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Solovova, I. P., and A. V. Girnis. "Silicate–carbonate liquid immiscibility and crystallization of carbonate and K-rich basaltic magma: insights from melt and fluid inclusions." Mineralogical Magazine 76, no. 2 (April 2012): 411–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2012.076.2.09.
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AbstractThis paper reports an investigation of the crystallization products of K-rich silicate and carbonate melts trapped as melt inclusions in clinopyroxene phenocrysts from the Dunkeldyk alkaline igneous complex in the Tajik Republic. Heating experiments on the melt inclusions suggest that the carbonate melt was formed by liquid immiscibility at 1180°C and ∼0.5 GPa. The carbonate-rich inclusions are dominated by Sr-bearing calcite, and rich in incompatible elements. Most of the silicate minerals are SiO2-poor and rich in K, Ba and Ti. Leucite, kalsilite and aegirine are the earliest magmatic minerals. High Ba and Ti contents in the melt resulted in the crystallization of Ba-rich K-feldspar, titanite, perovskite and Ti-bearing garnet, and the rare Ba-Ti silicates fresnoite and delindeite. The last minerals to crystallize from volatile-rich melts and fluids were aegirine, götzenite, K-Ba- and Ca-Sr-bearing zeolites, fluorite and strontium-rich baryte. Interaction of the early minerals with residual melts and fluids produced Ba-rich phlogopite and Sr-rich apatite.
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HAMADA, MORIHISA, and TOSHITSUGU FUJII. "H2O-rich island arc low-K tholeiite magma inferred from Ca-rich plagioclase-melt inclusion equilibria." GEOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 41, no. 6 (2007): 437–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.41.437.
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Lloyd, F. E., A. D. Edgar, D. M. Forsyth, and R. L. Barnett. "The paragenesis of upper-mantle xenoliths from the Quaternary volcanics south-east of Gees, West Eifel, Germany." Mineralogical Magazine 55, no. 378 (March 1991): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1991.055.378.08.
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AbstractGroup I xenoliths, orthopyroxene-rich and orthopyroxene-free, contain Cr-spinel and clinopyroxene ± phlogopite, and occur together with Group II clinopyroxenites ± Ti-spinel ± phlogopite in K-mafic pyroclastics southeast of Gees. The petrography and clinopyroxene chemistry of orthopyroxene-rich (opx-rich sub-group) Group I xenoliths is consistent with an ‘original’ harzburgitic mantle that has been transformed to lherzolite by the addition of endiopside. In harzburgites, orthopyroxenes are reacting to diopside + olivine + alkali-silicate melt, and, by inference, the orthopyroxene-free (opx-free subgroup) Group I, dunite-wehrlite series can be linked to the opx-rich sub-group via this reaction. Progressive enrichment of dunitic material in endiopside-diopside has resulted in the formation of wehrlite. Phlogopite is titaniferous and occurs as a trace mineral in opx-rich, Group I xenoliths, whereas substantial phlogopite vein-networks are confined to the opx-free sub-group (dunite-wehrlite series). Interstitial, alkali-felsic glass occurs are veins within, and as extensions of, the phlogopite networks. Clinopyroxenes in phlogopite-veined xenoliths are decreased in Mg/(Mg + FeTotal) (mg) and Cr and increased in Ti, Al and Ca, compared with clinopyroxenes in xenoliths which have trace phlogopite. It is proposed that harzburgitic and dunitic mantle has been infiltrated by a Ca- and alkalirich, hydrous silicate melt rather than an ephemeral carbonatite melt. Dunite has been transformed to phlogopite wehrlite by the invasion of a Ca-, Al-, Ti- and K-rich, hydrous silicate melt. Ca-activity was high initially in the melt and was reduced by clinopyroxene precipitation. This resulted in enhanced K-activity which led to phlogopite veining of clinopyroxene-rich mantle. Group II phlogopite clinopyroxenites contain Ti-spinel and salites that are distinct in their Ti, Al and Cr contents from endiopsides and diopsides in Group I xenoliths. It is unlikely that these Group II xenoliths represent the culmination of the infiltration processes that have transformed dunite to wehrlite, nor can they be related to the host melt. These xenoliths may have crystallised from Ca- and K-bearing, hydrous silicate melts in mantle channelways buffered by previously precipitated clinopyroxene and phlogopite. Gees lherzolites contain pyroxenes and spinel with distinctly lower Al contents than these same minerals in lherzolites described previously from other West Eifel localities, which may reflect a distinctive lithology and/or processes of modification for the Gees mantle.
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Kozieł, T., J. Latuch, and A. Zielińska-Lipiec. "Structure of the Amorphous-Crystalline Fe66Cu6B19Si5Nb4 Alloy Obtained by the Melt-Spinning Process." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0044.
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This paper presents structure investigations of the rapidly cooled Fe66Cu6B19Si5Nb4 alloy. A proper selection of chemical composition enabled in-situ formation of the amorphous-crystalline composite during the melt spinning process. Liquid phase separation into the Fe-rich and the Cu-rich phases was confirmed. The microstructures of alloy, melt-spun from 1723 and 1773 K, are composed of the Fe-rich amorphous matrix and Cu-rich spherical crystalline precipitates. For the higher melt-ejection temperature, no coarse precipitates could be observed. Amorphous nature of the Fe-rich matrix was confirmed by presence of a broad diffraction maximum on the X-ray diffraction patterns, a halo ring on the electron diffraction pattern as well as presence of exothermic effects, related to the crystallization of the Fe-rich amorphous matrix, in the differential scanning calorymetry. Beside presence of copper, revealing positive heat of mixing with iron, relatively large supercooled liquid region, was noticed.
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Xu, Man, Zhicheng Jing, Suraj K. Bajgain, Mainak Mookherjee, James A. Van Orman, Tony Yu, and Yanbin Wang. "High-pressure elastic properties of dolomite melt supporting carbonate-induced melting in deep upper mantle." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 31 (July 20, 2020): 18285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004347117.
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Deeply subducted carbonates likely cause low-degree melting of the upper mantle and thus play an important role in the deep carbon cycle. However, direct seismic detection of carbonate-induced partial melts in the Earth’s interior is hindered by our poor knowledge on the elastic properties of carbonate melts. Here we report the first experimentally determined sound velocity and density data on dolomite melt up to 5.9 GPa and 2046 K by in-situ ultrasonic and sink-float techniques, respectively, as well as first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of dolomite melt up to 16 GPa and 3000 K. Using our new elasticity data, the calculated VP/VSratio of the deep upper mantle (∼180–330 km) with a small amount of carbonate-rich melt provides a natural explanation for the elevated VP/VSratio of the upper mantle from global seismic observations, supporting the pervasive presence of a low-degree carbonate-rich partial melt (∼0.05%) that is consistent with the volatile-induced or redox-regulated initial melting in the upper mantle as argued by petrologic studies. This carbonate-rich partial melt region implies a global average carbon (C) concentration of 80–140 ppm. by weight in the deep upper mantle source region, consistent with the mantle carbon content determined from geochemical studies.
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Shen, Xiao, Shuiqing Liu, Xin Wang, Chunxiang Cui, Pan Gong, Lichen Zhao, Xu Han, and Zirui Li. "Effect of Cooling Rate on the Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Iron-Rich Al–Si Alloy." Materials 15, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020411.
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The mechanical properties of iron-rich Al–Si alloy is limited by the existence of plenty of the iron-rich phase (β-Al5FeSi), whose unfavorable morphology not only splits the matrix but also causes both stress concentration and interface mismatch with the Al matrix. The effect of the cooling rate on the tensile properties of Fe-rich Al–Si alloy was studied by the melt spinning method at different rotating speeds. At the traditional casting cooling rate of ~10 K/s, the size of the needle-like β-Al5FeSi phase is about 80 μm. In contrast, the size of the β-Al5FeSi phase is reduced to 500 nm and the morphology changes to a granular morphology with the high cooling rate of ~104 K/s. With the increase of the cooling rate, the morphology of the β-Al5FeSi phase is optimized, meanwhile the tensile properties of Fe-rich Al–Si alloy are greatly improved. The improved tensile properties of the Fe-rich Al-Si alloy is attributed to the combination of Fe-rich reinforced particles and the granular silicon phase provided by the high cooling rate of the melt spinning method.
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Nosova, Anna A., Ludmila V. Sazonova, Alexey V. Kargin, Elena O. Dubinina, and Elena A. Minervina. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Ocelli in the Damtjernite Dykes and Sills, Chadobets Uplift, Siberian Craton: Evidence of the Fluid–Lamprophyric Magma Interaction." Minerals 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070724.
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The study reports petrography, mineralogy and carbonate geochemistry and stable isotopy of various types of ocelli (silicate-carbonate globules) observed in the lamprophyres from the Chadobets Uplift, southwestern Siberian craton. The Chadobets lamprophyres are related to the REE-bearing Chuktukon carbonatites. On the basis of their morphology, mineralogy and relation with the surrounding groundmass, we distinguish three types of ocelli: carbonate-silicate, containing carbonate, scapolite, sodalite, potassium feldspar, albite, apatite and minor quartz ocelli (K-Na-CSO); carbonate–silicate ocelli, containing natrolite and sodalite (Na-CSO); and silicate-carbonate, containing potassium feldspar and phlogopite (K-SCO). The K-Na-CSO present in the most evolved damtjernite with irregular and polygonal patches was distributed within the groundmass; the patches consist of minerals identical to minerals in ocelli. Carbonate in the K-Na-CSO are calcite, Fe-dolomite and ankerite with high Sr concentration and igneous-type REE patterns. The Na-CSO present in Na-rich damtjernite with geochemical signature indicates the loss of the carbonate component. Carbonate phases are calcite and Fe-dolomite, and they depleted in LREE. The K-SCO was present in the K-rich least-evolved damtjernite. Calcite in the K-SCO has the highest Ba and the lowest Sr concentration and U-shaped REE pattern. The textural, mineralogical and geochemical features of the ocelli and their host rock can be interpreted as follows: (i) the K-Na-CSO are droplets of an alkali–carbonate melt that separated from residual alkali and carbonate-rich melt in highly evolved damtjernite; (ii) the Na-CSO are droplets of late magmatic fluid that once exsolved from a melt and then began to dissolve; (iii) the K-SCO are bubbles of K-P-CO2 fluid liberated from an almost-crystallised magma during the magmatic–hydrothermal stage. The geochemical signature of the K-SCO carbonate shows that the late fluid could leach REE from the host lamprophyre and provide for REE mobility.
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Vapnik, Ye. "Melt inclusions in granitoids of the Timna Igneous Complex, Southern Israel." Mineralogical Magazine 62, no. 1 (February 1998): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646198547440.
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AbstractHigh temperature microthermometry and Scanning Electron Microprobe (SEM) analyses were used to study natural magmatic remnants in quartz crystals in granitoids from the Timna Igneous Complex, southern Israel, and to constrain physicochemical parameters during their crystallization. For the porphyritic granite, alkali granite and quartz monzodiorite, liquidus temperatures are 710–770, 770–830 and 770–840°C, respectively; solidus temperatures are 690–770, 710–790 and 770°C, respectively. Pressures during crystallization and water content in the magmas were determined using the phase diagram of the modal granite system. The determined P-T-conditions are typical for water-saturated granitoid magmas (>4–8 wt.%) generated and crystallized at a shallow crustal level.SEM data on melt inclusions support conclusions of previous investigations on two types of granitoid magmas exposed in the Timna Igneous Complex: the porphyritic and alkali granites. Different trends of crystallization are proposed for these granites. Crystallization of the porphyritic granite started with cotectic crystallization of plagioclase and terminated in residual K-feldspar-rich crystallization; crystallization of the alkali granite took place at higher temperatures, starting with K-rich alkali-feldspar crystallization and terminating in residual Na-rich eutectic crystallization.Parameters not available from other sources — temperature and pressure of the liquidus and solidus stages, water content, trends of crystallization — were obtained for the porphyritic and alkali granites.
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Hurai, V., M. Huraiová, P. Konečný, and R. Thomas. "Mineral-melt-fluid composition of carbonate-bearing cumulate xenoliths in Tertiary alkali basalts of southern Slovakia." Mineralogical Magazine 71, no. 1 (February 2007): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2007.071.1.63.
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AbstractTwo types of carbonatic cumulate xenoliths occur in alkali basalts of the northern part of the Carpatho-Pannonian region, Central Europe. One is dominated by Ca-Fe-Mg carbonates with randomly distributed bisulphide globules (Fe1+xS2, x = 0–0.1), Mg-Al spinel, augite, rhönite, Ni-Co-rich chalcopyrite, and a Fe(Ni,Fe)2S4 phase. The second, carbonatic pyroxenite xenolith type, is composed of diopside, subordinate fluorapatite, interstitial Fe-Mg carbonates, and accessory K-pargasite, F-Al-rich ferroan phlogopite, Mg-Al spinel, albite and K-feldspar. All accessory minerals occur in ultrapotassic dacite-trachydacite glass in primary silicate melt inclusions in diopside, together with calcio-carbonatite and CO2-N2-CO inclusions. Textural evidence is provided for multiphase fluid-melt immiscibility in both xenolith types. The carbonatic pyroxenite type is inferred to have accumulated from differentiated, volatile-rich, ultrapotassic magma derived by a very low-degree partial melting of strongly metasomatized mantle. Mineral indicators point to a genetic link between the carbonatite xenolith with olivine-fractionated, silica-undersaturated alkalic basalt ponded at the mantle-crust boundary.
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Balcone-Boissard, Hélène, Don R. Baker, Benoit Villemant, Jean Cauzid, Georges Boudon, and E. Deloule. "Br diffusion in phonolitic melts: Comparison with fluorine and chlorine diffusion." American Mineralogist 105, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7372.
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Abstract Bromine diffusion was measured in two natural phonolitic melts: (1) a K2O-rich (~10 wt%) one synthesized from the white pumice phase of the 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius (Italy), and (2) a Na2O-rich (~10 wt%) one corresponding to the most differentiated melt of the 12 000 BC eruption of the Laacher See (Germany). Experiments were performed at 0.5 and 1.0 GPa, 1250 to 1450 °C, at anhydrous and hydrous (2.65 ± 0.35 wt% of dissolved water) conditions. Experiments conducted with the diffusion-couple technique in the piston cylinder were performed with only bromine diffusing and with the simultaneous diffusion of a halogen mixture (F, Cl, Br) to evaluate the interactions between the halogens during diffusion. The diffusion profiles of Br were measured by X-ray fluorescence using synchrotron radiation microprobe (SYXRF), ID18F, at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF, France). Bromine diffusion displays Arrhenian behavior under anhydrous conditions that is similar when it diffuses alone and when it diffuses with F and Cl. The Br diffusion coefficients range between 2 × 10–12 m2/s at 1250 °C and 1.5 × 10–11 m2/s at 1450 °C for the Na-rich melt and between 3 × 10–12 m2/s at 1250 °C and 2.5 × 10–11 m2/s at 1450 °C for the K-rich melt, at 1.0 GPa. Although Br mobility is independent of F and Cl in anhydrous phonolitic melts, its behavior may be dependent on the dominant alkali in the melt, as previously observed for Cl, but not F. For hydrous experiments, although the data are scattered, the Br diffusivity increases slightly with water and the Na/K ratio seems to influence Br diffusivity. Similarly to noble gases, halogen diffusivity at a given temperature in the phonolitic melts appears related to the ionic porosity of the silicate structure. Compared to basaltic melt, Br diffusivities are approximately one order of magnitude lower in the Na-phonolite melt, because of the difference of the pre-exponential factor. Br mobility appears to be decoupled from melt viscosity, considering the results here.
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Salvioli-Mariani, E., L. Toscani, and D. Bersani. "Magmatic evolution of the Gaussberg lamproite (Antarctica): volatile content and glass composition." Mineralogical Magazine 68, no. 1 (February 2004): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461046810173.
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AbstractThe lamproite of Gaussberg is an ultrapotassic rock where leucite, olivine and clinopyroxene microphenocrysts occur in a glass-rich groundmass, containing microliths of leucite, clinopyroxene, apatite, phlogopite and rare K-richterite.Abundant silicate melt inclusions occur in olivine, leucite and, rarely, in clinopyroxene microphenocrysts. Raman investigations on melt inclusions showed the presence of pure CO2 in the shrinkage bubbles. On the other hand, the glass of the groundmass is CO2-poor and contains up to 0.70 wt.% of dissolved H2O, as estimated by infrared spectra. It is inferred that CO2 was released at every stage of evolution of the lamproite magma (CO2-rich shrinkage bubbles), whereas H2O was retained for longer in the liquid. At Gaussberg, CO2 seems to have a major role at relatively high pressure where it favoured the crystallization of H2O-poor microphenocrysts; the uprise of the magma to the surface decreased the solubility of CO2 and caused a relative increase in water activity. As a consequence, phlogopite and K-richterite appeared in the groundmass.The glass composition of both the groundmass and melt inclusions suggests different evolutions for the residual liquids of the investigated samples. Sample G886 shows the typical evolution of a lamproite magma, where the residual liquid evolves toward peralkaline and Na-rich composition and crystallizes K-richterite in the latest stage. Sample G895 derives from mixing/mingling of different batches of magma; effectively glasses from melt inclusions in leucite and clinopyroxene are more alkaline than those found in early crystallized olivine. Leucite and clinopyroxene crystallized early from a relatively more alkaline batch of lamproite magma and, successively, a less alkaline, olivinebearing magma batch assimilated them during its rise to the surface.
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SHAW, CLIFF S. J., and ALAN D. EDGAR. "Post-entrainment mineral–melt reactions in spinel peridotite xenoliths from Inver, Donegal, Ireland." Geological Magazine 134, no. 6 (November 1997): 771–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675689700784x.
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Spinel lherzolite and harzburgite xenoliths hosted in an alkali basalt dyke near Inver, Donegal, Ireland show abundant evidence of interaction between xenolith minerals and the host melt. Of particular interest are primary Cr-diopside and spinel with sieve-textured coronas. Coronas on primary Cr-diopside are up to 3 mm wide and are associated with veinlets of devitrified glass. The coronas comprise secondary Cr-diopside with vermicular, interstitial alkali feldspar and chlorite grains up to 100 µm in size. The inclusion-free Cr-diopside cores are Al- and Na-rich whereas the coronas are Al- and Na-depleted and Ti-enriched. Sieve-textured spinels have similar texture to the clinopyroxene grains and are also associated with veinlets of infiltrated glass. However, the interstitial inclusions in the sieve-textured region are chlorite and nepheline. Inclusion-free spinel is part of a chromite–spinel solid solution and is Ti-poor. Spinel in the coronas has a greater chromite and ulvospinel component and falls close to a mixing line with spinel in the host alkali basalt. In addition to the sieve-textured grains, primary olivine in contact with infiltrated glass has Fe-rich rims, and orthopyroxene has broken down to form rims of olivine, clinopyroxene and a K-rich phase similar in composition to alkali-feldspar. Comparison of the compositions of the inclusion-free cores and sieve-textured rims shows that the rims have chemical signatures consistent with partial melting, that is, Al and Na depletion for clinopyroxene and Cr-enrichment for spinel. The textures of the coronas, particularly those around spinel and the reaction margins on orthopyroxene are identical to those produced during dissolution experiments.We suggest that silicate liquid from the host magma infiltrated the xenoliths during their ascent and since it was not in equilibrium with the xenolith minerals caused reaction. The occurrence of K-bearing interstitial minerals in the sieve-textured grains and reacted orthopyroxenes indicate that the coronas did not form by simple melting since none of the minerals that underwent breakdown are K-bearing. We suggest that the sieve-textured grains formed initially by partial melting and reaction associated with decompression and infiltration of liquid from the host magma. The melts included in the reacted phases were enriched in K by diffusion from the Si-poor infiltrated melt into the more Si-rich melt inclusions in the coronas.
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Morin, David, Réjean Hébert, and Louise Corriveau. "Mesoproterozoic deep K-magmatism recorded in a megacryst- and xenolith-bearing minette dyke, western Grenville Province." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1881–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-083.
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The 1.07 Ga Rivard minette dyke transported thousands of exotic (xenoliths) and cogenetic (cognate nodules) clasts from deep lithospheric levels of the Grenville Province. Nodules related to the clinopyroxene- and biotite-phyric host consist of megacrystic clinopyroxene and K-feldspar and mica-rich pyroxenite. Clinopyroxene megacrysts record high-pressure and high-temperature crystallization, crystal recycling, or magma mixing, whereas Ba-rich K-feldspar megacryst possibly represent near-solidus phenocrysts crystallized from evolved K-rich magmas. Mica-pyroxenite xenoliths are interpreted as products of magma mixing or infiltration of K-rich melt in pyroxene cumulate. Partial replacement of pyroxenes by strained phlogopite attests to mica crystallization before or during plastic deformation and prior to xenolith incorporation in the minette. The minette is mafic, ultrapotassic, and enriched in large-ion lithophile elements and light rare-earth elements. It experienced limited fractionation and crustal contamination but has been exposed to magma mixing. High K, La, and Cr contents suggest partial melting of a K-metasomatized mantle source. The Rivard minette shares the age, mineralogy, and chemistry with the 1.091.07 Ga KensingtonSkootamatta potassic alkaline suite and forms part of a common K-rich magmatic event taking its source in an enriched mantle. Source heterogeneity, conditions of partial melting, crystal fractionation, magma mixing, and crustal contamination all contributed, to various extents, to the complex chemistry of the K-rich intrusions of the KensingtonSkootamatta suite. Collectively, this suite records extensive and diverse magmatic batches derived from partial melting of a mantle metasomatized during subduction events prior to emplacement.
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Henderson, C. M. B., and W. J. Pierozynski. "An experimental study of Sr, Ba and Rb partitioning between alkali feldspar and silicate liquid in the system nepheline–kalsilite–quartz at 0.1 GPa P(H2O): a revisitation and reassessment." Mineralogical Magazine 76, no. 1 (February 2012): 157–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2012.076.1.157.
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AbstractThe partitioning of Sr, Ba and Rb between alkali feldspar and melt has been determined at 0.1 GPa water vapour pressure, mainly on one Na-rich series and one K-rich series within the system nepheline-kalsilite-quartz. Experiments were also carried out with small amounts of the anorthite molecule or peralkaline components (Na, K metasilicates). The compositions of the alkali feldspars and coexisting quenched glasses were determined by electron microprobe analysis. Except for some peralkaline compositions, the crystal/liquid partition coefficients for Sr and Ba are always >1; the crystal/liquid partition coefficient for Rb is always <1. For sodic alkali feldspars DSr > DBa and for potassic feldspars DSr < DBa. Partition coefficients for Sr and Ba increase: (1) with decreasing temperature; (2) with increasing Or content of feldspar; (3) with increasing silica-undersaturation of the melt; (4) with decreasing peralkalinity. The variation in the value of DRb is less clear, but it is higher for K-rich feldspars. Multiple linear regression equations are fitted to correlate ln(D) with independent compositional and physical variables. Where rock/groundmass major-element data are available for felsic natural rocks, equations are recommended for obtaining reliable alkali feldspar partition coefficients for modelling fractional crystallization processes. The structural properties of silicate melts and crystal chemical relations are used to rationalize trends in partition coefficients.
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Limtrakun, P., Khin Zaw, C. G. Ryan, and T. P. Mernagh. "Formation of the Denchai gem sapphires, northern Thailand: evidence from mineral chemistry and fluid/melt inclusion characteristics." Mineralogical Magazine 65, no. 6 (December 2001): 725–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461016560004.
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AbstractThe Denchai gem sapphire deposits in Phrae Province, northern Thailand are closely associated with late Cenozoic alkaline basaltic rocks. The sapphires occur in alluvial placer deposits in palaeo-channels at shallow depths. Electron microprobe analysis of minor and trace element contents (Fe, Ti, Cr, Ga and V) of the sapphires indicate the following oxide abundances: Fe2O3 (0.32–1.98 wt.%), TiO2 (0.01–0.23 wt.%), Cr2O3 (<0.01 wt.%), Ga2O3 (0.01–0.03 wt.%) and V2O5 (<0.03 wt.%). Optical studies of sapphires revealed three types of primary fluid/melt inclusions. CO2-rich inclusions (Type I) contain three phases (LH2O + LCO2 + V) with the vapour phase comprising <10–15 vol.%. The presence of CO2 was confirmed by microthermometry and laser Raman analysis. Polyphase inclusions (Type II) (vapour + liquid + solid) contain a fluid bubble (20–30 vol.%), an aqueous phase (10–15 vol.%) and several solid phases. Silicate-melt inclusions (Type III) comprise vapour bubbles, silicate glass and solid phases. Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis revealed high concentrations of K (~;4 wt.%) as well as Ca (~;0.5 wt.%), Ti (~;1 wt.%), Fe (~;2 wt.%), Mn (~;0.1 wt.%), V (<0.03 wt.%), Rb (~;70 ppm) and Zr (~;200 ppm) in the silicate glass. The Ga2O3 abundances and Cr2O3/Ga2O3 values (<1) of the sapphires favour their formation by magmatic processes. The presence of CO2-rich fluids and high K concentrations in the silicate melt inclusions link the origin of the Denchai gem sapphires to CO2-rich alkaline magmatism.
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Guo, Wentao, Zhi Wang, Zengwu Zhao, and Wenfeng Wang. "Research on the melt behavior of rare-earth-rich iron minerals by direct reduction." Metallurgical Research & Technology 117, no. 1 (2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2020009.
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The evolution of mineral phase structure during the reduction and melting separation of an rare earth (RE)-rich iron mineral (RER-IM) is investigated. The results show the iron oxides are reduced to their metallic iron or FeO at 1373 K. When reduction time is 180 min, the reduction degree is 84%. Both bastnaesite (RE(CO3)F) and monazite (REPO4) are transformed into Ca2RE8(SiO4)6O2 during carbothermic reduction at 1373 K. The mineral with a reduction degree of 84% is melt-separated in a graphite crucible at 1773 K for 20 min, the resulting slag contains 20.64% RE2O3, with RE existing in the form of Ca2RE8(SiO4)6O2. Moreover, P from the reduction of Ca3(PO4)2 dissolves in iron with a content ranging from 1.2 to 2.21%. The type of RE phase that occurs in the slag is related to the distribution of P between slag and iron. A low P content in the slag facilitates the formation of Ca2RE8(SiO4)6O2, but a high content in the slag favours Ca3RE2[(Si, P)O4]3F. Thus, it is confirmed that the RE phase structure is controlled by the distribution of P between slag and iron.
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Ellis, D. J., and M. Obata. "Migmatite and melt segregation at Cooma, New South Wales." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 83, no. 1-2 (1992): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300007781.
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ABSTRACTThe Cooma Complex of southeastern New South Wales comprises an andalusite-bearing S-type granodiorite surrounded by migmatites and low-pressure metamorphosed pelitic and psammitic sediments. The migmatite formed by the melting reaction:Biotite + Andalusite + K-feldspar + Quartz + V = Cordierite + Liquidat about 350–400 MPa , 670-730°C.The melanosome consists of biotite + cordierite + andalusite + K-feldspar + plagioclase + quartz + ilmenite, whereas the leucosome consists of cordierite + K-feldspar + quartz with extremely rare biotite and plagioclase. In a closed system, freezing of the leucosome melt patches should have resulted in cordierite back-reaction with melt to produce biotite and andalusite. The virtually anhydrous mineralogy of the leucosome patches, lack of cordierite reaction and the absence of biotite selvedges at the leucosome-melanosome contacts, indicates that the melt did not completely solidify in situ. These observations can be explained by an initial peritectic melting reaction in the migmatite being arrested from back-reaction upon cooling because of the removal of hydrous melt, enabling leucosome cordierite to escape back-reaction. We propose that the melanosome is the residue of partial melting but that the leucosome patches do not represent frozen melt segregations but rather the liquidus minerals (cumulates) which precipitated from the melt.In the restite-rich granodiorite from the core of the Cooma Complex, cordierite of similar composition to that in the migmatite has reaction rims of biotite and andalusite and there are coexisting biotite and andalusite in the matrix. The granodiorite consisted of about 50 wt% melt together with resite biotite, quartz and plagioclase, which can possibly be identified in the surrounding migmatite. Previous work suggested that the Cooma Granodiorite can be derived from a mixture of the surrounding metasediments which are of similar composition in the high and low-grade areas surrounding the granodiorite. Re-examinatibn of those data shows that the high-grade metasediments are more An-rich than the low-grade rocks. The Cooma Granodiorite is very similar to the high-grade rocks in terms of Or-Ab-An ratio. This suggests derivation of the Cooma Granodiorite from the high-grade rocks and not from the relatively An-poor low-grade rocks which are typical of exposed sediments in the Lachlan Fold Belt. It is most likely that the granodiorite and envelope of high-grade rocks have been emplaced into the compositionally different lower grade rocks from slightly greater depths.
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Heeb, B., S. Oesch, P. Bohac, and L. J. Gauckler. "Microstructure of melt-processed Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy and reaction mechanisms during post heat treatment." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 11 (November 1992): 2948–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.2948.
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Phase compositions and microstructures of melt processed 2212 were studied. 2212 starting powder was cooled from temperatures between 910 °C and 1100 °C in air at rates ranging from 350 K/min to 0.083 K/min. The solidification sequence was established for all cooling rates. Under all conditions the Bi-free (Sr, Ca)CuO2 (01x1) is the primary phase. The one-layer solid solution 11905 nucleates on this phase. The residual liquid solidifies to a glassy state, decomposes into the eutectic of Cu2O and Bi2Sr2.1Ca0.9Ox, or reacts with the primary phase and the 11905 forming 2212 at high, intermediate, or low cooling rates, respectively. Post solidification heat treatment at 850 °C in air leads to partial remelting. The Cu-rich liquid reacts with 11905 and 01x1 forming 2212. Subsequent solid/solid reactions lead to a high volume fraction of 2212 with almost ideal 2 : 2 : 1 : 2 stoichiometry.
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Xu, Z., P. D. Han, L. Chang, A. Asthana, and D. A. Payne. "Electron microscopy studies of high Tc phase development in melt-quenched Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu oxides." Journal of Materials Research 5, no. 1 (January 1990): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1990.0039.
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A Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu oxide composition (2:4:2:5) was rapidly solidified from the melt, and the crystallization behavior examined on heat-treatment. Annealing conditions were 865°C for up to 11 days. The high Tc 2223 phase (105 K) evolved from the 2122 phase (80 K), which in turn developed from the 2021 phase (12 K). The high Tc phase developed only in the presence of a liquid phase at 865 °C. Lattice imaging was used to follow the conversion of 2122 phase to 2223. Data are reported for syntactic intergrowths, which became less frequent with time at temperature. EDS results are consistent with the conversion of 2122 to 2223. Crystals of 2223 could not be grown from the melt, nor crystallized from the solid at temperatures below 820 °C. The presence of a Cu- and Ca-rich liquid was essential for the development of 2223 at 865 °C. A tentative model for the formation of 2223 via a liquid mediated reaction is proposed. EDS confirmed the liquid was rich in Ca and Cu near the solid-liquid interface, and precipitates of secondary phases were identified by SEM, TEM, and XRD methods. The presence of CuO and (Ca,Sr)2CuO3 verified the enrichment of Cu and Ca at the solid-liquid interface. The results are consistent with the evolution of structure of a 2223 from a 2425 starting composition.
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Xu, Man, Zhicheng Jing, James A. Van Orman, Tony Yu, and Yanbin Wang. "Density of NaAlSi2O6 Melt at High Pressure and Temperature Measured by In-Situ X-ray Microtomography." Minerals 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020161.
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In this study, the volumetric compression of jadeite (NaAlSi2O6) melt at high pressures was determined by three-dimensional volume imaging using the synchrotron-based X-ray microtomography technique in a rotation-anvil device. Combined with the sample mass, measured using a high-precision analytical balance prior to the high-pressure experiment, the density of jadeite melt was obtained at high pressures and high temperatures up to 4.8 GPa and 1955 K. The density data were fitted to a third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state, resulting in a best-fit isothermal bulk modulus K T 0 of 10.8 − 5.3 + 1.9 GPa and its pressure derivative K T 0 ′ of 3.4 − 0.4 + 6.6 . Comparison with data for silicate melts of various compositions from the literature shows that alkali-rich, polymerized melts are generally more compressible than alkali-poor, depolymerized ones. The high compressibility of jadeite melt at high pressures implies that polymerized sodium aluminosilicate melts, if generated by low-degree partial melting of mantle peridotite at ~250–400 km depth in the deep upper mantle, are likely denser than surrounding mantle materials, and thus gravitationally stable.
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Kreuzer, Lucas P., Fan Yang, Sandro Szabo, Zach Evenson, Andreas Meyer, and Winfried Petry. "Relationship of the atomic dynamics and excess volume of a copper rich Cu76Ti24 alloy melt." High Temperatures-High Pressures 52, no. 2 (2023): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32908/hthp.v52.1353.
Full textAbstract:
We investigate the atomic dynamics of a Cu-rich Cu76Ti24 alloy between 1223 K and 1453 K using the quasi-elastic neutron scattering technique. The obtained mean Cu/Ti self-diffusion coefficient D exhibits an Arrhenius-like temperature dependence with an activation energy of 0.46�0.02 eV per atom. Compared with those of the pure elements at a given temperature, D is slower than that for pure Cu, but similar to pure Ti. This slowing down of the liquid dynamics upon alloying has been observed for most binary alloy systems. However, in this study, the packing fraction of the Cu-Ti alloy is lower than that of the pure elements, which can be explained by the positive excess volume of the Cu-Ti system. Therefore, the compositional dependence of the atomic dynamics cannot be linked to a macroscopic packing argument. Only, the atomic dynamics is not correlated with an increase of the average packing fraction of the melt.
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Zhang, Zhonghua, Xiufang Bian, Yan Wang, and Kuibo Yin. "Microstructure selection map for rapidly solidified Al-rich Al–Sr alloys." International Journal of Materials Research 94, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2003-0161.
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Abstract The effect of rapid solidification on the microstructure of Al-5Sr, Al-10Sr and Al-23Sr (wt.%) alloys has been investigated using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The phases present in the melt-spun Al –Sr alloys are the equilibrium phases a-Al and tetragonal Al4Sr. The microstructure of the melt-spun Al –Sr alloys is quite different from that of the ingot-like alloys. Microstructure selection map is established for the rapidly solidified Al-rich Al –Sr alloys, in light of the microstructure together with the estimated cooling rates. The undercooling obtained through quenching at ≈ 9.5 × 105 K s–1 is sufficient for the Al-10Sr alloy but insufficient for the Al-23Sr alloy to completely suppress the formation of primary Al4Sr. Rapid solidification has a significant effect on the morphology of primary Al4Sr and the higher level of undercooling enhances the formation of the Al4Sr dendrites with 45° branches in the melt-spun Al-23Sr alloy.
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Cherneva, Zlatka, Milena Georgieva, Elena Stancheva, and Ianko Gerdjikov. "High-pressure garnet-bearing migmatites from the Chepelare area, Central Rhodope." Geologica Balcanica 37, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2008): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.37.1-2.47.
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The association of Ca-rich garnet and Na-rich plagioclase in migmatites is a proper indicator for high-pressure melting. Garnet-bearing leucosome and aplitoid gneiss from the Mechi Chal peak in the Chepelare area of the Central Rhodope comprise a mineral assemblage produced by high-pressure melting: Ca-rich garnet (grossular 22–33 %), Na-rich antiperthitic plagioclase (An15–20), perthitic K-feldspar, quartz, and minor back reaction biotite replacing garnet rims. The approximate conditions of melt crystallization are in the range 1.6–1.9 GPa/800–850°C that is well above the P–T estimates available for the Central Rhodope migmatites. The study focuses attention on the key role of the high-pressure melting in the Alpine metamorphic evolution of the Central Rhodope.
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Kolbe, Matthias, J. R. Gao, and S. Reutzel. "Solidification of Co-Cu Alloys in the Metastable Miscibility Gap under Low Gravity Conditions." Materials Science Forum 508 (March 2006): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.508.455.
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Liquid Cu-Co shows a metastable miscibility gap where the homogeneous melt separates into the Co-rich L1-liquid and the Cu-rich L2-liquid. The required undercooling of the melt of > 120 K can be achieved by containerless methods as electromagnetic levitation, laser melting or drop tube processing. Due to the large undercooling, rapid solidification of the melt is favoured and preserves microstructure features of the metastable (liquid) phases. In Co-84.0 at% Cu alloy the L1- phase nucleates in the Cu-rich majority phase L2 as a dispersion of spherical droplets. Convective flow in the liquid influences largely the time evolution and the nature of the droplet dispersion and makes a theoretical description of the droplet growth extremely difficult. In the present work droplet dispersions are compared which formed under processing methods with different levels of convection: (i) (Terrestrial) electromagnetic levitation (EML), (ii) processing in the TEMPUS facility under parabolic flight conditions and (iii) processing in an 8 m drop tube. The distributions of droplet radii of the L1-phase has been measured in the solidified samples. EML processing leads to significant convection in the melt which causes coagulation of droplets. Reduced gravity conditions in the TEMPUS facility during parabolic flight or in a drop tube can decrease convection, but effects of the convective flow on the dispersion of droplets are still present. The need for experiments under micro-gravity conditions is evident from the results.
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Álvarez-Valero, Antonio M., John F. Pernet-Fisher, and Leo M. Kriegsman. "Petrologic History of Lunar Phosphates Accounts for the Water Content of the Moon’s Mare Basalts." Geosciences 9, no. 10 (September 28, 2019): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100421.
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We present reaction balancing and thermodynamic modeling based on microtextural observations and mineral chemistry, to constrain the history of phosphate crystallization within two lunar mare basalts, 10003 and 14053. Phosphates are typically found within intercumulus melt pockets (mesostasis), representing the final stages of basaltic crystallization. In addition to phosphates, these pockets typically consist of Fe-rich clinopyroxene, fayalite, plagioclase, ilmenite, SiO2, and a residual K-rich glass. Some pockets also display evidence for unmixing into two immiscible melts: A Si-K-rich and an Fe-rich liquid. In these cases, the crystallization sequence is not always clear. Despite petrologic complications associated with mesostasis pockets (e.g., unmixing), the phosphates (apatite and merrillite) within these areas have been recently used for constraining the water content in the lunar mantle. We compute mineral reaction balancing for mesostasis pockets from Apollo high-Ti basalt 10003 and high-Al basalt 14053 to suggest that their parental magmas have an H2O content of 25 ± 10 ppm, consistent with reported estimates based on directly measured H2O abundances from these samples. Our results permit to constrain in which immiscible liquid a phosphate of interest crystallizes, and allows us to estimate the extent to which volatiles may have partitioned into other phases such as K-rich glass or surrounding clinopyroxene and plagioclase using a non-destructive method.
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Blancher, S. B., P. D'Arco, M. Fonteilles, and M. L. Pascal. "Evolution of nepheline from mafic to highly differentiated members of the alkaline series: the Messum complex, Namibia." Mineralogical Magazine 74, no. 3 (June 2010): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2010.074.3.415.
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AbstractThe change in chemical composition trend of magmatic nepheline through magma evolution has been characterized from the alkaline series of the Messum complex in which nepheline occurs in a succession of different mineral parageneses from mafic-rich (theralites) to strongly evolved felsic-rich rock types (nepheline syenites). The nepheline compositions are dependent on those of coexisting feldspar(s). They record an evolution parallel to that of the melt schematized according to experimental phase diagrams, from initially Ca-rich compositions in equilibrium with calcic plagioclase towards increasingly Ca-poor, Na-rich and Si-rich compositions. The K contents show a maximum that corresponds to the appearance of alkali feldspar in the parageneses. This evolution is qualitatively preserved in spite of the low-T Na/K re-equilibration typical of plutonic nephelines. Although a slight increase in the silica content of nepheline is consistent with the experimentally defined magmatic trend, several high-silica nephelines from the Messum rocks as well as from other reported occurrences, cannot be reconciled with the experimental data. The nepheline solid-solution model available suggests that such ‘abnormal’ compositions might be related to different crystallization mechanisms between natural nephelines and some synthetic analogues.
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Bhattacharya, Abhijit. "Deformation-driven emplacement-differentiation in the Closepet pluton, Dharwar Craton, South India: an alternate view." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 489, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp489-2019-315.
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AbstractIn the Late Archean north-trending Closepet pluton, trains of euhedral K-feldspar phenocrysts and matrix-supported idiomorphic K-feldspar crystals in the central part of the pluton define oblique-to-pluton margin steep-dipping east/ENE-trending magmatic fabrics. The magmatic fabric is defined by phenocryst-rich and phenocryst-poor layers, with the euhedral porphyries continuous across the layers. The fabrics are near-orthogonal to the gently-dipping gneissic layers in the host gneisses. The fabrics curve adjacent to locally-developed north/NNE-trending melt-hosted dislocations parallel to the axial planes of horizontal/gently-plunging north-trending upright folds in the host gneisses. In the pluton interior, both fabrics in the intrusives formed at supra-solidus conditions, although the volume fraction of melts diminished drastically due to cooling/melt expulsion. At the pluton margin, the north-trending fabric is penetrative and post-dates magma solidification. Within the pluton, the major element oxides, rare earth elements, anorthite contents in plagioclase, and (Mg/Fe + Mg) ratios in biotite decrease with increasing SiO2 from phenocryst-rich (up to 75% by volume) granodiorite to phenocryst-poor (<15 vol%) granite that broadly correspond to minimum melt composition. The chemical-mineralogical variations in the pluton is attributed to deformation-driven ascent of magma with heterogeneous crystal content, ascending at variable velocities (highest in crystal-poor magma) along oblique-to-pluton margin east/ENE-trending extensional fractures induced by dextral shearing.
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Wiafe-Akenteng, Dennis, Vladimir Menushenkov, Igor Shchetinin, and Alexander Savchenko. "Effect of aging on the magnetic properties of rapidly quenched Nd-rich Nd-Fe alloys." EPJ Web of Conferences 185 (2018): 04020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818504020.
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The FexNd100-x (x = 14, 28) alloys were successfully prepared by melt-spinning. Hysteretic and thermomagnetic properties of the as-melt-spun alloys and short-aged ribbons were investigated. Both ribbons exhibit a soft magnetic behavior at room temperature but at 5 K, the coercive force (Hci) proliferated to 8.6 kOe and 11.7 kOe, respectively. Thermomagnetic measurements, Zero Field Cooling (ZFC) and Field Cooling (FC), demonstrated that the rise in magnetization of the ribbons at temperatures lower 34 K is associated with ferromagnetism of fcc Nd-Fe solid solution clusters. Positive effect of aging on the coercivity of the Fe14Nd86 and Fe28Nd72 ribbons was observed. At 300 K, Hci of the ribbons upsurge to 2 - 2.8 kOe after aging at 400 - 450°C for 15 minutes but sharply diminished after aging at temperatures higher than 500°C. It was suggested that the increase in RT coercivity during aging was as a result of the decomposition of the amorphous phase and formation of the hard magnetic Fe-rich clusters. For both ribbons aged at 500°C, the magnetic transition at 340 K was observed to be in relation to the TC of the Nd2Fe17 compound. The appearance of this soft magnetic phase in the microstructure of the aged ribbons was linked with the drastic diminution of the coercivity at that temperature.
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Cima, M. J., X. P. Jiang, H. M. Chow, J. S. Haggerty, M. C. Flemings, H. D. Brody, R. A. Laudise, and D. W. Johnson. "Influence of growth parameters on the microstructure of directionally solidified Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy." Journal of Materials Research 5, no. 9 (September 1990): 1834–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1990.1834.
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Laser-heated float zone growth was used to study the directional solidification behavior of Bi–Sr–Ca–Cu–O superconductors. The phases that solidify from the melt, their morphology, and their composition are altered by growth rate. Highly textured microstructures are achieved by directional solidification at all growth rates. The superconducting phase is found always to have the composition Bi2.5Sr2CaCu2.2Oy when grown from boules with composition 2:2:1:2 (BiO1.5:SrO:CaO:CuO). Planar growth fronts of Bi2.5Sr2CaCu2.2Oy are observed when the temperature gradient divided by the growth rate (G/R) is larger than 3 ⊠ 1011 K-s/m2 in 2.75 atm oxygen. Thus, the 2212 compound was observed to solidify directly from the melt at the slowest growth rates used in this study. Measurement of the steady-state liquid zone composition indicates that it becomes bismuth-rich as the growth rate decreases. Dendrites of the primary solidification phase, (Sr1−xCax)14Cu24Oy, form in a matrix of Bi2.5Sr2CaCu2.2Oy when G/R is somewhat less than 3 ⊠ 1011 K-s/m2. Observed microstructures are consistent with a peritectic relationship among Bi2.5Sr2CaCu2.2Oy, (Sr1−xCax)14Cu24Oy (x = 0.4), and a liquid rich in bismuth at elevated oxygen pressure. At lower values of G/R, Sr3Ca2Cu5Oy is the primary solidification phase and negligible Bi2.5Sr2CaCu2.2Oy forms in the matrix.
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Foley, Stephen, and Maik Pertermann. "Dynamic Metasomatism Experiments Investigating the Interaction between Migrating Potassic Melt and Garnet Peridotite." Geosciences 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11100432.
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Dynamic metasomatism experiments were performed by reacting a lamproite melt with garnet peridotite by drawing melt through the peridotite into a vitreous carbon melt trap, ensuring the flow of melt through the peridotite and facilitating analysis of the melt. Pressure (2–3 GPa) and temperature (1050–1125 °C) conditions were chosen where the lamproite was molten but the peridotite was not. Phlogopite was formed and garnet and orthopyroxene reacted out, resulting in phlogopite wehrlite (2 GPa) and phlogopite harzburgite (3 GPa). Phlogopites in the peridotite have higher Mg/(Mg + Fe) and Cr2O3 and lower TiO2 than in the lamproite due to buffering by peridotite minerals, with Cr2O3 from the elimination of garnet. Compositional trends in phlogopites in the peridotite are similar to those in natural garnet peridotite xenoliths in kimberlites. Changes in melt composition resulting from the reaction show decreased TiO2 and increased Cr2O3 and Mg/(Mg + Fe). The loss of phlogopite components during migration through the peridotite results in low K2O/Na2O and K/Al in melts, indicating that chemical characteristics of lamproites are lost through reaction with peridotite so that emerging melts would be less extreme in composition. This indicates that lamproites are unlikely to be derived from a source rich in peridotite, and more likely originate in a source dominated by phlogopite-rich hydrous pyroxenites. Phlogopites from an experiment in which lamproite and peridotite were intimately mixed before the experiment did not produce the same phlogopite compositions, showing that care must be taken in the design of reaction experiments.
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Geng, Huiyuan, Jialun Zhang, Tianhong He, Lixia Zhang, and Jicai Feng. "Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Melt Spun Skutterudite-based Thermoelectric Materials." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 22, 2020): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040984.
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The rapid solidification of melt spinning has been widely used in the fabrication of high-performance skutterudite thermoelectric materials. However, the microstructure formation mechanism of the spun ribbon and its effects on the mechanical properties are still unclear. Here, we report the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of La–Fe–Co–Sb skutterudite alloys fabricated by both long-term annealing and melt-spinning, followed by sintering approaches. It was found that the skutterudite phase nucleated directly from the under-cooled melt and grew into submicron dendrites during the melt-spinning process. Upon heating, the spun ribbons started to form nanoscale La-rich and La-poor skutterudite phases through spinodal decomposition at temperatures as low as 473 K. The coexistence of the micron-scale grain size, the submicron-scale dendrite segregation and the nanoscale spinodal decomposition leads to high thermoelectric performance and mechanical strength. The maximum three-point bending strength of the melt spinning sample was about 195 MPa, which was 70% higher than that of the annealed sample.
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Mikhailenko, Denis, Alexander Golovin, Andrey Korsakov, Sonja Aulbach, Axel Gerdes, and Alexey Ragozin. "Metasomatic Evolution of Coesite-Bearing Diamondiferous Eclogite from the Udachnaya Kimberlite." Minerals 10, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040383.
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A coesite-bearing diamondiferous eclogite from the Udachnaya kimberlite (Daldyn field, Siberian craton) has been studied to trace its complex evolution recorded in rock-forming and minor mineral constituents. The eclogite sample is composed of rock-forming omphacite (60 vol%), garnet (35 vol%) and quartz/coesite (5 vol%) and contains intergranular euhedral zoned olivine crystals, up to 200 µm long, coexisting with phlogopite, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene (secondary), K-feldspar, plagioclase, spinel, sodalite and djerfisherite. Garnet grains are zoned, with a relatively homogeneous core and a more magnesian overgrowth rim. The rim zones further differ from the core in having higher Zr/Y (6 times that in the cores), ascribed to interaction with, or precipitation from, a kimberlite-related melt. Judging by pressure-temperature estimates (~1200 °C; 6.2 GPa), the xenolith originated at depths of ~180–200 km at the base of the continental lithosphere. The spatial coexistence of olivine, orthopyroxene and coesite/quartz with K-Na-Cl minerals in the xenolith indicates that eclogite reacted with a deep-seated kimberlite melt. However, Fe-rich olivine, orthopyroxene and low-pressure minerals (sodalite and djerfisherite) likely result from metasomatic reaction at shallower depths during transport of the eclogite by the erupting kimberlite melt. Our results demonstrate that a mixed eclogitic-peridotitic paragenesis, reported previously from inclusions in diamond, can form by interaction of eclogite and a kimberlite-related melt.
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GROSSE, PABLO, ALEJANDRO J. TOSELLI, and JUANA N. ROSSI. "Petrology and geochemistry of the orbicular granitoid of Sierra de Velasco (NW Argentina) and implications for the origin of orbicular rocks." Geological Magazine 147, no. 3 (December 15, 2009): 451–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756809990707.
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AbstractThe Velasco orbicular granitoid is a small (65 × 15 m), irregularly-shaped body that crops out within the Huaco granite, central Sierra de Velasco, NW Argentina. It consists of ellipsoid-shaped orbicules of 3 to 15 cm length immersed in an aplitic to pegmatitic matrix. The orbicules are formed by a core made up of a K-feldspar megacryst, partially to totally replaced by plagioclase, an inner shell of radial and equant plagioclase crystals, a layer of tangentially oriented biotite laths, and an outer shell of plumose plagioclase crystals, containing diffuse rings of tangentially oriented biotite. The orbicular granitoid formed in situ in a pocket of evolved and volatile-rich melt segregated from the surrounding partially crystallized Huaco granite, possibly via a filter pressing mechanism. The segregated melt entrained relatively few K-feldspar megacrysts into the pocket, leaving behind a concentration of megacrysts around the pocket. High water concentration caused effective superheating of the melt and destruction of nuclei, with only the large megacrysts surviving as solids. Sudden water-pressure loss and exsolution of the volatile phase, perhaps related to a volcanic eruption or fracturing of the surrounding granite, caused rapid undercooling of the melt. The orbicules grew in the undercooled melt by heterogeneous nucleation on the megacrysts, which acted as nucleation seeds, and crystallization of reversely zoned radial plagioclase and sporadic crystallization of tangential biotite rings according to fluctuations in its saturation. Orbicular growth gave way to crystallization of the equiaxial inter-orbicular matrix in two stages, when sufficient polymerization of the melt was attained. The time scale of formation of the orbicular granitoid was fast, possibly a matter of a few weeks or months.
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Rosatelli, G., F. Wall, and M. J. Le Bas. "Potassic glass and calcite carbonatite in lapilli from extrusive carbonatites at Rangwa Caldera Complex, Kenya." Mineralogical Magazine 67, no. 5 (October 2003): 931–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461036750152.
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AbstractThe ∽16 Ma Rangwa Caldera Complex, part of the large Kisingiri nephelinite-carbonatite volcano, Homa Bay District, western Kenya (0º34’S; 34º09’E) contains carbonatitic lapilli and ash tuffs, agglomerate and tuffisite, and a number of intrusive calcite carbonatites. A detailed petrographic and electron microprobe study has been performed on 20 fresh samples from the collection at The Natural History Museum, London.Most of the juvenile lapilli and ash particles are either predominantly composed of devitrified silicate glass (now biotite/phlogopite but probably also originally potassic silicate) or calcite carbonatite, which suggests that two molten liquids were erupted simultaneously. Some 10 mm-diameter lapilli contain quench-textured calcite crystals set in devitrified glass. They are interpreted as having crystallized from a molten silicate-carbonate melt at, or very near, the surface.The extrusive carbonate is mostly composed of calcite, consistent with intrusive calcite compositions at Rangwa. Other key minerals are magnetite, two types of mica (magnesian-biotite phenocrysts and phlogopite xenocrysts) and fluorapatite.The pyroclastic rocks contain many calcite carbonatite clasts, and fragments of calcite, aegirine and diopside, fluorapatite, magnetite, plus some phlogopite, titanite, K-feldspar, fenite and glimmerite; ijolite lithics are rare. Thus, there is no evidence for a cognate nephelinitic (ijolitic) or melilitic magma nor evidence for a direct relationship with the nephelinites of the Kisingiri volcano.Two hypotheses are discussed. A rising silicate and K-rich carbonatite liquid may have evolved towards a carbonate-rich K-silicate liquid after crystallization of calcite, phlogopite, apatite and magnetite. Preservation of the the potassic component may be rare, with a more usual scenario being that potassic component separates as fenitizing fluids. The alternative is that the silicate component is remobilized fenite, formed from country rock that was mobilized by supercritical K-rich, fenitizing fluids associated with the carbonatite. Both scenarios require generation of a K-rich carbonatite magma, probably from a carbonated phlogopite-rich metasomatized mantle.
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Kozlov, Evgeniy, Ekaterina Fomina, Mikhail Sidorov, Vladimir Shilovskikh, Vladimir Bocharov, Alexey Chernyavsky, and Miłosz Huber. "The Petyayan-Vara Carbonatite-Hosted Rare Earth Deposit (Vuoriyarvi, NW Russia): Mineralogy and Geochemistry." Minerals 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10010073.
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The Vuoriyarvi Devonian carbonatite–ijolite–pyroxenite–olivinite complex comprises several carbonatite fields: Neske Vara, Tukhta-Vara, and Petyayan-Vara. The most common carbonatites in the Tukhta-Vara and Neske-Vara fields are calciocarbonatites, which host several P, Fe, Nb, and Ta deposits. This paper focuses on the Petyayan-Vara field, in which the primary magmatic carbonatites are magnesian. The least altered magnesiocarbonatites are composed of dolomite with burbankite and are rich in REE (up to 2.0 wt. %), Sr (up to 1.2 wt. %), and Ba (up to 0.8 wt. %). These carbonatites underwent several stages of metasomatism. Each metasomatic event produced a new rock type with specific mineralization. The introduction of K, Si, Al, Fe, Ti, and Nb by a F-rich fluid (or fluid-saturated melt) resulted in the formation of high-Ti magnesiocarbonatites and silicocarbonatites, composed of dolomite, microcline, Ti-rich phlogopite, and Fe–Ti oxides. Alteration by a phosphate–fluoride fluid caused the crystallization of apatite in the carbonatites. A sulfate-rich Ba–Sr–rare-earth elements (REE) fluid (probably brine-melt) promoted the massive precipitation of ancylite and baryte and, to a lesser extent, strontianite, bastnäsite, and synchysite. Varieties of carbonatite that contain the highest concentrations of REE are ancylite-dominant. The influence of sulfate-rich Ba-Sr-REE fluid on the apatite-bearing rocks resulted in the dissolution and reprecipitation of apatite in situ. The newly formed apatite generation is rich in HREE, Sr, and S. During late-stage transformations, breccias of magnesiocarbonatites with quartz-bastnäsite matrixes were formed. Simultaneously, strontianite, quartz, calcite, monazite, HREE-rich thorite, and Fe-hydroxides were deposited. Breccias with quartz-bastnäsite matrix are poorer in REE (up to 4.5 wt. % total REE) than the ancylite-dominant rocks (up to 11 wt. % total REE).
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Tornos, Fernando, Francisco Velasco, and John M. Hanchar. "The Magmatic to Magmatic-Hydrothermal Evolution of the El Laco Deposit (Chile) and Its Implications for the Genesis of Magnetite-Apatite Deposits." Economic Geology 112, no. 7 (November 1, 2017): 1595–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2017.4523.
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Abstract The geology and geochemistry of the El Laco iron oxide deposit (Central Andes, Chile) support a genesis related to the ascent, degassing, and subvolcanic emplacement of an unusual oxidized silica-poor but water-and iron-rich melt that took place during the growth of the host Pliocene-Holocene andesitic volcano. The model proposed in this paper for the evolution of the deposit involves the formation of a shallow telescoped magmatichydrothermal system with complex melt-fluid unmixing in a vertical column of less than 1 km. The dominant mineralization occurs as large stratabound apatite-poor magnetite bodies interfingered with an andesite host and rooted in vertical dikes of magnetite with minor apatite. The stratabound mineralization is crosscut by abundant coeval diatreme-like structures indicative of vigorous degassing. The andesite underlying the mineralization is pervasively replaced by a high-temperature alkali-calcic alteration assemblage (K feldspar-diopside-magnetite-scapolite) that includes coarse-grained diopside-magnetite-anhydrite veins and large subvertical bodies of magmatic-hydrothermal breccias. The host andesite also shows a large strata-bound steam-heated acid alteration that is devoid of any magnetite but has produced the replacement of a significant proportion of the early magnetite by hematite. The El Laco system is rich in anhydrite but poor in sulfides, suggesting that there were persistent oxidizing conditions that inhibited the formation of a sulfide-bearing mineralization. Field evidence, oxygen isotope geothermometry, and thermodynamic constraints suggest that the magnetite mineralization formed close to the surface at temperatures above 800°C. The magnetite textures, similar to those of subaerial low-viscosity basalts, and the presence of melt inclusions in the host andesite recording the presence of immiscible Fe-Mg-Ca-(Si-Ti-P-S) and Si-K-Na-Al melts, suggest that the magnetite ore formed by direct crystallization from an iron-rich melt; its chemistry inhibited the formation of most other magmatic phases except minor apatite, anhydrite, and diopside. The crystallization of the iron-rich melt at shallow depths promoted the separation of large amounts of two immiscible aqueous fluids: a dominant low-density vapor phase and a small volume of hypersaline fluid. Diopside-magnetite-anhydrite veins are interpreted as the product of the crystallization of the residual melts, whereas the interaction of the brine with the host andesite formed the deep alkali-calcic hydrothermal assemblage. The condensation and mixing of the low-density magmatic vapor with meteoric water produced the steam-heated alteration. Isotope data from the host andesite (87Sr/86Sr: 0.7066–0.7074; εNd: −5.5 to −4.1; δ18Owhole rock: 7.2–9.6‰; δ18Omagnetite: 5.1–6.2‰) and an underlying andesite porphyry (87Sr/86Sr: 0.7075–0.7082; εNd: −5.9 to −4.6) reflect the interaction of a primitive mantle melt with Andean crustal rocks. The isotope geochemistry of the magnetite ore (87Sr/86Sr: 0.7083; εNd: −5.4 to −5.1; δ18O 3.5–5.5‰) and the alkali-calcic alteration and related diopside-magnetite-anhydrite veins (87Sr/86Sr: 0.7080–0.7083; εNd: −5.1 to −4.6; δ18Odiopside: 7.2–8.2%c; δ18Omagnetite 4.4–6.3‰) show that the mineralization has a more crustal signature than the host andesite and all the volcanic rocks of the Central Andes. Therefore, ore-forming fluids/melts were not equilibrated with the host volcanic rocks and are interpreted as related to a deep yet undiscovered batch of highly contaminated igneous rocks. Crustal contamination is interpreted as due to major interaction of a juvenile melt with the underlying Late Mesozoic-Tertiary Salta Group, located 1 to 6 km beneath the volcano and which has high 87Sr/86Sr values (0.7140–0.7141).
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Johannes, Wilhelm, and François Holtz. "Melting of plagioclase in granite and related systems: composition of coexisting phases and kinetic observations." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 83, no. 1-2 (1992): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300008087.
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ABSTRACTMelting experiments with plagioclases were performed in the systems Ab-An, Ab-An-H2O, Qz-Ab-An-H2O, and Qz-Or-Ab-An-H2O-CO2. The experimental products were analysed by electron microprobe, and the kinetics of the reactions were studied qualitatively.Melting of the plagioclase in the system Ab-An (P = 1 atm, T = 1420°C) is very fast in the first minutes but becomes slower with increasing run duration and is incomplete even after 1000 hours. The Ab/An fractionation between melt and residual plagioclase is similar to that described by Bowen (1913).Melting kinetics of plagioclase in the system Ab-An-H2O ( = 5 kbar, T = 1000°C) is controlled by the diffusion of water into the plagioclase structure. Melting is especially fast parallel to the a-axis. The experimental products show separation of melts and crystals.In the tonalite system Qz-Ab-An-H2O, equilibrium melting could be observed down to 830°C ( = 2 kbar) but not a lower temperatures. The kinetics of the reaction is enhanced by deficiency or excess of alumina in the aluminosilicate melt surrounding the plagioclase crystals. The fractionation of Ab and An between melt and plagioclase crystals is more pronounced in the presence of quartz than in the Ab-An-H2O system. The ratio An/An + Ab is approximately 0·35 in the melt and 0·85 in the coexisting plagioclase T = 880°C).In the haplogranodiorite system Qz-Or-Ab-An-H2O–CO2, melting reactions were performed at P = 0·5 kbar, T = 880°C, and of approximately 0·5. It is assumed that near equilibrium compositions of melt and coexisting residual plagioclase could be obtained in long duration runs (run time = 60 days). The distribution of Ab and An between melt and minerals is similar to that observed in the tonalite system. The partial melt coexisting with an An-rich plagioclase and Or-rich K-feldspar is relatively poor in An.
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Suzuki, Ryoji, Yuta Watanabe, Hisanori Yamane, Mamoru Kitaura, Kento Uchida, and Yuta Matsushima. "Crystal structure of silver carbonate iodide Ag10(CO3)3I4." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 77, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989021006022.
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The title silver carbonate iodide, Ag10(CO3)3I4, decasilver(I) tris(carbonate) tetraiodide, was recently reported as a precursor of the new superionic conductor Ag17(CO3)3I11. Ag10(CO3)3I4, was prepared by heating a stoichiometric powder mixture of AgI and Ag2CO3 at 430 K. A single-crystal suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis was obtained by slow cooling of a melt with an AgI-rich composition down from 453 K. Ag10(CO3)3I4 exhibits a layered crystal structure packed along [10\overline{1}], in which Ag atoms are intercalated between the layers of hexagonally close-packed I atoms, and CO3 groups. Up to now, Cs3Pb2(CO3)3I is the only other compound containing carbonate groups and iodide ions registered in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database.
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Dolníček, Zdeněk, Michal Kovář, and Jana Ulmanová. "Axinit a doprovodné minerály z lokality Jezuitský rybník východně od Golčova Jeníkova (moldanubikum, Česká republika)." Bulletin Mineralogie Petrologie 28, no. 2 (2020): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46861/bmp.28.437.
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A new occurrence of axinite at the locality Jezuitský rybník near Sirákovice (ENE from Golčův Jeníkov), situated in rocks of the Variegated (Drosendorf) Series (Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif), is a nice example of contaminated pegmatite in a Ca-skarn with intense superimposed hydrothermal overprint. Axinite [axinite-(Fe) to axinite-(Mg)] forms young hydrothermal infill of pocket/fissure in pegmatite cutting a brecciated Ca-skarn. The hydrothermal assemblage includes amphibole II (actinolite to ferro-actinolite), albite, K-feldspar II, chlorite, epidote (locally containing 0.20 - 0.30 apfu REE), muscovite and Al,F-enriched titanite (with up to 2 % SnO2) passing exceptionally to unnamed CaAlFSiO4. Quartz, plagioclase (andesine), K-feldspar I and amphibole I (mostly K-rich or even potassian ferro-pargasite to ferro-tschermakite) originated in magmatic stage associated with intrusion of externally derived pegmatite melt. Sporadic garnet (grossular-rich almandine) represents relics of mineral assemblage of the host skarn. Dominance of Nd among REE in the REE-rich epidote is explained in terms of chemical fractionation of REE, probably caused by the presence of strong REE-complexing ligands (F-, OH- and/or CO32-) in aqueous fluids enriched in MREE/HREE due to alteration of garnet. With regard to the presence of B, Cr and elevated XMg in some hydrothermal phases compared to the older Fe-Mg minerals, we suggest circulation of fluids affecting host rocks as well as additional rock types.
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Gilg, H. A., B. Weber, J. Kasbohm, and R. Frei. "Isotope geochemistry and origin of illite-smectite and kaolinite from the Seilitz and Kemmlitz kaolin deposits, Saxony, Germany." Clay Minerals 38, no. 1 (March 2003): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0009855033810081.
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AbstractResidual clays that developed on Permian and Carboniferous glass-rich silicic volcanic rocks (pitchstones, ignimbrites) at the Seilitz and Kemmlitz kaolin deposits, Saxony, Eastern Germany, contain locally abundant lath-shaped illite-rich illite-smectite mixed-layer minerals (I-S). Analyses by XRD and TEM-AES reveal a large illite percentage (>∼90%) and R3 ordering in I-S from Seilitz (>∼90%) and smaller illite percentage (∼70%) and R1 ordering in I-S from Kemmlitz. The clays never suffered a deep burial and there is no geological, petrographic or fluid inclusion evidence for aeolian input or hydrothermal origin of I-S at either deposit. The I-S formed exclusively at the expense of volcanic glass and not from K-feldspar. Residual quartz phenocrysts in the clays still preserve primary glassy silicate melt inclusions and lack secondary aqueous fluid inclusion trails. The dD and δ18O values of kaolinite and I-S are suggestive of low formation temperatures (<40ºC). Rb-Sr and K-Ar dating of I-S-bearing clay separates yield Lower Cretaceous ages at Seilitz and indicates the presence of excess or inherited 40Ar in illite-rich I-S. In contrast, Triassic to Jurassic Rb-Sr ages are obtained for I-S from the Kemmlitz kaolin deposit.
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Arefiev, Anton V., Anton Shatskiy, Altyna Bekhtenova, and Konstantin D. Litasov. "Quench Products of K-Cа-Mg Carbonate Melt at 3 and 6 GPa: Implications for Carbonatite Inclusions in Mantle Minerals." Minerals 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12091077.
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Alkali-rich carbonate melts are found as inclusions in magmatic minerals, mantle xenoliths, and diamonds from kimberlites and lamproites worldwide. However, the depth of their origin and bulk melt composition remains unclear. Here, we studied quench products of K-Cа-Mg carbonate melt at 3 and 6 GPa. The following carbonates were detected at 3 GPa: K2CO3, K2Cа(CO3)2 bütschliite (R32/m), o-K2Cа3(CO3)4 (P212121), K2Cа2(CO3)3 (R3), K2Mg(CO3)2 (R3m), Mg-bearing calcite, dolomite, and magnesite. At 6 GPa, the variety of quench carbonate phases includes K2CO3, K2Cа(CO3)2 bütschliite (R32/m), d-K2Cа3(CO3)4 (Pnаm), K2Mg(CO3)2 (R3m), aragonite, Mg-bearing calcite, dolomite, and magnesite. The data obtained indicate that alkali-bearing carbonate melts quench to the alkaline earth and double carbonates that are thermodynamically stable at quenching pressure and can be used as markers reflecting the pressure of their entrapment. Further, in this study, we established the fields of melt compositions corresponding to the distinct quench assemblages of carbonate minerals, which can be used for the reconstruction of the composition of carbonatitic melts entrapped by mantle minerals.
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Duong Thi, Lich, San Luyen Thi, and Yen Nguyen Hai. "THE STUDY IN DIFFUSION MECHANISM BY VORONOI POLYHEDRON IN SODIUM TETRA-SILICATE MELT." Journal of Science Natural Science 66, no. 3 (October 2021): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1059.2021-0046.
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Molecular dynamic simulation is carried out for Sodium tetra-silicate (NS4) melt at 1873 K and pressure of 0.1 MPa. The diffusion mechanism of Na atoms is investigated in terms of Voronoi polyhedron around network former and displacement of Na atoms between them. The simulation shows that Na atoms are not uniformly distributed through polyhedrons, but they mainly gather in nonbridging oxygen (NBO) and free oxygen (FO) polyhedrons. More than 75.22% of total Na atoms are place in NBO polyhedrons, although the number of NBO polyhedrons is only 22.27%. The two motion types give mainly contribution to Na diffusion: hopping of isolated Na atom or collective displacement. During 150 ps, the system comprises two separate regions: Na-poor regions formed by Si-O subnets and Na-rich regions formed by O2 clusters. The two regions have strongly different chemical composition, the density of Na atoms as well as motion type of Na atoms.
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Gulick, Sean P. S., Timothy J. Bralower, Jens Ormö, Brendon Hall, Kliti Grice, Bettina Schaefer, Shelby Lyons, et al. "The first day of the Cenozoic." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 39 (September 9, 2019): 19342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909479116.
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Highly expanded Cretaceous–Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary section from the Chicxulub peak ring, recovered by International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP)–International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) Expedition 364, provides an unprecedented window into the immediate aftermath of the impact. Site M0077 includes ∼130 m of impact melt rock and suevite deposited the first day of the Cenozoic covered by <1 m of micrite-rich carbonate deposited over subsequent weeks to years. We present an interpreted series of events based on analyses of these drill cores. Within minutes of the impact, centrally uplifted basement rock collapsed outward to form a peak ring capped in melt rock. Within tens of minutes, the peak ring was covered in ∼40 m of brecciated impact melt rock and coarse-grained suevite, including clasts possibly generated by melt–water interactions during ocean resurge. Within an hour, resurge crested the peak ring, depositing a 10-m-thick layer of suevite with increased particle roundness and sorting. Within hours, the full resurge deposit formed through settling and seiches, resulting in an 80-m-thick fining-upward, sorted suevite in the flooded crater. Within a day, the reflected rim-wave tsunami reached the crater, depositing a cross-bedded sand-to-fine gravel layer enriched in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons overlain by charcoal fragments. Generation of a deep crater open to the ocean allowed rapid flooding and sediment accumulation rates among the highest known in the geologic record. The high-resolution section provides insight into the impact environmental effects, including charcoal as evidence for impact-induced wildfires and a paucity of sulfur-rich evaporites from the target supporting rapid global cooling and darkness as extinction mechanisms.
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Bulanova, G. P., W. L. Griffin, and C. G. Ryan. "Nucleation environment of diamonds from Yakutian kimberlites." Mineralogical Magazine 62, no. 3 (June 1998): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646198547675.
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AbstractThe micro-inclusions located in the genetic centre of Yakutian diamond monocrystals have been studied using optical (anomalous birefringence, photoluminescence, cathodoluminescence) and microanalytical (electron-microprobe, proton-microprobe, scanning electron microscope) methods. Most diamonds nucleated heterogeneously on mineral seeds, that lowered the energy barrier to nucleation. Nucleation of peridotitic diamonds occurred on a matrix of graphite+iron+wüstite, in an environment dominated by forsteritic olivine and Fe-Ni sulfide. Nucleation of eclogitic diamonds occurred on a matrix of sulfide ± iron in an environment dominated by Fe-sulfide and omphacite (±-K-Na-Al-Si-melt). The mineral assemblages recorded in the central inclusions of Yakutian diamonds indicate that they grew in a reduced environment, with oxygen fugacity controlled by the iron-wüstite equilibrium. Nucleation of diamond occurred in the presence of a fluid, possibly a volatile-rich silicate melt, highly enriched in LIL (K, Ba, Rb, Sr) and HFSE (Nb, Ti, Zr) elements. This fluid also carried immiscible Fe-Ni-sulfide melts, and possibly a carbonatitic component; the introduction of this fluid into a reduced refractory environment may have been accompanied by a thermal pulse, and may have created the conditions necessary for the nucleation and growth of diamond.
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Handini, Esti, Toshiaki Hasenaka, Nicholas D. Barber, Tomoyuki Shibata, Yasushi Mori, and I. Wayan Warmada. "Geochemistry of shield stage basalts from Baluran volcano, East Java, Sunda arc." Journal of Applied Geology 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jag.73697.
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We report petrography and geochemistry of basaltic lava flows from the shield stage of Baluran, a Quaternary volcanic center in the rear of East Java, Sunda Arc, Indonesia. These basalts contain abundant plagioclase, clinopyroxene, olivine, and minor magnetite. Geochemically, they resemble other medium-K calc alkaline basalts from eastern Java’s volcanoes, but they are less enriched in light ion lithophile elements (LILE) and Pb. The predicted primary basalt of Baluran lavas can be sourced to a more primitive primary melt composition which may also generate medium-K calc-alkaline magmas in the region. The fractionation trajectory of these primary magmas shows the importance of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, olivine, and magnetite phase removal from the melt. Regardless of the diverse composition of the derivatives, the calculated primary basalts from the eastern Java are all in the field of nepheline-normative. This finding suggests variably small degree of melting of clinopyroxene-rich mantle source is at play in the generation of these magmas. Our result further suggests that the clinopyroxene source rock is possibly present as veins in peridotite mantle which have experienced metasomatism by addition of slab-derived fluids at differing proportion.
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Guzmics, Tibor, János Kodolányi, István Kovács, Csaba Szabó, Enikő Bali, and Theodoros Ntaflos. "Primary carbonatite melt inclusions in apatite and in K-feldspar of clinopyroxene-rich mantle xenoliths hosted in lamprophyre dikes (Hungary)." Mineralogy and Petrology 94, no. 3-4 (August 15, 2008): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00710-008-0014-5.
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Upton, B. G. J., A. A. Finch, and E. Słaby. "Megacrysts and salic xenoliths in Scottish alkali basalts: derivatives of deep crustal intrusions and small-melt fractions from the upper mantle." Mineralogical Magazine 73, no. 6 (December 2009): 943–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2009.073.6.943.
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AbstractCa-poor and typically Na-rich feldspar megacrysts are common associates of spinel lherzolitic and pyroxenitic xenoliths in Scottish alkalic basalts. Associated megacrysts and composite megacrysts and salic xenoliths include apatite, magnetite, zircon, biotite, Fe-rich pyroxene(s) and corundum. The salic xenoliths and related megacrysts are referred to collectively as the ‘anorthoclasite suite': the majority of the samples are inferred to derive from the disaggregation of coarse-grained, typically Na-rich, syenitic protoliths at depth. Rare occurrences of euhedral anorthoclase megacrysts, together with zircon dating, imply that the suite crystallized at, or very shortly before, their entrainment by the basaltic host magmas. Some evidence suggests that the anorthoclasite suite protoliths lie within ultramafic (pyroxenitic) domains in the deep crust. The latter are inferred to be pegmatites, crystallized from carbonated trachytic magmas with widely variable Ca, Na, K, Ba and trace-element contents, and to have ranged from metaluminous to peraluminous. Crystal zonation and resorption textures within the salic xenoliths imply that the crystallization of the parent magmas was complex. Confirmation of this comes from cathodoluminescence studies of the feldspars showing that early ('primary’) anorthoclases and potassian albites exhibit partial replacement by a more potassic feldspar. A third generation of potassic feldspar (enriched in an assortment of trace elements and deduced to have crystallized from a carbonated high-K melt) forms transecting zoned veins in which carbonate fills the axial zone.Whereas most of the anorthoclasite suite materials are inferred to have grown from metaluminous magmas, the occurrence of magmatic corundum in salic xenoliths indicates crystallization from magmas that were peraluminous. The corundum-bearing samples also contain Nb-rich oxide minerals and their associated feldspars have the highest rare-earth element(REE)contents. Accordingly, the peraluminous trachyte magmas are deduced to have been specifically enriched in high field-strength trace elements. It is proposed that formation of the anorthoclasite suite protoliths is a phenomenon closely related to that of salic glass ‘pockets', well known from spinel lherzolite xenoliths around the world. Not only are there compositional affinities, but both sets of phenomena appear to have closely pre-empted the ascent of alkali basalt (host) magmas. We propose that the two sets of phenomena are linked and that the anorthoclasite suite derived from coarse-grained sheets, generated by the aggregation of salic melt fractions rising from the shallow mantle and heralding the onset of basaltic magmatism.
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Dunkel, Kristina G., Luiz F. G. Morales, and Bjørn Jamtveit. "Pristine microstructures in pseudotachylytes formed in dry lower crust, Lofoten, Norway." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2193 (February 2021): 20190423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0423.
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Feldspar-rich pseudotachylytes from the island of Moskenesøya, Lofoten, formed in dry granulites under lower crustal conditions during the Caledonian orogeny. The central parts of the pseudotachylytes, where the cooling rates were slowest, are characterized by microlites and spherulites of plagioclase and K-feldspar. K-feldspar surrounding plagioclase is consistent with crystallization from a melt during cooling instead of devitrification as the origin of the spherulites. Very thin (a few micrometres wide) injection veins, which experienced very rapid quenching, contain amorphous or cryptocrystalline material. The preservation of this material and of the fine-grained microstructures shows that, under fluid-absent conditions, recrystallization and reactions are slow and the original microstructures of the pseudotachylytes can be preserved. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Understanding earthquakes using the geological record’.
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Brüning, R., and S. Patterson. "Thermal and structural properties of B2O3–H2O glasses." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 10 (October 2003): 2494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0347.
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B2–2xO3–2xH2x glasses were prepared by quenching the melt contained in sealed tubes. The glass-forming range extends from x = 0 to 0.50 (equal to the stoichiometry of metaboric acid, HBO2). The glasses were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray scattering. With increasing water content, the glass-transition temperature, Tg, decreases from 553 to 333 K. The specific heat of water-rich samples shows an unusual peak just above Tg. The origin of this peak, which is seen upon heating and cooling, has not been identified. Unlike the composition dependence of Tg, the x-ray structure factors depend for the most part linearly on the composition. In analogy with the crystalline layer compounds α-HBO2 and B(OH)3, the x-ray scattering data show evidence for layering in the medium-range order of water-rich glasses.
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Mullis, Andrew M., Lei Gang Cao, and Robert F. Cochrane. "Non-Equilibrium Processing of Ni-Si Alloys at High Undercooling and High Cooling Rates." Materials Science Forum 790-791 (May 2014): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.790-791.22.
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Melt encasement (fluxing) and drop-tube techniques have been used to solidify a Ni-25 at.% Si alloy under conditions of high undercooling and high cooling rates respectively. During undercooling experiments a eutectic structure was observed, comprising alternating lamellae of single phase γ (Ni31Si12) and Ni-rich lamellae containing of a fine (200-400 nm) dispersion of β1-Ni3Si and α-Ni. This is contrary to the equilibrium phase diagram from which direct solidification to β-Ni3Si would be expected for undercoolings in excess of 53 K. Conversely, during drop-tube experiments a fine (50 nm) lamellar structure comprising alternating lamellae of the metastable phase Ni25Si9 and β1-Ni3Si is observed. This is also thought to be the result of primary eutectic solidification. Both observations would be consistent with the formation of the high temperature form of the β-phase (β2/β3) being suppressed from the melt.