Journal articles: 'K6'

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Wong, Hin-Chung, Shu-Hui Liu, Tien-Kuei Wang, Chih-Lung Lee, Chien-Shun Chiou, Ding-Ping Liu, Mitsuaki Nishibuchi, and Bok-Kwon Lee. "Characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 from Asia." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 3981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.9.3981-3986.2000.

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ABSTRACT A variety of serovars of the food-borne pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus normally cause infection. Since 1996, the O3:K6 strains of this pathogen have caused pandemics in many Asian countries, including Taiwan. For a better understanding of these pandemic strains, the recently isolated clinical O3:K6 strains from India, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan were examined in terms of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing and other biological characteristics. After PFGE and cluster analysis, all the O3:K6 strains were grouped into two unrelated groups. The recently isolated O3:K6 strains were all in one group, consisting of eight closely related patterns, with I1(81%) and I5(13%) being the most frequent patterns. Pattern I1 was the major one for strains from Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. All recently isolated O3:K6 strains carried the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) gene. No significant difference was observed between recently isolated O3:K6 strains and either non-O3:K6 reference strains or old O3:K6 strains isolated before 1996 with respect to antibiotic susceptibility, the level of thermostable direct hemolysin, and the susceptibility to environmental stresses. Results in this study confirmed that the recently isolated O3:K6 strains of V. parahaemolyticus are genetically close to each other, while the other biological traits examined were usually strain dependent, and no unique trait was found in the recently isolated O3:K6 strains.

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Strukan, Neven, Maja Devčić, Boris Kamenar, and Gerald Giester. "K6[Mo6V2O26]·4H2O." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 58, no. 12 (November 22, 2002): i114—i116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536802020536.

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Yeung, P. S. Marie, Micaela C. Hayes, Angelo DePaola, Charles A. Kaysner, Laura Kornstein, and Kathryn J. Boor. "Comparative Phenotypic, Molecular, and Virulence Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 Isolates." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 6 (June 2002): 2901–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.6.2901-2909.2002.

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ABSTRACT Historically, Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections have been characterized by sporadic cases caused by multiple, diverse serotypes. However, since 1996, V. parahaemolyticus serotype O3:K6 strains have been associated with several large-scale outbreaks of illness, suggesting the emergence of a “new” group of organisms with enhanced virulence. We have applied three different molecular subtyping techniques to identify an appropriate method for differentiating O3:K6 isolates from other serotypes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) following NotI digestion differentiated seven closely related subtypes among O3:K6 and related strains, which were distinct from PFGE patterns for non-O3:K6 isolates. Ribotyping and tdh sequencing were less discriminatory than PFGE, but further confirmed close genetic relationships among recent O3:K6 isolates. In vitro adherence and cytotoxicity studies with human epithelial cells showed that O3:K6 isolates exhibited statistically higher levels of adherence and cytotoxicity to host cells than non-O3:K6 isolates. Epithelial cell cytotoxicity patterns were determined with a lactate dehydrogenase release assay. At 3 h postinfection, high relative cytotoxicities (>50% maximum lactate dehydrogenase activity) were found among a greater proportion of recently isolated O3:K6 and closely related strains (75%) than among the non-O3:K6 isolates (23%). A statistically significant relationship between adherence and cytotoxicity suggests that the pathogenic potential of some isolates may be associated with increased adherence to epithelial cells. Our findings suggest that enhanced adherence and cytotoxicity may contribute to the apparent unique pathogenic potential of V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 strains.

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Vuddhakul, Varaporn, Ashrafazzuman Chowdhury, Varaporn Laohaprertthisan, Punnee Pungrasamee, Nuanjira Patararungrong, Pongpaga Thianmontri, Masanori Ishibashi, Chiho Matsumoto, and Mitsuaki Nishibuchi. "Isolation of a Pandemic O3:K6 Clone of a Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strain from Environmental and Clinical Sources in Thailand." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 2685–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.6.2685-2689.2000.

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ABSTRACT Application of an immunomagnetic enrichment method selective forVibrio parahaemolyticus serovar K6 allowed isolation of a strain belonging to the pandemic O3:K6 clone of V. parahaemolyticus from fresh shellfish not implicated in a clinical case in southern Thailand. Arbitrarily primed PCR profiles of this strain, clinical O3:K6 strains isolated from sporadic diarrhea cases in the same area, and a standard pandemic O3:K6 strain were indistinguishable.

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Lin, Qiaoyu, Bin Yu, Xiangyang Wang, Shicong Zhu, Gan Zhao, Mingkang Jia, Fan Huang, et al. "K6-linked SUMOylation of BAF regulates nuclear integrity and DNA replication in mammalian cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 19 (April 24, 2020): 10378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912984117.

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Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) is a highly conserved protein in metazoans that has multiple functions during the cell cycle. We found that BAF is SUMOylated at K6, and that this modification is essential for its nuclear localization and function, including nuclear integrity maintenance and DNA replication. K6-linked SUMOylation of BAF promotes binding and interaction with lamin A/C to regulate nuclear integrity. K6-linked SUMOylation of BAF also supports BAF binding to DNA and proliferating cell nuclear antigen and regulates DNA replication. SENP1 and SENP2 catalyze the de-SUMOylation of BAF at K6. Disrupting the SUMOylation and de-SUMOylation cycle of BAF at K6 not only disturbs nuclear integrity, but also induces DNA replication failure. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that SUMOylation at K6 is an important regulatory mechanism that governs the nuclear functions of BAF in mammalian cells.

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Matsumoto, Chiho, Jun Okuda, Masanori Ishibashi, Masaaki Iwanaga, Pallavi Garg, Thandavarayan Rammamurthy, Hin-Chung Wong, et al. "Pandemic Spread of an O3:K6 Clone of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Emergence of Related Strains Evidenced by Arbitrarily Primed PCR and toxRS Sequence Analyses." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 2 (2000): 578–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.2.578-585.2000.

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 strains responsible for the increase in the number of cases of diarrhea in Calcutta, India, beginning in February 1996 and those isolated from Southeast Asian travelers beginning in 1995 were shown to belong to a unique clone characterized by possession of the tdh gene but not thetrh gene and by unique arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) profiles (J. Okuda, M. Ishibashi, E. Hayakawa, T. Nishino, Y. Takeda, A. K. Mukhopadhyay, S. Garg, S. K. Bhattacharya, G. B. Nair, and M. Nishibuchi, J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:3150–3155, 1997). Evidence supporting a hypothesis that this clone emerged only recently and is spreading to many countries was obtained in this study. Of 227 strains isolated in a hospital in Bangladesh between 1977 and 1998, only 22 strains isolated between 1996 and 1998 belonged to the new O3:K6 clone (defined by the serovar, the tdh andtrh typing, and AP-PCR profiles). The O3:K6 strains isolated from clinical sources in Taiwan, Laos, Japan, Thailand, Korea, and the United States between 1997 and 1998 were also shown to belong to the new O3:K6 clone. The clonality of the new O3:K6 strains was also confirmed by analysis of the toxRS sequence, which has been shown to be useful for phylogenetic analysis of the members of the genus Vibrio. The toxRS sequences of the representative strains of the new O3:K6 clone differed from those of the O3:K6 strains isolated before 1995 at least at 7 base positions within a 1,346-bp region. A new PCR method targeted to 2 of the base positions unique to the new O3:K6 clone was developed. This PCR method could clearly differentiate all 172 strains belonging to the new O3:K6 clone from other O3:K6 strains isolated earlier. One hundred sixty-six strains belonging to 28 serovars other than O3:K6 were also examined by the new PCR method. The tdh-positive andtrh-lacking strains that belonged to the O4:K68 and O1:K untypeable serovars and were isolated in three countries and from international travelers beginning in 1997 gave positive results. The AP-PCR profiles of these strains were nearly identical to those of the new O3:K6 clone, and their toxRS sequences were 100% identical to that of the new O3:K6 clone. The results suggest that these strains may have diverged from the new O3:K6 clone by alteration of the O:K antigens. In conclusion, this study presents strong evidence for the first pandemicity in the history of V. parahaemolyticus and reports a novel toxRS-targeted PCR method that will be useful in epidemiological investigation of the cases associated with the current pandemic spread.

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Kuo, Brian Yu-Ting, Yen-Ting Lin, Senthilkumar Ravichandran, and Jim Jinn-Chyuan Sheu. "Abstract 6101: K6-K14 keratin fusion variant (K6-K14/V7) in OSCC cells promotes tumor microenvironment remodeling through activating inflammatory CAFs." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 6101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-6101.

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Abstract Keratin intermediate filament is one major cytoskeleton architecture in epithelial cells, providing necessary mechanical support to maintain cell shape and tissue integrity. In a previous study, we discovered the existence of a novel K6-K14 keratin fusion variant (K6-K14/V7) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells which can promote cancer stemness and aggressiveness. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that overexpression of K6-K14/V7 in OSCC cells can influence the mechanical properties of the cells, leading to cell protrusion and enhanced extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion. Consequently, the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-6, TGF-[[Unsupported Character - Symbol Font β]]) in the culture medium can be also increased. Normal oral fibroblast cells co-cultured with K6-K14/V7-expressing OSCC cells can be converted into a pro-inflammatory type of cancer-associated fibroblasts (iCAFs). Those findings suggest the ability of K6-K14/V7-expressing OSCC cells in remodeling tumor microenvironment. In this study, we will discuss how K6-K14/V7-expressing OSCC cells educate iCAFs to promote cancer cell migration and invasion via intercellular communication by EVs. The key signaling cascades and the associated regulatory networks will be also discussed. Our study, therefore, uncovers the pro-tumorigenic functionality of K6-K14/V7 by creating an inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Citation Format: Brian Yu-Ting Kuo, Yen-Ting Lin, Senthilkumar Ravichandran, Jim Jinn-Chyuan Sheu. K6-K14 keratin fusion variant (K6-K14/V7) in OSCC cells promotes tumor microenvironment remodeling through activating inflammatory CAFs [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6101.

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Naito, Yumi, Noriyuki Enomoto, Yosuke Kameno, Hidenori Yamasue, Takafumi Suda, and Yoshihiro Hotta. "Kessler Psychological Distress (K6) Questionnaire Scores Can Predict Autistic Traits and the Current and Prospective Suicidal Ideation in Medical University Students: A Prospective Study." SAGE Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): 215824402199459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244021994590.

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Mental distress is highly prevalent in university students, and autistic traits can hinder academic education. The substantial lifestyle changes experienced by new university students can induce mood and anxiety dysfunctions and subsequent suicide-related behaviors. The aims of this study were to evaluate the detectability of suicidal ideation using the Kessler Psychological Distress (K6) questionnaire, a short and easily administered measure, and to elucidate the relationship between K6 scores and developmental disorders following university admission in medical students. The mental states of 341 new students at University School of Medicine were prospectively evaluated using the short questionnaire including the K6 at admission and 6 months later. Participants were simultaneously assessed on the five core features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), four features of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and presence of suicidal ideation on this short questionnaire. K6 scores were significantly higher 6 months after admission than at admission ( p = .028). Students with suicidal ideation had significantly higher K6 scores than those without ( p < .001), and K6 scores at admission differentiated students with suicidal ideation both at admission (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.947) and 6 months after admission (AUC = 0.913). K6 scores were positively correlated with scores of ASD- and ADHD-related items (ρ = .451 and .440, respectively) and with autism-spectrum quotient scores ( p = .041, ρ = .501). In conclusion, the K6 questionnaire may be useful in efficiently detecting university students with suicidal ideation or autistic traits.

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Park, Eun-Jung, You-Suk Lee, Sung Min Kim, Gun-Seok Park, Yong Hyun Lee, Do Yeun Jeong, Jihee Kang, and Hae-Jeung Lee. "Beneficial Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in High Fat/High Fructose Diet-Fed Rats." Nutrients 12, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020542.

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Emerging evidence suggests that probiotics are beneficial in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to explore the effects of two Lactobacillus plantarum strains, ATG-K2 and ATG-K6 (isolated from Korean fermented cabbage), in a rat model of high fat/high fructose (HF/HF) diet-induced NAFLD. Rats with NAFLD were randomized into four groups (HF/HF diet control, (HC); HF/HF diet with silymarin, (PC); HF/HF diet with ATG-K2, (K2); and HF/HF diet with ATG-K6, (K6)) with healthy rats on a normal diet serving as the negative control. After treatment, histopathological and biochemical analyses of the blood and liver tissue were conducted. In addition, fecal microbiota was analyzed using the MiSeq platform. Compared with HC rats, K2 and K6 rats experienced significantly lower body weight gain, displayed decreased hepatic lipid accumulation, had lower serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and showed increased antioxidant enzyme activities. Moreover, de novo lipogenesis-related genes were downregulated following K2 and K6 administration. The fecal microbiota of K2 and K6 rats contained a higher proportion of Bacteriodetes and a lower proportion of Fimicutes than that of HC rats. Taken together, our results suggest that L. plantarum strains ATG-K2 and ATG-K6 are potential therapeutic agents for NAFLD.

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Bag, Prasanta K., Suvobroto Nandi, Rupak K. Bhadra, T. Ramamurthy, S. K. Bhattacharya, M. Nishibuchi, T. Hamabata, Shinji Yamasaki, Yoshifumi Takeda, and G. Balakrish Nair. "Clonal Diversity among Recently Emerged Strains ofVibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 Associated With Pandemic Spread." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 7 (1999): 2354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.7.2354-2357.1999.

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The genomes of the O3:K6 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus which abruptly emerged in Calcutta, India, in February 1996 and which demonstrated an unusual potential to spread and an enhanced propensity to cause infections were examined by different molecular techniques to determine clonality. No restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the gene encoding the thermostable direct hemolysin was observed among the O3:K6 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus. Clonal diversity among the O3:K6 strains became evident by examining the RFLPs of the rrn operons and by the use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Five ribotypes were distinguished among the O3:K6 strains examined, with ribotype R4 constituting the major type. Strains of O3:K6 isolated between June and August 1996 showed different pulsotypes compared to the pulsotypes of strains isolated before and after this period, indicating genetic reassortment among these strains, but those isolated between August 1996 and March 1998 showed identical or nearly similar pulsotypes. It is clear that there is a certain degree of genomic reassortment among the O3:K6 clones but that these strains are predominantly one clone.

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Yang, Yong Tao, Jian Hai Zhang, Zhi Xiong Zhang, and Qing Wei Xiang. "Analysis of Different Treatment Measures for Karst Caves of Aikou Pitch Core-Walled Rock-Fill Dam Base." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 2136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.2136.

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Karst caves are found in the bedrock of Aikou pitch core-walled rock-fill dam, of which the volumes of K6 and K5 all exceed 105m3. Due to K6 is within the stress influence range of the right abutment, it has significant effect to the right abutment compression deformation, dam stability and core stress. Three stress deformation study cases(none replacement, partial replacement, complete replacement of K6) are simulated by using 3D finite element method. The result showes that to ensure the compliance of dam deformation and avoid adverse stress occurred due to differential deformation, K6 should be replaced as completely as possible

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Velychko, Oleh. "Linking results of key and supplementary comparisons of AC/DC voltage transfer references." International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 9 (2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ijmqe/2018002.

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A regional key comparison (KC) COOMET.EM-K6.a and a supplementary comparison (SC) COOMET.EM-S1 of AC/DC voltage transfer references were conducted between participating laboratories from the Eurasian region. Measurements were made over the period 2004–2014. The results showed good agreement between all but one of the participating laboratories. The proposed procedure of linking results of key and SCs of regional metrology organization of AC/DC voltage transfer references is presented. Linking results is realized for COOMET.EM-K6.a and CCEM-K6.a KCs, and for COOMET.EM-K6.a KC and COOMET.EM-S1 SC.

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Yang, G. Y., L. S. Chen, J. Q. Xu, Y. F. Li, H. R. Sun, Z. W. Pei, Q. Su, Y. H. Lin, Y. Xing, and H. Q. Jia. "K6[As6V15O42(H2O)].6H2O." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 54, no. 11 (November 15, 1998): 1556–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270198005629.

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Martinez-Urtaza, Jaime, Lourdes Simental, David Velasco, Angelo DePaola, Masanori Ishibashi, Yoshitsugu Nakaguchi, Mitsuaki Nishibuchi, Dolores Carrera-Flores, Carmen Rey-Alvarez, and Anxela Pousa. "PandemicVibrio parahaemolyticusO3:K6, Europe." Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, no. 8 (August 2005): 1319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1108.050322.

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Stam, C. J. "K6 Exploring brain connectivity." Clinical Neurophysiology 122 (June 2011): S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(11)60175-2.

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CHOWDHURY, N. R., S. CHAKRABORTY, B. EAMPOKALAP, W. CHAICUMPA, M. CHONGSA-NGUAN, P. MOOLASART, R. MITRA, et al. "Clonal dissemination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus displaying similar DNA fingerprint but belonging to two different serovars (O3[ratio ]K6 and O4[ratio ]K68) in Thailand and India." Epidemiology and Infection 125, no. 1 (August 2000): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899004070.

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Active surveillance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection among hospitalized patients in Calcutta, India, showed the appearance of the O4[ratio ]K68 serovar for the first time in March 1998 alongside the continued predominant incidence of the O3[ratio ]K6 serovar. Strains belonging to both these serovars have been reported to possess pandemic potential. The genomes of O3[ratio ]K6 and O4[ratio ]K68 strains and for comparison, non-O3[ratio ]K6 and non-O4[ratio ]K68 strains isolated from two different countries, India and Thailand, were examined by different molecular techniques to determine their relatedness. The O3[ratio ]K6 and O4[ratio ]K68 strains from Calcutta and Bangkok carried the tdh gene but not the trh gene. Characterization of representative strains of these two serovars by ribotyping and by arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) showed that the isolates had identical ribotype and DNA fingerprint. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) performed with the same set of strains yielded nearly similar restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns for the O3[ratio ]K6 and O4[ratio ]K68 isolates from Calcutta and Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis of the NotI RFLP showed that the O3[ratio ]K6 and O4[ratio ]K68 strains formed a cluster with 78–91% similarity thus indicating close genetic relationship between the two different serovars isolated during the same time-frame but from widely separated geographical regions. The non-O3[ratio ]K6 and non-O4[ratio ]K68, in contrast, showed different ribotype, AP-PCR and PFGE patterns.

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Yoshida, Koji, Tetsuko Shinkawa, Hideko Urata, Kanami Nakashima, Makiko Orita, Kiyotaka Yasui, Atsushi Kumagai, et al. "Psychological distress of residents in Kawauchi village, Fukushima Prefecture after the accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station: the Fukushima Health Management Survey." PeerJ 4 (August 31, 2016): e2353. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2353.

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BackgroundTo shed light on the mental health of evacuees after the accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS), we evaluate the results of the Fukushima Health Management Survey (FHMS) of the residents at Kawauchi village in Fukushima, which is located less than 30 km from the FDNPS.MethodsWe conducted the cross-sectional study within the framework of the FHMS. Exposure values were “anorexia,” “subjective feelings about health,” “feelings about sleep satisfaction,” and “bereavement caused by the disaster,” confounding variables were “age” and “sex,” and outcome variables were “K6 points.” We collected data from the FHMS, and employed the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) and the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist Stressor-Specific Version (PCL-S) to carry out the research. A total of 13 or greater was the cut-off for identifying serious mental illness using the K6 scale. The study subjects included residents (n = 542) of over 30 years of age from Kawauchi village, and data were used from the period of January 1, 2012 to October 31, 2012.ResultsA total of 474 residents (87.5%) scored less than 13 points in the K6 and 68 (12.6%) scored 13 points or more. The proportion of elderly residents (over 65 years old) among people with K6 score above the cut-off was higher than that among people with K6 score below the cut-off (44.1 vs 31.0%, p < 0.05). In addition, the proportion of residents with anorexia and mental illness among people with K6 score above the cut-off was higher than among people with K6 score below the cut-off (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). The amount of residents who scored 44 points or more in the PCL-S among people with K6 score above the cut-off was also considerably higher than among people with K6 score below the cut-off (79.4 vs 12.9%, p < 0.001). Interestingly, the proportion of residents who scored more than among people with K6 score above the cut-off and the among people with PCL-S score above the cut-off in Kawauchi was higher than in previous studies in other locations.ConclusionsThese results suggest that there are severe mental health problems, such as depression and PTSD, among adults as a consequence of the accident at the FDNPS. Our study showed that residents who lived in the evacuation zone before the disaster are at high risk psychological distress. To facilitate local residents’ recovery from Fukushima, there is a need to continue providing them with physical and mental support, as well as communication regarding the health risks of radiation.

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FURUKAWA, T. A., R. C. KESSLER, T. SLADE, and G. ANDREWS. "The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being." Psychological Medicine 33, no. 2 (February 2003): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702006700.

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Background. Two new screening scales for psychological distress, the K6 and K10, have been developed but their relative efficiency has not been evaluated in comparison with existing scales.Method. The Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being, a nationally representative household survey, administered the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to assess 30-day DSM-IV disorders. The K6 and K10 were also administered along with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the current de facto standard of mental health screening. Performance of the three screening scales in detecting CIDI/DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders was assessed by calculating the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs). Stratum-Specific Likelihood Ratios (SSLRs) were computed to help produce individual-level predicted probabilities of being a case from screening scale scores in other samples.Results. The K10 was marginally better than the K6 in screening for CIDI/DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders (K10 AUC: 0·90, 95%CI: 0·89–0·91 versus K6 AUC: 0·89, 95%CI: 0·88–0·90), while both were significantly better than the GHQ-12 (AUC: 0·80, 95%CI: 0·78–0·82). The SSLRs of the K10 and K6 were more informative in ruling in or out the target disorders than those of the GHQ-12 at both ends of the population spectrum. The K6 was more robust than the K10 to subsample variation.Conclusions. While the K10 might outperform the K6 in screening for severe disorders, the K6 is preferred in screening for any DSM-IV mood or anxiety disorder because of its brevity and consistency across subsamples. Precision of individual-level prediction is greatly improved by using polychotomous rather than dichotomous classification.

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Nair, G. Balakrish, Thandavarayan Ramamurthy, Sujit K. Bhattacharya, Basabjit Dutta, Yoshifumi Takeda, and David A. Sack. "Global Dissemination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Serotype O3:K6 and Its Serovariants." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20, no. 1 (January 2007): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00025-06.

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SUMMARY Vibrio parahaemolyticus is recognized as a cause of food-borne gastroenteritis, particularly in the Far East, where raw seafood consumption is high. An unusual increase in admissions of V. parahaemolyticus cases was observed at the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Calcutta, a city in the northeastern part of India, beginning February 1996. Analysis of the strains revealed that a unique serotype, O3:K6, not previously isolated during the surveillance in Calcutta accounted for 50 to 80% of the infections in the following months. After this report, O3:K6 isolates identical to those isolated in Calcutta were reported from food-borne outbreaks and from sporadic cases in Bangladesh, Chile, France, Japan, Korea, Laos, Mozambique, Peru, Russia, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United States. Other serotypes, such as O4:K68, O1:K25, and O1:KUT (untypeable), that had molecular characteristics identical to that of the O3:K6 serotype were subsequently documented. These serotypes appeared to have diverged from the O3:K6 serotype by alteration of the O:K antigens and were defined as “serovariants” of the O3:K6 isolate. O3:K6 and its serovariants have now spread into Asia, America, Africa, and Europe. This review traces the genesis, virulence features, molecular characteristics, serotype variants, environmental occurrence, and global spread of this unique clone of V. parahaemolyticus.

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Tyner, A. L., and E. Fuchs. "Evidence for posttranscriptional regulation of the keratins expressed during hyperproliferation and malignant transformation in human epidermis." Journal of Cell Biology 103, no. 5 (November 1, 1986): 1945–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.103.5.1945.

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Keratin K6 is a protein that is expressed in human skin under conditions of hyperproliferation (e.g., wound-healing, psoriasis, and cell culture) and malignant transformation (e.g., squamous cell carcinomas). When induced, the appearance of K6 is rapid: if skin tissue is placed in radiolabeled culture medium, this protein can be detected within an hour. The regulation of K6 seems to be controlled partly by a posttranscriptional mechanism: At least two K6 genes are actively transcribed both in vivo, when the protein is not made, as well as in vitro, when abundant levels of the protein are expressed. Substantial levels of K6a and K6b RNAs can be detected in skin by Northern Blot analysis, and these RNAs are largely, if not fully translatable in vitro. In situ hybridizations reveal that the RNAs are distributed throughout the living layers of the epidermis. The rapid induction of K6 expression through a posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism suggests that this keratin may play an important role in designing a cytoskeletal architecture that is compatible with the hyperproliferative state.

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Rotty, Jeremy D., and Pierre A. Coulombe. "A wound-induced keratin inhibits Src activity during keratinocyte migration and tissue repair." Journal of Cell Biology 197, no. 3 (April 23, 2012): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201107078.

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Injury to the epidermis triggers an elaborate homeostatic response resulting in tissue repair and recovery of the vital barrier function. The type II keratins 6a and 6b (K6a and K6b) are among the genes induced early on in wound-proximal keratinocytes and maintained during reepithelialization. Paradoxically, genetic ablation of K6a and K6b results in enhanced keratinocyte migration. In this paper, we show that this trait results from activation of Src kinase and key Src substrates that promote cell migration. Endogenous Src physically associated with keratin proteins in keratinocytes in a K6-dependent fashion. Purified Src bound K6-containing filaments via its SH2 domain in a novel phosphorylation-independent manner, resulting in kinase inhibition. K6 protein was enriched in the detergent-resistant membrane (DRM), a key site of Src inhibition, and DRMs from K6-null keratinocytes were depleted of both keratin and Src. We conclude that K6 negatively regulates Src kinase activity and the migratory potential of skin keratinocytes during wound repair. Our findings may also be important in related contexts such as cancer.

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Khan, Asaduzzaman, Riaz Uddin, Naznin Alam, Shuhana Sultana, Mahbub-Ul Alam, and Rushdiá Ahmed. "Psychometric properties of the Bangla version of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6)." Global Psychiatry 2, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gp-2019-0016.

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AbstractObjectiveThe 6 item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) is a screening tool for psychological distress with robust psychometric properties; however, information is lacking on such properties of the scale on its Bangla version. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Bangla version of the K6 scale in young people.MethodA self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted between August 2017 and April 2018 among 718 students aged 13-24 years (45% females) from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Psychological distress was assessed using the Bangla K6. The survey was repeated in a week. Statistical software AMOS 25 and Stata SE 14 were used to conduct the analyses.ResultsThe Bangla K6 scale demonstrated an acceptable internal consistency with high Cronbach alpha. Principal component analysis confirmed a single-factor structure of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the one-factor structure of the scale with adequate fit to the survey data. Test-retest reliability was acceptable with good reliability coefficients. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed good prediction of depressive symptoms by the Bangla K6 scores.DiscussionThis study provides an initial support for the Bangla K6 scale as an acceptable instrument to assess psychological distress of Bangla-speaking young people. More research is needed to understand our ability to identify vulnerable individuals, whose native language is Bangla and who are in need of mental health support.

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Toivola, Diana M., Qin Zhou, Luc S. English, and M. Bishr Omary. "Type II Keratins Are Phosphorylated on a Unique Motif during Stress and Mitosis in Tissues and Cultured Cells." Molecular Biology of the Cell 13, no. 6 (June 2002): 1857–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.01-12-0591.

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Epithelial cell keratins make up the type I (K9–K20) and type II (K1–K8) intermediate filament proteins. In glandular epithelia, K8 becomes phosphorylated on S73 (71LLpSPL) in human cultured cells and tissues during stress, apoptosis, and mitosis. Of all known proteins, the context of the K8 S73 motif (LLS/TPL) is unique to type II keratins and is conserved in epidermal K5/K6, esophageal K4, and type II hair keratins, except that serine is replaced by threonine. Because knowledge regarding epidermal and esophageal keratin regulation is limited, we tested whether K4–K6 are phosphorylated on the LLTPL motif. K5 and K6 become phosphorylated in vitro on threonine by the stress-activated kinase p38. Site-specific anti-phosphokeratin antibodies to LLpTPL were generated, which demonstrated negligible basal K4–K6 phosphorylation. In contrast, treatment of primary keratinocytes and other cultured cells, and ex vivo skin and esophagus cultures, with serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors causes a dramatic increase in K4–K6 LLpTPL phosphorylation. This phosphorylation is accompanied by keratin solubilization, filament reorganization, and collapse. K5/K6 LLTPL phosphorylation occurs in vivo during mitosis and apoptosis induced by UV light or anisomycin, and in human psoriatic skin and squamous cell carcinoma. In conclusion, type II keratins of proliferating epithelia undergo phosphorylation at a unique and conserved motif as part of physiological mitotic and stress-related signals.

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Dong, Weibing, Xin Zhu, Xuan Zhou, Ying Yang, Xin Yan, Li Sun, and Dejing Shang. "Potential role of a series of lysine-/leucine-rich antimicrobial peptide in inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation." Biochemical Journal 475, no. 22 (November 30, 2018): 3687–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20180483.

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Antimicrobial peptides have broad-spectrum killing activities against bacteria, enveloped viruses, fungi and several parasites via cell membrane permeation and exhibit primarily immunomodulatory and anti-infective functions in their interactions with host cells. However, the mechanism underlying their anti-inflammatory activity remains to be elucidated. L-K6, an analog of temporin-1CEb isolated from the skin secretion of Rana chensinensis, has demonstrated a wide range of antimicrobial activities against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In this study, the potent anti-inflammatory mechanism of L-K6 and its analogs in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human macrophage U937 cells were evaluated. We found that L-K6 suppressed the expression of inflammatory factors by two downstream signaling components in the MyD88-dependent pathway, including the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the NF (nuclear factor)-κB signaling pathway, but its analog L-K5, which had the same amino acid sequence as L-K6 but no Lys residue at the –COOH terminal, only inhibited the phosphorylation of I-κB and NF-κB. Importantly, L-K6 and L-K5 were actively taken up by U937 cells through an independent cell membrane disruption mechanism and were eventually localized to the perinuclear region. The L-K6 uptake process was mediated by endocytosis, but L-K5 was specifically taken up by U937 cells via TLR4 endocytosis. Our results demonstrated that L-K6 can neutralize LPS and diassociate LPS micelles to inhibit LPS from triggering the proinflammatory signaling pathway, and by partially inhibiting inflammatory responses by the intracellular target. However, L-K5 may mainly inhibit proinflammatory responses by intracellular reporters to modulate the NF-κB signaling pathway.

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Ferro, Mark A. "The Psychometric Properties of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) in an Epidemiological Sample of Canadian Youth." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 64, no. 9 (January 2, 2019): 647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743718818414.

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Objective: This study (1) describes the distribution of Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) scores in an epidemiological sample of youth, (2) reports its item correlations and internal consistency reliability, (3) tests for measurement invariance by age (youth vs. adults) and sex, and (4) examines its predictive power for past-year psychiatric disorders. Method: Youth aged 15 to 19 years ( n = 2010) and adults aged 20 to 64 years ( n = 2010) from the Canadian Community Health Survey–Mental Health who completed the K6 were included. Past-year psychiatric disorders were measured using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 (WHO-CIDI). Polychoric correlation matrices and ordinal reliability coefficients were calculated to assess internal consistency of the K6, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to test for measurement invariance. Area under the curves (AUCs) were computed to determine the extent to which the K6 predicted a positive screen on the WHO-CIDI. Results: K6 scores showed a J-shaped distribution, with >50% of youth having scores ≤3. Item and total scores were higher for females versus males. Item correlations were robust (0.31-0.78) and internal consistency was high (α = 0.86). Full measurement invariance was demonstrated between youth and adults, as well as between male and female youth. The K6 was a strong predictor of major depressive episode (AUC = 0.848), generalized anxiety disorder (AUC = 0.847), and bipolar disorder (AUC = 0.853). Conclusions: The K6 is a valid and reliable measure of psychological distress among youth. Its brevity and robust predictive power for psychiatric disorder confirm its utility in clinical and community settings to identify youth needing comprehensive psychiatric assessment.

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Myers, Michael L., Gitika Panicker, and Asim K. Bej. "PCR Detection of a Newly Emerged Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 Pathogen in Pure Cultures and Seeded Waters from the Gulf of Mexico." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 4 (April 2003): 2194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.4.2194-2200.2003.

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ABSTRACT This study describes the optimization of PCR parameters and testing of a wide number of microbial species to establish a highly specific and sensitive PCR-based method of detection of a newly emerged pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 strain in pure cultures and seeded waters from the Gulf of Mexico (gulf water). The selected open reading frame 8 (ORF8) DNA-specific oligonucleotide primers tested were found to specifically amplify all 35 pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 pandemic isolates, whereas these primers were not found to detectably amplify two strains of V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 that were isolated prior to the 1996 outbreaks, 122 non-O3:K6 strains of V. parahaemolyticus, 198 non-V. parahaemolyticus spp., or 16 non-Vibrio bacterial spp. The minimum level of detection by the PCR method was 1 pg of purified genomic DNA or 102 ORF8-positive V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 cells in 100 ml of water. The effectiveness of this method for the detection of ORF8-positive isolates in environmental samples was tested in gulf water seeded with 10-fold serial dilutions of this pathogen. A detection level of 103 cells per 100 ml of gulf water was achieved. Also, the applicability of this methodology was tested by the detection of this pathogen in gulf water incubated at various temperatures for 28 days. This PCR approach can potentially be used to monitor with high specificity and well within the required range of sensitivity the occurrence and distribution of this newly emerged pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 strain in coastal, marine, and ship ballast waters. Early detection of V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 will help increase seafood safety and decrease the risk of infectious outbreaks caused by this pathogen.

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Rasheed, J. Kamile, Gregory J. Anderson, Hesna Yigit, Anne Marie Queenan, Antonio Doménech-Sánchez, Jana M. Swenson, James W. Biddle, Mary Jane Ferraro, George A. Jacoby, and Fred C. Tenover. "Characterization of the Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Reference Strain, Klebsiella pneumoniae K6 (ATCC 700603), Which Produces the Novel Enzyme SHV-18." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 2382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.9.2382-2388.2000.

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ABSTRACT Klebsiella pneumoniae K6 (ATCC 700603), a clinical isolate, is resistant to ceftazidime and other oxyimino-β-lactams. A consistent reduction in the MICs of oxyimino-β-lactams by at least 3 twofold dilutions in the presence of clavulanic acid confirmed the utility of K. pneumoniae K6 as a quality control strain for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) detection. Isoelectric-focusing analysis of crude lysates of K6 demonstrated a single β-lactamase with a pI of 7.8 and a substrate profile showing preferential hydrolysis of cefotaxime compared to ceftazidime. PCR analysis of total bacterial DNA from K6 identified the presence of abla SHV gene. K6 contained two large plasmids with molecular sizes of approximately 160 and 80 kb. Hybridization of plasmid DNA with a bla SHV-specific probe indicated that a bla SHV gene was encoded on the 80-kb plasmid, which was shown to transfer resistance to ceftazidime in conjugal mating experiments with Escherichia coli HB101. DNA sequencing of this bla SHV-related gene revealed that it differs from bla SHV-1 at nine nucleotides, five of which resulted in amino acid substitutions: Ile to Phe at position 8, Arg to Ser at position 43, Gly to Ala at position 238, and Glu to Lys at position 240. In addition to the production of this novel ESBL, designated SHV-18, analysis of the outer membrane proteins of K6 revealed the loss of the OmpK35 and OmpK37 porins.

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Owari, Yutaka. "Relationship between Psychological Distress and Prolonged Sedentary Bouts in the Elderly: Four Period Analysis." Healthcare 9, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060676.

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Background: Too much sitting is associated with low mental health in elderly individuals. We clarified the relationship between psychological distress and the rate of prolonged sedentary bouts (PSBs) among the elderly over four periods. Methods: In a secondary analysis, a sample population of 68 adults aged 65 years or older in Japan was used. The following proxy variables were used: PSB (mental health) and the Kessler 6 scale; K6 scores (psychological distress). Results: Using the cross-lagged effects models, from “2016 K6” to “2017 PSB” (p = 0.004), from “2017 K6” to “2018 PSB” (p < 0.001), and from “2018 K6” to “2019 PSB” (p = 0.021) were all significant; however, the reverse were not all significant in one period. In four periods, from “2016 PSB” to “2019 K6” (p = 0.025) was significant; however, the reverse was not significant. Fit indices were obtained: χ2 = 7.641 (p = 0.182), goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.891, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.901, and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.121 in structural equation modelling. Conclusions: Psychological distress may affect the rate of PSB after one year, and the rate of PSB may affect the rate of psychological distress after three years in elderly individuals.

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León-Sicairos, Nidia, Ricardo Zatarain-Lopez, Uriel A. Angulo-Zamudio, Jorge Velazquez-Roman, Héctor Flores-Villaseñor, Jesus J. Martinez-Garcia, María Asunción Moreno-Pérez, et al. "Vibrio parahaemolyticus Is Associated with Diarrhea Cases in Mexico, with a Dominance of Pandemic O3:K6 Clones." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 10318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610318.

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In the present study, we conducted surveillance of the V. parahaemolyticus strains present in clinical samples from six geographical regions of Mexico (22 states) from 2004 to 2011. The serotype dominance, virulence genes, presence of pandemic O3:K6 strains, and antibiotic resistance of the isolates were investigated. In total, 144 strains were isolated from the clinical samples. Seven different O serogroups and twenty-five serovars were identified. Most clinical isolates (66%, 95/144) belonged to the pandemic clone O3:K6 (tdh+, toxRS/new+ and/or orf8+) and were detected in 20 of the 22 states. Among the pandemic clones, approximately 17.8% (17/95) of the strains cross-reacted with the antisera for the K6 and K59 antigens (O3:K6, K59 serotype). Other pathogenic strains (tdh+ and/or trh+, toxRS/new−, orf8−) accounted for 26.3%, and the nonpathogenic strains (tdh− and/or trh−) accounted for 7.6%. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that most of the strains were resistant to ampicillin (99.3%) but were sensitive to most tested antibiotics. The level of multidrug resistance was 1.3%. Our results indicate that pandemic O3:K6 is present in most Mexican states, thus, constant surveillance of V. parahaemolyticus strains in diarrhea patients is a public health priority and is useful for conducting risk assessments of foodborne illnesses to prevent V. parahaemolyticus outbreaks. Overall, our observations indicate that the pandemic O3:K6 clone of V. parahaemolyticus has become a relatively stable subpopulation and may be endemically established in Mexico; therefore, constant surveillance is needed to avoid new outbreaks of this pathogen.

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Schultze-Lutter, F., C. Michel, B. Schimmelmann, E. Meisenzahl, and N. Osman. "Are the Kessler Psychological Scales suitable for screening for mental disorders in low-threshold mental health services in German-speaking countries?" European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.894.

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Introduction The Kessler Psychological Distress Scales (K10 and K6) are used as screening tools to assess psychological distress and are the first-line assessment of need for help in the Headspace services. Objectives Thus, we studied the psychometric properties of their German versions in a Swiss community sample to evaluate their potential usefulness to screen for mental disorders or relevant mental problems in low threshold transdiagnostic German-speaking services. Methods The sample consisted of 829 citizens of the Swiss canton Bern of age 19-43 years. K10/K6 were validated against Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) diagnoses, questionnaires about health status and quality of life. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to test for general discriminative ability and to select optimal cut-offs of the K10 and K6 for non-psychotic full-blown and subthreshold mental disorders. Results Cronbach’s alphas were 0.81 (K10) and 0.70 (K6). ROC analyses indicated much lower optimal thresholds than earlier suggested; 10 for K10 and 6 for K6. At these thresholds, against M.I.N.I. diagnoses, Cohen’s Kappa (<=0.173) and correspondence rates (<=58.14%) were insufficient throughout. Values were higher at the earlier suggested threshold, yet, at the cost of sensitivity that was below 0.5 in all but three, and below 0.3 in all but six cases. Conclusions For the lack of sufficient validity and sensitivity, respectively, our findings suggest that both K10 and K6 would only be of limited use in a low-threshold transdiagnostic mental health service – comparable to Headspace – for young adults in Switzerland and likely other German-speaking countries. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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Sunderland, Matthew, Megan J. Hobbs, Tracy M. Anderson, and Gavin Andrews. "Psychological distress across the lifespan: examining age-related item bias in the Kessler 6 Psychological Distress Scale." International Psychogeriatrics 24, no. 2 (September 21, 2011): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610211001852.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Old age respondents may differ systemically in their responses to measures of psychological distress over and above their actual latent distress levels when compared to younger respondents. The current study aimed to investigate the potential for age-related bias(es) in the Kessler 6 Psychological Distress Scale (K6) items.Methods: Data from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing were analyzed using Item Response Theory to detect the presence of item bias in each of the K6 items. The potential for item bias was assessed by systematically comparing respondents classed as young (16–34 years), middle aged (35–64 years), and old aged (65–85 years). The significance and magnitude of the item bias between the age groups was assessed using the log-likelihood ratio method of differential item functioning.Results: After statistical adjustment, there were no biases of significant magnitude influencing the endorsement of K6 items between young and middle-aged respondents or between middle-aged and old age respondents. There was a bias of significant magnitude present in the endorsement of the K6 item addressing levels of fatigue between young and old age respondents.Conclusions: Despite the identification of significant item bias in the endorsement of K6 items between the age groups, the magnitude and influence of the bias on total K6 scores is likely to have little influence on the overall interpretation of group data when comparing psychological distress across the lifespan. Researchers should be cautious, however, when examining individual levels of fatigue related to psychological distress in older individuals.

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Moglad, Ehssan, Nuor Alanazi, and Hisham N. Altayb. "Genomic Study of Chromosomally and Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug Resistance and Virulence Determinants in Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolates Obtained from a Tertiary Hospital in Al-Kharj, KSA." Antibiotics 11, no. 11 (November 6, 2022): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111564.

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Klebsiella pneumoniae is an emergent pathogen causing respiratory tract, bloodstream, and urinary tract infections in humans. This study defines the genomic sequence data, genotypic and phenotypic characterization of K. pneumoniae clinically isolated from Al-Kharj, KSA. Whole-genome analysis of four K. pneumoniae strains was performed, including de novo assembly, functional annotation, whole-genome-phylogenetic analysis, antibiotic-resistant gene identification, prophage regions, virulent factor, and pan-genome analysis. The results showed that K6 and K7 strains were MDR and ESBL producers, K16 was an ESBL producer, and K8 was sensitive to all tested drugs except ampicillin. K6 and K7 were identified with sequence type (ST) 23, while K16 and K8 were identified with STs 353 and 592, respectively. K6 and K7 were identified with the K1 (wzi1 genotype) capsule and O1 serotype, while K8 was identified with the K57 (wzi206 genotype) capsule and O3b. K6 isolates harbored 10 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) associated with four different plasmids; the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (catB3), blaOXA-1 and aac(6′)-Ib-cr genes were detected in plasmid pB-8922_OXA-48. K6 and K7 also carried a similar gene cassette in plasmid pC1K6P0122-2; the gene cassettes were the trimethoprim-resistant gene (dfrA14), integron integrase (IntI1), insertion sequence (IS1), transposase protein, and replication initiation protein (RepE). Two hypervirulent plasmids were reported in isolates K6 and K7 that carried synthesis genes (iucA, iucB, iucC, iucD, and iutA) and iron siderophore genes (iroB, iroC, iroD, and iroN). The presence of these plasmids in high-risk clones suggests their dissemination in our region, which represents a serious health problem.

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Quilici, Marie-Laure, Annick Robert-Pillot, Jessica Picart, and Jean-Michel Fournier. "PandemicVibrio parahaemolyticusO3:K6 Spread, France." Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, no. 7 (July 2005): 1148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1107.041008.

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Ambrosio, Rosa Luisa, Catalina Ana Rosselló, Doralicia Casares, Gianna Palmieri, Aniello Anastasio, and Pablo V. Escribá. "The Antimicrobial Peptide 1018-K6 Interacts Distinctly with Eukaryotic and Bacterial Membranes, the Basis of Its Specificity and Bactericidal Activity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20 (October 16, 2022): 12392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012392.

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Since penicillin was discovered, antibiotics have been critical in the fight against infections. However, antibiotic misuse has led to drug resistance, which now constitutes a serious health problem. In this context, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constitute a natural group of short proteins, varying in structure and length, that act against certain types of bacterial pathogens. The antimicrobial peptide 1018-K6 (VRLIVKVRIWRR- NH2) has significant bactericidal and antibiofilm activity against Listeria monocytogenes isolates, and against different strains and serotypes of Salmonella. Here, the mechanism of action of 1018-K6 was explored further to understand the peptide–membrane interactions relevant to its activity, and to define their determinants. We combined studies with model synthetic membranes (liposomes) and model biological membranes, assessing the absorption maximum and the quenching of 1018-K6 fluorescence in aqueous and lipid environments, the self-quenching of carboxyfluorescein, as well as performing lipid sedimentation assays. The data obtained reflect the differential interactions of the 1018-K6 peptide with eukaryotic and prokaryotic membranes, and the specific interactions and mechanisms of action in the three prokaryotic species studied: Salmonella Typhimurium2GN, Escherichia coli3GN, and Staphylococcus aureus3GP. The AMP 1018-K6 is a candidate to prevent (food preservation) or treat (antibiotic use) infections caused by certain pathogenic bacteria, especially some that are resistant to current antibiotics.

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Fushimi, Masahito. "The Relationship between Individual Personality Traits (Internality-Externality) and Psychological Distress in Employees in Japan." Depression Research and Treatment 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/731307.

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This study examines the relationship between the internality-externality (I-E) scale as an indicator of coping styles and the Kessler 6 (K6) scale as an indicator of psychological distress and analyzes the effects of sociodemographic and employment-related factors on this relationship. Employees from Akita prefecture in Japan were invited to complete self-administered questionnaires. A uniform pattern of findings emerged in the relationship between the two scales as follows: all the significant correlations were negative, that is, as the I-E score increased, the K6 score decreased. Furthermore, significant effects were observed for the I-E scale regarding sex, age, education, employee type, and employment status and the K6 scale with multiple regression analyses. Among these, the effect of the K6 scale was significant for the I-E scale in both males and females. The results of this study may help improve mental health clinicians' understanding of psychological distress in employees.

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Claudia, Kristiwany Mayneke, Nursyirwani Nursyirwani, and Irwan Effendi. "Biodegradability of Proteolytic Bacteria in Mangrove Ecosystems." Journal of Coastal and Ocean Sciences 2, no. 2 (May 19, 2021): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jocos.2.2.120-126.

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The purpose of this study was to awareness the optimal time for the growth of proteolytic bacteria in producing the protease enzyme and determine the effectiveness of the protease enzyme from proteolytic bacteria in degrading mangrove litter. The method used was the experimental method by using two proteolytic bacteria isolates, namely Bacillus manliponensis (K6) and Bacillus toyonensis (K20). This method used one treatment for each proteolytic bacterial isolate, namely the addition of different extract containing protease enzyme (0%, 25%, and 50%) with three replications. Measurement of bacterial growth was carried out every 6 hours for 24 hours using Total Plate Count (TPC) and spectrophotometric method. B. manliponensis and B. toyonensis have enzyme activity as indicate by the presence of a clear zone on Zobell Marine Agar 2216 and skim milk 1%. The growth bacteria based on the TPC measurement was directly proportional to the spectrophotometric measurement results. The highest bacterial count was (1.39 x 108 CFU's/ml) K6 bacteria and (1.52 x 108 CFU's/ml) K20 bacteria. The results of the measurement of cell growth in the spectrophotometric method occurred at the 6th hour, namely 10.36 x 108 CFU's/ml (K6 bacteria) and 10.97 x 108 CFU's/ml (K20 bacteria). The optimum time of the protease enzyme occurred at 6 hours, which was 0.0258 mg/ml (K6 bacteria) and 0.0262 mg/ml (K20 bacteria). The highest dissolved protein content was obtained at the 50% dose of 0.054 mg/ml (K6 bacteria) and 0.055 mg/ml (K20 bacteria), while the lowest was at 0%, namely 0.050 mg/ml (K6 bacteria) and 0.051 mg/ml (K20 bacteria)

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Zhao, Hongchang, Zhifeng Wang, Min Zhu, Ji Liao, and Xingzhi Xu. "USP11 suppresses CHK1 activation by deubiquitinating CLASPIN." Genome Instability & Disease 2, no. 3 (March 7, 2021): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42764-021-00034-1.

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AbstractCLASPIN is an essential mediator of ATR-dependent CHK1 activation in the DNA replication checkpoint. K6-linked polyubiquitination of CLASPIN promotes its chromatin loading and subsequent CHK1 activation. Here, we found that ubiquitin-specific protease 11 (USP11) deubiquitinates the K6-linkage polyubiquitinated form of CLASPIN. Under steady-state conditions, USP11 interacts with CLASPIN, reducing CLASPIN K6-linked ubiquitination levels. In response to replication stress, USP11 is phosphorylated by ATR and subsequently disassociated from CLASPIN, promoting CLASPIN chromatin loading, CHK1 activation and ultimately genome stability. Taken together, our findings uncover a novel function of USP11 in negatively regulating CHK1 activation by suppressing CLASPIN chromatin loading.

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Syaifie, Putri Hawa, Agus Taufiq, and Gladys Ayu Wardhani. "SINTESIS, KARAKTERISASI DAN APLIKASI ZEOLIT BERBAHAN DASAR KAOLIN DAN ABU SEKAM PADI UNTUK ADSORPSI LOGAM TEMBAGA DAN KROM DALAM LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI PELAPISAN LOGAM." Jurnal Teknologi Bahan dan Barang Teknik 9, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37209/jtbbt.v9i1.129.

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Zeolit berbahan dasar kaolin Bangka dan abu sekam padi Karawang disintesis melalui reaksi antara natrium silikat dan natrium aluminat dengan variasi volume rasio 25:25:50 (K4) dan 50:25:25 (K6). Natrium silikat diperoleh dari reaksi antara abu sekam padi dengan kaolin dan NaOH. Sedangkan, natrium aluminat diperoleh dari reaksi antara NaOH dengan Al(OH)3. Zeolit diidentifikasi ikatan dan struktur penyusunnya menggunakan instrumentasi Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) dan diamati morfologi permukaannya menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Ikatan yang terbentuk pada zeolit K4 dan K6 menunjukkan adanya interaksi Si-Al yang ditunjukkan oleh spektra FTIR. Interaksi yang dihasilkan meliputi vibrasi tekuk Si-OH, vibrasi ulur asimetri O-Si-O dan O-Al-O, vibrasi ulur simetri O-Si-O dan O-Al-O, serta vibrasi ikatan cincin ganda. Kristal zeolit sintetis memiliki bentuk kubik , segi enam beraturan dan bulatan lonjong yang ditunjukkan pada hasil SEM. Aplikasi zeolit dilakukan pada variasi waktu kontak 10-60 menit dengan mengontakkan zeolit sintetis K4 dan K6 dengan limbah cair industri electroplating. Hasilnya, zeolit sintetis K4 dan K6 mampu menyerap logam Cu dan Cr dalam limbah cair industri dengan efisiensi adsorpsi mencapai 88-99% dalam waktu 30 menit. Kinetika adsorpsi zeolit K4 dan K6 mengikuti persamaan orde pseudo kedua untuk logam Cu dan Cr yang artinya proses adsorpsi terjadi secara kemisorpsi.Kata Kunci: abu sekam padi, kaolin, zeolit sintetis, adsorben, logam

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Steen, Kaylee, Desu Chen, Fengrong Wang, Ritankar Majumdar, Song Chen, Surinder Kumar, David B. Lombard, et al. "A role for keratins in supporting mitochondrial organization and function in skin keratinocytes." Molecular Biology of the Cell 31, no. 11 (May 15, 2020): 1103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e19-10-0565.

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We provide evidence that keratins (K) 6 and 16 modulate the organization, movement, and function of mitochondria in skin keratinocytes. Loss of either K6 or K16 protein results in reduced mitochondrial respiration and elevated reactive oxygen species. This newly defined role may be relevant to diseases caused by mutations in K6 or K16.

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Schmitz, Norbert, Alain Lesage, and JianLi Wang. "Should Psychological Distress Screening in the Community Account for Self-Perceived Health Status?" Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 54, no. 8 (August 2009): 526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400805.

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Objective: Psychological distress questionnaires are often used as screening instruments for mental disorders in clinical and epidemiologic settings. Poor physical health may affect the screening properties of a questionnaire. We evaluate the effect of self-perceived health status on the screening performance of the Kessler K10 and K6 scales in a community sample. Methods: We used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being (CCHS 1.2). Psychological distress was measured by the 6–item (K6) and the 10–item (K10) Kessler instrument. Depression and anxiety disorders were assessed using the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (1–month estimates). Optimal cut-off points regarding health status were determined by finding the K6 and K10 values that allowed for the best balance between sensitivity and specificity. Stratum-specific likelihood ratios (SSLRs) were computed to define strata with discriminating power. Results: There was a strong association between the screening performance of the K6 and K10 scales and self-perceived health status: for the K10 scale, a cut-off point of 5/6 yielded the best balance between sensitivity and specificity for subjects with excellent or very good health status, while a cut-off point of 14/15 yielded the best balance between sensitivity and specificity for subjects with poor health status. Conclusions: The combination of the K6 and K10 scales, with a self-rated health status item, may improve screening properties of the 2 scales.

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Quistorff, Jörn, and Jan-Christoph Schlage-Puchta. "On generalized surjective codes." Studia Scientiarum Mathematicarum Hungarica 48, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/sscmath.48.2011.1.1140.

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We consider generalized surjective codes, together with their connection to covering codes and covering arrays. We prove new bounds on σq(n; s; r), the minimal cardinality of a q-ary code of length n, which is s-surjective with radius r. For covering codes we deduce the new records K6(10, 7) ≦ 18 and K6(9, 6) ≦ 24.

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Chiou, Chien-Shun, Shih-Yuan Hsu, Shiou-Ing Chiu, Tien-Kuei Wang, and Cheng-Shun Chao. "Vibrio parahaemolyticus Serovar O3:K6 as Cause of Unusually High Incidence of Food-Borne Disease Outbreaks in Taiwan from 1996 to 1999." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 12 (2000): 4621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.12.4621-4625.2000.

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The occurrence of food-borne disease outbreaks in Taiwan increased dramatically in 1996, and the incidence has since remained elevated. This increase in outbreaks is correlated with a high rate of isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which caused between 61 and 71% of the total outbreaks for the period 1996 to 1999. By serotyping, 40 serovars were identified from 3743 V. parahaemolyticus isolates, of which O3:K6 was the most frequently detected. The O3:K6 serovar could have emerged in Taiwan as early as October 1995 and at that time accounted for only 0.6% of the V. parahaemolyticusinfections. This level increased suddenly to 50.1% in 1996 and reached a peak (83.8%) in 1997. Comparison of the outbreak profiles for the etiology groups indicates that the high incidence of food-borne disease outbreaks during 1996 to 1999 can be attributed to the extraordinarily high O3:K6 infections. In 1999, the O3:K6 serovar was still prevalent, and accounted for 61.3% of all V. parahaemolyticus infections. Due to its extraordinarily high infection frequency and its capability to spread globally, this organism needs to be intensively monitored internationally.

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Velazquez-Roman, Jorge, Nidia León-Sicairos, Héctor Flores-Villaseñor, Santiago Villafaña-Rauda, and Adrian Canizalez-Roman. "Association of Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 Present in the Coastal Environment of Northwest Mexico with Cases of Recurrent Diarrhea between 2004 and 2010." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 6 (January 13, 2012): 1794–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.06953-11.

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ABSTRACTIn 2004, more than 1,230 cases of gastroenteritis due to pandemic O3:K6 strains ofVibrio parahaemolyticuswere reported in southern Sinaloa, a state in Northwestern Mexico. Recurrent sporadic cases arose from 2004 to 2010, spreading from the south to the north. In the present study,Vibrio parahaemolyticuswas detected in both environmental samples and clinical cases along the Pacific coast of Sinaloa during 2004 to 2010. An evaluation was made of the serotypes, distribution of virulence genes, and presence of pandemic O3:K6 strains. A total of 144 strains were isolated from environmental samples (from sediment, seawater, and shrimp), and 154 clinical strains were isolated. A total of 10 O serogroups and 30 serovars were identified in the strains. Environmental strains (n= 144) belonged to 10 O serogroups and 28 serovars, while clinical strains (n= 154) belonged to 8 O serogroups and 14 serovars. Ten serovars were shared by both environmental and clinical strains. Among 144 environmental isolates, 4.1% (6/144) belonged to the pandemic clone, with 83.3% containing theorf8gene and with O3:K6 accounting for 67%. On the other hand, pathogenic strains (tdhand/ortrh) accounted for 52% (75/144) of the environmental isolates. Interestingly, among 154 clinical isolates, 80.5% (124/154) were pandemic strains, with O3:K6 (tdh,toxRSnew, andorf8) representing the predominant serovar (99.2%, 123/124). Overall, our results indicate that in spite of a high serodiversity and prevalence of pathogenicVibrio parahaemolyticusin the environment, the pandemic strain O3:K6 caused >79% of reported cases between 2004 and 2010 in Sinaloa, Mexico.

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Tesfaye, M., C. Hanlon, D. Wondimagegn, and A. Alem. "Detecting postnatal common mental disorders in Addis ababa, ethiopia: Validation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale and kessler scales." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73393-4.

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BackgroundThe Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) has been used successfully across diverse cultural settings. However, a recent study found poor validity in detecting postnatal common mental disorders (CMD) in rural Ethiopia. Using similar methodology, the study was replicated in the capital, Addis Ababa.MethodsSemantic, content and criterion validity of EPDS, Kessler scale-6 (K6) and Kessler scale-10 (K10) were assessed in postnatal women attending vaccination clinics. Criterion validation was undertaken on 100 postnatal women, with local psychiatrist diagnosis of CMD using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) as the criterion measure.ResultsThe areas under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) curve for the EPDS, K6 and K10 were 0.85 (95%CI 0.77–0.92), 0.86 (95%CI 0.76–0.97) and 0.87 (95%CI 0.78–0.97), respectively. The EPDS generated sensitivity, specificity and misclassification rates of 78.9%, 75.3% and 24.0%, respectively at an optimal cut-off point of 6/7. The corresponding values for the K6 were 84.2%, 82.7% and 17.0% at a cut-off point of 4/5, and for K10 were 84.2%, 77.8% and 21.0% at a cut-off point of 6/7, respectively. The internal reliability Cronbach's alpha for the EPDS, K6 and K10 were 0.71, 0.86 and 0.90, respectively.LimitationsNot all postnatal women bring their infants to vaccination clinics which may limit generalisability.ConclusionThe EPDS, K6 and K10 all demonstrated acceptable clinical utility as screening scales for postnatal CMD in an urban setting in Ethiopia. The marked urban-rural difference in EPDS performance within Ethiopia highlights the difficulty of applying urban-validated instruments to rural settings in LAMIC.

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Richards, Gary P., Johnna P. Fay, Keyana A. Dickens, Michelle A. Parent, Douglas S. Soroka, and E. Fidelma Boyd. "Predatory Bacteria as Natural Modulators of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in Seawater and Oysters." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 20 (August 17, 2012): 7455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01594-12.

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ABSTRACTThis study shows that naturally occurringVibriopredatory bacteria (VPB) exert a major role in controlling pathogenic vibrios in seawater and shellfish. The growth and persistence ofVibrio parahaemolyticusandVibrio vulnificuswere assessed in natural seawater and in the Eastern oyster,Crassostrea virginica. The pathogens examined wereV. vulnificusstrain VV1003,V. parahaemolyticusO1:KUT (KUT stands for K untypeable), andV. parahaemolyticusO3:K6 and corresponding O3:K6 mutants deficient in thetoxRSvirulence regulatory gene or therpoSalternative stress response sigma factor gene. Vibrios were selected for streptomycin resistance, which facilitated their enumeration. In natural seawater, oysters bioconcentrated eachVibriostrain for 24 h at 22°C; however, counts rapidly declined to near negligible levels by 72 h. In natural seawater with or without oysters, vibrios decreased more than 3 log units to near negligible levels within 72 h. NeithertoxRSnorrpoShad a significant effect onVibriolevels. In autoclaved seawater,V. parahaemolyticusO3:K6 counts increased 1,000-fold over 72 h. Failure of the vibrios to persist in natural seawater and oysters led to screening of the water samples for VPB on lawns ofV. parahaemolyticusO3:K6 host cells. Many VPB, includingBdellovibrioand like organisms (BALOs;Bdellovibrio bacteriovorusandBacteriovorax stolpii) andMicavibrio aeruginosavorus-like predators, were detected by plaque assay and electron microscopic analysis of plaque-purified isolates from Atlantic, Gulf Coast, and Hawaiian seawater. WhenV. parahaemolyticusO3:K6 was added to natural seawater containing trace amounts of VPB,Vibriocounts diminished 3 log units to nondetectable levels, while VPB increased 3 log units within 48 h. We propose a new paradigm that VPB are important modulators of pathogenic vibrios in seawater and oysters.

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Ramalingam, Dhivya, Christine Happel, and Joseph M. Ziegelbauer. "Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus MicroRNAs Repress Breakpoint Cluster Region Protein Expression, Enhance Rac1 Activity, and IncreaseIn VitroAngiogenesis." Journal of Virology 89, no. 8 (January 28, 2015): 4249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.03687-14.

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ABSTRACTMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, ∼22-nucleotide-long RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes 12 pre-miRNAs during latency, and the functional significance of these microRNAs during KSHV infection and their cellular targets have been emerging recently. Using a previously reported microarray profiling analysis, we identified breakpoint cluster region mRNA (Bcr) as a cellular target of the KSHV miRNA miR-K12-6-5p (miR-K6-5). Bcr protein levels were repressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) upon transfection with miR-K6-5 and during KSHV infection. Luciferase assays wherein the Bcr 3′ untranslated region (UTR) was cloned downstream of a luciferase reporter showed repression in the presence of miR-K6-5, and mutation of one of the two predicted miR-K6-5 binding sites relieved this repression. Furthermore, inhibition or deletion of miR-K6-5 in KSHV-infected cells showed increased Bcr protein levels. Together, these results show that Bcr is a direct target of the KSHV miRNA miR-K6-5. To understand the functional significance of Bcr knockdown in the context of KSHV-associated disease, we hypothesized that the knockdown of Bcr, a negative regulator of Rac1, might enhance Rac1-mediated angiogenesis. We found that HUVECs transfected with miR-K6-5 had increased Rac1-GTP levels and tube formation compared to HUVECs transfected with control miRNAs. Knockdown of Bcr in latently KSHV-infected BCBL-1 cells increased the levels of viral RTA, suggesting that Bcr repression by KSHV might aid lytic reactivation. Together, our results reveal a new function for both KSHV miRNAs and Bcr in KSHV infection and suggest that KSHV miRNAs, in part, promote angiogenesis and lytic reactivation.IMPORTANCEKaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is linked to multiple human cancers and lymphomas. KSHV encodes small nucleic acids (microRNAs) that can repress the expression of specific human genes, the biological functions of which are still emerging. This report uses a variety of approaches to show that a KSHV microRNA represses the expression of the human gene called breakpoint cluster region (Bcr). Repression of Bcr correlated with the activation of a protein previously shown to cause KS-like lesions in mice (Rac1), an increase in KS-associated phenotypes (tube formation in endothelial cells and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] synthesis), and modification of the life cycle of the virus (lytic replication). Our results suggest that KSHV microRNAs suppress host proteins and contribute to KS-associated pathogenesis.

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Wang, Xiu Li, and Kun Zhou. "Overall Dynamic Analysis of K-Reticulated Shell Structure with BRB in Severe Earthquakes." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 2017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.2017.

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The overall K6 reticulated shell structure's dynamic elastic-plastic analysis in 9 degrees area under earthquake was researched under different places of Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB) on the shell. The elastic effects of supporting structure and BRB were two key factors. Analysis result shows that it has good performance for energy dissipation on K6 reticulated shell with BRB on both upper and supporting structures together.

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Hunt, Christopher. "Zaide, K. 344 (K6 336 b)." Opera Quarterly 8, no. 3 (1991): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oq/8.3.162.

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Rowland, Dana. "Classification of book representations of K6." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 26, no. 12 (October 2017): 1750075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216517500754.

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A book representation of a graph is a particular way of embedding a graph in three-dimensional space so that the vertices lie on a circle and the edges are chords on disjoint topological disks. We describe a set of operations on book representations that preserves ambient isotopy, and apply these operations to [Formula: see text], the complete graph with six vertices. We prove there are exactly 59 distinct book representations for [Formula: see text], and we identify the number and type of knotted and linked cycles in each representation. We show that book representations of [Formula: see text] contain between one and seven links, and up to nine knotted cycles. Furthermore, all links and cycles in a book representation of [Formula: see text] have crossing number at most four.

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Kim, Giyeon, Jamie DeCoster, Ami N. Bryant, and Katy L. Ford. "Measurement Equivalence of the K6 Scale." Assessment 23, no. 6 (July 28, 2016): 758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191115599639.

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This study examined the measurement equivalence of the K6 across diverse racial/ethnic and linguistic groups in the U.S. differential item functioning analyses using item response theory were conducted among 44,846 U.S. adults drawn from the California Health Interview Survey. Results show that four items (“nervous,” “restless,” “depressed,” and “everything an effort”) varied significantly across races/ethnicities and four items (“nervous,” “hopeless,” “restless,” and “depressed”) varied significantly across languages. In additional effect size analyses designed to separate effects of race/ethnicity from language, the structure of the White English group was substantially different from both the Hispanic/Latino English group and Hispanic/Latino Spanish group, whereas the Hispanic/Latino Spanish group was not different from the Hispanic/Latino English group. The findings suggest that there was evident measurement nonequivalence in the K6 among racially/ethnically and linguistically diverse adults and that the observed nonequivalence in the K6 appears to be driven by language rather than race/ethnicity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'K6'

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