Journal articles on the topic 'Juveniles'
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1
Astuti, AM Endah Sri, Untung Sri Hardjanto, and Yasrina Ziliwu. "Rehabilitation of Juvenile Througout Diversion Institution As an Effort of Recidive Offenses on Juvenile Offenders." SHS Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 08002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185408002.
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The core of diversion in the settlement of the offense which is done by juveniles is to realize restoration of all damages caused of juvenile’s deviant behavior such as physical, psichic, and social damages and to prevent deviant behaviour in future. It was ironically, Indonesian Juvenile criminal Law prohibit to provide diversion to the juvenile who committes recidive offense. There is disadvantage to achieve the goal of deviant behaviour prevention. The purpose of this research is to know how does influence of rehabilitation on diversion process related with prevention of recidive offense, and what kinds of factors caused recidive offense on juvenile behaviour. There is empirical juridical method used in this research. This research found some results that the rehabiltation to the juveniles give some positive influences to the most of juveniles, but have no positive influences to certain juveniles, and made them committed recidive offenses. The dominant factors which give influences to the juveniles behavior are found in families and peers environment, and even in certain society where its social order has distorted by any certain group in society.
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Calvert, James D., and Terri Bauer. "Juveniles with Sexual Behavior Problems: A Treatment Program Evaluation." Open Psychology 1, no. 1 (June 15, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psych-2018-0001.
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AbstractJuveniles commit a significant portion of the sexual abuse perpetrated on other children. Treatment for juveniles with sexual behavior problems has moved from modified adult treatments to more developmentally appropriate approaches. Although cognitive-behavioral therapy is the most commonly used approach, research indicates that inclusion of significant others in the juvenile’s life is important when working with these youth. The inclusion of the juvenile’s family is seen as especially vital in treatment success. The current article reviews treatment outcomes, as measured by recidivism (re-offense) rates, for juvenile males completing a county juvenile sex offender treatment program. The program emphasizes family involvement and collaboration with juvenile probation officers, correctional officer, attorneys, and judges in the ongoing treatment as well as support of the juvenile and his/her family. Results indicate a sexual recidivism rate of 7.2% which is consistent with meta-analyses of research on sexual recidivism in treatment programs. The recidivism rate for non-sexual crimes was 33.7%, which is lower than typically reported in meta-analyses of treatment outcomes. The treatment program was equally effective for all juveniles, regardless of race.
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Palomar-Abesamis, Nadia, Marie Antonette Juinio-Meñez, and Matthew James Slater. "Effects of light and microhabitat on activity pattern and behaviour of wild and hatchery-reared juveniles ofStichopuscf.horrens." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, no. 7 (June 23, 2017): 1703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315417000972.
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Animals develop behavioural strategies throughout life to improve their survival in nature. Juvenile activity and behaviour of the commercial tropical sea cucumberStichopuscf.horrenswere examined considering factors that may influence survival at this critical developmental stage. Wild juveniles were observedin situto describe diel activity and movement. Wild and hatchery-reared juveniles were observed in the laboratory to evaluate the influence of different light-dark cycles and microhabitats on feeding and sheltering behaviour. All juveniles (4–54 g) displayed a distinct nocturnal activity pattern both in the field and laboratory. Nocturnal activity was strongly associated with feeding and locomotion. Wild and hatchery-reared juveniles were most active at night, displayed intermediate activity during twilight, and minimal to no activity during daytime. Movement rates of wild juvenilesin situwere significantly influenced by time and size to a lesser extent. Under constant light and constant dark for 48 h, juvenile feeding rhythm was endogenously controlled and strongly entrained to natural light-dark cycles. Sheltering was directly affected by light and linked to strong phototactic and thigmotactic reflexes. Juveniles preferred vegetation as shelter compared to coral, sand or open space, and showed equal preference for seagrass and macroalgae. Deviations in behaviour of hatchery-reared juveniles under laboratory conditions indicate some degree of acclimation to an artificial environment with minimal threats and a decreased sensitivity to light. The implications of nocturnal feeding, light-induced sheltering, shelter preferences and acclimation to artificial conditions are discussed in relation to juvenile survival in nature and potential restocking of the species.
4
Park, Ho Hyun. "A Study on Standard Presentation about Age of Juveniles: Focus on criminal policy measures." Forum of Public Safety and Culture 21 (March 30, 2023): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52902/kjsc.2023.21.101.
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Juveniles are not physically and mentally mature compared to adults. Therefore, the Juvenile Act was enacted to protect, educate and re-socialize these juveniles. In other words, the juvenile law is based on the parent patriot. Therefore, juveniles are being dealt with juvenile crimes or juvenile delinquency through juvenile protective disposition rather than criminal punishment. However, recent juvenile crimes are indistinguishable from adult crimes. In other words, it has as much cruelty and ferocity as adult crime. Whenever these juvenile violent crimes occur, there has been an argument for a reduction in juvenile age. But juveniles are faster at reflection than adults. And it is possible to re-socialize through education. Therefore, age reduction is not the only alternative. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the relationship between the reduction of juvenile age and juvenile crime. Therefore, this paper will investigate the juvenile age of each country. Then, we will examine whether there is a common part about the juvenile age of each country. If there is no common juvenile age in each country, criminal policy measures will be devised. To this end, it is necessary to ensure the effectiveness of juvenile protective disposition. In addition, an individual educational environment for juveniles living in juvenile Detention Center should be created. Admissions to juvenile detention centers are not simply to give penal effect to juveniles. If you return to society through juvenile detention center, you have to find a job that suits you. In other words, juvenile detention centers should provide education suitable for the talents and aptitudes of juveniles. In addition, the problem of overcrowding in juvenile detention centers must also be solved. The living room should be a place where confidentiality can be guaranteed for juveniles in sensitive times. Therefore, overcrowding of juvenile detention centers should be prevented in advance.
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Brown, Waln K., Timothy P. Miller, Richard L. Jenkins, and Warren A. Rhodes. "The Human Costs of “Giving the Kid Another Chance”." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 35, no. 4 (December 1991): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x9103500403.
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This study is based on a 10- to 25-year follow-up of 500 randomly selected cases of juveniles adjudicated delinquent in the juvenile court of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. Of 243 juveniles adjudicated delinquent in juvenile court on their first referral to juvenile justice, 20% went on to adult prison after the age of 18. Of 233 juveniles not taken to juvenile court on their first referral to juvenile justice, 43% were imprisoned in adult life after the age of 18. Early referral to the juvenile court of juveniles who commit delinquent acts appears to greatly reduce the likelihood that these individuals will go on to prison in adult life.
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Paredes-Mella, Javier, Luis Oroz, Alfonso Gutiérrez, Andrea Zúñiga, Camila Martínez, Adrián Villarroel, Daniel Varela, and Luis Henríquez-Antipa. "Experimental transplantation of Durvillaea incurvata in southern Chile: implication for its restocking." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 52, no. 1 (February 29, 2024): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol52-issue1-fulltext-3097.
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Durvillaea incurvata is a brown macroalgae of ecological, social, and economic importance subjected to a drastic increase in harvesting pressure over the last decade in Chile. In this study, we performed an experimental transplantation of juveniles of D. incurvata, assessing the potential use as a restocking technique. Different types of restocking devices and attaching substrates were constructed. Differences in the D. incurvata re-attachment probability among the substrates and devices were not observed, and a high percentage of juvenile mortality was observed. However, reattached juveniles increased their length, holdfast diameter, and weight. The experiment revealed that juveniles of D. incurvata have a good capacity for re-attachment and growth on artificial substrates after transplantation. This technique could be used for the species stock enhancement, although further studies are needed to optimize the process and increase the juvenile's re-attachment.
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Kuznetsova, Natalia A. "Feeding and food supply of juvenile fishes in the eastern Bering Sea in 2003-2012." Izvestiya TINRO 181, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2015-181-129-140.
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Feeding of fish juveniles in the eastern Bering Sea is investigated for the periods of 2003-2006 considered as relatively «warm» and 2007-2012 considered as relatively «cold». Small- and medium-sized zooplankton was the dominant prey in the 2003-2006, in particular copepods prevailed in the food of walleye pollock (41.5 %), pacific herring (48.3 %), and sand lance (71.7 %) juveniles, which in turn were the prey for pollock, herring and cod yearlings and other predators. On the contrary, large-sized zooplankton was more abundant in the 2007-2012, so arrowwarms ( Sagitta sp.), large-sized copepods (in particular Calanus marshallae ), euphausiids (mainly Thysanoessa raschii ), hyperiids, and pteropods were the prey for young fish: C. marshallae - for juveniles of pollock (40-45 % by weight) and capelin (32-34 %), Th. raschii - for yearlings of pollock (51 %) and herring (36-46 %), cold-water hyperiid T. libellula - for adult pollock (24 %), juvenile cod (9-18 %) and juvenile herring (9-11 %), whereas portion of fish in the diets was insignificant. In the warm period (2003-2006), juvenile pollock, herring, sand lance and capelin were zooplankton-eaters with the diets similarity 67 %, while yearlings of pollock and juveniles of cod, herring, sandfish, and atka mackerel were fish-eaters preying upon pollock juveniles. In the cold period (2007-2012), the diets of juvenile pollock, juvenile and adult capelin, and juvenile sand lance were also similar at 85-70 % but they preferred large-sized copepods and euphausiids ( C. marshallae and Th. raschii ), while yearlings of pollock, yearlings and adults of herring, and juveniles of sand fish and cod had the diets of 70 % similarity with Th. raschii prevalence. Feeding intensity was high for all species: the mean stomach fullness was 150-200 ‱ for pollock juveniles and yearlings, 200-250 ‱ for cod juveniles, 200-258 ‱ for sand lance juveniles, 302 ‱ for herring juveniles, and 178-250 ‱ for juvenile atka mackerel. The fullness had diurnal rhythm with three peaks: at noon - up to 179 ‱, in evening - up to 213 ‱, and at night - up to 204 ‱ (the data for walleye pollock juveniles in «cold» years only). Daily food ration of juvenile pollock is estimated as 6.7 % of its body weight in the «warm» years and 7.0 % in the «cold» years.
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Avilés, Jesus M. "Time budget and habitat use of the Common Crane wintering in dehesas of southwestern Spain." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 1233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-105.
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In many bird species juvenile inexperience drastically reduces their survival, and parents must provide for them. I tested whether time budget and habitat use in adult wintering Common Cranes (Grus grus) in dehesas (pastoral woodland) of western Spain were affected by the presence of juveniles. Juvenile cranes devote less time to vigilance and spend more time feeding than adults in dehesas. Likewise, juveniles are involved in fewer aggressive encounters than adult cranes. Contrary to expectation, adults accompanied by juveniles devoted the same amount of time to vigilance and feeding and had the same intake rate than adults without juveniles in attendance. However, adult cranes with offspring in attendance were involved in more aggressive encounters than adults without juveniles in attendance when both adult groups were involved in large flocks. In contrast, when adults accompanied by juveniles were in small flocks they were involved in fewer aggressive encounters than adults without juveniles. I also detected a differential use of dehesas by adult cranes that was linked to juvenile presence and explained by the vulnerability of juvenile cranes in intraspecific social relationships. Adults with juveniles in attendance preferred dehesas with livestock where flock sizes were smaller than those in dehesas without livestock, and therefore where they might reduce the number of aggressive encounters with other cranes.
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Anwar ul Haq, Muhammad, Muhammad Shahid, Muhammad Zeeshan Niaz, Kamra Mahmood, and Hira Manzoor Ahmad. "Influence of Antagonist Rhizobacteria on Attachment of Pasteuria penetrans and their Nematicidal Potential against Root Knot Nematode (M. incognita)." Jammu Kashmir Journal of Agriculture 2, no. 2 (March 28, 2023): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56810/jkjagri.002.02.0045.
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Root-knot nematodes have wide host range, causing damage to many annual and perennial crops. Therefore the present study was planned to check the effect of PGPRs on juvenile’s mortality and egg hatching inhibition of M. incognita and attachment of Pasteuria penetrans with second stage Juveniles under lab conditions. All PGPR increased the spores attachment with second stage juveniles, maximum spores attachment (194.23 %) was found in E. cloacae and minimum spores attachment (142.3 %) was found in E. areogenis after 24 hours. All the PGPRs caused larval mortality and inhibition in egg hatching with varying degrees. Maximum eggs inhibition (75.48 %) was found in P. flourescencs and minimum eggs inhibition (69.47 %) was found in E. areogenis after six days and maximum juvenile's mortality (88%) was found in P. flourescencs and minimum juvenile's mortality (78%) was found in E. areogenis after two days.
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Blackburn, Gwylim S., Deborah J. Wilson, and Charles J. Krebs. "Dispersal of juvenile collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) in a high-density population." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 2255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-191.
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We tested whether dispersal of juvenile lemmings occurs at high population densities and whether predation risk affects movements of juveniles. The study was conducted in July and August 1996 on the Kent Peninsula, Northwest Territories, during a peak in the lemming cycle. We fitted 43 juvenile collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) of the summer generations on a control plot and a predator-exclosure plot with radio transmitters and examined their home ranges and movement patterns. We tested the following hypotheses: (i) extensive juvenile dispersal will occur at high population densities, (ii) male juveniles will move greater distances than females, and (iii) juveniles will move greater distances in the absence of predators. We rejected all these hypotheses. All juvenile collared lemmings remained in the vicinity of their original home ranges. Home-range sizes of all juveniles were similar, the mean size being 100 m2. Mean and maximum distances moved were similar among all juveniles. However, juveniles moved less frequently on the control plot than on the exclosure plot. Juvenile collared lemmings do not disperse at high densities. The lack of dispersal may have been the result of avoidance of confrontations with other lemmings, and may also have been related to delayed breeding, since most juveniles and subadults did not mature in late summer. Differential predation risk or predation mortality may have had no effect on the distances moved by juveniles or may have been masked by strong density effects on both plots.
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Rodríguez-Climent, Sílvia, Maria Manuel Angélico, Vítor Marques, Paulo Oliveira, Laura Wise, and Alexandra Silva. "Essential habitat for sardine juveniles in Iberian waters." Scientia Marina 81, no. 3 (September 21, 2017): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04554.07a.
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In a period when the Iberian sardine stock abundance is at its historical minimum, knowledge of the sardine juvenile’s distribution is crucial for the development of fishery management strategies. Generalized additive models were used to relate juvenile sardine presence with geographical variables and spawning grounds (egg abundance) and to model juvenile abundance with the concurrent environmental conditions. Three core areas of juvenile distribution were identified: the Northern Portuguese shelf (centred off Aveiro), the coastal region in the vicinity of the Tagus estuary, and the eastern Gulf of Cadiz. Spatial differences in the relationship between juvenile presence and egg abundances suggest that essential juvenile habitat might partially differ from the prevailing spawning grounds. Models also depicted significant relationships between juvenile abundance, temperature and geographical variables in combination with salinity in the west and with zooplankton in the south. Results indicate that the sardine juvenile distribution along the Iberian Peninsula waters are an outcome of a combination of dynamic processes occurring early in life, such as egg and larva retention, reduced mortality and favourable feeding grounds for both larvae and juveniles.
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Kaplan, Gisela. "Development of Meaningful Vocal Signals in a Juvenile Territorial Songbird (Gymnorhina tibicen) and the Dilemma of Vocal Taboos Concerning Neighbours and Strangers." Animals 8, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8120228.
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Young territorial songbirds have calls to learn, especially calls that may be vital for maintaining territory. Territoriality is largely reinforced and communicated by vocal signals. In their natal territory, juvenile magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) enjoy protection from predators for 8–9 months. It is not at all clear, however, when and how a young territorial songbird learns to distinguish the meaning of calls and songs expressed by parents, conspecifics, neighbours, and heterospecifics, or how territorial calls are incorporated into the juvenile’s own repertoire. This project investigated acquisition and expression of the vocal repertoire in juvenile magpies and assessed the responses of adults and juveniles to playbacks of neighbour and stranger calls inside their territory. The results reported here identify age of appearance of specific vocalisations and the limits of their expression in juveniles. One new and surprising result was that many types of adult vocalisation were not voiced by juveniles. Playbacks of calls of neighbours and strangers inside the natal territory further established that adults responded strongly but differentially to neighbours versus strangers. By contrast, juveniles needed months before paying any attention to and distinguishing between neighbour and stranger calls and eventually did so only in non-vocal ways (such as referral to adults). These results provide evidence that auditory perception not only includes recognition and memory of neighbour calls but also an assessment of the importance of such calls in the context of territoriality.
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Grbić, Bogdanka. "Juvenile imprisonment." Pravo - teorija i praksa 40, no. 4 (2023): 155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ptp2304155g.
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Juvenile delinquency is a negative social phenomenon and a socio-legal problem that has always existed in all societies of the world. In our country, the social response to juvenile crime has evolved over time. Initially, juveniles were treated as adults, and the primary purpose of punishment was repression. However, with the adoption of the Law on Juvenile Offenders and Criminal Protection of Juveniles in 2005, significant changes occurred. The new system of punishment primarily focuses on the protection, correction, and rehabilitation of juveniles. For this purpose, corrective orders are issued first. However, when the dimensions of juvenile crime surpass the possibilities offered by the application of corrective orders, criminal sanctions are imposed. Juvenile imprisonment is the only punishment recognized by our juvenile criminal legislation. It is applied as an "ultima ratio" for older juveniles, only when the legal requirements are met. The subject of the paper is precisely the analysis of the content of the sentence of juvenile imprisonment, the legal conditions for imposing it and the manner of its execution. The aim is to review the fundamental positive legal decisions in the Republic of Serbia related to the sentence of juvenile imprisonment and the criminal legal status of juveniles.
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Brzeski, Michal, and Ladislav Hanel. "Paratylenchinae: postembryonic developmental stages of Paratylenchus straeleni (De Coninck, 1931) and P. steineri Golden, 1961 (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae)." Nematology 1, no. 7 (1999): 673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854199508630.
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AbstractPostembryonic developmental stages of naturally occurring populations of Paratylenchus straeleni and P. steineri were studied. In the former species all juveniles had a well developed stylet and pharynx, while the body of the 4th stage juveniles contained numerous dark granules and this is considered the resting stage. In P. steineri the stylet and pharynx were well developed in the 2nd and 3rd stage juvenile, but the 3rd stage juvenile had numerous granules in the body suggesting it is the resting stage. Fourth stage juveniles had no stylets and the pharynx is much reduced. Because some moulting females have the stylet cone of the juveniles being shed together with the juvenile cuticle, it is concluded that the 4th stage is short-lasting. The length of the body, pharynx, tail and genital primordium as well as the index b increases in successive developmental stages. Indices a, c, c' were almost constant in all juvenile stages. The resting juvenile stage characterises species and it should be included in species descriptions for better characterisation of Paratylenchus species. Paratylenchinae: stades de developpement de Paratylenchus straeleni (De Coninck, 1931) et P. steineri Golden, 1961 (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae) - Ont ete etudies les stades de developpement post-embryonnaire de populations sauvages de Paratylenchus straeleni et de P. steineri. Chez la premiere espece tous les juveniles ont un stylet et un pharynx bien developpes alors que le corps des juveniles de 4eme stade contient de nombreux granules fonces; ce stade a donc ete considere comme le stade de quiescence. Chez P. steineri, le stylet et le pharynx sont bien developpes chez le second et troisieme stades juveniles, mais ce dernier montre de nombreux granules a l'interieur du corps, suggerant qu'il constitue le stade de quiescence. Les juveniles de 4eme stade sont depourvus de stylet et le pharynx est tres reduit. Du fait que chez les femelles en train de muer le cone du stylet des juveniles est rejete avec la cuticule des juveniles, il a ete conclu que le 4eme stade n'a qu'une courte duree de vie. Les longueurs du corps, du pharynx, de la queue et du primordium genital de meme que l'index b augmentent en passant d'un stade a l'autre. Les indices a, c et c' sont generalement constants chez tous les stades juveniles. Le stade quiescent des juveniles est caracteristique de l'espece et devrait etre inclus dans les descriptions d'especes pour une meilleure caracterisation specifique des Paratylenchus.
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Strauss, Eli D., Daizaburo Shizuka, and Kay E. Holekamp. "Juvenile rank acquisition is associated with fitness independent of adult rank." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1922 (March 4, 2020): 20192969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2969.
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Social rank is a significant determinant of fitness in a variety of species. The importance of social rank suggests that the process by which juveniles come to establish their position in the social hierarchy is a critical component of development. Here, we use the highly predictable process of rank acquisition in spotted hyenas to study the consequences of variation in rank acquisition in early life. In spotted hyenas, rank is ‘inherited’ through a learning process called ‘maternal rank inheritance.’ This pattern is very consistent: approximately 80% of juveniles acquire the exact rank expected under the rules of maternal rank inheritance. The predictable nature of rank acquisition in these societies allows the process of rank acquisition to be studied independently from the ultimate rank that each juvenile attains. In this study, we use Elo-deviance scores, a novel application of the Elo-rating method, to calculate each juvenile's deviation from the expected pattern of maternal rank inheritance during development. Despite variability in rank acquisition among juveniles, most of these juveniles come to attain the exact rank expected of them according to the rules of maternal rank inheritance. Nevertheless, we find that transient variation in rank acquisition in early life is associated with long-term fitness consequences for these individuals: juveniles ‘underperforming’ their expected ranks show reduced survival and lower lifetime reproductive success than better-performing peers, and this relationship is independent of both maternal rank and rank achieved in adulthood. We also find that multiple sources of early life adversity have cumulative, but not compounding, effects on fitness. Future work is needed to determine if variation in rank acquisition directly affects fitness, or if some other variable, such as maternal investment or juvenile condition, causes variation in both of these outcomes.
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Magee, Gregory. "Addressing the Loophole for Juvenile Status Offenses." Eximia 13 (April 12, 2024): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/eximia.v13i1.463.
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Juvenile status offenses were created to protect against unnecessary physical detention of juveniles. Petty actions by teenagers are expected. Researchers have found that physically detaining juveniles in detention centers for behaviors such as truancy, running away, etc., did more harm than good. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 was enacted to create guidelines and prevent unnecessary detainment of juveniles. An amendment to the act in 1980 allowed judges to detain juveniles regarding status offenses if specific criteria were met. What seemed to be a minor change sought to protect juveniles from their own unruly conduct, i.e., running away or violating a court order. Ultimately, discretion to detain a juvenile began to be used very often. The undermining of status offenses has gained attention from many officials. The North Dakota Governor, Doug Burgum, did not hesitate to sign House Bill 1035 when it was made available to his office. The bill addresses the loophole, though the benefit has yet to be measured.
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Lougheed, Cecilia, Lynn W. Lougheed, Fred Cooke, and Sean Boyd. "Local Survival of Adult and Juvenile Marbled Murrelets and Their Importance for Estimating Reproductive Success." Condor 104, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.2.309.
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Abstract Juvenile ratios estimated using numbers of hatch year (HY) and after-hatch-year (AHY) Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) counted concurrently during at-sea surveys have been used to estimate fecundity in this species. These “concurrent” juvenile ratios assume that HY birds remain in an area, and are likely biased because they do not account for potential differences in emigration rate of HY and AHY birds. We studied the emigration rates of adult and juvenile Marbled Murrelets marked with radio-transmitters. Juveniles had a high emigration rate compared to adults. The weekly local survival rate (ϕ) of newly radio-tagged HY birds was 27%. AHY local survival was 95% during incubation and early chick rearing, suggesting a resident population during the breeding season. We calculated juvenile ratios from 1996–1998 using (1) HY counts corrected for emigration and mean AHY counts around the breeding season peak, and (2) HY and AHY counts from concurrent at-sea surveys. The average “corrected” juvenile ratio (0.13 ± 0.05 SE) was higher than the “concurrent” juvenile ratio (0.04 ± 0.02 SE) but lower than estimates of fecundity from nest monitoring (0.18–0.22). Low juvenile ratios from at-sea surveys could result either from an unknown proportion of nonbreeding birds in the population, or, more likely, from differences in the at-sea distribution of AHY and HY birds. Fluctuation in the timing of the peak number of AHY birds across years might result in an uncorrectable bias in the counts. Because of biases and potential problems, caution is needed when interpreting juvenile ratios from at-sea surveys. Supervivencia Local de Brachyramphus marmoratus Adultos y Juveniles y su Importancia para Estimar Éxito Reproductivo Resumen. Utilizamos los cocientes entre individuos juveniles (nacidos en un año) y adultos (nacidos en años anteriores) de Brachyramphus marmoratus, censados simultáneamente durante conteos en el mar, para estimar la fecundidad de esta especie. Estos cocientes “simultáneos” de individuos asumen que los juveniles permanecen en una misma área, y podrían estar sesgados ya que no toman en cuenta diferencias en las tasas de migración de juveniles y adultos. Estudiamos las tasas de emigración de individuos juveniles y adultos de B. marmoratus marcados con radio-transmisores. Los juveniles tuvieron una tasa alta de emigración comparada con los adultos. La tasa de supervivencia local semanal (ϕ) para juveniles fue del 27%. La tasa de supervivencia local para adultos durante la incubación e inicio de la cría de polluelos fue del 95%, sugiriendo que se trata de una población residente durante la estación reproductiva. Calculamos el cociente entre juveniles y adultos para 1996–1998 utilizando (1) conteos de juveniles corregidos por emigración y promedio de adultos contados durante el pico de la estación reproductiva, y (2) juveniles y adultos contados simultáneamente durante los censos. El cociente “corregido” promedio entre juveniles a adultos (0.13 ± 0.05 EE) fue mayor que el cociente “simultáneo” (0.04 ± 0.02 EE) pero menor que las estimaciones de fecundidad obtenidas por medio del monitoreo de nidos (0.18–0.22). Los bajos cocientes obtenidos de conteos en el mar podrían explicarse por la presencia de una proporción desconocida de aves no-reproductivas en la población, o, más probablemente, por diferencias existentes en la distribución de juveniles y adultos en el mar. Fluctuaciones anuales en la sincronización del período pico de la estación reproductiva podrían introducir error a los conteos de adultos. Debido a estos sesgos y problemas potenciales, es importante interpretar con cautela los cocientes entre juveniles y adultos obtenidos de conteos en el mar.
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YI, ZOONIL. "An Idea for the Constitutional Juvenile Justice System." Korean Constitutional Law Association 28, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 191–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.35901/kjcl.2022.28.3.191.
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According to the Juvenile Act, which regulates the judicial system related to investigation, prosecution, or trial procedures targeting juvenile delinquency, ‘juvenile’ means a person under the age of 19, that is, a person of the age of 18 and lower. Since the Civil Act refers to a person of the age of 19 and higher as an ‘adult’ and a person under the age of 19 as a ‘minor’, a juvenile under the Juvenile Act and a minor under the Civil Act have the same meaning. Meanwhile, the Criminal Act stipulates that a person under the age of 14, that is, a person of the age of 13 and lower, is called a ‘criminal minor’ and should not be punished. The Juvenile Act categorizes ‘delinquent juveniles’ into criminal juveniles, juvenile delinquents, and juvenile at risk of committing a crime, and stipulates that only criminal juveniles can be subject to punishment or protective measures, while juvenile delinquents and juveniles at risk of committing a crime can only be subject to protective measures. There are 10 types of protective measures under the Juvenile Act, but it is argued that the upper limit of the age for juvenile delinquent between the ages of 10 and 13, to which only protective measures can be imposed, should be lowered to expand the scope of criminal juveniles subject to punishment. Similarly, it is argued that the related regulations should be repealed because protective measures are imposed only on the grounds of the risk of crime even though there is no fact of violating the Penal Code for juveniles between the ages of 10 and 18 who can be subject to protective measures. Legal issues related to juvenile delinquents should be discussed from the perspective of the principle of proportionality of responsibility and punishment, the duty to protect constitutional rights and the principle of prohibition of excessively deficient protection, and the principle of equality and proportionality. And legal issues related to juvenile at risk of committing a crime should be discussed in terms of the principle of clarity and equality.
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Grażyna Rdzanek-Piwowar. "Granice nieletniości w polskim prawie karnym." Archives of Criminology, no. XIX (August 8, 1993): 191–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak1993f.
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The entering into force on 13 May l983 of the Act on the treatment of juveniles of 26 October 1982 ended the period of over fifty years of validity of provisions of the penal code of 1932 (Chapter XI) and code of criminal procedure of 1928 (Chapter II of Book XI) which regulated the principles of responsibility of juvenile perpetrators of “acts prohibited under penalty”. Authors of the pre-war legislation, at the first stage of its preparation in particular, intended to make it specific and educational in nature through omission in the treatment of juveniles of the elements of responsibility and punishment. The finally adopted solution was a compromise: responsibility of juveniles have been related to age, discernment, and type of measures applied. With respect to undiscerning juvenile perpetrators of acts prohibited under penalty under the age of 13, and also to those aged 13–17, only educational measures could be applied (admonition; supervision by the parents, former guardians, or a probation officer; placement in an educational institution) Juveniles aged 13–17 who discerned the meaning of their act were to be placed in a correction al institution; educational measures were to be applied in their cases if the circumstances, the juvenile’s personality or his living conditions made such placement inexpedient. Thus the legislation concerning juveniles remained part of the system of penal law in spite of the special features it started to acquire. That was also the direction, after the war in particular, of interpretation of the legal provisions. As a result, the measures applied to juveniles were given an explicitly educational character. This was done through the relation of those imeasures to the perpetrator’s personality and not to the act, and through abolition of the institution of discernment. Since discernment. Since mid–1950s, the juvenile courts followed instructions which changed the legal status of a juvenile. The age limit of penal responsibility of juveniles was set initially at ten and then at 13 years; younger children were not to be brought before the courts unless the case concerned guardianship. Many changes in the post-war provisions were also introduced by means of statutes. They concerned organization and functioning of the system of treatment of juveniles (strengthening of the role of judge, introduction of the so-called family courts, increased number of probation officers). This way, a socially desirable continuation of the legal tradition was secured by means of reforms which were evolutionary and dictated by the current needs, and without liquidation of the existing structures, tested in the practice of many decades. The new statute adopted many of those changes more or less directly. Setting the upper age limit of juveniles, the post-war penal code of 1969 preserved the principle according to which criminal responsibility is conditioned upon the offender’s age of at least 17 (Art. 9). At the same time, though, Art. 9 made it possible to apply to offenders aged 17 the measures normally designed for juveniles, and to sentence juveniles aged 16 guilty of the most serious crimes to the ordinary but extraordinarily mitigated penalties. The final shape of the Act on the treatment of juveniles of 26 October 1982 was influenced both by the intent to preserve the developed and tested solutions, and by the discussion that preceded its introduction when optional conceptions of the treatment of juveniles were submitted. The following stages of the thirty-two years’ period of legislative works can be distinguished: – the years 1950–1956; long works on a new penal code were in progress and attempts were made at aggravating the responsibility of juveniles through the introduction of penalties (according to a draft of 1950, penalties were to be imposed on juveniles starting from the age of 12); – the years 1956–1960; in 1956, it was decided to work on a separate statute on juvenil and not within the preparation of a new penal code; a special team of the Codification Commission failed to agree upon a draft of the statute; – the years 1961–65; no legislative works were formally in progres but two different conceptions were discussed: of inclusion of prevention in the act (which would thus apply to the socially maladjusted juveniles as well) and of introduction of social courts; – the years 1966–1971; attempts were made at partly realizing those conceptions in a succession of draft statutes; – the years 1972–76; the works were conducted by the Ministry of Education which tried to include the problems of prevention of juvenile delinquency and treatment of juveniles in a broader statute called the young generation code; – the years 1977–82 when the works on a statute were again taken over by the Ministry of Justice and a succession of versions of the draft were prepared. The Act of 26 October 1982 on the treatment of juveniles changed the scope of the notion of “juvenile”. According to the statutory definition, juveniles are: 1) persons with respect to whom provisions of the act apply in the sphere of prevention and control of demoralization; the upper age limit in this category is 18 years, and the lower limit is not specified; 2) persons with respect to whom provisions of the statute apply in the sphere of proceedings in cases of punishable acts; such proceedings can be instituted towards persons who have been aged over 13 but under 17 while committing a punishable act; 3) persons with respect to whom provisions of the statute apply in connection with the carrying out of educational or corrective measures; the upper age limit of this category is 21 years. Tlerefore, the statute goes beyond the sphere traditionally reserved for penal law. The aim at making the statute educational in nature is manifested above all by the principle that the commission by a juvenile of a punishable act is not the only condition of the institution of proceedings in the case of that juvenile. The statute sanctions the need for intervention in the early stage of social maladjustment not only in cases where that maladjustment manifests itself in a punishable act. If a juvenile does commit an act of this kind, his offence is not examined in the categories of guilt and responsibility. This is manifested by the abolition of the criteria of discernment, by the term “punishable act” used to designate an offence committed by a juvenile, and by the absence of the term “responsibility of juveniles” in the name and provisions of the statute discussed. The statute bases on the assumption of education; its basic notion is demoralization. In its first meaning in which it has been used by the legislator, “demoralization'” is treated as a prerequisite of initiation of proceedings. Were the educational assumptions adopted to the full, commission of a punishable act could and should be treated as one of the symptoms of demoralization, not different in any way from the other symptoms. Assumed in the statute, however, is a special treatment of the juveniles with respecr to whom provisions of the statute apply in the sphere of prevention of demoralization, and in the sphere of control of demoralization. With respect to the latter, provisions of the statute on proceedings in cases of punishable acts apply, and with respect to the former – provisions on civil proceedings. The differentiation introduced by the statute (which is not consistent for that matter) results from a specific compromise: a combination of the ideas of prevention and education with the approach typical of penal law where the legal response is conditioned upon the gravity of the act. A conflict of the tendencies which clash nowadays all over the world – to preserve the model of treatment of juveniles within the institutions of penal law on the one hand, and to give the statute an educational character on the other hand – can be noticed in other provisions of the statute discussed as well. In the classical system, the age limits of juveniles were clear and had just as clearly defined functions – they marked out the age of the so-called conditional criminal responsibility, provided discernment could be ascertained. Today, the upper limit of the age of juveniles is usually also the limit of full criminal responsibility, although many legislations provide for an exceptional possibility of imposition of penalties upon the oldest juveniles who commit a crime or a serious offence. The problem of the lower limit is more entangled , the modern legislations adopting several age limits here which results usually from the need to determine different scopes of intervention of the legal provisions in the sphere of juvenile law. Therefore, what still remains an important issue is for the juvenile law to define an age limit below which provisions of penal law never apply, not even as auxiliaries.
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Li, Juan. "Study on Sports Games Based on Smart Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 484-485 (January 2014): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.484-485.22.
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Health has been an important topic on which the human being is very concerned. If the human civilization intends to pass on from generation to generation, the life must continue. As the juveniles and children are the successors of the future of mankind, therefore, their health has been paid more and more attention. As a survey showed, in recent years, China's juvenile physical health problems became more and more serious. With the decline of physical fitness, the psychological health is also severely affected. These problems would affect our future development. Education in form of sports games is an effective method for the juveniles, which can not only develop a fit body and a healthy mind of them, but also explore their intelligence and change their mentality. This article through the researches on sports games based on smart materials identifies the influence of sports games on the juvenile's physical and psychological health, intelligence and personality and so on, in hopes of playing an active role in guiding the juveniles health development.
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Abdusamadov, A. S., E. A. Akhmaev, A. A. Latunov, T. A. Abdusamadov, A. K. Butaeva, and S. A. Guseinova. "Estimation of natural reproduction efficiency of semi-anadromous and river fish species in inland water bodies of the Republic of Dagestan, Russia." South of Russia: ecology, development 15, no. 3 (October 19, 2020): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2020-3-31-42.
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Aim. Estimation of the natural reproduction efficiency and patterns of formation of fish stocks.Material and Methods. Collection of material was carried out in 2010-2019 in inland water bodies in Dagestan and its shallow Caspian Sea coastal zone. Estimation of the number of juveniles in rivers and canals was carried out using ichthyoplankton cone seines. Fry seines were used to count juveniles of fish in water bodies and in the coastal area. 470 samples of juveniles were collected and 5640 juveniles were analysed. The collection and processing of materials were carried out according to generally accepted methods.Results. The main environmental factors determining the productivity of fish juveniles in the study area in the long-term have been identified. During the observation period, juvenile fish of 15 species were recorded in spawning grounds of inland water bodies. Roach, bream, carp, crucian carp, rudd and vimba bream dominate. In terms of numbers, roach juveniles predominate: their relative proportion being 31.02% with an increase from 27.1% in 2010 to 35.4% in 2018.The second place was occupied by bream juveniles, whose average relative proportion was 12.1%. The third place was occupied by carp juveniles with an average proportion of 9%. Juvenile zander, catfish, pike and kutum are relatively low in abundance from 2 to 4%. The yield of juvenile fish in 2010-2019 decreased 1.7 times compared to 1990-1995.Conclusion. It was established that a decrease in the number of juvenile fishes occurs under the influence of unfavorable environmental factors: decrease in sea level; reduction in spawning areas; the shallowing and silting of migration routes due to the lack of a stable water supply. Measures are proposed to improve the living conditions of aquatic biological resources, aimed at increasing the efficiency of their natural reproduction.
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Jernakoff, P., J. Fitzpatrick, BF Phillips, and E. De Boer. "Density and growth in populations of juvenile western rock lobsters, Panulirus cygnus (George)." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 1 (1994): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940069.
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SCUBA divers surveyed populations of juvenile Panulirus cygnus on limestone reefs at Seven Mile Beach and Cliff Head, Western Australia, between 1987 and 1989. Estimates of the density and size structure of populations of early-juvenile P. cygnus had high precision, but their accuracy was lower because visual surveys underestimated the population size. Nevertheless, these estimates may be useful indices of puerulus settlement and the growth, habitat use and population densities of juvenile P. cygnus. Puerulus settlement on collectors correlated well with natural densities of early juveniles on reefs. Densities of juveniles were at least three times greater at Seven Mile Beach than at Cliff Head. However, juveniles grew faster at Cliff Head than at Seven Mile Beach. The density of juveniles in reef ledges was twice that in caves; the density in caves was 10 times that on the reef face.
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Koprowski, John L. "The role of kinship in field interactions among juvenile gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-031.
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Adult eastern gray squirrels influence recruitment into local populations by directing aggression at juveniles and nonresidents. However, the role of juveniles in the social dynamics of squirrel populations is poorly understood. Field interactions among juvenile squirrels were studied between littermates and nonlittermates. Amicable interactions occurred only between littermates, while aggression was directed almost exclusively at nonlittermates. Juveniles within their own natal areas dominated nonresident juveniles. Interactions among juveniles appear to be influenced by kinship and may be important in determining recruitment patterns in squirrel populations.
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Nunes, Scott, Eva-Maria Muecke, and Kay E. Holekamp. "Seasonal effects of food provisioning on body fat, insulin, and corticosterone in free-living juvenile Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-222.
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We evaluated the relationship between body fat and the metabolic hormones insulin and corticosterone in free-living juvenile Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi). Some free-living juveniles were provisioned with extra food high in fat and calories, and unprovisioned juveniles were used as controls. Body fat (as a percentage of body mass) of squirrels was regularly evaluated using non-invasive methods. Blood samples were also regularly collected from juveniles and assayed for plasma concentrations of insulin and corticosterone. Provisioned juveniles were fatter than unprovisioned juveniles during most of the active season, but differences in body fat disappeared near the end of summer as juveniles began fattening for hibernation. Thus, our data indicate that although body fat may fluctuate with energy availability early in the active season, it is regulated at precise levels as squirrels prepare for winter. Plasma corticosterone concentrations did not differ between provisioned and unprovisioned juveniles. However, plasma insulin concentrations were greater in provisioned than in unprovisioned juveniles early in the summer. Differences in insulin concentrations disappeared later in the active season, just prior to the disappearance of differences in body fat. Moreover, plasma insulin concentrations were significantly correlated with subsequent changes in body fat. Thus, our data suggest a link between insulin and seasonal regulation of body fat in juvenile S. beldingi.
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Singer, Simon I. "Sentencing Juveniles to Life in Prison." Crime & Delinquency 57, no. 6 (January 23, 2011): 969–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128710396426.
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In Roper v. Simmons, the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the sentencing of juveniles to death violated the constitutional amendment against cruel and unusual punishment. Similarly, the Court most recently decided that life without parole for nonhomicide offenses is also unconstitutional ( Graham v. Florida, 2010). Part of the reason for the Court’s decisions is the lack of consensus as to the appropriateness of punishing juveniles as if they were adults. To examine the extent to which there is consensus as to the capital penalties for capital crimes, this article examines a population of young juveniles who were initially charged with murder, and then subsequently convicted in criminal court and sentenced to life in prison. As is the case with adults, not all juveniles were convicted in criminal court for their initial charge of murder. But unlike for adults, a proportion of eligible juveniles were adjudicated delinquent in juvenile court or received youthful offender in criminal court, resulting in a less severe sentence than a maximum of life in prison. The author suggests that this reduced set of sanctions, which a segment of juveniles receive, is substantive justice and the reproduction of juvenile justice. He found significant differences in the reproduction of juvenile justice by place and prior offense.
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Koeller, P. A., L. Coates-Markle, and J. D. Neilson. "Feeding Ecology of Juvenile (Age-0) Silver Hake (Merluccius bilinearis) on the Scotian Shelf." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 1762–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-223.
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Feeding patterns of juvenile silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis) (length range 19–90 mm) captured by midwater trawl were compared between seasons (fall and winter), years (1980 and 1981), fish lengths, and depth and time of capture. Prey selection shifted gradually with increasing fish length, from copepods at the smaller size ranges, to amphipods, euphausiids and silver hake at the larger sizes. An abrupt shift in the feeding pattern occurred as larvae metamorphosed into juveniles, but there were no similar "critical" changes during the juvenile phase itself. Cannibalism of juveniles by juveniles was pronounced and could be an important factor influencing year-class strength. Silver hake juveniles did not prey on the larvae or juveniles of other fish species, nor did they compete with them for available food, mainly because the juveniles of other species were rare during the period of greatest silver hake abundance in the pelagic zone. Evidence from abundance surveys and the feeding study suggests that increased size-at-date at the early juvenile stage, possibly due to more favourable growth and feeding conditions, resulted in increased survival. Differences in feeding patterns among fish in different size categories, and captured at different depths and times generally substantiate diet migration patterns inferred from previous vertical distribution experiments.
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Alberts, Jennifer. "Interrogation of Juveniles." New Criminal Law Review 19, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2016.19.1.109.
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It is common for juveniles’ rights to be limited and placed in the hands of others, such as their parents. This is because of the immaturity and relative incompetence of minors, compared to adults. However, in the context of the justice system, parents, in particular, may not be the best defenders of juvenile rights. This article draws on social science research to argue that, due to conflicts of interest, lack of knowledge, and poor relationships with their delinquent children, parents of juvenile delinquents are poor protectors of their children’s rights in the context of police interviews and interrogations. Other protections should instead be provided, such as requiring age to weigh heavily in favor of the juvenile when determining whether an interview is a custodial interrogation, and requiring the presence of an attorney at interrogations of juveniles.
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Abu Bakar, Noor Insyiraah, Amir Hasan Dawi, Abdul Talib Mohamed Hashim, and Norwaliza Abd Wahab. "RESOCIALIZATION BARRIERS: AN ANALYSIS FROM MALAYSIAN CONTEXT." International Journal of Modern Trends in Social Sciences 3, no. 12 (June 10, 2020): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijmtss.312002.
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The process of resocialization is important to ensure that juveniles at the rehabilitation institution changed as expected by the community. But the process of resocialization will not completely successful if there are barriers. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify barriers that derange the successful resocialization process of juveniles. The data were obtained through an in-depth interview session with the respondent in the study and observation. Through purposive sampling, the twenty-seven staff of a correctional institution and twenty-three juveniles were selected to participate as respondents in this study. This study revealed that there were barriers that deranged the resocialization process such as juveniles factor (juvenile behavior; not interested in learning, religion classes, activities, programs), rehabilitation institution’s factor (inadequate facilities, inadequate finance), juvenile family’s factor (socioeconomic of the family, lack of parents’ responsibility) and society factor (negative perception of society). In conclusion, these findings prove that there are obstacles in order to resocialize juveniles from the Malaysian context. If these obstacles are not well addressed, it will give a negative impact not only on juveniles but also on Malaysia.
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Amayreh, Wlla Atef. "Comparing Procedural Safeguards during the Primary Investigation Stage and Civil Compensation: Beijing Rules vs. Jordanian Legislation in Juvenile Justice." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 11 (June 11, 2024): 594–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/fh7c8d31.
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This study critically evaluates the privacy protections and civil compensation afforded to delinquent juveniles under Jordanian Juvenile Law No. 32 of 2014, comparing them with the United Nations Beijing Rules of 1985. The analysis is structured into three key sections: identifying the authority responsible for juvenile investigations, assessing the level of confidentiality during these procedures, and examining the support mechanisms available to delinquent juveniles throughout the investigative phase. The findings reveal that both the domestic legal framework and international treaties fail to adequately prioritize the best interests and protection of delinquent juveniles. While each source of law possesses its own strengths and weaknesses, they collectively underscore the need for substantial reforms to enhance the rights, well-being, and civil compensation for delinquent juveniles more effectively.
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Bode, Jola. "Juvenile Punishment System in View of the Need for Education and Reintegration." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v5i3.p21-29.
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Due to age and development stage, juveniles enjoy a special status in relation to adult persons. The status as a juvenile in the criminal field raises the request for treatment in accordance with the physical-psychic characteristics of the juvenile and his educational needs. The punishment system is an important component of the criminal justice system for juveniles. As such, it must respond to requests for a special treatment consistent with the personality of juveniles and individual education needs. This system should be oriented towards the goal of education and rehabilitation of the juvenile. In accordance with the international standards of juvenile justice and contemporary legislation, the Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania (CC) has sanctioned a number of rules that allow for special treatment for juveniles in the area of the punishment system. Despite the positive aspects, the provisions of the Code were insufficient in view of the requirements of international standards and the need for education and reintegration. The legal reform which also included the criminal justice system for juveniles brought a number of changes in the area of juvenile punishment system too. With the entry into force of the Juvenile Criminal Code (JCC) it was possible to establish a special and autonomous system of penalties applicable to juvenile offenders. The implementation of this system serves a friendly juvenile justice aimed at avoiding the negative effects of imprisonment and tends towards social rehabilitation and reintegration. This study discusses the novelties brought by JCC in terms of the meaning, classification and determination of juvenile sentence system and it will be reflected in relation to the challenges of the effective implementation of the provisions relating to the punishment system. Conclusions will also be drawn regarding the compliance of this system with the request for special treatment of juvenile perpetrators and the need for integration and reintegration.
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Balo, Yusuf Solmaz, and Felix Butz. "Terrorist Offenses and Juveniles – a Comparison between Germany and Turkey." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 9, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 7–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-bja10026.
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Abstract Terrorism criminal law and juvenile criminal law are branches of law that modify default criminal law provisions. In terms of their goals, these approaches mostly oppose each other. While the primary purpose of terrorism law is to meet the security needs of society, juvenile criminal law serves the privileged interests of juveniles and their reintegration to that society. With increasing active recruiting of juveniles by terrorist organizations, the question arises of what legal systems are doing in the face of juvenile terrorist offenses. This paper analyses and compares legal responses to terrorist crimes by juveniles in Germany and Turkey. The authors conclude that in Germany juvenile terrorist offenses are granted the benefits of juvenile criminal law to a higher degree than in Turkey. This has various legal and extra-legal reasons; however, in both legal systems reforms seem necessary to react more adequately to this troubling form of juvenile delinquency.
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Spaan, Robert S., Clinton W. Epps, Rachel Crowhurst, Donald Whittaker, Mike Cox, and Adam Duarte. "Impact of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae on juvenile bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) survival in the northern Basin and Range ecosystem." PeerJ 9 (January 19, 2021): e10710. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10710.
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Determining the demographic impacts of wildlife disease is complex because extrinsic and intrinsic drivers of survival, reproduction, body condition, and other factors that may interact with disease vary widely. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection has been linked to persistent mortality in juvenile bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), although mortality appears to vary widely across subspecies, populations, and outbreaks. Hypotheses for that variation range from interactions with nutrition, population density, genetic variation in the pathogen, genetic variation in the host, and other factors. We investigated factors related to survival of juvenile bighorn sheep in reestablished populations in the northern Basin and Range ecosystem, managed as the formerly-recognized California subspecies (hereafter, “California lineage”). We investigated whether survival probability of 4-month juveniles would vary by (1) presence of M. ovipneumoniae-infected or exposed individuals in populations, (2) population genetic diversity, and (3) an index of forage suitability. We monitored 121 juveniles across a 3-year period in 13 populations in southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada. We observed each juvenile and GPS-collared mother semi-monthly and established 4-month capture histories for the juvenile to estimate survival. All collared adult females were PCR-tested at least once for M. ovipneumoniae infection. The presence of M. ovipneumoniae-infected juveniles was determined by observing juvenile behavior and PCR-testing dead juveniles. We used a known-fate model with different time effects to determine if the probability of survival to 4 months varied temporally or was influenced by disease or other factors. We detected dead juveniles infected with M. ovipneumoniae in only two populations. Derived juvenile survival probability at four months in populations where infected juveniles were not detected was more than 20 times higher. Detection of infected adults or adults with antibody levels suggesting prior exposure was less predictive of juvenile survival. Survival varied temporally but was not strongly influenced by population genetic diversity or nutrition, although genetic diversity within most study area populations was very low. We conclude that the presence of M. ovipneumoniae can cause extremely low juvenile survival probability in translocated bighorn populations of the California lineage, but found little influence that genetic diversity or nutrition affect juvenile survival. Yet, after the PCR+ adult female in one population died, subsequent observations found 11 of 14 ( 79%) collared adult females had surviving juveniles at 4-months, suggesting that targeted removals of infected adults should be evaluated as a management strategy.
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Nielsen, Einar E., Peter Grønkjær, Dorte Meldrup, and Helge Paulsen. "Retention of juveniles within a hybrid zone between North Sea and Baltic Sea Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 2219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-139.
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Elucidating the relative roles of dispersal and retention of juvenile stages is an important issue for understanding population structure and evolution in marine organisms. We investigated the genetic population structure of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) within the transition zone between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, employing nine microsatellite loci, and compared our data with adult cod data from the same area. Small but statistically significant overall differentiation (Fst = 0.003) was found among juvenile samples. Samples of juveniles grouped genetically with adult samples from the same geographical regions. Individual admixture analysis of a large sample of juveniles taken within the transition zone showed that the patterns of genetic differentiation could not be explained by mixing of pure North Sea and Baltic Sea individuals. Instead, the high number of juveniles with intermediate genotypes was compatible with a scenario of exclusive local (transition zone) origin. The results support the hypothesis that population structure in marine fishes is maintained by the retention of juveniles.
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Breitwisch, Randall, Ronald Lee, and Marilyn Diaz. "Foraging Efficiencies and Techniques of Juvenile and Adult Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus Polyglottos)." Behaviour 101, no. 1-3 (1987): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853987x00459.
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AbstractAdult and newly independent juvenile northern mockingbirds foraged on arthropods in the breeding season at similar rates within bouts, but adult efficiency (both as captures/attempt and captures/min) was higher than juvenile efficiency. Adults also captured a greater proportion of large arthropods than juveniles, and adults preferentially fed larger prey to dependent young. Juveniles engaged in more aerial attacks as the season progressed, although their success rate in these bouts did not increase. Both adults and juveniles captured a greater proportion of large arthropods in aerial attacks than in ground attacks. Juvenile success rate in ground attacks increased with season. These observations suggest that juvenile mockingbirds change their foraging behaviour in the first 1-2 months of independence, although the mechanism involved in this change is unknown.
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Wheelwright, Nathaniel T., and Jennifer J. Templeton. "Development of Foraging Skills and the Transition to Independence in Juvenile Savannah Sparrows." Condor 105, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.2.279.
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Abstract We investigated the timing and pattern of the development of foraging skills in juvenile Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis). Juveniles of known age, parentage, and in some cases sex were mist netted and tested in an aviary on Kent Island, an isolated island in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Captive birds were exposed to three standardized and ecologically relevant foraging tasks: locating spittle bugs (Homoptera: Cercopidae) in spittle masses on goldenrod (Solidago rugosa) plants, small caterpillars under spruce (Picea glauca) bud scales, and beetle larvae under leaves. The feeding trials involved 33 juveniles aged 17–42 days, four independent juveniles whose precise ages were not known, and five adults for comparison. The performance of juvenile sparrows on all three tasks showed rapid improvement between 22 and 24 days of age. Thereafter, foraging proficiency (number of foraging attempts, number of prey obtained, foraging efficiency) did not improve significantly with age among juveniles; in fact, older juveniles performed as well as adults. Juvenile males obtained more prey items than juvenile females in aviary trials. Foraging proficiency in captivity was not a good predictor of survival to the following year, and it appeared not to be influenced by brood membership or parental age. The age at which foraging performance improved in captivity coincided with the age at which parents cease attending their fledglings in the field, suggesting that the duration of postfledging parental care may be determined by the speed at which juveniles can develop foraging skills. Desarrollo de Destreza para Forrajear y Transición a la Independencia en Juveniles de Passerculus sandwichensis Resumen. Investigamos el tiempo y el patrón de desarrollo de destreza para forrajear en juveniles de Passerculus sandwichensis. Se capturaron y se evaluaron juveniles de edad, origen, y (en algunos casos) sexo conocidos en una pajarera en Kent Island, Bahía de Fundy, Canadá. Las aves capturadas se expusieron a tres tareas de forrajeo estandarizadas y ecológicamente relevantes: localizar insectos (Homoptera: Cercopidae) en su espuma en hierbas (Solidago), orugas pequeñas en las ramitas de Picea glauca, y larvas de escarabajo debajo de hojas. Utilizamos 33 juveniles de 17–42 días de edad, 4 juveniles independientes de edades desconocidas y 5 adultos para comparar. El desempeño de los juveniles en las tres tareas mostró una mejoría rápida entre 22 y 24 días de edad. A partir de entonces, la competencia al forrajear (número de intentos de forrajeo, número de presas obtenidas, eficiencia de forrajeo) no mejoró significativamente con la edad entre los juveniles; de hecho, los juveniles mayores se desempeñaron tan bien como los adultos. Los machos juveniles consiguieron más presas que las hembras en las pruebas. La competencia al forrajear en cautiverio predijo la sobrevivencia hasta el siguiente año adecuadamente, y pareció no ser influenciada por la nidada a que se pertenecía o por la edad de los padres. La edad en que la competencia al forrajear mejoró en cautiverio coincidió estrechamente con la edad en que los padres dejan de cuidar a los volantones en el campo, lo cual sugiere que la duración del cuidado de los padres después de que los polluelos salen del nido puede ser determinada por la rapidez con que los juveniles puedan desarrollar destreza para forrajear.
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Amaliah, S. W., R. Affandi, C. P. H. Simanjuntak, F. Baihaqi, S. B. Annida, T. Prabowo, and A. Romdon. "Diet composition and feeding strategy of larvae and juveniles of green riffle goby, Stiphodon elegans in Cimaja Estuary, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1260, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1260/1/012009.
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Abstract Green riffle goby, Stiphodon elegans, is an amphidromous goby living in Cimaja River, Sukabumi. Postflexion and juvenile stages of this species migrate from the sea to the river estuary for the recruitment process both in the day and nighttime. The presence of prey strongly influences the success of the recruitment process. The present study, therefore, aims to reveal the diet preferences and feeding strategies of postflexion larvae and juveniles of the green riffle goby during the recruitment process. Postflexion larvae and juveniles of S. elegans were collected day and nighttime using a lift net from December 2020 to May 2021 in the Cimaja River estuary. A total of 13,955 larvae and juveniles were captured. For diet analysis, 455 fish larvae and juveniles were analyzed, consisting of 47 larvae (8.9-11.8 BL) and 408 juveniles (11.9-21.8 BL). The diet composition of postflexion larvae comprised five genera from three different classes of benthic microalgae and zoobenthic. In comparison, fish juveniles’ prey composition comprised 15 genera from 5 different classes of benthic microalgae and zoobenthic. The postflexion larva tends to be more specialized than the juvenile in utilizing prey. There is no significant difference in the diet composition and feeding strategy of postflexion larvae and juveniles during the day and nighttime (p>0.05).
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Schwartz, Ira M., Shenyang Guo, and John J. Kerbs. "The Impact of Demographic Variables on Public Opinion Regarding Juvenile Justice: Implications for Public Policy." Crime & Delinquency 39, no. 1 (January 1993): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128793039001002.
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This article examines data from a 1991 national public opinion survey on attitudes toward juvenile crime/justice. Specifically, it explores the relationship between demographic variables and opinions toward trying juveniles in adult courts, giving them adult sentences, and sentencing them to adult prisons. The findings indicate that a majority of typical respondents favor trying juveniles in adult courts for serious felonies. Additionally, punitive attitudes toward juveniles decrease up to a certain age, usually around 50, and then increase. Findings also show that African-American parents are more supportive of punitive juvenile justice policies than other racial/ethnic groups with and without children.
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Xiao, Yutian. "Elementary Analysis on the Characteristics and Causes as Well as Countermeasures of Juvenile Delinquency." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v7i4.1097.
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In recent years, one by one, shocking cases of juvenile delinquency have gradually entered the public eye, and governing the problem of juvenile delinquency has become an important task for the state and society according to the law. there are profound reasons behind juvenile delinquency .as a law student, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics, causes and countermeasures of juvenile delinquency from the various problems encountered by juveniles on their way to grow up, which is useful to effectively prevent juvenile delinquency and guide the healthy growth of juveniles.
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Abu Bakar, Noor Insyiraah, Amir Hasan Dawi, Abdul Talib Mohamed Hashim, and Adam Zulkarnain Saleng. "ACQUISITION OF VOCATIONAL SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE AMONG JUVENILE OFFENDERS." International Journal of Modern Trends in Social Sciences 4, no. 16 (June 30, 2021): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/416004.
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Education and skills are important for all individuals, including juveniles in rehabilitation institutions. Therefore, the provision of education and vocational training is an appropriate step for these juveniles. This article aims to explore aspects of the acquisition of knowledge and vocational skills among juveniles in two juvenile rehabilitation institutions. A case study was utilized to explore this issue. The respondents of this study consist of 8 teachers and 15 juveniles, selected through purposive sampling. The data were obtained through an interview session and observation. The findings showed that the juveniles in this study have mastered the vocational skills and educational knowledge as a result of their participation in classes and workshops. Indeed, by providing opportunities to learn knowledge and vocational skills, it brings benefits to juveniles.
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Abu Bakar, Noor Insyiraah, Amir Hasan Dawi, Abdul Talib Mohamed Hashim, Mohd Muslim Md Zalli, and Adam Zulkarnain Saleng. "ACQUISITION OF VOCATIONAL SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE AMONG JUVENILE OFFENDERS." International Journal of Modern Trends in Social Sciences 4, no. 17 (September 9, 2021): 09–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijmtss.417002.
Full textAbstract:
Education and skills are important for all individuals, including juveniles in rehabilitation institutions. Therefore, the provision of education and vocational training is an appropriate step for these juveniles. This article aims to explore aspects of the acquisition of knowledge and vocational skills among juveniles in two juvenile rehabilitation institutions. The case study was utilized to explore this issue. The respondents of this study consist of 8 teachers and 15 juveniles, selected through purposive sampling. The data were obtained through an interview session and observation. The findings showed that the juveniles in this study have mastered the vocational skills and educational knowledge as a result of their participation in classes and workshops. Indeed, by providing opportunities to learn knowledge and vocational skills, it brings benefits to juveniles.
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Góralski, Piotr. "Kwestia dopuszczalności stosowania środków zabezpieczających w stosunku do nieletnich sprawców czynów karalnych. Część II." Nowa Kodyfikacja Prawa Karnego 39 (November 22, 2016): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-5065.39.3.
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Admissibility of precautionary measures against juvenile criminals Part IIThis article discusses the admissibility of precautionary measures against juvenile criminals. It refers to both juvenile offenders charged as adults pursuant to Art. 10 § 2 of the Criminal Code and 15–16-year-old offenders charged pursuant to the provisions of the Procedures in Legal Actions against Juveniles Act of 1982. The article presents the legal status concerning this issue in the period from 1997 to 2015 and relevant changes in the legal regulations concerning precautionary measures introduced by the amendment of the Criminal Code of 20th February 2015.A thesis formulated in the paper discussed here is that only one type of precautionary measure, which is confiscation, may be used against juveniles subject to the regulations of the Procedures in Legal Actions against Juveniles Act. In relation to juveniles charged under the Criminal Code only the precautionary measures which do not interfere with the provisions of Article 3 of the Criminal Code providing for the rule of humanitarian use of criminal penalties should be implemented. It refers mainly to these forms of isolation precautionary measures which would apply to juvenile criminals after serving imprisonment.
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Daunt, F., V. Afanasyev, A. Adam, J. P. Croxall, and S. Wanless. "From cradle to early grave: juvenile mortality in European shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis results from inadequate development of foraging proficiency." Biology Letters 3, no. 4 (May 15, 2007): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0157.
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In most long-lived animal species, juveniles survive less well than adults. A potential mechanism is inferior foraging skills but longitudinal studies that follow the development of juvenile foraging are needed to test this. We used miniaturized activity loggers to record daily foraging times of juvenile and adult European shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis from fledging to the following spring. Juveniles became independent from their parents 40 days post-fledging. They compensated for poor foraging proficiency by foraging for approximately 3 h d −1 longer than adults until constrained by day length in early November. Thereafter, juvenile foraging time tracked shortening day length up to the winter solstice, when foraging time of the two age classes converged and continued to track day length until early February. Few individuals died until midwinter and mortality peaked in January–February, with juvenile mortality (including some of the study birds) five times that of adults. In their last two weeks of life, juveniles showed a marked decline in foraging time consistent with individuals becoming moribund. Our results provide compelling evidence that juveniles compensate for poor foraging proficiency by increasing foraging time, a strategy that is limited by day length resulting in high winter mortality.
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Tropea, C., and L. S. López Greco. "Effect of social environment on sexual differentiation in the highly gregarious red cherry shrimp (Neocaridina davidi)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 9 (September 2019): 791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0284.
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Studies on social control of functional sex in crustaceans are scarce and focused on hermaphroditic species. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine whether adult sex ratio affects juvenile sexual differentiation in the gonochoristic red cherry shrimp (Neocaridina davidi (Bouvier, 1904)) (Decapoda, Caridea). We tested two alternative hypotheses: (1) that undifferentiated juveniles become males when reared in the presence of adult females and vice versa; (2) that the presence of adult males affects juvenile sexual differentiation through androgenic gland secretions. Newly hatched juveniles were maintained with adult males or adult females during a 50-day period, after which they were sexed. In both treatments, juvenile sex ratios showed no deviations from the expected 1:1 relationship. This suggests that adult sex ratio is not a selective force determining juvenile phenotypic sex, even though mating opportunities may be null for juveniles differentiating into the sex of surrounding adults. The 1:1 sex ratio observed in broods reared with adult males and adult females also suggests that the potential chemical cues released by adults have neither masculinizing nor feminizing effects on undifferentiated juveniles. Present results reject our initial hypotheses and are consistent with a strong genetic basis of juvenile sexual differentiation in caridean shrimps.
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McComb, Chlöe, Ryanne Meems, Naweed Syed, and Ken Lukowiak. "Electrophysiological Differences in the CPG Aerial Respiratory Behavior Between Juvenile and Adult Lymnaea." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 2 (August 2003): 983–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00263.2003.
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Intact, freely moving juvenile Lymnaea perform aerial respiration significantly less often than do adults. We therefore hypothesized that RPeD1, the central pattern generator (CPG) neuron that initiates rhythmogenesis, would be less active in juveniles than adults. Using both isolated and semi-intact preparations to directly test this hypothesis, we found the opposite; juvenile RPeD1s were significantly smaller and more excitable than RPeD1s from adults. Significant age-related differences were found in the membrane resistance (greater in juveniles), time constant (smaller in juveniles), and rheobase current (lower in juveniles), all of which would tend to make juvenile cells significantly more excitable. However, there were significant age-related differences in the synaptic connectivity within the CPG and in peripheral input to the CPG, all which favor more rhythmic activity in the adult CPG. As was the case for intact Lymnaea, juvenile semi-intact preparations perform aerial respiration less often than do adults. The difference in excitability between juvenile and adult RPeD1s is therefore not sufficient to cause increased rhythmogenesis. Age-related changes in synaptic connectivity within the respiratory CPG and in peripheral modulation allow respiratory rhythmogenesis to be more easily expressed in adults which may compensate for their decreased dependence on cutaneous respiration as their surface to volume ratio changes as the grow in size.
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Taylor, Eric B., and J. D. McPhail. "Variation in Body Morphology Among British Columbia Populations of Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 2020–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-249.
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Ten populations of juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, from streams tributary to the upper Fraser River, the lower Fraser River, and the Strait of Georgia region were morphologically compared. Juveniles from coastal streams (Fraser River below Hell's Gate and the Strait of Georgia) were more robust (deeper bodies and caudal peduncles, shorter heads, and larger median fins) than interior Juveniles. Discriminant function analysis indicated that juvenile coho could be identified as to river of origin with 71% accuracy. Juvenile coho from coastal streams were less successfully classified as to stream of origin; however, juveniles could be successfully identified as either coastal or interior with 93% accuracy. Juvenile coho from north coastal British Columbia, Alaska, and the upper Columbia system also fitted this coastal and interior grouping. This suggests that a coastwide coastal–interior dichotomy in juvenile body form exists. Three populations (one interior and two coastal) were studied in more detail. In these populations the coastal versus interior morphology was consistent over successive years, and was also displayed in individuals reared from eggs in the laboratory. Adult coho salmon also showed some of the coastal–interior morphological differences exhibited by juveniles. We concluded that the morphological differences between coastal and interior coho salmon are at least partially inherited.
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Singer, Simon I. "The Automatic Waiver of Juveniles and Substantive Justice." Crime & Delinquency 39, no. 2 (April 1993): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128793039002009.
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Legislative waiver bypasses juvenile court and juvenile justice officials by initially transferring jurisdiction over juveniles arrested for serious offenses to criminal court. Supporters of legislative waiver argue that the exclusion of offense categories from juvenile court jurisdiction best meets the punishment-oriented objectives of waiver. However, a logistic regression analysis of case processing decisions in a state with automatic transfer provisions revealed that juvenile offenders from single-parent households were more likely to face a grand jury indictment than juveniles from dual-parent households.
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Deaker, DJ, B. Mos, C. Lawson, SA Dworjanyn, C. Budden, and M. Byrne. "Coral defences: the perilous transition of juvenile crown-of-thorns starfish to corallivory." Marine Ecology Progress Series 665 (April 29, 2021): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13660.
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The transition from the post-settlement herbivorous juvenile to the coral-eating stage of crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) is a fundamental step to seed population outbreaks that decimate tropical coral reefs. How the highly cryptic juveniles fare during this transition is poorly understood. We show that the juveniles are vulnerable to attack by coral during this ontogenetic diet shift to coral prey. We monitored the condition, growth, and survival of juvenile COTS during the first 3.5 mo on a diet of Acropora sp. In initial encounters, juveniles often withdrew their arms to avoid the defensive nematocysts of the corals. Within the first 67 d of being offered coral, 37.8% of the juveniles experienced various levels of sublethal and lethal damage. Damaged arms were reduced to ~65.4% of the length of an intact arm, but most injured juveniles were able to regenerate their arms with an average predicted recovery time of ~4 mo. Although sublethal damage slowed the growth of injured juveniles, their capacity to regenerate is likely to contribute to the success of this highly prolific species. Despite being the prey of COTS, coral can influence the survival of juveniles, and potentially reduce their ecological impact by prolonging their growth to reproductive maturity, delaying their transition into a coral predator, and thereby hindering recruitment into the adult population.
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L.I., Olefir. "Correction and resocialization of juvenile delinquents: current trends." Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Law 1, no. 12 (July 2, 2021): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjlaw.2021.01.069.
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Current trends in crime increasing indicate its prevalence among all categories of criminals. Particular attention needs to be paid to the issue of correction and re-socialization of persons serving sentences, especially for juvenile delinquents. This aspect determines the leading goal of the penal system of Ukraine. The attention of the state and its structures today is focused on correcting the juvenile delinquents’ behavior, their resocialization and crime prevention. After all, the working process with juvenile delinquents during this period determines their future life in society and the chances of returning to prison in the future. Therefore, it is important to unite the efforts of all professionals involved in the complex process of re-education of a juvenile offender, and to direct all methods, forms and tools based on individual programs of social and educational work. The issue of correction and re-socialization of convicted juveniles is currently of concern to both domestic and foreign scholars, whose position is determined by the offender’s age. We believe that current research on aspects of the re-education of juveniles who have committed crimes and are in prisons is an important and necessary task to identify new methods and ways to achieve the common goal pursued by the state for its future. The article describes the process of correction and resocialization of convicted juveniles. The components of the working process with juveniles serving sentences in correctional institutions of the penal system in Ukraine are analyzed. The content of the process stages of resocialization of juvenile convicts is revealed. The means of social and educational work used by specialists with juvenile delinquents during each of the periods of resocialization have been clarified. The article considers the purpose of probation programs for juveniles, which is the educational impact on the offender’s identity. Key words: crime, juveniles, correction process, resocialization, educational influence, social and pedagogical work, means of influence, individual approach, probation programs.
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Cecala, Kristen, Michael Dorcas, and Steven Price. "Ecology of juvenile Northern watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon) inhabiting low-order streams." Amphibia-Reptilia 31, no. 2 (2010): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853810791069029.
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AbstractThe juvenile stage for many reptiles is considered “the lost years” because of low capture probabilities, however understanding factors impacting juvenile survivorship and recruitment is critical for conservation of populations. We studied the ecology of juvenile Northern watersnakes, Nerodia sipedon, by intensively sampling a first-order stream and determined the occupancy of juveniles in 30 low-order streams in the Piedmont of North Carolina. Juveniles were relatively abundant within a single stream (n = 62 ± 9), and their capture probabilities were positively related to increasing stream-water temperatures. We also found that juveniles had high survivorship (ϕ = 0.87 ± 0.017). Occupancy of juvenile N. sipedon in low-order, Piedmont streams may be greater at streams that have confluences with high order streams or lakes, which potentially support adult N. sipedon populations. This study provides important information regarding the natural history of juvenile reptiles and indicates the importance of low order streams as habitat for N. sipedon populations.
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Rehberg, M. J., and J. M. Burns. "Differences in diving and swimming behavior of pup and juvenile Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 6 (June 2008): 539–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-018.
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Reduced juvenile survival caused by prey depletion is one hypothesis for the decline in the western Alaska population of Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)). To understand the exposure of young sea lions to these depletions, the swimming and diving behavior of pups, juveniles, and subadults was evaluated relative to prey behavior. Pups made shorter and shallower dives (13 m, 0.9 min) than juveniles or subadults, as expected based on physiological limitations, but juveniles and subadults dived to similar depths and durations (29 m, 1.7 min and 38 m, 2.0 min, respectively). Activity patterns of juveniles and subadults reflected diurnal prey migrations, while pup activity did not. Longitudinal trends in pup dive behavior reflected both physiological and behavioral development, while juvenile dive behaviors reflected seasonal changes in prey availability. Results suggest that adult females must continue to provide nutritional support to pups during winter because of the limited diving ability of these young animals. For this reason, the flexible lactation strategies that allow for longer nursing periods during periods of low prey availability and reduce female fecundity may improve juvenile survival.