to multivariable systems of the GMV strategy designed initially for single-input-single-output (SISO) systems. Kanai-Tajimi and Clough-Penzien models are used to generate the seismic excitations. Those models are calculated using the specific soil parameters. Simulation tests using a 3DOF structure are performed and show the effectiveness of the control method.

Random response of linear Base Isolated Systems, mounted on elastomeric bearings, subject to horizontal random excitations, is analyzed in comparison with the one of the fixed-base structures. Considering the superstructure motion described by its first modal contribution, a two-degree-of-freedom equivalent linear model, under stationary Gaussian excitations modelled by the modified Kanai-Tajimi power density spectrum, has been used in the analysis. The response sensitivity to design parameters for the superstructure and the isolators have been evaluated for a wide range of parameters. Optimum viscous damping and isolation degree values which minimize structural response are also obtained. Some implications of these results for the design and code requirements are discussed.

The present study deals with structural sensitivity of dynamic response having uncertainties in design parameters subjected to random earthquake loading. Earthquake is modeled as stationary random process defined by Kanai–Tajimi power spectral density. The uncertain design parameters are modeled as homogeneous Gaussian process and discretized through 3D local averaging. Subsequently the Cholesky decomposition of respective co-variance matrix is used to simulate random values of design parameters. The Neumann expansion blended with Monte Carlo simulation (NE-MCS) is explored for computing response sensitivity in frequency domain. Application examples related to a building frame and a gravity dam are presented serving to validate the NE-MCS technique in terms of its accuracy and effectiveness compared to direct Monte Carlo simulation and perturbation method.

Structural control of a multi-degree-of-freedom building under earthquake excitation is investigated in this paper. The ARMAX model calculation is developed for a linear representation of multi-degree-of-freedom structure. A control approach based on the generalized minimum variance algorithm is developed and presented. This approach is an empirical method to control the story unit regardless of the coupling with other stories. Kanai-Tajimi and Clough–Penzien models are used to generate the seismic excitations. Those models are calculated using the specific soil parameters. In order to test the control strategy performances under real strong earthquakes, the structure has been subjected to EL Cento earthquake. RST controller form shows the stability conditions and the optimality of the control strategy. Simulation tests using a 3DOF structure are performed and show the effectiveness of the control method using of the empirical method.

In order to research the optimal parameters of dampers linking adjacent structures for seismic mitigation, two SDOF systems connected with visco-elastic damper (VED) are taken as research object and the primary structural vibration frequency ratio, connection stiffness and linking damping ratio as research parameters. Modified Kanai-Tajimi spectrum is selected to model the earthquake excitation. The peak distribution of power spectral density curves are analyzed, then the formulas of structural mean squared displacement (MSD) and research parameters is derived based on random vibration theory. Then the relationship of the adjacent structural seismic response versus the research parameters was presented. The optimal value of the linking visco-elastic damper damping ratio and stiffness ratio are investigated. Finally, the seismic responses of example structures with or without connecting dampers are contrastively analyzed. The dependence of response mitigation effective on research parameters is highlighted. The results indicate fine earthquake-reduction effectiveness of dampers connecting adjacent structures. It is also shows that optimal parameters of damper cannot reduce the seismic responses of the primary structures connected to the best extent simultaneously. The damper parameters should be determined according to the best seismic mitigation effectiveness of the primary, auxiliary structure or the combined structure system.

This paper presents a dynamic reliability-based optimization technique for the seismic design of base-isolated structures. Firstly, the governing equation of multi-degree-of-freedom base-isolated structures is established. Then, the superstructure is unfolded by the first mode. Considering that the damping is non-classical and the total base-isolation system is un-symmetric, the complex modal analysis is adopted to uncouple the governing equation and the analytical solutions of stochastic seismic response under the Kanai-Tajimi spectrum loading are obtained. Taking the ratio between the first-order modal displacement standard deviation of the superstructure with base- isolated system and the fixed-base structure as the optimal objective function, the dynamic reliability of the isolated system displacement as the constraint, the optimal design parameters of the isolated system are obtained through the penalty function method. A 3-story building with isolated system illustrates the proposed dynamic reliability-based optimization method. It is believed that such an optimization technique provides an effective tool for the seismic design of base-isolated structures.

This paper presents a dynamic reliability-based optimization technique for the seismic design of structures with tuned mass damper (TMD). Firstly, the governing equation of multi-degree-of-freedom structure with TMD is established. Then, the main structure is unfolded by the first mode. Considering that the damping is non-classical and the total main structure and TMD system is un-symmetric, the complex modal analysis is adopted to uncouple the governing equation and the analytical solutions of stochastic seismic response under the Kanai-Tajimi spectrum loading are obtained. Taking the ratio between the first-order modal displacement standard deviation of the structure with TMD and the one without TMD as the objective function, the dynamic reliability of the TMD system displacement as the constraint, the optimal design parameters of the TMD system are obtained through the penalty function method. A 10-story building with TMD system illustrates the proposed dynamic reliability-based optimization method. It is believed that such an optimization technique provides an effective tool for the seismic design of structures with TMD.

Structural response of linear multi degree of freedom (MDoF) system subject to random Gaussian dynamic actions is defined by mean of vector and covariance matrix in state space. In case of non-stationary inputs, second-order spectral moments evaluation needs the solution of the so-called Lyapunov matrix differential equation. In this work a numerical scheme for its resolution is proposed, with reference to input processes modeled as linear filtered white noise with time-varying parameters, which is a common situation in amplitude and frequency variable loads. Numerical computational effort is minimized by taking into account symmetry characteristic of state space covariance matrix. As application of the proposed method a multi-storey building is analyzed to obtain reliability associated to maximum inter-storey exceeded over a given acceptable limit. It is assumed to be subject to seismic input described by a amplitude and frequency nonstationary process, by using a generalized non-stationary Kanai Tajimi seismic model. Structure is assumed as a plane shear frame MDoF system. Structural reliability evaluation is referred to "first time out-crossing" and different numerical benchmarks are considered.

Inaccurate mass estimates have been recognized as an important source of uncertainty in structural identification, especially for large-scale structures with old ages. Over the past decades, some identification algorithms for structural states and unknown parameters, including unknown mass, have been proposed by researchers. However, most of these identification algorithms are based on the simplified mechanical model of chain-like structures. For a chain-like structure, the mass matrix and its inverse matrix are diagonal matrices, which simplify the difficulty of identifying the structure with unknown mass. However, a structure with a non-diagonal mass matrix is not of such a simple characteristic. In this paper, an online joint state-parameter identification algorithm based on an Unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is proposed for a structure with a non-diagonal mass matrix under unknown mass using only partial acceleration measurements. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by numerical examples of a beam excited by wide-band white noise excitation and a two-story one-span plane frame structure excited by filtered white noise excitation generated according to the Kanai–Tajimi power spectrum. The identification results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively identify the structural state, unknown stiffness, damping and mass parameters of the structures.

Atualmente as estruturas estão sendo avaliadas para um maior número de ações em relação há algumas décadas. Esta melhoria ao longo da fase de concepção é dada devido ao fato de que está se tornando mais competitivo o fornecimento de estruturas leves e esbeltas, sendo solicitados, cada vez mais, projetos com menor custo de implantação. Devido a isto, é necessário avaliar as estruturas não apenas sujeitas a cargas estáticas, mas também a carregamentos dinâmicos. As ações dinâmicas que atuam sobre uma estrutura podem ser muito mais prejudiciais do que as estáticas quando não são bem consideradas e dimensionadas. Ações dinâmicas podem ser provenientes de tremores de terra, vento, equipamentos em funcionamento, deslocamento de pessoas, veículos em movimento, motores desbalanceados, entre outras fontes, o que pode causar vibrações na estrutura, podendo levar a mesma ao colapso. A fim de controlar e reduzir as amplitudes de vibração, entre outras alternativas é possível a instalação de amortecedores de massa sintonizado (AMS), que é um dispositivo de controle passivo. O AMS tem várias vantagens, tais como a grande capacidade de reduzir a amplitude de vibração, fácil instalação, baixa manutenção, baixo custo, entre outras. Para se obter a melhor relação custo-benefício, ou seja, a maior redução de amplitude aliada a um menor número de amortecedores ou a uma menor massa, a otimização dos parâmetros do AMS tornase fundamental. Neste contexto, este trabalho visa, através de simulação numérica, propor um método para otimizar parâmetros de AMSs quando estes devem ser instalados em edifícios submetidos à excitação sísmica. Inicialmente é considerado apenas um único AMS instalado no topo do edifício e em seguida também são feitas simulações com múltiplos AMSs (MAMS), e por fim são descartados os AMSs desnecessários, obtendo assim a melhor resposta da estrutura. Para tanto, uma rotina computacional é desenvolvida em MatLab usando o método de integração direta das equações de movimento de Newmark para determinar a resposta dinâmica da estrutura. Para fins de análise podem ser considerados tanto sismos reais quanto artificiais. Os acelerogramas artificias são gerados a partir do espectro proposto por Kanai e Tajimi. Primeiramente, a estrutura é analisada somente com o seu amortecimento próprio para fins comparativos e de referência. Em seguida, a otimização do ou dos AMSs é feita, na qual a função objetivo é minimizar o deslocamento máximo no topo do edifício, e as variáveis de projeto, são a relação de massas (AMS - Estrutura), rigidez e amortecimento do ou dos AMSs. Para a otimização são utilizados os algoritmos Firefly Algotithm e Backtracking Search Optimization Algorithm. De acordo com as configurações do AMS, após a otimização dos seus parâmetros são determinadas as novas respostas dinâmicas da estrutura. Finalmente, pode-se observar que o método proposto foi capaz de otimizar os parâmetros do ou dos AMSs, reduzindo consideravelmente as respostas da estrutura após a instalação do mesmo, minimizando o risco de dano e colapso do edifício. Desta forma, este trabalho mostra que é possível projetar AMS e MAMS de forma econômica e eficaz.
Currently, structures are being evaluated for a greater number of actions when compared to a few decades ago. This improvement in designing stage is happening because projects providing lightweight and slender structures, with lower implantation costs, are being more requested. Thus, evaluating structures not only subjected to static loads, but also to dynamic loads has become necessary. Dynamic loads acting on a structure are more damaging than static loads, if they are not well considered and dimensioned. Dynamic loads could occur from earthquakes, wind, equipment, movement of people or vehicles, among other sources, which cause vibrations in structures and may lead to a collapse. Tuned mass damper (TMD), a passive control device, can be installed as an alternative to reduce vibration amplitudes. TMD has several advantages, such as large capacity to reduce amplitude of vibration, easy installation, low maintenance, low cost, among others. Optimizing TMD parameters is fundamental for obtaining best cost-benefit relation, i.e., greater amplitude reduction along with lower number of dampers or lower mass. In this context, this study aims at proposing, through numerical simulation, a method for optimizing TMD parameters when installing them on buildings under seismic excitation. Initially, a single-TMD case is considered, then simulations with multiple-TMDs (MTMDs) are run; lastly, unnecessary TMDs are discarded, obtaining the best structural response. For this purpose, a computational routine is developed on MatLab using Newmark direct integration method for equations of motion to determine the dynamic structural response. Both real and artificial earthquakes are considered for purposes of analysis. Artificial accelerograms are generated from proposed Kanai-Tajimi spectrum. First, structure is analyzed only with its own damping for comparison and reference. Second, a single or multiple-TMD optimization is carried out, in which the objective function is to minimize the maximum displacement at the top of the building, and the design variables are modal mass ratio (Structure-TMD), stiffness and damping of a single or multiple-TMD. Firefly and Backtracking Optimization algorithms are used for optimization. According to TMD settings, new dynamic structural responses are determined after optimizing parameters. Finally, the proposed method could optimize parameters of single or multiple-TMDs, considerably reducing structural responses after their installation, minimizing the risk of damage and building collapse. Thus, this study shows the possibility of designing TMDs or MTMDs both economically and effectively.

Kanai – Tajimi parameters are used to characterize the strong ground motion. These parameters for different earthquake data are estimated from power spectral density vs frequency graph using spectral moments. In this thesis first earthquake signal is predicted from Adaptive filter then PSD vs frequency graph is obtained using low pass filter. In order to monitor, the change with earthquake shaking, the Kanai –Tajimi parameters (i.e natural frequency and damping ratio of soil layer) are also identified based on windowed data of earthquake using a moving time window. This thesis provides a method for estimating dynamic variations of K-T frequency and damping ratio parameter of soil related very closely to the nonliner earthquake responses of ground. It is showed that nonlinear responses with great reduction in soil natural frequency and increase of soil damping ratio occurred during the strong ground motion. Such a reduction of K-T frequency parameter and increase in K-T damping ratio parameter was found to have time – varying characteristics, so the further topic of this study focused for analyzing non-stationary variation of K-T parameter.

Dynamic analysis is an integral part of seismic risk assessment of industrial plants. Such analysis often neglects proper coupling between structures of coupled systems, which introduces uncertainty into the system and may lead to erroneous results, e.g., incorrect fragility curves, in comparison with the actual behavior of the analyzed structure. Hence, it is important to study the effect of uncertainties on the dynamic characteristics of a system, when coupling effects are both neglected and included. Along this line, this paper intends to define and compare the fragility curves of both an isolated (decoupled) and a coupled tank-piping system subjected to seismic loading. In particular, for the decoupled case, we estimated the probability of exceedance of main engineering demand parameters within the Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) framework. Moreover, for the coupled case, to take into account the presence of the tank as boundary condition for the piping system, two sources of uncertainty were considered: i) the tank aspect ratio; ii) the piping-to-tank attachment height ratio. In addition, to model the tank slippage, both a Filtered White Noise (FWN) characterized by a Kanai-Tajimi spectrum and the non-stationarity of the seismic input were taken into account by means of the stochastic linearization. All these elements allow for the estimation of fragility curves for different limit states in the coupled case.

In the area of active control of structures, time delay consideration is an important parameter which must be taken into consideration for realistic numerical models. In this research, the performance of a new active control algorithm for several time delays under two different earthquake excitations was investigated numerically. The proposed performance index does not require a priori knowledge of seismic input and the solution of the nonlinear matrix Riccati equation to apply the control forces [1,2]. The proposed control introduces the seismic energy term into the performance index so that the mechanical energy of the structure, the control and the seismic energies are considered simultaneously in the minimization procedure, which yields cross terms in the performance index. A two story shear frame was modelled in Matlab-Simulink considering time-delay. A fully active tendon controller system is implemented to the system. 0–50 ms time delay was considered in the dynamic analysis. The change in the time delay steps was 5 ms. The effect of time-delay was investigated under synthetic and Erzincan NS (1995;95 Erzincan station) earthquakes. Kanai-Tajimi power spectral density function was used to generate synthetic earthquake motion. The behavior of the proposed control with time delay considerations is compared with the uncontrolled conventional structure.

Abstract Various methods that employed the theory of evolutionary spectral density of Priestley (1965) have been proposed for the non-stationary random response analysis of linear time-invariant multi-degree-of-freedom systems (Hammond, 1968, Fugimori and Lin, 1973, To, 1982, Shihab and Preumont, 1987, To and Hung, 1989). In this paper the method presented earlier by the authors (1989) is further applied to discrete or discretized systems under time-frequency moduated random excitations in which the white noise processes are replaced by band-limited white noise processes and Kanai-Tajimi models. Applications of the method to beam and plate structures discretized by the finite element method are made so as to illustrate its capability in dealing with practical engineering systems under intensive transient disturbances that may be modelled as such time-frequency modulated random excitations.

Abstract Integrals which represent the spectral moments of the stationary response of a linear, time-invariant system under random excitation are considered. It is shown that these integrals can be determined through the solution of linear algebraic equations. These equations are derived by considering differential equations for both the autocorrelation function of the system response and its Hilbert transform. The method can be applied to determine both even order and odd order spectral moments. Furthermore, it provides a potent generalization of a classical formula used in control engineering and applied mathematics. The applicability of the derived formula is demonstrated by considering random excitations with, among others, the white noise, “Gaussian”, and Kanai-Tajimi seismic spectra. The results for the classical problem of a randomly excited single-degree-of-freedom oscillator are given in a concise and readily applicable format.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a newly floor response spectra (FRS) in order to evaluate simply the structural response of the actively-controlled secondary system subjected to earthquake. This paper adopts a linear single-degree-of-freedom system as a main structure and an active mass damper (AMD) system as the active control technology. Also, the earthquake wave is modeled as product of a non-stationary envelope function and a stationary Gaussian random process of which power spectral density is equal to the Kanai-Tajimi spectrum. The control design is executed by using linear quadratic Gaussian control strategy against an enlarged state space system. Finally, the response amplification factor is given by the combination of the obtained statistical response values and the extreme value theory. Analytical results are compared with numerical simulations, and both show a good agreement. As a result, it seems that the validity of the proposed technique is confirmed.

In this paper, the problem and analysis method of underwater storage tanks resting on a horizontal seabed is presented under stochastic earthquake loading. The tank is axi-symmetrical and has a flexible wall/roof. The finite element method is used for the response solution. A solid axi-symmetrical FE has been formulated to idealize the tank whereas an axi-symmetrical fluid element is used for the idealization of the fluid domain. The Eulerian formulation of the fluid system is used to calculate interactive water pressure acting on the tank during the free motion of the tank and earthquake motion. For the response calculation, the modal analysis technique is used with a special algorithm to obtain natural frequencies of the water-structure coupled-system. For the stochastic description of the earthquake loading the modified Kanai-Tajimi earthquake spectrum is used. Finally, the analysis method presented in the paper is demonstrated by an example.

Dynamic analysis is an integral part of seismic risk assessment of industrial plants. Such analysis often neglects actual boundary conditions or proper coupling between structures of coupled systems, which introduces uncertainty into the system and may lead to erroneous results, e.g., an incorrect fragility curve, in comparison with the actual behaviour of the analyzed structure. Hence, it is important to study the effect of uncertainties on the dynamic characteristics of a system, when coupling effects are neglected. Along this line, this paper investigates the effects of uncertain boundary conditions on the dynamic response of coupled tank-piping systems subjected to seismic loading. In particular, to take into account the presence of the tank as boundary condition for the piping system, two sources of uncertainty were considered: the tank aspect ratio and the piping-to-tank attachment height ratio. Moreover, to model the seismic input, a Filtered White Noise (FWN) characterized by a Kanai-Tajimi spectrum was used. Finally, to study the dynamic interaction of a set of coupled tank-piping systems, the non-intrusive stochastic collocation (SC) technique was applied. It allowed for calculating surface responses of stresses and axial loads of a pair of components of the coupled system with a reduced number of deterministic numerical simulations.