Academic literature on the topic 'Justicia (Ship)'

El caso del Prestige, ha experimentado un extenso recorrido judicial. A lo largo de los años, los tribunales ingleses han emitido decisiones que contrarían con la sentencia del Tribunal Supremo Español. La más reciente sentencia del 6 de octubre del 2023 del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Inglaterra y Gales agrega un nuevo capítulo a esta saga. El fallo sostiene que la sentencia del Tribunal Supremo Español, que ordenaba a London P&I Club pagar 855 millones de euros, es “incompatible” con las resoluciones arbitrales inglesas. Esta contradicción legal añade una capa adicional de complejidad al proceso, evidenciando la persistente incertidumbre en torno a la ejecución de decisiones judiciales y prolongando la incógnita sobre el desenlace final del caso Prestige.

Undergraduate training continues to be a challenge to train entrepreneurial specialists with research-oriented attitudes. Depending on the level of func-tional development of the brain, the level of learning will be different in re-lation to chronological age. The ACRA learning strategies scales (Román & Gallego, 2001) allow verifying the frequency, type of strategy and specific technique used by students, the coding strategies being the most important for effective performance throughout life; although there is an abbreviated and validated version of this scale applicable only at the university level by De la Fuente and Justicia (2003); In the study, the 2001 version of Román & Gallego is applied to analyze, according to age, the correspondence between the learning strategies used by the students with their academic performance, as well as to verify if there is a difference by gender, during a period of three years . Technical sheets and final grades of the students were also ap-plied; a multiple linear regression analysis; it is a mixed type investigation. It is observed that the Coding strategies are not used very frequently. In Aca-demic Performance (AR), only 7.85% of the students obtained a final score of 14 or more, the use score coinciding with scales that measure the same learning strategies. The type of strategies and the age (18-19 years) registered influence the RA and only the Acquisition strategies show a slight relation-ship with the RA. There is no gender relationship.

Mientras se desarrolla en España el proceso en el que se exigen las responsabilidades derivadas del accidente producido por el buque Prestige, la aseguradora del buque inició arbitraje en Londres con el objetivo de que se declarara que no le correspondía satisfacer la indemnización que pudiera corresponder por los daños causados por el naufragio en tanto el asegurado no los satisficiera. El laudo con el que concluye el arbitraje confirma lo solicitado por la aseguradora. Esta obtuvo la emisión de una resolución judicial con el mismo contenido del laudo. Cuando se pretendió el reconocimiento en el Reino Unido de la decisión judicial española que condenaba a la aseguradora al pago de las indemnizaciones decididas por la justicia, la aseguradora alegó que la resolución judicial que reproducía el laudo arbitral era inconciliable con la que se pretendía reconocer (art. 34.3 del Reglamento 44/2001). El Tribunal de Luxemburgo mantuvo que cuando la decisión que se opone al reconocimiento reproduce un laudo arbitral que no hubiera podido ser acordado como sentencia en caso de que se hubiera optado por la vía judicial, por contradecir principios esenciales del Reglamento 44/2001, no cabe oponer tampoco dicha resolución al reconocimiento y ejecución de una decisión judicial adoptada en un estado miembro y reconocible a través del mencionado Reglamento. Con esta decisión, el Tribunal de Luxemburgo profundiza en la delimitación de las relaciones entre arbitraje y cooperación judicial civil en la UE. Una delimitación que exigiría alguna actuación del legislador europeo.

RESUMEN:El objetivo del artículo es aproximarnos a la controvertida biografía del comisario Manuel Brabo Portillo. El trabajo está basado en fuentes primarias y secundarias. El método utilizado es empírico. En el imaginario del mundo sindicalista revolucionario, Brabo Portillo era el policía más odiado, la reencarnación de la cara más turbia del Estado. Fue, así mismo, un espía alemán relacionado con el hundimiento de barcos españoles, el asesinato del empresario e ingeniero Barret y el primer jefe de los terroristas vinculados a la patronal barcelonesa. La conflictividad que afectó a España en el período de la Primera Guerra Mundial es fundamental para entender los orígenes del terrorismo vinculado al pistolerismo, que marcó la historia político social española del primer tercio del siglo XX.PALABRAS CLAVE: Brabo Portillo, pistolerismo, espionaje, sindicalismo, Primera Guerra Mundial.ABSTRACT:The objective of the article is an approach to the controversial biography of Police Chief Manuel Brabo Portillo. The work is based on primary and secondary sources. The method used is empirical. In the imagery of the revolutionary syndicalist world, Brabo Portillo was the most hated policeman, the reincarnation of the murkiest face of the state. He was also a German spy connected with the sinking of Spanish ships, the murder of businessman and engineer Josep Barret and the first head of the terrorists linked to Barcelona employers. The conflict that affected Spain during the period of the First World War is fundamental in order to understand the origins of terrorism linked to pistolerismo, which marked Spanish social political history during the first third of the twentieth century.KEY WORDS: Brabo Portillo, pistolerismo, espionage, syndicalism, First World War. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAisa, M., La efervescencia social de los años 20. Barcelona 1917-1923, Barcelona, Descontrol, 2016.Aguirre de Cárcer, N., La neutralidad de España durante la Primera Guerra Mundial (1914-1918). I. Bélgica, Madrid, Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, 1995.Alonso, G., “’Afectos caprichosos’: Tradicionalismo y germanofilia en España durante la Gran Guerra”, Hispania Nova, 15, 2017, pp. 394-415.Amador, A., El Terror blanco en Barcelona. Las bombas y los atentados personales. Actuación infernal de una banda de asesinos al servicio de la burguesía. El asesinato como una industria, Tarragona, Talleres gráf. Gutenberg, [1920?].Anglés, C., “Contra los sindicatos. Los procesos de la organización obrera. La impostura nunca ha sido justicia”, Solidaridad Obrera, 836 (1/8/1918), p. 1.Balcells, A., El Pistolerisme. Barcelona (1917-1923), Barcelona, Pòrtic, 2009.Ben-Ami, S., La Dictadura de Primo de Rivera (1923-1930), Barcelona, Planeta, 1984.Bengoechea, S., Organització patronal i conflictivitat social a Catalunya. Tradició i corporativisme entre finals de segle i la dictadura de Primo de Rivera, Barcelona, PAM, 1994.Bengoechea, S., El locaut de Barcelona (1919-1920), Barcelona, Curial, 1998.Bengoechea, S., “1919: La Barcelona colpista. L’aliança de patrons i militars contra el sistema liberal”, Afers, 23/24 (1996), pp. 309-327.Brabo Portillo, M., Ensayo sobre policía científica, Barcelona, Gassó Hermanos, [190?].Bravo Portillo, M. y Samper, A., Programa para los exámenes de ingreso ó ascenso en plazas de oficiales de cuarta clase de la Hacienda Pública, Madrid, Mateu, 1906.Bueso, A., Recuerdos de un cenetista, Barcelona, Ariel, 1976.Burgos y Mazo, M. de, El verano de 1919 en Gobernación, Imprenta de E. Pinós-Cuenca, 1921.Calderón, F. de P. [Rico Ariza, E.] y Romero, I., Memorias de un terrorista. Novela episódica de la tragedia barcelonesa, Barcelona, [s.e.], [1924?].Carden, R. M., German Policy Toward Neutral Spain, 1914-1918, London, Routledge, 2014.Cardona, G., Los Milans del Bosch, una familia de armas tomar. Entre la revolución liberal y el franquismo, Barcelona, Edhasa, 2005.Casal Gómez, M., La Banda Negra. El origen y la actuación de los pistoleros en Barcelona (1918-1921), 2ª. Edición, Barcelona, Icaria, 1977.Calle Velasco, M. D. de la, “Sobre los orígenes del estado social en España”, Ayer, 25 (1997), pp. 127-150.D’Ors, E., “La unidad de Europa”, La Vanguardia, (1/12/1914), p. 7.Díaz Plaja, F., Francófilos y germanófilos. Los españoles en la guerra europea, Barcelona, Dopesa, 1973.Díez, P., Memorias de un anarcosindicalista de acción, Barcelona, Bellaterra, 2006.Domingo Méndez, R., “La Gran Guerra y la neutralidad española: entre la tradición historiográfica y las nuevas líneas de investigación”, Spagna Contemporanea, 34 (2008), pp. 27-44.Esculies, J., “España y la Gran Guerra. Nuevas aportaciones historiográficas”, Historia y Política, 32 (2014), pp. 47-70.Esdaile, Ch. J., La Quiebra del liberalismo, 1808-1939, Barcelona, Crítica, 2001.Foix, P., Los Archivos del terrorismo blanco. El fichero Lasarte (1910-1930), Madrid, Las Ediciones de la Piqueta, 1978.Forcadell, C., Parlamentarismo y bolchevización. El movimiento obrero español, 1914-1918, Barcelona, Crítica, 1978.Fuentes Codera, M., “El somni del retorn a l’Imperi: Eugeni d’Ors davant la Gran Guerra”, Recerques, 55 (2007), pp. 73-93.Fuentes Codera, M., “Germanófilos y neutralistas. Proyectos tradicionalistas y regeneracionistas para España (1914-1918)”, Ayer, 91/3 (2013), pp. 63-92.Fuentes Codera, M., España en la Primera Guerra Mundial. Una movilización cultural, Madrid, Akal, 2014.García Oliver, J., El Eco de los pasos, Paris/Barcelona, Ruedo Ibérico, 1978.García Sanz, F., España en la Gran Guerra, Madrid, Galaxia Gutenberg, 2014.Giráldez, E., “Brabo Portillo ¡Yo te acuso, Asesino!”, Solidaridad Obrera, 840 (5/8/1918), p. 1.Golden, L., “Les dones com avantguarda; El rebombori del pa del gener 1918”, L’Avenç (1981), pp. 45-52.Golden, L., “The women in command. The Barcelona women’s consumer war of 1918”, UCLA Historical Journal (1985), pp. 5-32.E. González Calleja y F. del Rey Reguillo, La Defensa armada contra la revolución. Una historia de las guardias cívicas en la España del siglo XX, Madrid, CSIC, 1995.González Calleja, E., La Razón de la fuerza. Orden público, subversión y violencia política en la España de la Restauración, 1875-1917, Madrid, CSIC, 1998.González Calleja, E., El Máuser y el sufragio. Orden público, subversión y violencia política en la crisis de la Restauración (1917-1931), Madrid, CSIC, 1999.González Calleja, E., (ed.), Políticas del miedo. Un balance del terrorismo en Europa, Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, 2002.González Calleja, E., La España de Primo de Rivera. La modernización autoritaria 1923-1930, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 2005.González Calleja, E., El laboratorio del miedo. Una historia general del terrorismo, Barcelona, Crítica, 2013.González Calleja, E. y Aubert, P., Nidos de espías. España, Francia y la Primera Guerra Mundial, Madrid, Alianza, 2014.González Calleja, E. (coord.), Anatomía de una crisis. 1917 y los españoles, Madrid, Alianza, 2017.Granados de Siles, J., “El escandaloso espionaje de Barcelona”, Solidaridad Obrera, 793 (19/6/1918), p. 1.Gual Villalbí, P., Memorias de un industrial de nuestro tiempo, Barcelona, Sociedad General de Publicaciones, [193?].León-Ignacio, J., Los años del pistolerismo. Ensayo para una guerra civil, Barcelona, Planeta, 1981.León-Ignacio, J., “Brabo Portillo, comisario y político”, Historia y vida, 181 (1983), pp. 68-73.Llates, R., 30 anys de vida catalana, Barcelona, Aedos, 1969.Madrid, F., Ocho meses y un día en el Gobierno Civil de Barcelona (confesiones y testimonios), Barcelona-Madrid, Las ediciones de la flecha, 1932.Manent, J., Records d’un sindicalista llibertari català, 1916-1943, París, Edicions Catalanes de París, 1976.Marquès, J., Història de l’organització sindical tèxtil “El Radium”, Barcelona, La Llar del Llibre, 1989.Márquez, B. y Capo, J. M., Las Juntas militares de defensa, Barcelona, Librería Sintes, 1923.Martínez Fiol, D., El catalanisme i la Gran Guerra (1914-1918). Antologia, Barcelona, La Magrana, 1988.Martínez Fiol, D. y Esculies Serrat, J., L’Assemblea de Parlamentaris de 1917 i la Catalunya rebel, Barcelona, Generalitat de Catalunya, 2017.Martínez Fiol, D. y Esculies Serrat, J., 1917. El año en que España pudo cambiar, Sevilla, Renacimiento, 2018.M.C.C., “El ‘affaire’ Brabo Portillo”, publicado en El Parlamentario y reproducido por Solidaridad Obrera, 926 (2/11/1918), p. 1.Mendoza, E., La verdad sobre el caso Savolta, Barcelona, Seix y Barral, 1975.Morales Lezcano, V., El colonialismo hispano-francés en Marruecos (1898-1927), Madrid, Siglo XXI, 1976.Navarra, A., 1914. Aliadófilos y germanófilos en la cultura española, Madrid, Cátedra, 2014.Navarra, A., Aliadòfils i germanòfils a Catalunya durant la Primera Guerra Mundial, Barcelona, Generalitat-CHCC, 2016.Nisk, “¡Inocente Brabo!”, Solidaridad Obrera, 789 (15/6/1918), p, 1.Pestaña, Á.,“A vuela pluma” y “En Libertad”, Solidaridad Obrera, 840-841 (5-6/8/1918), p. 1.Pestaña, Á., Terrorismo en Barcelona. Memorias inéditas, Barcelona, Planeta, [1979].Pradas Baena, M. A., L’anarquisme i les lluites socials a Barcelona 1918-1923. La repressió obrera i la violència, Barcelona, PAM, 2003.Pujadas, X., Marcel·lí Domingo i el marcel·linisme, [Barcelona], PAM, 1996.Roig, M., Rafael Vidiella. L’aventura de la revolució, Barcelona, Laia, 1976.Romero Salvadó, F. J., “Crisi, agonia i fi de la monarquía liberal (1914-1923)”, Segle XX. Revista catalana d’història, 1 (2008), pp. 57-82.Romero Salvadó, F. J. y Smith, A. (eds.), The Agony of Spanish Liberalism. FromRevolution to Dictatorship 1913-23, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.Rosenbusch, A., “Los servicios de información alemanes: sabotaje y actividad secreta”, Andalucía en la historia, 45 (2014), pp. 24-29.Rosenbusch, A., “Guerra Total en territorio neutral: Actividades alemanas en España durante la Primera Guerra Mundial”, Hispania Nova, 15 (2017), pp. 350-372.S. A., “Historia de un ‘bravo’ muy pillo”, La Campana de Gracia, 2569 (28/6/1918), p. 4.S.A., L’Esquella de la Torratxa, (12/7 y 30/8/ y 12/9/1918), pp. 447, 451, 456, 458, 568, 577 y 592.S. A., “A cada puerco le llega su San Martín” y “La muerte de Batet”, Solidaridad Obrera, 711 y 712 (9 y 10/1/1918), p. 1.S. A., Solidaridad Obrera, 713-716 (11-14/1/1918), p. 1.S. 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L., “El Instituto de Reformas Sociales: origen, evolución y funcionamiento”, Revista Crítica de Historia de las Relaciones Laborales y de la Política Social, 8 (mayo 2014), pp. 7-28.Smith, A., “The Catalan Counter-revolutionary Coalition and the Primo de Rivera Coup, 1917–23”, European History Quaterly 37:1 (2007), pp. 7-34.Smith, A., Anarchism, revolution and reaction. Catalan labor and the crisis of the Spanish State, 1898-1923, New York, Oxford, Berghahn, 2007.Soldevilla, F., El Año político 1920, Madrid, I. de Julio Cosano, 1921.Taibo II, P. I., Que sean fuego las estrellas. Barcelona (1917-1923), Barcelona, Crítica, 2016.Tamames, R. y Casals, X., Miguel Primo de Rivera, Barcelona, Ediciones B, 2004.Tusell, J., Radiografía de un golpe de estado. El ascenso al poder del general Primo de Rivera, Madrid, Alianza, 1987.Val, R. del y Río del Val, J. del, Solidaridad Obrera, 787-788, 790, 794, 801, 805, 807, 811, 814, 818, 828, 829, 836, 970 (13, 14, 16, 20 y 27/6/, 3, 7, 10, 14, 23, 24 y 31/7/ y 1/8/ y 10/121918), p. 1.Vandellós, P., “Contra los sindicatos. Los procesos de la sindicación obrera. De actualidad”, Solidaridad Obrera, 791 (17/6/1918), p. 1.Vidiella, R., Los de ayer. Novela, Madrid-Barcelona, Nuestro Pueblo, 1938.Winston, C. M., La Clase trabajadora y la derecha en España (1900-1936), Madrid, Cátedra, 1989.Winston, C. M., “Carlist workers groups in Catalonia, 1900-1923”, en S. G. Payne (dir.), Identidad y nacionalismo en la España contemporánea: el carlismo, 1833-1975, Madrid, Actas, 1996, pp. 85-101.Wosky, Solidaridad Obrera, 791, 801 y 820, (17 y 21/6/ 10/7/1918), pp. 1 y 3.

<p>El objetivo es determinar si existe un conflicto de interés en materia fiscal en el Tribunal Federal de Justicia Administrativa (TFJA). El titular del Poder Ejecutivo de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos es parte demandada en los juicios de nulidad promovidos por los contribuyentes ante dicho tribunal. Los magistrados de ese tribunal son propuestos y elegidos por el presidente de la República, quien funge como parte demandada en los juicios que dichos magistrados deben resolver. Lo anterior con la ratificación del Senado de la República. Ello opaca la relación a la independencia e imparcialidad del tribunal y juzgadores. Se analiza el conflicto de interés potencial conformado por la relación de hecho y de derecho entre el Titular del Poder Ejecutivo Federal, sus subordinadas: la Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público (SHCP), el Servicio de Administración Tributaria (SAT), y los magistrados del Tribunal Federal de Justicia Administrativa. Encontrarse en una situación de conflicto de interés no es algo en sí inmoral, si el que se encuentra involuntariamente en esta situación no es responsable de ello. El modelo de justicia administrativa francés imperante, está evolucionando hacia un modelo judicial en casi la mitad de las entidades federativas.</p>

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-123). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

This thesis seeks to challenge the dominant narrative that oil has been a positive contributor to Houston's development as a city by exploring the real lived consequences for those who live along the Houston Ship Channel--the home of Houston's oil industry. This is done through an examination of historical processes which look at how a pro-oil sentiment has been intertwined into Houston's identity juxtaposed to the historical processes which have shaped the lives of communities near the Houston Ship Channel. This thesis then ends by delving into how it is difficult to organize around the environment in Texas because of how much influence oil has on the state politically and physically.

博士
國立臺灣大學
地理學研究所
88
To explore the relationship between human and environment is one of the major works by geographers. Its purpose is not only to know ''what happened?'' but to find two major spirits embedded in geographers'' works: one is to seek efficiency; the other is to seek morality. Efficiency seeking makes people reach the maximum utility and sustainably use the resources they exploit. Morality seeking pursuits just distribution of the resources. Men are not born equal. Hence, one of the geographers'' missions is to create a better life for people. Works on social justice demonstrate the preceding two major spirits. Postmodernism approach is the position I take here, and we may first find in this research that spatiality which each case presents is pluralistic. The pluralistic spatialities are not fixed; instead, they are dynamic. Then, under the discussion of each case, we also find that the formation of the spatialities are accomplished by the integration of society, space and power, and the mechanism of formation comes to be the core of ontoloty in my research. Furthermore, the issues about justice are centered by the interaction of the former triangular situation, in which power is the most important concern under my discussion. Therefore, my analysis of relations of power would be the cutting edge while we are encountered with the just or unjust issues. 第一節 研究動機與目的……………………………………… 1 第二節 研究方法……………………………………………… 4 第三節 研究個案的選取與研究流程………………………… 16 第二章 文獻回顧……………………………………………… 20 第一節 什麼是正義…………………………………………… 20 第二節 什麼是社會正義……………………………………… 23 第三節 地理學社會正義的發展…………………………… 38 第四節 後現代主義…………………………………………… 52 第五節 社會正義與後現代主義……………………………… 65 第三章 虎林街的攤商………………………………………… 70 第一節 流動的空間性………………………………………… 71 第二節 有限的流動性………………………………………… 87 第三節 攤販存在的正義問題………………………………… 98 第四節 小結…………………………………………………… 107 第四章 福德平宅……………………………………………… 111 第一節 靜滯的空間性………………………………………… 113 第二節 靜滯空間性的形構…………………………………… 127 第三節 福德平宅的正義議題………………………………… 134 第四節 小結…………………………………………………… 141 第五章 富台國宅……………………………………………… 136 第一節 富台新村的形成……………………………………… 145 第二節 富台新村的改建……………………………………… 146 第三節 改建後的富台國宅…………………………………… 154 第四節 眷村改建的正義問題………………………………… 159 第五節 小結…………………………………………………… 164 第六章 結論及檢討建議……………………………………… 180 第一節 結論…………………………………………………… 180 第二節 檢討建議與後續研究方向…………………………… 190

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
94
The freedom of speech, a fundamental right guaranteed by Article 11 of the Constitution, requires that the government grant a maximum amount of protection for free speech. The Judicial Yuan Grand Justices Interpretation Shih No.509 put great emphasis on the principle. However, what is “the maximum amount of protection” for free speech? The definition and criteria has not been clarified or established during the past six years. Without the definition and criteria, the “maximum amount protection for free speech” cannot be materialized or scrutinized. Balancing reputational harms against free-expression rights has never been easy. The study selects some representative defamation cases judgment from the U.S. and Taiwan as the basis. The concept and development of “truth as defense” and “fair report” as well as “opinion privilege” and “actual malice” adopted by the U.S Federal Supreme Court are analyzed in the study. Accordingly and comparatively, the extent of the “maximum amount of protection for free speech” can be decided. Basically, Interpretation Shih No. 509 holds that Article 310, Paragraph 3, of the Criminal Code does not violate the freedom of speech as it is protected under the Constitution. On the other hand, Interpretation No. 509 introduces the “reasonable belief” standard and redistribute the burden of proof between the plaintiff and accused. By doing so, the balance between personal reputation and free speech has been shifted considerably. However, it is still a long way to go before the genuine “maximum amount of protection for free speech” is realized.

碩士
淡江大學
企業管理學系碩士在職專班
98
The trend of financial liberalization and internationalization in recent years has triggered off a tide of merger and acquisition (M&A) among financial institutions seeking to build an optimum corporate edge. However, in addition to the scale economy, the M&A has an impact on the employees of financial institutions. This research emphasizes at how do organizational justice and interpersonal satisfaction influence the employee''s organizational commitment and job satisfaction. By literature exploring and using empirical survey methods with the Taiwan Shin Kong Commerical Bank employees, we investigate factors that affect organizational commitment and job satisfaction, and various relationships among demographic variables, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and other variables. 　This study examines how organizational justice and interpersonal satisfaction influence employees’organizational commitment and job satification. Drawing on the extant literature and survey data collected from employees of the Taiwan Shin Kong Commercial Bank, this study looks at the cause-effect of organizational Justice and interpersonal satisfaction on o employees’organizational commitment and job satisfaction, and also search for the relationship between the demographic characteristics of the respondents with their organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Findings from the present study highlight the importance of enhancing employees’organizational commitment to and job satisfaction with the new institution after the implementation of an M&A, hence provide useful information for the improvement of managerial effectiveness in practice. 　The study utilizes a convenient sampling method for data collection. The final sample includes 481 valid samples. Using factor analysis and cluster analysis methods for data analysis, the respondents were divided into sub-groups by their self-reported organizational commitment and interpersonal satisfaction for group comparisons. Meanwhile, the sample was also divided into two types of sub-groups: the first types includes “high distributive justice” and “high reciprocation justice” in terms of respondents’ organizational commitment, and the second one includes “high trust and high friendship” and “high attribution” in terms of their interpersonal satisfaction. 　Based on the results of ANOVA (analysis and variance) and regression analysis, this study suggests several major findings as followed: 1.There are significant differences in employees'' organizational commitment with different organizational justice. 2.There are significant differences in employees'' job satisfaction with different organizational justice. 3.Organizational justice and interpersonal satisfaction of employees cause a significant impact on organizational commitment. 4.Organizational justice of employees cause a significant impact on organizational commitment. 5.Interpersonal satisfaction of employees cause a significant impact on organizational commitment. 6.Organizational justice and interpersonal satisfaction of employees cause a significant impact on job satisfaction. 7.Organizational justice of employees cause a significant impact on job satisfaction. 8.Interpersonal satisfaction of employees cause a significant impact on job satisfaction. 9.Part of employees’ demographic variables will have significant differences in the organizational justice, interpersonal satisfaction, organizational commitment and job satisfaction.

Perils of Protection utilizes literary and historical parallels to identify a deep structure of protectionism that, through a history of privatizing childhood, has infact left minors increasingly isolated indwindling (and sometimes none xistent) social units such as "nuclear family," vulnerable to multiple in justices made possible by eroded or unrecognized participatory rights. Tracing the ideologies used to rationalize protective encroachment on child participation, the author links these shifts to premise shidden but in herent to industrial modernization, privatized property, and the nuclearized family. This pattern of oppressivelogic will be exposed in the varied contexts of "women and children first "policy in ship wrecks, geographic restriction through enclosing child spaces, abandonment practices, censorship, and medical consent. The authoral so highlights pervasivemotifs of chivalry, fragility, and manipulation through containment: ships in bottles, enclosures, islands, babies in boxes, baskets, playpens, and the "prison-houses" of language and pretense.

В статье прослеживается история Фанагории с середины 3 в., когда жизнь Боспорского царства, в состав которого входила Фанагория, была нарушена вторжением племенных союзов готов, до конца 7 столетия, когда Боспор захватили хазары, и в истории Фанагории начался новый период. Сопоставляются сведения, содержащиеся в письмен - ных источниках и эпиграфических памятниках, данные археологии и нумизматики. История Фанагории рассматривается на фоне политической и экономической ситуации в Северном Причерноморье. Уточнение хронологии ключевых групп материала и ряд новых находок позволили пересмотреть даты некоторых важных событий в истории города. В середине 3 в. относительно спокойная жизнь Боспорского царства была нарушена появлением племенных союзов готов и других восточногерманских народов, которые в 255 г. по суше достигли Боспора и, переправившись через Меотиду, разорили хору каких-то городов и разгромили Танаис. С берегов Меотиды готы в течение двадцати лет совершали практически ежегодные морские и сухопутные набеги на римские владения в Причерноморье и Восточном Средиземноморье. Поскольку европейская сторона, пострадавшая при готских вторжениях, не могла предоставить необходимый провиант и корабли, подготовка этих походов была возможна только при использовании ресурсов городов и хоры азиатской половины Боспорского государства. Именно в города Азиатского Боспора, в том числе Фанагорию, «скифы» свозили награбленное добро, ставшее источником подъема экономики Боспорского царства. После разгрома германцев в 276 г. на Боспоре наступает относительно спокойный период. Правители Боспора контролируют прежнюю территорию, в том числе Азиатский Боспор. В последней четверти 3–4 вв. оживляется сильно нарушенная германцами экономика Боспора, в которой, как свидетельствует нумизматический материал, преобладает его азиатская сторона, где развернулась активная строительная деятельность. В частности, в Фанагории ко времени не ранее конца 3–4 вв. н. э. относится строительство портовых сооружений; несколько меняется облик города: на месте богатых общественных сооружений появляются крупные винодельческие комплексы и жилые дома. Следы разрушений и пожаров, выявленные на различных поселениях Таманского полуострова, и клады, сокрытые не ранее 341–342 гг., говорят о внезапной атаке, возможно, каких-то северокавказских племен. Однако Фанагория, по-видимому, избежала разгрома: город сохраняет территорию в прежних границах и продолжает оставаться крупным ремесленным и торговым центром. В какой-то момент жизнь города была прервана неким событием, оставившим после себя следы разрушений и пожара, выявленные в нескольких районах города. Боль шинство исследователей связывает это разрушение с нашествием гуннов и относит ко времени правления императора Валента (364–378). Однако на основе анализа данных письменных источников и состава комплекса керамики из слоя пожара и комплексов, связанных с расчисткой города перед новым строительством, оно может быть датировано временем около середины 5 в., хотя виновника этих разрушений определить не удается. Приблизительно в это же время прекращают существование Кепы, Батарейка I и II, Красноармейское, Каменная батарейка. Остались лишь крупные города – Фанагория и Гермонасса и, может быть, какие-то производственные центры. В результате описанных событий территория города несколько сократилась: строительные остатки, которые можно было бы датировать временем после первой половины 5 в., не прослежены на юго-восточной и юго-западной окраине города. Однако в централь - ной части нижнего и верхнем плато города жизнь возобновляется довольно быстро. В конце 5 или начале 6 в. Боспорское царство входит в сферу влияния Византийской империи. Однако период относительной стабильности под крылом Византии в Фанагории по сведениям письменных источников и данным археологии внезапно обрывается в середине 6 в. С одной стороны, упоминание о разрушении Фанагории и Кеп Прокопием Кесарийским в книге VIII «Истории войн», законченной в 554 году, а с другой, – комплекс керамики, открытый в слое пожара на раскопах «Береговой стратиграфический» и «Нижний город», и особенно недавние находки на последнем двух солидов Юстиниана I 545–565 гг., позволяют датировать слой разрушения временем не ранее 545 года, но не позднее 554 года. Складывается впечатление, что после этих событий жизнь в Фанагории на какое-то время замирает: отмечается отсутствие материалов второй половины 6–7 вв. на некрополе Фанагории, а в коллекции краснолаковой керамики из раскопок города – поздних форм. Но вый период истории города начинается, по-видимому, около 665 г., когда Боспор захватили хазары. Именно с ними связано появление на месте сгоревших домов построек, возведенных в технике «елочка», характерной для хазарских памятников второй половины 7–10 вв. The article traces the history of Phanagoria from the middle of the 3rd century, when the life of the Bosporan kingdom, Phanagoria being its part, was disturbed by the invasion of Gothic tribes, till the late 7th century, when Bosporos was occupied by the Khazars, the event which opened a new period of its history. Here we compare information from written sources, epigraphic documents, numismatics and archaeology. The history of Phanagoria is considered against the background of the political and economic situation in the North Black Sea area. The verification of chronology of the principal groups of materials and a number of new discover ies allows to reconsider the dates of certain important events in the history of the city. In the middle of the 3rd century the relatively peaceful life of the Bosporan kingdom was disturbed by the appearance of Gothic tribes and other East Germanic peoples, who in 255 reached Bosporos and after crossing Lake Maeotis ravaged the suburban areas of several cities and destroyed Tanais. From the Maeotic banks in the course of twenty years the Goths raided Ro man territories in the North Black Sea area and the East Mediterranean by land and sea. As the European side much affected by Gothic invasions could not provide supplies and ships, the provision of these raids was possible only by the use of resources obtained from the Eastern half of the Bosporan state. The cities of the Asian Bosporos including Phanagoria became the stores where ‘the Scythians’ concentrated their loot, which ensured the economic development of the Bosporan kingdom. After the defeat of the Germans in 276 followed a relatively peaceful period. The Bosporan rulers controlled their initial territory, including the Asian Bosporos. In the last third of the 4th century the Bosporan economy affected by German invasions revives significantly. Numismatic data testifies to the development of its Asiatic part, where building activities were noticeable. In Phanagoria in particular, by the late 3rd – 4th centuries its sea-port was reconstructed and in the whole appearance of the city there were important changes: rich public buildings were replaced by large wineries and dwelling houses. Ruins and traces of fire revealed at different settlements of the Taman Peninsula, hoards hidden not earlier than 341–342 tell of some unexpected attack, possibly by certain North Caucasian tribes. Phanagoria evidently avoided destruction. The city retained its original borders and continued as a prominent center of trade and industry. At some point, the life of the city was interrupted by some event, leaving traces of destruction and fire visible in its several districts. Most scholars connect this event with the coming of the Huns in the reign of Emperor Valens (364–378). However, written sources and sets of pottery from burnt layers connected with the removal of ruins before the reconstruction of the city point Л. А. Голофаст 44 to the time around mid–fifth century, even though they do not define those guilty of the event. Approximately at the same time disappear such settlements as Kepoi, Batareika I and II, Krasnoarmeiskoe, Kamennaya Batareika. Only large cities survived – Phanagoria and Hermonassa and probably some industrial centres. The events described above reduced the territory of the city: there are no traces of building activity in the South-East and South-West districts. But in the central part of the lower plateau and upon the upper one the city-life revived quickly. In the late 5th or the early 6th century the Bosporan kingdom became involved into the Byzantine sphere of influence. However, the period of relative stability under the Byzantine protection was suddenly interrupted in the middle of the 6th century. Procopius mentions the destruction of Phanagoria and Kepoi in the eighth book of his “History of Wars” accomplished in 554. On the other hand the sets of pottery from the strata of ruins and fire from the “Shore stratigraphic” trench and the “Lower city” trench as well as recent finds in the last one of two solidi of Justinian I (545–565) allow to date the strata to the time not earlier than 545 but not later than 554. It looks like after these events any active life in Phanagoria stopped for a while: there are no materials of the second half of the 6th – 7th centuries from the city necropolis, no finds of later forms of red-ware pottery from the city. A new period in the history of the city began around 665, when Bosporos was occupied by the Khazars. That was the time when burnt structures were re placed by buildings constructed after the opus spicanti technique characteristic of the 7th – 10th century Khazar architecture.