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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Paudel, Pavan Kumar. "Conflict due to Assamese Macaques (Macaca assamensis McClelland 1840) and crop protection strategies in Kali-gandaki River Basin, Western Nepal." Our Nature 14, no. 1 (January 23, 2017): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v14i1.16449.

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This study was conducted on conflict due to Assamese Macaques (Macaca assamensis McClelland 1840) and crop protection strategies in Kaligandaki river basin, Baglung and Parbat Districts, Western Nepal. Field survey was conducted from 25 October to 22 December, 2015. Questionnaire survey was carried out to estimate the crop protection strategies and crop damaged by the macaque with the local inhabitants in the Kaligandaki River Basin VDCs. Stratified random sampling method was used to select respondent for the questionnaire survey. Out of 654 river basin households, 92 respondents were selected as sample size from the study area. Maize was the highest raided crop 46.95% followed by 15.91% paddy, 15.11% potato, 10.84% millet, 6.88% wheat, 2.05% pulses, 1.59% fruits and 0.66% vegetables. The most commenly used crop protection strategy in guarding their field were by constant vigilance 50%, 25% of field owners use “Scarecrows” 20% used dogs, 5% farmers used tin-box and catapult to chase the macaques from the crop fields. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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2

Pandey, Rishikesh. "Gender Differentials in Climate Change Perception in the Kaligandaki Basin, Nepal." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 14 (December 29, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v14i0.26568.

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Men and women variably perceive climate change, as the literature suggests that women perceive a higher level of changes compared to men. This study investigated differentials in climate change perception among Nepal's men and women, using a river basin level primary data. Data were collected from 360 household heads of three spatial clusters – Meghauli (153), Lumle (141), and Upper-Mustang (66), located at different ecological zones of the Kaligandaki Basin. Out of the total respondents, 106 were women. Perceptions on 11 weather-related elements were asked to the respondents to level the perceived change in the unipolar Likert Scale. Such information was supplemented through 75 Key Informants (KIs), 24 Focused Group Discussions (FGDs), and Historical Timeline Calendars from nine locations. Findings suggest that differences in climate change perception exist between women and men, and women in particular generally felt a higher level of change. However, the findings are not strongly supported by both statistical tests i.e. test of mean differences (the independent sample t-test) between the responses of men and women, and the test of association (chi-square) between the gender of respondents and the type of responses they have chosen. The findings indicate that both men and women perceive the change if it was easily noticeable. Therefore, a critical understanding of the association of other socio-economic and ecological factors on the construction of perception to climate change would be necessary to form a successful climate change adaptation policy. Furthermore, since the findings are based on an exploratory and cross-sectional study, further investigation with rigorous approaches is required to draw more concrete conclusions.
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3

Pandey, Rishikesh. "Gender Differentials in Climate Change Perception in the Kaligandaki Basin, Nepal." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 14 (December 29, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v14i0.26568.

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Men and women variably perceive climate change, as the literature suggests that women perceive a higher level of changes compared to men. This study investigated differentials in climate change perception among Nepal's men and women, using a river basin level primary data. Data were collected from 360 household heads of three spatial clusters – Meghauli (153), Lumle (141), and Upper-Mustang (66), located at different ecological zones of the Kaligandaki Basin. Out of the total respondents, 106 were women. Perceptions on 11 weather-related elements were asked to the respondents to level the perceived change in the unipolar Likert Scale. Such information was supplemented through 75 Key Informants (KIs), 24 Focused Group Discussions (FGDs), and Historical Timeline Calendars from nine locations. Findings suggest that differences in climate change perception exist between women and men, and women in particular generally felt a higher level of change. However, the findings are not strongly supported by both statistical tests i.e. test of mean differences (the independent sample t-test) between the responses of men and women, and the test of association (chi-square) between the gender of respondents and the type of responses they have chosen. The findings indicate that both men and women perceive the change if it was easily noticeable. Therefore, a critical understanding of the association of other socio-economic and ecological factors on the construction of perception to climate change would be necessary to form a successful climate change adaptation policy. Furthermore, since the findings are based on an exploratory and cross-sectional study, further investigation with rigorous approaches is required to draw more concrete conclusions.
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4

Pandey, Rishikesh. "Gender Differentials in Perceiving Climate Change Impacts in the Kaligandaki Basin, Nepal." Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 173–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jjis.v9i1.35286.

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The global climate system is changing faster than earlier projections with variable rates across the geographic scale. The impacts are also perceived heterogeneously across the places and communities. This study explores gender differentials in impact-perception in the Kaligandaki river valley in central Nepal. Research used primary data collected from 360 households, 75 Key Informants and 24 Focus Groups Discussion as well as through construction of nine Historical Timeline Calendars from three clusters – Meghauli (lower basin), Lumle (middlepart) and Upper-Mustang (upper-basin). The impact perception was assessed under seven social-ecological variables in the unipolar Likert Scale. The impact perception does not significantly differ across the gender of respondents while testing the means of perception scores and probably it is due to the impacts that have been experienced at profound level. The test of independence of gender to level of impacts indicates no significant association. This research also tried to check if other social-economic variables such as age of respondents and landholding size of household as well as self-reported economic status of households were significantly associated with some of the impacts. However, the number of cells with expected counts less than 5 in chi-square test turned to be more than 20 percent so they were considered to be invalid. Nevertheless, impact perception is significantly associated with the places of residence or study clusters, which indicates that local social-ecological system matters in climate change impacts. The qualitative information however, suggests otherwise that women feel higher level of risk and impacts, and is related to their concern over the welfare of family members and livelihood resources. Since risk perception is found to be related to spatial characteristics, this research recommends for development and implementation of targeted and localized adaptation policies. None the less, those policies must also recognize the women’s concerns on climate change impacts.
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5

Neupane, Juna, Laxman Khanal, Basant Gyawali, and Mukesh Kumar Chalise. "Elevational pattern and seasonality of avian diversity in Kaligandaki River Basin, central Himalaya." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 14 (October 26, 2020): 16927–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5815.12.14.16927-16943.

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This study explored bird diversity, seasonal variation, and associated factors along an elevational gradient in an important biodiversity area (IBA) of central Nepal: the Kaligandaki River basin of Annapurna Conservation Area. The field survey was carried out in 2019 over two seasons, winter (January and February) and summer (May and June) using the point count method. A total of 90 sampling plots were set up from elevations of 800m (Beni) to 3,800m (Muktinath). Data for variables including the number of fruiting trees (indicator of resource availability) and distance to the road (indicator of disturbance) were collected, and their influence on avian diversity were assessed. The results revealed a diverse assemblage of avian fauna in the study area with consistent species richness over the two seasons. A decline in species richness and diversity with increasing elevation was observed. Of the different habitat types within the study area, forest and shrubland habitats showed the strongest association with bird species distribution and richness. We emphasize the need for long-term monitoring programs with standardized sampling approaches to better understand the avifauna in the central Himalaya.
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6

Bajracharya, Ajay Ratna, Sagar Ratna Bajracharya, Arun Bhakta Shrestha, and Sudan Bikash Maharjan. "Climate change impact assessment on the hydrological regime of the Kaligandaki Basin, Nepal." Science of The Total Environment 625 (June 2018): 837–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.332.

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7

Mishra, Bhogendra, Mukand S. Babel, and Nitin K. Tripathi. "Analysis of climatic variability and snow cover in the Kaligandaki River Basin, Himalaya, Nepal." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 116, no. 3-4 (August 11, 2013): 681–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-0966-1.

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8

Prem, Sagar Chapagain, and K. Bhusal Jagat. "Changing water regime and adaptation strategies in Upper Mustang Valley of Upper Kaligandaki Basin in Nepal." Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions 5, no. 1 (2013): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1226.2013.00133.

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9

Yuqin, Gao, Kamal Prasad Pandey, Xianfeng Huang, Naresh Suwal, and Khem Prasad Bhattarai. "Estimation of Hydrologic Alteration in Kaligandaki River Using Representative Hydrologic Indices." Water 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040688.

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Anthropogenic activities have led to the transformation of river basins and natural flow alteration around the world. Alteration in flow regimes have adverse effects on river ecosystems. Flow value changes signify the alteration extent and a number of flow related indices can be used to assess the extent of alteration in a river ecosystem. Selection of a few and ecologically relevant indices from a large set of available indices is a daunting task. Principal Component Analysis helps to reduce these large indices to a few ecologically significant indices and removes statistical redundancy of data to give uncorrelated data sets. These representative indices are useful in the primary investigation of a less studied area like the Kaligandaki River basin, Nepal. This paper uses reduced indices from the Kaligandaki River to calculate the alteration on the river section downstream of a hydropower facility using the Histogram Comparison Approach (HCA) combined with Hydrologic Year Types (HYT). The combined approach eliminates the potential underestimation of alteration values which may occur due to the exemption of hydrologic year types from the analysis, a feature equally relevant in river ecology. A new metric is used for the calculation of combined alteration using HCA-HYT in this paper. The analysis showed 60.71 percent alteration in the natural flow regime in the area past a hydropower construction, which is classified in the high alteration category. The study can be a guide for further analysis of the ecological flow management of a river section and a parsimonious approach to other areas where hydrological data is limited to historical flow records only.
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10

Ghimire, Suvas Chandra, and Mukesh Kumar Chalise. "Crop Raiding Status by Assamese Monkeys (Macaca assamensis) along the Kaligandaki River, Western Nepal." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 24, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v24i1.24639.

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A study on Assamese monkeys (Macaca assamensis) in Kaligandaki river basin at Ramdi of Palpa and Syangja districts of western Nepal was performed. The field study was conducted from February 2015 to January 2016 spending 1804 hours to explore the ecology and feeding behavior of Assamese macaque. The study mainly focused the Ramdi village area. A total of 24 individuals of Assamese monkeys were counted towards Palpa district and 18 individuals were counted towards Syangja district. Crop raiding status was examined each year by questionnaire survey method for local household villagers as well as direct observation by the researcher. It was found that maize (47.14 %) was the highest raided among the crops, followed by fruits (16.43 %), wheat (11.13 %), millet (5.72 %), rice (4.58 %), potato (4.27 %), lentil (4.07 %), mustard (1.26 %), pumpkin (1.14 %), bread (0.96 %), brown lentil (0.81 %), broad beans (0.80 %), sesame (0.60 %), black pulses (0.35 %), dal (0.20 %), cauliflower (0.14 %), tomato (0.1 %), egg (0.1 %), samosa (0.1 %) and gram (0.1%).
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11

Paudel, Pavan Kumar, and Mukesh Kumar Chalise. "Population status and distribution of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) in Kaligandaki river basin of Baglung and Parbat districts, Nepal." Journal of Natural History Museum 30 (December 1, 2018): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v30i0.27571.

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Population status and distribution of Assamese monkey in Kaligandaki river basin was studied by direct count method and block design. Field research was conducted from November, 2015 to June, 2016.The total area of 104.70 km2 was surveyed to determine the Population status and distribution pattern of Assamese monkey. Total of 47 Assamesemacaques were counted in four different troops. The group density was found to be 0.038groups/km2 with a population density of 0.44 individuals/km2 and a mean group size of11.75 (range 3-16) individuals. Age sex composition of macaque comprised 23.40% adult males, 19.14% adult females followed by 17.02% sub adult male, 19.14% young adult female, 14.8% juveniles and 6.38% infants. Adult sex ratio was observed 1:0.81 i.e. 122males per 100 females and the recruitment rate was found 0.33. i.e. 33 infants per 100females. The distribution pattern of Assamese macaques among four different study blocks was found clumped distribution in the study area. There was significant difference in distribution of Assamese macaques among four different blocks (χ2 =6.2996 ,d.f.= 3,p= 0.09791, p>0.05).
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12

Paudel, Pavan Kumar, and Mukesh Kumar Chalise. "GENERAL BEHAVIOR AND VEGETATION ASSOCIATED WITH THE HABITATS OF ASSAMESE MONKEY (Macaca assamensis McClelland, 1840) ALONG KALIGANDAKI RIVER BANK, WESTERN NEPAL." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 22, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v22i1.17761.

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This study was focused on Macaca assamensis general behavior and vegetation associated with their habitats in Kaligandaki River Basin at Baglung and Parbat Districts of Nepal. The field survey was conducted from December, 2015 to May, 2016 to explore the Assamese Macaque general behavior and vegetation associated with their habitats. Total area of 104.70 km2 was surveyed, vegetation analysis was done by random quadrates sampling method and behavioral data were collected by scan sampling method. A total of 47 individuals of Assamese Macaques (Macaca assamensis) were counted in four different troops. Total of 2240 scan samples were recorded from the four different troops during this study period the scan samples revealed that foraging was 47%, moving 28%, resting 14% and grooming 11%. In the context of daily activity pattern for aging time of Assamese monkey was found to be highest 54% in 15:00 to 18:00 observational phase and lowest 40% in the observational phase of 12.00 to 15.00 hours. Moving time of the Assamese monkey was found to be highest 33% in 12.00 to 15.00 observational phase and lowest 22% at 15:00 to 18:00 observational phase, resting time of Assamese monkey was found to be highest 15% in 09:00 to 12:00 hours and lowest 13% in 15:00 to 18:00 observational phase and Assamese monkey were seen mostly grooming 13% in 12.00 to 15.00 hours and lowest 10% in 15:00 to 18:00 observational phase. By quadrate sampling, 58 plant species with 716 number were recorded. Sal (Sorea robusta) was the dominant plant species with relative density 31.42% and relative frequency 8.376% which was followed by Tiju (Diospyros malabarica)with relative density 10.93% and relative frequency 8.376%.Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVolume 22, Issue 1, July 2017, page: 110-119
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13

N Bagale, Lekha. "Impacts of Climate change on Hydropower Potential in Kaligandaki River Basin -A Case Study of Kaligandaki Gorge Hydropower Project, North of Nepal." Oceanography & Fisheries Open access Journal 4, no. 1 (July 31, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.19080/ofoaj.2017.04.555629.

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14

bai , Ramani. "Impacts of Climate change on Hydropower Potential in Kaligandaki River Basin -A Case Study of Kaligandaki Gorge Hydropower Project, North of Nepal." Oceanography & Fisheries Open access Journal 4, no. 2 (July 31, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.19080/ofoaj.2017.04.555632.

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15

Ghimire, Suvas CHANDRA, LAXMAN KHANAL, and MUKESH KUMAR CHALISE. "Feeding ecology of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) troops in Kaligandaki and Budhigandaki River basins of central Nepal." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 22, no. 7 (June 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220710.

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Abstract. Ghimire SC, Khanal L, Chalise MK. 2021. Feeding ecology of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) troops in Kaligandaki and Budhigandaki River basins of central Nepal. Biodiversitas 22: 2625-2634. Seasonal fluctuations in the availability of key food resources impact the foraging behavior of animals. This study aimed to examine the seasonal variations in feeding time of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) in the sub-tropical deciduous riverine forest environment of central Nepal. Two troops of Nepal population of Assamese macaques, a troop from Kaligandaki River Basin (KRBT) and the next from Budhigandaki River Basin (BRBT) were studied by focal animal sampling method. Data from systematic behavioral observations were analyzed with reference to that of the vegetation surveys. Assamese macaques invested more than two-fifths (>40%) of the diurnal time on feeding. The KRBT consumed 71 plant species and the BRBT relied on 69 food plants. Leaves, mature and young, constituted the most dominant food item followed by the fruits and seeds. The two study troops inhabiting highly similar habitats of food plants (Sorensen’s Similarity Index = 0.93) didn’t have a significant difference in the selection of food-plant parts. However, the remarkable temporal difference in feeding plant parts was observed in concordance with their seasonal availability. Young leaves, when available during the spring and pre-monsoon were the major food items. Contrastingly, mature leaves were the food items during the winter on which animals were forced to rely when young leaves were scarce. We conclude that food choice and time investment on the feeding of different plant parts differ depending on the availability of food in the area. Macaques living in comparable habitats with similar food plants have analogous food choices and time investments.
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16

Pandey, Rishikesh. "Male out-migration from the Himalaya: implications in gender roles and household food (in)security in the Kaligandaki Basin, Nepal." Migration and Development, July 15, 2019, 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2019.1634313.

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17

N. Bagale, Lekha. "Study on Climate Change Induced Precipitation Variability and Its Impact on High Mountains of Nepal (A Case Study of - Kaligandaki River Basin, North of Nepal)." Journal of Geology & Geophysics 04, no. 04 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2381-8719.1000215.

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