Academic literature on the topic 'Kalagan language'

ملخص البحث: تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن إسهامات المدوَّنات النصيَّة في الدراسات اللغويَّة وبيان دورها في تعليم اللغة العربيَّة وتعلُّمها، ستقوم هذه الدراسة بتحليل مدوَّنتين نصيَّتين في ماليزيا، هما: مُدوَّنة الكتب العربيَّة الـمُقرَّرة والـمُدونات النصيَّة العربيَّة للجامعة الإسلاميَّة العالميَّة بماليزيا؛ إذ تتمثَّل مدوَّنة الكتب العربيَّة في الكتب الـمُقرَّرة لـمادّة اللغة العربيَّة بالمدارس الثانويَّة بماليزيا ابتداء من السنة الأولى حتى السنة الخامسة؛ أمَّا المدوَّنات الأخرى فتحتوي على النصوص الأكاديميَّة العربيَّة التابعة للجامعة الإسلاميَّة العالميَّة بماليزيا مثل الأطروحات الجامعيَّة، وأوراق المؤتمرات والمقالات المنشورة في المجلات الـمُحكَّمة. ونتج عن هذه الدراسة قوائم كلمات، وكشافات سياقيَّة اعتماداً على كلتا الـمُدوَّنتين سعياً إلى الكشف عن الكلمات الشائعة ووجوه استخدامها في السياقات المختلفة، وأوضحت الدراسة بأنَّه لا يمكن الاستغناء عن الـمُدوَّنات النصيَّة لمن لديهم اهتمام في تطوير لغتهم وتعبيرهم مثل الـطلاب والـمُعلِّمين ومؤلفي الكتب المقرَّرة، وكتب تمارين اللغة العربيَّة والمعاجم؛ حيث تُعتبر قائمة الكلمات مرجعاً أساسيّاً ومهمّاً في الدراسات اللغويَّة وبالأخصّ في تعليم اللغة وتعلُّمها. الكلمات المفتاحية: المدوَّنات النصيَّة-قائمة الكلمات-الكشافات السياقيَّة-تكرار الكلمات-الكتب العربية المقررة. Abstract: This study aims to discover the contribution of Arabic corpus in language studies, and to explain it’s role in learning and teaching Arabic language. This study analyses two Malaysian corpora which are Arabic Textbooks Corpus and Arabic Corpus of International Islamic University Malaysia. The first corpus is on Arabic textbooks used in Malaysian secondary schools by the first until the fifth years of the secondary schools. The second corpus contains academic texts for example from theses, conference papers and journal articles. The result of this study shows the word list and concordance for both corpuses. This study proves that the corpus is important to develop the language among learners, teachers, writers of textbooks, exercise books and dictionaries. The word list is regarded as the basic reference in language study as well as in learning and teaching of language. Keywords: Corpus, word list, concordance, word frequency, arabic textbooks Abstrak: Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti sumbangan korpus berbahasa Arab dalam pengajian bahasa, di samping menghuraikan peranannya dalam pembelajaran dan pengajaran bahasa Arab. Kajian ini menganalisis dua korpus dari Malaysia iaitu Korpus Buku Teks Bahasa Arab dan Korpus Bahasa Arab dari Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia. Sumber korpus yang pertama daripada buku teks bahasa Arab bagi tingkatan satu hingga tingkatan lima yang digunakan di sekolah menengah di Malaysia. Manakala korpus yang kedua mengandungi teks akademik seperti tesis, kertas persidangan dan artikel jurnal. Hasil bagi kajian ini ditunjukkan dalam bentuk senarai kata dan konkordans bagi kedua-dua korpus. Kajian ini membuktikan bahawa korpus penting untuk pengajian bahasa dalam kalagan pelajar, tenaga pengajar, serta penulis buku teks, buku latihan dan kamus terutamanya hasil daripada senarai kata yang menjadi rujukan asas dalam kajian bahasa, serta pembelajaran dan pengajaran bahasa. Kata kunci: Kekerapan kata kerja, data korpus-buku teks-kekerapan, senarai kata.

People as language users only act as narratives and care less about the problems that surround them. One of the regional languages, namely Sundanese, which is used by the Sundanese as a mother tongue, is now experiencing a shift because it is less used among teenagers. This study aims to avoid the local language (Sundanese) among teenagers. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method, the sample in this study were teenagers in the village area in the city of Cimahi. The research instrument used was a distributed questionnaire. The current phenomenon is that teenagers rarely use local languages. The position of regional languages ​​has decreased, including the use of Sundanese. This can be influenced by the use of a second language, both Indonesian and foreign languages. The youths show that Indonesian and foreign languages ​​have more respectable positions than the regions. Therefore, the use of the Sundanese language is considered important with a view to maintaining and maintaining the Sundanese language.

Language as a communication tool plays a very important role in human life because human language can interact and talk about anything. Language as a tool to convey thoughts, ideas, concepts, or feelings. An intellectual must think and the process of thinking definitely requires language. Language also functions as a means for social interaction and the media conveys ideas, the purpose of this study is to describe the function of language in counsels among adolescents. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. The data in this study are various languages ​​including the form of language, language functions, and the meaning of expressions. The form of language in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. Language functions in the form of expression functions, information functions, exploration functions, persuasion functions, entertainment functions, Data sources in this study are the function of language on shirts among teenagers. The technique used in this data collection is documentation, see, and note. The results of research on the function of shirts on teenagers that the function of language is a tool of social interaction, as a medium for conveying ideas, concepts, thoughts, and expressions of feelings including expression functions, information functions, exploration functions, persuasion functions, and entertainment functions on shirts. among teenagers.

This study aims to examine the existence of language shifts through shifts in speaking skills due to interactions between Indonesian, regional languages, and foreign languages. The data collection technique used is the recording technique as the main technique, while the interview and direct observation techniques are additional techniques. The respondents of this study were 34 students of the Indonesian language study program and the foreign language study program. Speech data were analyzed with three aspects of oral language skills, namely (2) speech tempo (prosody or intonation), (2) fluency, and (3) lexical (Itkonen, 2010:15-17). The results of the analysis show that there has been a shift in speaking skills from regional languages to Indonesian for all groups of respondents. Even students who are engaged in foreign languages are on average more fluent in foreign languages than in regional languages. These are indicators of a shift in regional languages to Indonesian and a shift in regional languages to foreign languages among this group of students. It can be formulated that the lower the speaking skill of a language is mastered by the speaker, the more vulnerable the language is to be shifted by a language that is more capable of being mastered by the speaker.

The use of language is the most important part of communication. Without using language, communication between humans cannot be done. Indonesia is a country that has various ethnic groups, cultures, languages, races and religions. Based on this, of course, in Indonesia there are various kinds of regional languages. One of the regional languages is Sundanese which is used by the Sundanese. This study aims to preserve the local language (Sundanese) among teenagers. This research uses a case study method with a qualitative approach, this research is carried out by exploring and describing the phenomena that occur. The current phenomenon is that teenagers who are local language maintainers have started to rarely use local languages. The position of regional languages has decreased, including the use of Sundanese. This can be influenced by the use of a second language, both Indonesian and foreign languages. Teenagers think that Indonesian and foreign languages have a more prestigious position than regional languages. Therefore, the use of Sundanese is considered important with a view to preserving and maintaining the Sundanese language.

Abstract As one of the 718 regional languages ​​in Indonesia, Wolio is the language spoken in the Buton Islands region. This study was conducted to determine the extent of the existence of the Wolio language in Baubau City, especially among Millennial speakers. This research is a research that applies a qualitative and quantitative approach. Qualitative data was obtained from interviews, while quantitative data was obtained from questionnaires. This study applies a sociolinguistic study of language shift and maintenance. The sample of this research is Wolio language speakers who are included in the millennial generation (born between 1981 – 1994). The results of this study indicate that currently the average active speaker of the Wolio language is over 40 years old. Only in 2 sub-districts showed a positive trend towards the use of the Wolio language among millennial speakers in the city of Baubau. Therefore, currently the status of the Wolio language in the city of Baubau can be categorized as a local language that is threatened with extinction if no improvement is made or efforts are not made to maintain the Wolio language

When it comes to knowledge and technology, globalization has a huge impact on the daily lives of a wide range of people including the young. There are a lot of different ways to express yourself, from how you live your life to the language you use. There may be a large number of people who feel cheated if they use an Indonesian language that is accurate and up-to-date. As a result, the language is a major source of pride for the nation. As a generation of people, we must be capable of communicating with other countries in Indonesian as a form of pen-to-paper diplomacy. Using a language that isn't your native tongue is a common occurrence in the surrounding environment, and ironically, this has been viewed as a sign of progress. One of the main reasons for the difficulty in using the Indonesian language is the influence of other languages or modernization. This is a common occurrence among Roman Catholics throughout the country. Indonesian Bahasa baku has been caused by the development of the Gaul language. They'll forget to speak in Indonesian while they're discussing official matters, even though they're used to speaking in Gaul. As a result, all parties who are interested in using the Indonesian language in a proper and accurate manner will need to pay attention to this situation. Among other things, we may tell the Indonesian people, especially the descendants of the Bangsa Penerus generation,that Indonesian is a national language and must be spoken.

The Javanese language is one of the Indonesian local languages with thelargest speakers. Meanwhile, there is anxiety that has been rise lately about the existence of Javanese language since the use of it in communication had been drastically decreased. This research uses mixed methods of qualitative and quantitative to obtain the areas and reasons why the Javanese language had been used among young marrie couples in ex-Semarang regency. The result of the study showed that the use of Javanese language found in six areas; familyhood, neighborhood, working area, friendship, trading area, and public space. The reasons of the using of Javanese language is simply because the majority of the society were native speakers; so it has been commonly using since early age; to develop warm and unformal relationship; to give language lesson and example to children and to other people; the expression of politeness and honors; to eliminate awkward and overact feeling when use Indonesian language, so that the communication would be easier to understand.

Indonesian society is multicultural and multilingual. Dialects in Indonesia have a lot of indigenous concepts, which are important for the nation building. In a multilingual society, language contact means that languages with small repertoire can be dominated by languages with larger repertoire (Romaine 2000). The Batak Toba language has concepts about egalitarianism, transparency and harmonizes relation between human being and environment. Most of young Batak Toba generation, who were born and who are living in Jakarta do not speak well Batak Toba language. There is a language shift among them, although they do not speak Batak Toba language, they still master the world views of Batak Toba culture.

The study was conducted because of the widespread use of slang among Undip students. This study aims: 1) find out the existence of Indonesian language among Undip students, and 2) find out there is an influence of Slang on the existence of Indonesian among Undip Students. The method used in data collection is a qualitative method. The data collection technique is in the form of a survey. Respondents in this study were students of Diponegoro University Applied Foreign Languages class of 2019 with a total of 56 respondents. The results showed: 1) Students were able to distinguish the application of slang in lectures from everyday life, and 2) the influence of slang on the existence of Indonesian during lectures for students.

This dissertation investigates the role of media in the identity construction of minority language speakers in Botswana, with a focus on the Bakalanga. The study is informed by debates around the degree to which the media can be seen to play a central role in the way the Bakalanga define their own identity. As part of this, it considers how such individuals understand their own sense of identity to be located within processes of nation-building, and in particular in relation to the construction of a national identity. It focuses, more particularly, on the extent to which the absence of particular languages within media can be said to impact on such processes of identity formation. The study responds, at the same time, to the argument that people’s more general lived experiences and their broader social environment have a bearing on how they make sense of the media. As such, it can be seen to critique the assumption that the media necessarily play a central and defining role within processes of socialisation. In order to explore the significance of these debates for a study of the Bakalanga, the dissertation includes a contextual discussion of language policy in Botswana, the impact of colonial history on such policy and the implications that this has had for the linguistic identity of the media. It also reviews theoretical debates that help to make sense of the role that the media plays within the processes through which minority language speakers construct their own identity. Finally, it includes an empirical case study, consisting of qualitative interviews with individuals who identify themselves as Bakalanga. It is argued that, because of the absence of their own language from the media, the respondents do not describe the media as central to their own processes of identity formation. At the same time, the respondents recognise the importance of the media within society, and are preoccupied with their own marginalisation from the media. The study explores the way the respondents make sense of such marginalisation, as demonstrated by their attempts to seek alternative media platforms in which they can find recognition of their own language and social experience. The study thus reaffirms the significance of media in society – even for people who feel that they are not recognised within such media.

This study investigates the impact of Family Language Policy (FLP) on the conservation of minority languages in Zimbabwe. Family language policy is a newly emerging sub field of language planning and policy which focuses on the explicit and overt planning in relation to language use within the home among family members. The study is therefore predicated on the view that the conservation of any minority language largely depends on intergenerational transmission of the particular language. Intergenerational transmission is dependent in part, on the language practices in the home and therefore on family language policy. To understand the nature, practice and negotiation of family language policy in the context of minority language conservation, the study focuses on the perspectives of a sample of 34 L1 Kalanga parents and 28 L1 Tonga parents, who form the main target population. In this study, parents are considered to be the ‘authorities’ within the family, who have the capacity to articulate and influence language use and language practices. Also included in this study are the perspectives of language and culture associations representing minority languages regarding their role in the conservation of minority languages at the micro community level. Representatives of Kalanga Language and Cultural Development Association (KLCDA), Tonga Language and Culture Committee (TOLACCO) as well Zimbabwe Indigenous Languages Promotion Association (ZILPA) were targeted. This research takes on a qualitative approach. Methodologically, the study deployed the interview as the main data collection tool. Semi structured interviews were conducted with L1 Kalanga and L1 Tonga parents while unstructured interviews were conducted with the representatives of language and culture associations. This study deploys the language management theory and the reversing language shift theory as the analytical lenses that enable the study to understand the mechanics of family language policy and their impact on intergenerational transmission of minority languages in Zimbabwe. Language management theory allows for the extendibility of the tenets of language policy into the family domain and specifically affords the study to explore the dialectics of parental language ideologies and family language practices in the context of minority language conservation in Zimbabwe. The reversing language shift theory also emphasises the importance of the home domain in facilitating intergenerational transmission of minority languages. Findings of the study demonstrate that family language policy is an important aspect in intergenerational transmission of minority languages, itself a nuanced and muddled process. The research demonstrates that there is a correlation between parental language ideologies and parental disposition to articulate and persue a particular kind of family language policy. In particular, the study identified a pro-minority home language and pro- bilingual family language policies as the major parental language ideologies driving family language policies. However, the research reveals that parental language ideologies and parental explicitly articulated family language polices alone do not guarantee intergenerational transmission of minority languages, although they are very pertinent. This, as the study argues, is because family language policy is not immune to external language practices such as the school language policy or the wider language policy at the macro state level. Despite parents being the main articulators of family language policy, the study found out that in some instances, parental ideologies do not usually coincide with children’s practices. The mismatch between parental preferences and their children’s language practices at home are a reproduction, in the home, of extra familial language practices. This impacts family language practices by informing the child resistant agency to parental family language policy, leading to a renegotiation of family language policy. The research also demonstrates that parents, especially those with high impact beliefs are disposed to take active steps, or to employ language management strategies to realise their desired language practices in the home. The study demonstrates that these parental strategies may succeed in part, particularly when complemented by an enabling sociolinguistic environment beyond the home. The articulation of a pro-Tonga only family language policy was reproduced in the children’s language practices, while the preference for a pro- bilingual family language policy by the majority L1 Kalanga parents was snubbed for a predominantly Ndebele-only practice by their children. In most cases, the research found out that language use in formal domains impacted on the success of FLP. Tonga is widely taught in Schools within Binga districts while Kalanga is not as widespread in Bulilima and Mangwe schools. Ndebele is the most widespread language in Bulilima and Mangwe schools. As such; children of L1 Kalanga parents tend to evaluate Kalanga negatively while having positive associations with Ndebele. All these language practices are deemed to impact on family language policy and therefore on intergenerational transmission of minority languages in Zimbabwe. The desire by parents for the upward mobility of children results in them capitulating to the wider socio political reality and therefore to the demands of their children in terms of language use in the home. The study therefore concludes that family language policy is an important frontier in the fight against language shift and language endangerment, given the importance of the home in intergenerational transmission of minority languages. The study therefore implores future research to focus on this very important but largely unresearched sub field of language policy. The study observes that most researches have focused on the activities of larger state institutions and organisations and how they impact on minority language conservation, to the detriment of the uncontestable fact that the survival of any language depends on the active use of the language by the speakers. The research also recommends that future practice of language policy should not attempt to promote minority languages by discouraging the use of other majority languages, but rather, speakers should embrace bilingualism as a benefit and a resource and not as a liability. The interaction between the top down state language policy and the bottom up micro family language policy should be acknowledged and exploited, in such a way that the two can be deployed as complementary approaches in minority language conservation.
Linguistics and Modern Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (Languages, Linguistics and Literature)

This study examines the historical and contemporary sociolinguistic status of three minority languages, namely Shangani, Kalanga and Tonga in Chiredzi, Plumtree and Binga respectively within the civil courts of Zimbabwe. This research problematizes the issue of language choice and usage in civil courtroom discourse by native speakers of the languages under study. The background to this research endeavor is the historical dominance of English, Shona and Ndebele in public institutions as media of communication even in areas where minority languages are dominant, a situation that has resulted in minority languages having a restricted functional space in public life. Respondents in this research included native speakers of the languages under study who have attended civil courtroom sessions either as accused persons or complainants, members of rural communities including community leaders, court interpreters stationed at Binga, Chiredzi and Plumtree magistrates‟ courts and members of the Judicial Services Commission (JSC). Data was also collected from minority language advocacy groups including Tonga Language and Cultural Committee (TOLACCO), Shangani Promotion Trust (SPAT) and Kalanga Language and Culture Development (KLCDA) using semi-structured interviews. In addition, participant observation of civil courtroom proceedings involving native speakers of Kalanga, Tonga and Shangani was done. Documentary analysis of colonial and postcolonial language policies in Zimbabwe was also done. Data was analyzed using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Ecology of Language theories. The findings for this research revealed that historically, language policy making in Zimbabwe has impacted negatively on the functional roles of Shangani, Tonga and Kalanga in civil courtroom communication because of the lack of implementation clauses in national constitutions. Furthermore, language attitudes that were analyzed in conjunction with a number of factors including age, demographics, naming of provinces, awareness of constitutional provisions on language and language-in-education policies were found to be key determinant factors influencing the sociolinguistic status of Kalanga, Tonga and Shangani in civil courtroom discourse. Court interpreting and initiatives by language advocacy groups also impacted on the sociolinguistic status of the languages under study in civil courtroom interaction.
Linguistics and Modern Languages
D. Phil. (Language, Linguistics and Literature)

The Kalanga occupy the south-western parts of Zimbabwe, their larger concentration is in modern-day Bulilimamangwe district although some clusters of Kalanga people are distributed throughout Kezi, Gwanda and Tsholotsho districts, among other areas, west of Zimbabwe. The chapter acknowledges that Kalanga identities in pre-colonial Zimbabwean society were multiple, however, it mainly focusses on Kalanga religion (the Mwali/Ngwali Cult) and Kalanga language and demonstrates how these pre-colonial Kalanga forms of identities were later politicised and (re) interpreted and manipulated by colonialists, missionaries and Africans in an endeavour to construct Kalanga ethnic identity. The main purpose of the chapter is to present and reflect on selected Kalanga precolonial forms of identities and show how these were used to (re) construct the Kalanga ethnic identity in colonial Zimbabwe. The chapter further argues that identities are not fixed primordial phenomenon but are constructed and reconstructed over the longee durree using precolonial forms of identities such as language and religion.

The Kalanga occupy the south-western parts of Zimbabwe, their larger concentration is in modern-day Bulilimamangwe district although some clusters of Kalanga people are distributed throughout Kezi, Gwanda and Tsholotsho districts, among other areas, west of Zimbabwe. The chapter acknowledges that Kalanga identities in pre-colonial Zimbabwean society were multiple, however, it mainly focusses on Kalanga religion (the Mwali/Ngwali Cult) and Kalanga language and demonstrates how these pre-colonial Kalanga forms of identities were later politicised and (re) interpreted and manipulated by colonialists, missionaries and Africans in an endeavour to construct Kalanga ethnic identity. The main purpose of the chapter is to present and reflect on selected Kalanga precolonial forms of identities and show how these were used to (re) construct the Kalanga ethnic identity in colonial Zimbabwe. The chapter further argues that identities are not fixed primordial phenomenon but are constructed and reconstructed over the longee durree using precolonial forms of identities such as language and religion.

Savaş dolayısıyla ülkelerini terk etmek zorunda kalan Suriyeli göçmenler, gelmiş oldukları Türkiye topraklarında farklı bir yaşam tarzı, farklı kültür ve farklı bir dil ile karşı karşıya kalmaktaydı. Can güvenliği konusunda güvenli bir liman olan Türkiye’de kalmak ve temel ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için Türkçe öğrenmenin zorunlu olduğu kaçınılmazdı. Suriyelilerin dil sorununu çözmek problemlerin çözümü için atılan en etkili adım olacaktır. Çünkü bir bireyin diline yabancı olduğu bir toplumda yaşamını sürdürebilmesi ve bu topluma uyum sağlayabilmesi için ilk olarak o toplumun dilini öğrenmesi öncelikli koşuldur. Suriyelilerin dil öğrenme ihtiyaçlarının tespit edilmesi ve öğretimin bu ihtiyaçlardan hareketle hazırlanacak olan programlara uygun olarak yürütülmesi Suriyeli göçmenlerin Türkiye’deki hayata uyum sağlaması ve kültürlenmesi açısından önem taşımaktadır