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Journal articles on the topic 'Kakapo'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Waite, David W., Daryl K. Eason, and Michael W. Taylor. "Influence of Hand Rearing and Bird Age on the Fecal Microbiota of the Critically Endangered Kakapo." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 15 (May 16, 2014): 4650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00975-14.

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ABSTRACTThe critically endangered New Zealand parrot, the kakapo, is subject to an intensive management regime aiming to maintain bird health and boost population size. Newly hatched kakapo chicks are subjected to human intervention and are frequently placed in captivity throughout their formative months. Hand rearing greatly reduces mortality among juveniles, but the potential long-term impact on the kakapo gut microbiota is uncertain. To track development of the kakapo gut microbiota, fecal samples from healthy, prefledged juvenile kakapos, as well as from unrelated adults, were analyzed by using 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing. Following the original sampling, juvenile kakapos underwent a period of captivity, so further sampling during and after captivity aimed to elucidate the impact of captivity on the juvenile gut microbiota. Variation in the fecal microbiota over a year was also investigated, with resampling of the original juvenile population. Amplicon pyrosequencing revealed a juvenile fecal microbiota enriched with particular lactic acid bacteria compared to the microbiota of adults, although the overall community structure did not differ significantly among kakapos of different ages. The abundance of key operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was correlated with antibiotic treatment and captivity, although the importance of these factors could not be proven unequivocally within the bounds of this study. Finally, the microbial community structure of juvenile and adult kakapos changed over time, reinforcing the need for continual monitoring of the microbiota as part of regular health screening.

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2

Fidler, Andrew E., Stephen B. Lawrence, and Kenneth P. McNatty. "VIEWPOINT. An hypothesis to explain the linkage between kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) breeding and the mast fruiting of their food trees." Wildlife Research 35, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07148.

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An important goal in the intensive conservation management of New Zealand’s critically endangered nocturnal parrot, kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), is to increase the frequency of breeding attempts. Kakapo breeding does not occur annually but rather correlates with 3–5-year cycles in ‘mast’ seeding/fruiting of kakapo food plants, most notably podocarps such as rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum). Here we advance a hypothetical mechanism for the linking of kakapo breeding with such ‘mast’ seeding/fruiting. The essence of the hypothesis is that exposure to low levels of dietary phytochemicals may, in combination with hepatic gene ‘memory’, sensitise egg yolk protein genes, expressed in female kakapo livers, to oestrogens derived from developing ovarian follicles. Only in those years when the egg yolk protein genes have been sufficiently ‘pre-sensitised’ by dietary chemicals do kakapo ovarian follicles develop to ovulation and egg-laying occurs. While speculative, this hypothesis is both physiologically and evolutionarily plausible and suggests both future research directions and relatively simple interventions that may afford conservation workers some influence over kakapo breeding frequency.

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3

Strumpf, Dan, and Talila Volk. "Kakapo, a Novel Cytoskeletal-associated Protein Is Essential for the Restricted Localization of the Neuregulin-like Factor, Vein, at the Muscle–Tendon Junction Site." Journal of Cell Biology 143, no. 5 (November 30, 1998): 1259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.143.5.1259.

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In the Drosophila embryo, the correct association of muscles with their specific tendon cells is achieved through reciprocal interactions between these two distinct cell types. Tendon cell differentiation is initiated by activation of the EGF-receptor signaling pathway within these cells by Vein, a neuregulin-like factor secreted by the approaching myotube. Here, we describe the cloning and the molecular and genetic analyses of kakapo, a Drosophila gene, expressed in the tendons, that is essential for muscle-dependent tendon cell differentiation. Kakapo is a large intracellular protein and contains structural domains also found in cytoskeletal-related vertebrate proteins (including plakin, dystrophin, and Gas2 family members). kakapo mutant embryos exhibit abnormal muscle-dependent tendon cell differentiation. A major defect in the kakapo mutant tendon cells is the failure of Vein to be localized at the muscle–tendon junctional site; instead, Vein is dispersed and its levels are reduced. This may lead to aberrant differentiation of tendon cells and consequently to the kakapo mutant deranged somatic muscle phenotype.

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4

Prokop, Andreas, Jay Uhler, John Roote, and Michael Bate. "The kakapo Mutation Affects Terminal Arborization and Central Dendritic Sprouting of Drosophila Motorneurons." Journal of Cell Biology 143, no. 5 (November 30, 1998): 1283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.143.5.1283.

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The lethal mutation l(2)CA4 causes specific defects in local growth of neuronal processes. We uncovered four alleles of l(2)CA4 and mapped it to bands 50A-C on the polytene chromosomes and found it to be allelic to kakapo (Prout et al. 1997. Genetics. 146:275– 285). In embryos carrying our kakapo mutant alleles, motorneurons form correct nerve branches, showing that long distance growth of neuronal processes is unaffected. However, neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) fail to form normal local arbors on their target muscles and are significantly reduced in size. In agreement with this finding, antibodies against kakapo (Gregory and Brown. 1998. J. Cell Biol. 143:1271–1282) detect a specific epitope at all or most Drosophila NMJs. Within the central nervous system of kakapo mutant embryos, neuronal dendrites of the RP3 motorneuron form at correct positions, but are significantly reduced in size. At the subcellular level we demonstrate two phenotypes potentially responsible for the defects in neuronal branching: first, transmembrane proteins, which can play important roles in neuronal growth regulation, are incorrectly localized along neuronal processes. Second, microtubules play an important role in neuronal growth, and kakapo appears to be required for their organization in certain ectodermal cells: On the one hand, kakapo mutant embryos exhibit impaired microtubule organization within epidermal cells leading to detachment of muscles from the cuticle. On the other, a specific type of sensory neuron (scolopidial neurons) shows defects in microtubule organization and detaches from its support cells.

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5

Gregory, Stephen L., and Nicholas H. Brown. "kakapo, a Gene Required for Adhesion Between and Within Cell Layers in Drosophila, Encodes a Large Cytoskeletal Linker Protein Related to Plectin and Dystrophin." Journal of Cell Biology 143, no. 5 (November 30, 1998): 1271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.143.5.1271.

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Mutations in kakapo were recovered in genetic screens designed to isolate genes required for integrin-mediated adhesion in Drosophila. We cloned the gene and found that it encodes a large protein (>5,000 amino acids) that is highly similar to plectin and BPAG1 over the first 1,000–amino acid region, and contains within this region an α-actinin type actin-binding domain. A central region containing dystrophin-like repeats is followed by a carboxy domain that is distinct from plectin and dystrophin, having neither the intermediate filament-binding domain of plectin nor the dystroglycan/syntrophin-binding domain of dystrophin. Instead, Kakapo has a carboxy terminus similar to the growth arrest–specific protein Gas2. Kakapo is strongly expressed late during embryogenesis at the most prominent site of position-specific integrin adhesion, the muscle attachment sites. It is concentrated at apical and basal surfaces of epidermal muscle attachment cells, at the termini of the prominent microtubule bundles, and is required in these cells for strong attachment to muscles. Kakapo is also expressed more widely at a lower level where it is essential for epidermal cell layer stability. These results suggest that the Kakapo protein forms essential links among integrins, actin, and microtubules.

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6

Chambers, Charlotte N. L., and Michelle E. Main. "Between “Wild” and “Tame”: Placing Encounters with Sirocco the Kakapo Parrot in Aotearoa/New Zealand." Society & Animals 22, no. 1 (2014): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341319.

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Abstract This article explores different dynamics and spatialities of nonhuman animal encounters to illuminate important intersections between place and human-animal relations. The article focuses on Sirocco the Kakapo, an endangered New Zealand parrot, who due to illness as a chick was hand-reared in isolation from other Kakapo. Informed by qualitative research, data was gathered through interviewing those involved in the Kakapo Recovery Programme and from Internet websites and publications featuring Sirocco. Based on this research, it can be demonstrated how Sirocco, unlike his fellow Kakapo, is a bird who can traverse the seemingly clear-cut and spatially inscribed boundaries between “wild” and “tame,” between “human” and “animal,” and between “wild” and “domestic” places. Drawing upon relational theories of space and place in human geography, the case of Sirocco is used to interrogate and inform theorizations concerning the place of nonhuman animals in both spatial and conceptual terms. Sirocco’s story illuminates the complex and heterogeneous relations of encounter that stretch between New Zealand’s wild and domestic places, which in turn rely upon particular notions of wild and tame and prescribed relations between humans and “wild animals” that inhere in conservation practice more broadly.

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7

Sutherland, William J. "Science, sex and the kakapo." Nature 419, no. 6904 (September 2002): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/419265a.

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8

Clout, Mick N., and Don V. Merton. "Saving the Kakapo: the conservation of the world's most peculiar parrot." Bird Conservation International 8, no. 3 (September 1998): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900001933.

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SummaryWe review the conservation history and describe the current status of the Kakapo Strigops habroptilus, a large New Zealand parrot which has been reduced to only 54 individuals through predation by introduced mammals, and is now threatened with extinction. Unique amongst parrots, Kakapo are both flightless and nocturnal. They have an unusual mating system in which females nest and raise their young unaided by males, after mating at traditional “courts” at which males display visually and vocally. Mating occurs naturally only in seasons of heavy fruiting of podocarp trees. A decline in range and abundance of Kakapo followed the introduction of alien mammals last century, and culminated in their reduction to a single breeding population on Stewart Island. Following a severe episode of predation by feral cats Felis catus, all known birds from this last population were translocated to a series of cat-free offshore islands. Adult survival on these island sanctuaries has been high (c. 98% per annum), but productivity has been low, with only six young (including a single female) raised to independence since 1982. Reasons for this low productivity are the naturally intermittent breeding of Kakapo, the low numbers of nesting females, high rates of egg infertility (~ 40%), and the early death of most nestlings through starvation or suspected predation by Polynesian rats Rattus exulans. These rats are present on both of the island sanctuaries where nesting has occurred. The Kakapo sex ratio is biased in favour of males (34:20) and only 8 of the 19 adult females are known to have laid fertile eggs in the past 10 years. Management of all remaining birds is now highly intensive, involving radio-tagging of all individuals, the provision of supplementary food, attempts to manipulate matings, nest surveillance, and protection against rat predation.

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9

Wilson, Clare. "Kakapo parrots see off bad genes." New Scientist 251, no. 3352 (September 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(21)01642-0.

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10

Johnston, Peter, and Kieren J. Mitchell. "Contrasting Patterns of Sensory Adaptation in Living and Extinct Flightless Birds." Diversity 13, no. 11 (October 26, 2021): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13110538.

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Avian cranial anatomy is constrained by the competing (or complementary) requirements and costs of various facial, muscular, sensory, and central neural structures. However, these constraints may operate differently in flighted versus flightless birds. We investigated cranial sense organ morphology in four lineages of flightless birds: kiwi (Apteryx), the Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), and the extinct moa (Dinornithiformes) from New Zealand; and the extinct elephant birds from Madagascar (Aepyornithidae). Scleral ring and eye measurements suggest that the Upland Moa (Megalapteryx didinus) was diurnal, while measurements for the Kakapo are consistent with nocturnality. Kiwi are olfactory specialists, though here we postulate that retronasal olfaction is the dominant olfactory route in this lineage. We suggest that the Upland Moa and aepyornithids were also olfactory specialists; the former additionally displaying prominent bill tip sensory organs implicated in mechanoreception. Finally, the relative size of the endosseous cochlear duct revealed that the Upland Moa had a well-developed hearing sensitivity range, while the sensitivity of the kiwi, Kakapo, and aepyornithids was diminished. Together, our results reveal contrasting sensory strategies among extant and extinct flightless birds. More detailed characterisation of sensory capacities and cranial anatomy in extant birds may refine our ability to make accurate inferences about the sensory capacities of fossil taxa.

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11

Karakesisoglou, Iakowos, Yanmin Yang, and Elaine Fuchs. "An Epidermal Plakin That Integrates Actin and Microtubule Networks at Cellular Junctions." Journal of Cell Biology 149, no. 1 (April 3, 2000): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.149.1.195.

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Plakins are cytoskeletal linker proteins initially thought to interact exclusively with intermediate filaments (IFs), but recently were found to associate additionally with actin and microtubule networks. Here, we report on ACF7, a mammalian orthologue of the Drosophila kakapo plakin genetically involved in epidermal–muscle adhesion and neuromuscular junctions. While ACF7/kakapo is divergent from other plakins in its IF-binding domain, it has at least one actin (Kd = 0.35 μM) and one microtubule (Kd ∼6 μM) binding domain. Similar to its fly counterpart, ACF7 is expressed in the epidermis. In well spread epidermal keratinocytes, ACF7 discontinuously decorates the cytoskeleton at the cell periphery, including microtubules (MTs) and actin filaments (AFs) that are aligned in parallel converging at focal contacts. Upon calcium induction of intercellular adhesion, ACF7 and the cytoskeleton reorganize at cell–cell borders but with different kinetics from adherens junctions and desmosomes. Treatments with cytoskeletal depolymerizing drugs reveal that ACF7's cytoskeletal association is dependent upon the microtubule network, but ACF7 also appears to stabilize actin at sites where microtubules and microfilaments meet. We posit that ACF7 may function in microtubule dynamics to facilitate actin–microtubule interactions at the cell periphery and to couple the microtubule network to cellular junctions. These attributes provide a clear explanation for the kakapo mutant phenotype in flies.

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12

Robertson, Bruce C., Craig D. Millar, Edward O. Minot, Don V. Merton, and David M. Lambert. "Sexing the Critically Endangered Kakapo Strigops habroptilus." Emu - Austral Ornithology 100, no. 4 (November 2000): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu00056.

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13

Alley, MR, BD Gartrell, HJ Mack, and CM McInnes. "Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiaesepticaemia in translocated kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, no. 1 (February 2005): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2005.36481.

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14

Gartrell, B. D., M. R. Alley, H. Mack, J. Donald, K. McInnes, and P. Jansen. "Erysipelas in the critically endangered kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)." Avian Pathology 34, no. 5 (October 2005): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079450500268583.

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15

TRIGGS, SUSAN J., RALPH G. POWLESLAND, and CHARLES H. DAUGHERTY. "Genetic Variation and Conservation of Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus: Psittaciformes)." Conservation Biology 3, no. 1 (March 1989): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00232.x.

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16

Elliott, Graeme P., Don V. Merton, and Paul W. Jansen. "Intensive management of a critically endangered species: the kakapo." Biological Conservation 99, no. 1 (May 2001): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00191-9.

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17

Werner, Kimberly. "Erysipeloid (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Infection) Acquired From a Dead Kakapo." Archives of Dermatology 147, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 1456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.147.12.1456-b.

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18

Fidler, Andrew E., Sharon Zwart, Richard P. Pharis, Roderick J. Weston, Stephen B. Lawrence, Paul Jansen, Graeme Elliott, and Donald V. Merton. "Screening the foods of an endangered parrot, the kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), for oestrogenic activity using a recombinant yeast bioassay." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 12, no. 4 (2000): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd00041.

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In recent years the possibility of environmental oestrogens affecting the reproduction of vertebrates has become an issue of both public and scientific interest. Although the significance of such chemicals remains controversial there is clear evidence that, in some contexts, environmental oestrogens can influence the fertility of vertebrates. Highly endangered species represent a situation in which even modest reductions in the fertility of key individuals may have implications for the survival of the entire species. This paper reports the screening of both natural and supplementary foods of the kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), a critically endangered New Zealand nocturnal parrot, for oestrogenic activity using a recombinant yeast based bioassay. Low levels of oestrogenic activity were detected in one of the ‘chick-raising’ foods, but no oestrogenic activity was detected in the adult supplementary foods. The oestrogenicity of a range of phytochemicals possibly associated with the kakapo natural diet was also examined. Two such phytochemicals, podocarpic acid and its reduced derivative podocarpinol, showed weak oestro-genic activity (approximately 10 –6 and 10 –4 of the activity of 17-b -oestradiol, respectively).

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19

Robertson, Bruce C., Edward O. Minot, and David M. Lambert. "Molecular sexing of individual kakapo, Strigops habroptilus Aves, from faeces." Molecular Ecology 8, no. 8 (August 1999): 1349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00692_2.x.

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20

Deborah Stevenson. "Kakapo Rescue: Saving the World's Strangest Parrot (review)." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 63, no. 10 (2010): 448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.0.1883.

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21

Leung, Conrad L., Dongming Sun, Min Zheng, David R. Knowles, and Ronald K. H. Liem. "Microtubule Actin Cross-Linking Factor (Macf)." Journal of Cell Biology 147, no. 6 (December 13, 1999): 1275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.147.6.1275.

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We cloned and characterized a full-length cDNA of mouse actin cross-linking family 7 (mACF7) by sequential rapid amplification of cDNA ends–PCR. The completed mACF7 cDNA is 17 kb and codes for a 608-kD protein. The closest relative of mACF7 is the Drosophila protein Kakapo, which shares similar architecture with mACF7. mACF7 contains a putative actin-binding domain and a plakin-like domain that are highly homologous to dystonin (BPAG1-n) at its NH2 terminus. However, unlike dystonin, mACF7 does not contain a coiled–coil rod domain; instead, the rod domain of mACF7 is made up of 23 dystrophin-like spectrin repeats. At its COOH terminus, mACF7 contains two putative EF-hand calcium-binding motifs and a segment homologous to the growth arrest–specific protein, Gas2. In this paper, we demonstrate that the NH2-terminal actin-binding domain of mACF7 is functional both in vivo and in vitro. More importantly, we found that the COOH-terminal domain of mACF7 interacts with and stabilizes microtubules. In transfected cells full-length mACF7 can associate not only with actin but also with microtubules. Hence, we suggest a modified name: MACF (microtubule actin cross-linking factor). The properties of MACF are consistent with the observation that mutations in kakapo cause disorganization of microtubules in epidermal muscle attachment cells and some sensory neurons.

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22

Merton, Don V., Rodney B. Morris, and Ian A. E. Atkinson. "Lek behaviour in a parrot:the Kakapo Strigops habroptilus of New Zealand." Ibis 126, no. 3 (April 3, 2008): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1984.tb00250.x.

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23

ROBERTSON, BRUCE C., NATHALIE FRAUENFELDER, DARYL K. EASON, GRAEME ELLIOTT, and RON MOORHOUSE. "Thirty polymorphic microsatellite loci from the critically endangered kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)." Molecular Ecology Resources 9, no. 2 (January 20, 2009): 664–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02506.x.

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24

Low, Matthew, Daryl Eason, and Kate McInnes. "Evaluation of passive integrated transponders for identification of Kakapo, Strigops habroptilus." Emu - Austral Ornithology 105, no. 1 (March 2005): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu04060.

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25

Blanco, Juan, Daryl Eason, Deidre Vercoe, Serean L. Adams, Samantha Gale, and Ron Moorhouse. "97. Cryoconservation in the field: the challenges of saving the kakapo." Cryobiology 61, no. 3 (December 2010): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.10.101.

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26

White, DJ, RJ Hall, R. Jakob-Hoff, J. Wang, B. Jackson, and DM Tompkins. "Exudative cloacitis in the kakapo(Strigops habroptilus)potentially linked toEscherichia coliinfection." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 63, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2014.960905.

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27

White, K. L., D. K. Eason, I. G. Jamieson, and B. C. Robertson. "Evidence of inbreeding depression in the critically endangered parrot, the kakapo." Animal Conservation 18, no. 4 (November 24, 2014): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acv.12177.

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28

Boast, Alexander P., Laura S. Weyrich, Jamie R. Wood, Jessica L. Metcalf, Rob Knight, and Alan Cooper. "Coprolites reveal ecological interactions lost with the extinction of New Zealand birds." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 7 (February 12, 2018): 1546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712337115.

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Over the past 50,000 y, biotic extinctions and declines have left a legacy of vacant niches and broken ecological interactions across global terrestrial ecosystems. Reconstructing the natural, unmodified ecosystems that preceded these events relies on high-resolution analyses of paleoecological deposits. Coprolites are a source of uniquely detailed information about trophic interactions and the behaviors, gut parasite communities, and microbiotas of prehistoric animal species. Such insights are critical for understanding the legacy effects of extinctions on ecosystems, and can help guide contemporary conservation and ecosystem restoration efforts. Here we use high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of ancient eukaryotic DNA from coprolites to reconstruct aspects of the biology and ecology of four species of extinct moa and the critically endangered kakapo parrot from New Zealand (NZ). Importantly, we provide evidence that moa and prehistoric kakapo consumed ectomycorrhizal fungi, suggesting these birds played a role in dispersing fungi that are key to NZ’s natural forest ecosystems. We also provide the first DNA-based evidence that moa frequently supplemented their broad diets with ferns and mosses. Finally, we also find parasite taxa that provide insight into moa behavior, and present data supporting the hypothesis of coextinction between moa and several parasite species. Our study demonstrates that HTS sequencing of coprolites provides a powerful tool for resolving key aspects of ancient ecosystems and may rapidly provide information not obtainable by conventional paleoecological techniques, such as fossil analyses.

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29

POWLESLAND, R. G., B. D. LLOYD, H. A. BEST, and D. V. MERTON. "Breeding biology of the Kakapo Strigops habroptilus on Stewart Island, New Zealand." Ibis 134, no. 4 (June 28, 2008): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1992.tb08016.x.

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30

SIBLEY, M. D. "First hand-rearing of Kakapo Strigops habroptilus: at the Auckland Zoological Park." International Zoo Yearbook 33, no. 1 (January 1993): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1993.tb00622.x.

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31

SIBLEY, M. D. "First hand-rearing of Kakapo Strigops habroptilus: at the Auckland Zoological Park." International Zoo Yearbook 33, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1994.tb03572.x.

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32

Body, Denis R., and Ralph G. Powlesland. "Lipid composition of a clutch of kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) (Aves: Cacatuidae) eggs." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 17, no. 3 (July 1990): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1990.10422940.

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33

Lloyd, B. D., and R. G. Powlesland. "The decline of kakapo Strigops habroptilus and attempts at conservation by translocation." Biological Conservation 69, no. 1 (1994): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90330-1.

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34

Livezey, Bradley C. "Morphological corollaries and ecological implications of flightlessness in the kakapo (Psittaciformes:Strigops habroptilus)." Journal of Morphology 213, no. 1 (July 1992): 105–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052130108.

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35

Corfield, Jeremy R., Anna C. Gsell, Dianne Brunton, Christopher P. Heesy, Margaret I. Hall, Monica L. Acosta, and Andrew N. Iwaniuk. "Anatomical Specializations for Nocturnality in a Critically Endangered Parrot, the Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)." PLoS ONE 6, no. 8 (August 10, 2011): e22945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022945.

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36

Lentini, Pia E., Ingrid A. Stirnemann, Dejan Stojanovic, Trevor H. Worthy, and John A. Stein. "Using fossil records to inform reintroduction of the kakapo as a refugee species." Biological Conservation 217 (January 2018): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.027.

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37

Yang, J. S. "Landslide mapping and major earthquakes on the Kakapo Fault, South Island, New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 22, no. 3 (September 1992): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1992.10426557.

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38

Waite, David W., Peter Deines, and Michael W. Taylor. "Gut Microbiome of the Critically Endangered New Zealand Parrot, the Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)." PLoS ONE 7, no. 4 (April 18, 2012): e35803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035803.

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39

Worthy, Trevor H., Suzanne J. Hand, Michael Archer, R. Paul Scofield, and Vanesa L. De Pietri. "Evidence for a giant parrot from the Early Miocene of New Zealand." Biology Letters 15, no. 8 (August 2019): 20190467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0467.

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Insular avifaunas have repeatedly spawned evolutionary novelties in the form of unusually large, often flightless species. We report fossils from the Early Miocene St Bathans Fauna of New Zealand that attests to the former existence of a giant psittaciform, which is described as a new genus and species. The fossils are two incomplete tibiotarsi from a bird with an estimated mass of 7 kg, double that of the heaviest known parrot, the kakapo Strigops habroptila . These psittaciform fossils show that parrots join the growing group of avian taxa prone to giantism in insular species, currently restricted to palaeognaths, anatids, sylviornithids, columbids, aptornithids, ciconiids, tytonids, falconids and accipitrids.

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Robertson, Bruce C., Graeme P. Elliott, Daryl K. Eason, Mick N. Clout, and Neil J. Gemmell. "Sex allocation theory aids species conservation." Biology Letters 2, no. 2 (January 10, 2006): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0430.

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Supplementary feeding is often a key tool in the intensive management of captive and threatened species. Although it can increase such parameters as breeding frequency and individual survival, supplementary feeding may produce undesirable side effects that increase overall extinction risk. Recent attempts to increase breeding frequency and success in the kakapo Strigops habroptilus using supplementary feeding inadvertently resulted in highly male-biased chick sex ratios. Here, we describe how the inclusion of sex allocation theory has remedied this conservation dilemma. Our study is the first to manipulate chick sex ratios in an endangered species by altering maternal condition and highlights the importance of incorporating evolutionary theory into modern conservation practice.

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Houston, David, Kate Mcinnes, Graeme Elliott, Daryl Eason, Ron Moorhouse, and John Cockrem. "The use of a nutritional supplement to improve egg production in the endangered kakapo." Biological Conservation 138, no. 1-2 (August 2007): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.04.023.

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Cockrem, J. F. "Reproductive Biology and Conservation of the Endangered Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) in New Zealand." Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 13, no. 3 (August 28, 2002): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/147020602783698548.

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TREWICK, STEVEN A. "On the skewed sex ratio of the Kakapo Strigops habroptilus: sexual and natural selection in opposition?" Ibis 139, no. 4 (June 28, 2008): 652–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1997.tb04688.x.

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Horrocks, Mark, Joshua Salter, John Braggins, Scott Nichol, Ron Moorhouse, and Graeme Elliott. "Plant microfossil analysis of coprolites of the critically endangered kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) parrot from New Zealand." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 149, no. 3-4 (April 2008): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2007.12.009.

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Powlesland, R. G., A. Roberts, B. D. Lloyd, and D. V. Merton. "Number, fate, and distribution of kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) found on Stewart Island, New Zealand, 1979–92." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 22, no. 3 (January 1995): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1995.9518039.

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Moorhouse, Ron J., and Ralph G. Powlesland. "Aspects of the ecology of Kakapo Strigops habroptilus liberated on little barrier island (Hauturu), New Zealand." Biological Conservation 56, no. 3 (1991): 349–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(91)90066-i.

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Powlesland, R. G., and B. D. Lloyd. "Use of supplementary feeding to induce breeding in free-living kakapo Strigops habroptilus in New Zealand." Biological Conservation 69, no. 1 (1994): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90332-8.

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von Hurst, P. R., R. J. Moorhouse, and D. Raubenheimer. "Preferred natural food of breeding Kakapo is a high value source of calcium and vitamin D." Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 164 (November 2016): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.017.

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Diamond, Judy, Daryl Eason, Clio Reid, and Alan B. Bond. "Social play in kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) with comparisons to kea (Nestor notabilis) and kaka (Nestor meridionalis)." Behaviour 143, no. 11 (2006): 1397–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853906778987551.

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Knafler, Gabrielle J., Andrew Fidler, Ian G. Jamieson, and Bruce C. Robertson. "Evidence for multiple MHC class II β loci in New Zealand’s critically endangered kakapo, Strigops habroptilus." Immunogenetics 66, no. 2 (December 19, 2013): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00251-013-0750-5.

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