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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Just society'
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Salsberry, Pamela J. "The distribution of health care in a just society /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487585645577798.
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Penny, Richard. "Self-respect in the just society : a Rawlsian reconstruction and defence." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/389734/.
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This thesis is concerned with the status of the good of ‘self-respect’ within John Rawls’s account of the just society. Self-respect has a central place within Rawls’s theory of justice—and yet, as many recognise, Rawls’s discussion of this good is both fragmented and opaque. As such, very basic questions remain unanswered. What is the nature of this good? Precisely how does it relate to justice? And what moral implications follow from this for organising the basic structure of a just society? In the first part of this thesis I address these (and other) important questions. I begin by reconstructing a Rawlsian account of self-respect, so as to arbitrate between the multiple uses Rawls ascribes to the term. What emerges, I argue, is an account of self-respect which is not only more coherent than Rawls’s exposition may suggest, but one which has an interesting and sophisticated relationship to the account of justice which Rawls develops. I use this account to argue that considerations of self-respect act as a constraint upon the principles of justice Rawls sets out, and I set out what I take to be a covert distributive standard for this good. These findings not only shed light on the status of self-respect within Rawls’s work, but also on a number of theoretical debates over the kind of project in which Rawls was engaged. With this exegesis completed, the second part of the thesis asks what the implications are for three contemporary debates over the Rawlsian ‘legacy’. I first address G.A. Cohen’s ‘incentive-based’ critique of Rawls, and argue that the good of self-respect serves to deepen the thrust of this challenge. I then address recent accounts of ‘Market Democracy’ and argue that its proponents are wrong to argue self-respect can act as the bridge between Rawlsian and libertarian thought. Finally, I address the recent work done to expand upon the Rawlsian ideal of a ‘property-owning democracy’. I argue that—subject to some minor revisions—this interpretation comes closest to realising thevision that Rawls had for the status of self-respect in the just society.
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Kronberg, Ida. ""We just want a constitution": Gambian Civil Society in Democratic Consolidation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446796.
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In recent years, Gambia is one of the few countries having experienced development in a more democratic direction. As part of democratic consolidation, the process of reviewing the constitution was started in 2017 with an aim to be participatory and inclusive. This thesis seeks to investigate how the Gambian civil society organization TANGO has tried to impact the constitutional review process, to further contribute to the understanding of civil society in democratic consolidation. This is achieved through an explorative and descriptive case study focusing on TANGO’s practice of advocacy and accountability. The method used is mainly semi-structured informant interviews with persons central to civil society in the constitutional review process together with secondary sources such as legal documents and news articles. The results show that TANGO has exercised advocacy mainly in terms of position papers to the Constitutional Review Commission, whereas accountability has primarily been exercised through press conferences and lobbying. However, statements on their efforts as lacking and too late have been persistent in the study, meaning that even if efforts were done, they could have been improved or have other focal points for leveraged impact in the constitutional review process.
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Goldschmid, Rachel Moriah. ""A Society Which Wasn't Just Disgust": Kathy Acker's Poetics of Liberation." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555535.
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Kathy Acker, author of over 20 novels during her brief life, has been attacked by critics for creating tasteless, misogynist, and plagiarized nonsense that glorifies sexual violence. Indeed her work involves female victimization and gruesome sexual violence, and many of her words are cut and pasted from other books. And yet, it is precisely these negative qualities that Acker emphasizes to critique literary and social norms. Acker’s inhuman characters, who lack not only gender specificity but also personality altogether, remain too amorphous, faceless, and superficial to prompt empathy from the reader. These “anti-characters” do not perform their expected literary or social roles and so tend to disgust and disturb the reader. However, within Acker’s brand of nonsense are occasional moments of poetic beauty and humor that distract briefly from the chaos and violence of her plot action. Despite most critics’ categorization of her work as a failure, a slightly different perspective can find inspiration and liberation in Acker’s novels. Her realization of her dream of becoming a (literary) pirate and her reclamation of her body and therefore her voice through tattooing evoke the possibility of a less oppressive, phallocentric, and capitalist world.
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Aguilar, Angie I. "Not Just a Legend: The Gendered Conquest of a Spanish American Society." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/658.
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After the Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821) ending Spanish rule, Mexico formed a republic. By the 1880s there was ‘reformation’ in the Mexican church and the growth of ‘modernization’ in a caste based society governed by dictators. Amid all these changes, there was a growth of a nationalist ideology which sought to break free of Spanish roots in search of a new “Mexican” identity. As nationalism unfolded, there was a resurgence of some histories that became legends. I’ve noted a trend among legends with female protagonists, legends tend to portray women in a negative way. Two legends that have caught my attention emerge from the lives of two women from colonial Mexico. One is based on the life of Malinalli (Malintzin), a Nahuatl woman from sixteenth-century Mexico who at a young age was sold into slavery, but eventually became a talented interpreter, advisor and negotiator for Hernán Cortés during conquest. The other legend is about María Magdalena Dávalos y Orosco, a widowed woman from eighteenth-century Mexico who was able to gain control of her husband’s estate and manage many of his properties.
More often than not, I’ve found that the legends that transpired from the retelling of an account of past events women’s lives, exclude their accomplishments and emphasize their “deviant” tendencies. Through the use of oral histories, scholarly articles and texts relevant to Malintzin and María Magdalena’s circumstances, I will explore their legends to argue that they have a lot of valuable information to offer.
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Sarkar, Badal. "Dr. B R Ambedkar and the making of modern India : a study in the context of his idea of ` just society`." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1530.
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Langenbrunner, Mary R., and Jamie Branam Kridler. "High Conflict Divorcing Parents: Just What the Judge Ordered." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3479.
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Ochoa, Raul. "An Immigrant’s Educational Journey: Working Toward a More Fair and Just Society in the Classroom." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/128.
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In Part A of this ethnography, I explain how my life experiences have shaped who I am and why I want to be a teacher. In Part B, I describe my experience of working with three focus students—an English learner, a student with a 504 Plan, and a student with significant life experience. My work with these students allowed me to learn of their strengths and assets, and areas of need. Based on the knowledge that I compiled over the course of the Fall Semester 2018, I created an action plan to help each student improve his/her academic standing and socio-emotional well-being. In Part C, I identify and evaluate the assets of the school and the community in which my students live, and how such assets help students thrive. I also assess the challenges that both the school and community face, and their continuous efforts to overcome them. In Part D, I reflect on my first year of teaching to assess my instructional practices, and I evaluate the progress made by my whole class, and more specifically my focus students.
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Kim, Myunghee. "A critical examination of global practices in Korean society: creating socially just diversity in English pedagogy." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103711.
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This dissertation investigates the impact of globalization on educational policy and contemporary social life in Korea. Using bricolage, a qualitative research methodology that encompasses multiple critical social theories, I interrogate the notion of globalization and its practices. I examine current English pedagogy as well as cultural practices that exist in Korean society from a critical hermeneutical stance. Within the policy goal of achieving globalization, competence in English is excessively promoted in Korea, being considered the dominant global method of communication. However, far from its goal to raise global citizens or leaders through English education, Korean English pedagogy neglects or ignores the non-western range of cultures, races, and languages in the terrain of globalization. Korea's growing multicultural population and its geopolitical location require a global citizenship that is not limited in its global perceptions. In raising concerns and awareness of the different power stratification within the concept of globalization, I explore the intersection of English education with critical social theories. Being informed by the bricolage of discursive theories, I extend the notion of English learning into human interactions among different groups of people. I interrogate the construction of knowledge and subjectivity and pertinent unequal social treatment depending on one's different socioeconomic, cultural, racial, and linguistic background within the context of English use. I challenge Korea's excessive investment in English language learning and western ideology pushed by globalization, stressing that the Korean English education system needs an alternative pedagogy—one that better addresses social justice and promotes diversity. In conclusion, I highlight the implications of this study for policy makers and teachers to demonstrate that English education can provide a solution towards socially just diversity within Korea's unique multicultural context when it aims for a "critical global consciousness."Cette thèse examine l'impact de la mondialisation sur la politique d'éducation et sur la vie sociale contemporaine en Corée. En utilisant le bricolage, une méthodologie de recherche qualitative qui comprend de multiples théories sociocritiques, je questionne la notion de mondialisation et ses applications concrètes. Par une approche herméneutique critique, j'explore la pédagogie actuelle de l'enseignement de l'anglais et les pratiques culturelles dans la société coréenne. Dans l'objectif politique de parvenir à une mondialisation, acquérir une compétence en anglais est excessivement encouragé en Corée; l'anglais étant le mode de communication le plus répandu internationalement. Cependant, loin de son objectif d'élever des citoyens ou des dirigeants du monde par l'éducation en anglais, l'enseignement de l'anglais en Corée ignore ou néglige toute un éventail non-occidental de cultures, de races, et de langues face à la mondialisation. La croissance de la population multiculturelle et la situation géopolitique de la Corée nécessitent l'émergence d'une citoyenneté mondiale qui ne se limite pas à ses perceptions du monde. En éveillant la conscience des différentes couches du pouvoir et en soulevant les préoccupations présentes dans le concept de la mondialisation, j'explore la rencontre de l'enseignement de l'anglais avec les théories sociocritiques. En juxtaposant plusieurs théories discursives, j'étends la notion de l'apprentissage de l'anglais aux interactions humaines intergroupes. Je questionne la construction du savoir, la subjectivité ainsi que les inégalités sociales selon le milieu socioéconomique, culturel, racial et linguistique dans le contexte d'utilisation de l'anglais. Je conteste l'investissement excessif de la Corée dans l'apprentissage de l'anglais et à l'idéologie occidentale -résultat de la mondialisation- en insistant sur le fait que le système éducatif anglophone en Corée a besoin d'une pédagogie alternative: une pédagogie qui tient mieux compte de la justice sociale et qui promeut la diversité. Pour finir, je souligne que les retombées de cette recherche, qui s'adressent aux responsables politiques et aux enseignants, démontrent que l'enseignement de l'anglais peut être une solution à une diversité socialement juste dans un contexte multiculturel unique tel que la Corée, lorsqu'il a pour but une « conscience critique mondiale ».
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Fraser, Ashley Michelle. "I Just Can't Do It! The Effects of Social Withdrawal on Prosocial Behavior." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3572.
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While there has been research published on social withdrawal during childhood, little work has been done on the effects of social withdrawal during emerging adulthood. Since emerging adulthood is a time of transition and initiation to new environments and social contexts, it would be expected to be a time of great anxiety for individuals predisposed to social withdrawal (shyness). Shyer emerging adults are at risk for internalizing behaviors, lowered self-concept, and delayed entry into romantic relationships, therefore, they may also be more challenged when it comes to enacting prosocial behaviors. In addition, the inability to self-regulate emotions may mediate this relationship. This study utilized a sample of 774 college students (538 women, 236 men; 79% Caucasian; M = 20 years old) to test these hypotheses. Results showed that emerging adults who were more socially withdrawn were less likely to exhibit prosocial behaviors toward strangers, friends, and family members. In addition, results showed that the inability to self-regulate emotions, or cope, mediated this relationship in all cases. Implications include the salience of emotional self-regulation as a prerequisite to prosocial behavior directed toward multiple others and the possibly detrimental influence of shyness on relationship and community involvement during emerging adulthood.
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Hill, Kathryn Louise. "Just Where Do You Think You're Going?: Maternalism and Social Work of the Travelers' Aid Society of Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 2010. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626630.
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Flessati, Valerie. "PAX : the history of a Catholic peace society in Britain 1936-1971." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3801.
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In 1936 the founders of PAX aimed at 'resistance to modern warfare on grounds of traditional morality'. Believing that 'just war' criteria could no longer be met, they called themselves pacifists. Although most members were Roman Catholic Pax did not claim to be a 'Catholic society' because the RC Church at that time took an opposing view, particularly of conscientious objection. Church authorities attempted to censor Pax literature and instructed clergy to resign from the society. Pax supported conscientious objectors during the Second World War. When membership declined afterwards it continued to publish the Pax Bulletin and to provide a forum where Catholics could debate theological and practical questions of war and peace. By the 1960s Pax had gained some distinguished sponsors and a branch in the United States - support which enabled it to influence debate at the Second Vatican Council in 1965. The Council endorsed the right to conscientious objection. In 1971 Pax merged with Pax Christi, the international Catholic peace organisation which began in France in 1944/45. This is the first detailed historical study of the Roman Catholic element in the British peace movement. The story of Pax demonstrates the part that even a small pressure group can play in changing public opinion through patient work. Eventually, despite apathy and opposition, Pax helped bring the RC Church to a recognition of the right to conscientious objection and played a crucial role in the development of a more widespread peace movement within the Church
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Kinser, Amber E. "“I just became a chair, now what?” A Womentoring Panel Sponsored by Women’s Caucus." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1249.
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Khalfani, Ajamu Donkor. "Seek ye first the co-operative economic kingdom, the radical social gospellers and the fight for a just society in Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0017/MQ53316.pdf.
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McCarley, Alastair. "The people's 'beautiful game'/'just another bloody Saturday afternoon' : the popular, sectarian-class football culture of N.Irish society; a sociological analysis." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261040.
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Kärrholmen, Ebba, and Olivia Lange. "We Are More Than Just Housewives : Young Women’s Expectations and Outlook on TheirParticipation Within the Post-Conflict Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina." Thesis, Jönköping University, HLK, Globala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53453.
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Peace processes have been slow to recognise women, which is later reflected in the political landscape of the post-conflict society. Researchers have emphasised that the post-conflict setting many times constitutes a greater challenge for women than men as they face more vulnerability and insecurity in forms of domestic violence and being excluded from the formal peace processes. This is the case for Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is still facing difficulties both socially, politically and economically due to the civil war at the beginning of the 1990s. For instance, the country is facing major economic difficulties, which have contributed to high unemployment rates which is especially affecting women and the youth. Thereby this study which is based on eight qualitative semi-structured interviews explores how young women with tertiary education in Bosnia and Herzegovina experience their participation in the post-conflict setting, and what out-looks they have on their future in relation to the predominant gender order. Through the thematic analysis and by using a theoretical framework related to “Conflict, Gender, Ethnicity and Post-Conflict Reconstruction” and “gender order” their experiences were analysed. The results of this study show that although the young women experienced that they could participate in society, all of them experienced obstacles related to politics and gender traditional expectations of women. Their outlooks were relatively positive as they recognised several opportunities to fulfil their dreams due to education. Moreover, the majority of them wanted to stay in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The post-conflict setting is affecting the entire population, however, young women are further affected by the gender order. Ultimately, the patriarchal gender order which is heightened in the post-conflict setting is impacting these young women’s participation and outlooks, which limits their prospects. However, through their participation and how they conduct themselves, they are opposing the place they have been given in the gender order.Fredsprocesser har varit långsamma med att erkänna kvinnor, vilket senare har återspeglats i det politiska landskapet i samhället efter en konflikt. Forskare menar på att tiden efter en konflikt många gånger utgör en större utmaning för kvinnor än för män, eftersom de är mer sårbara och ofta möter olika former av våld i hemmet samt utesluts från de formella fredsprocesserna. Det här är fallet för Bosnien och Hercegovina, som fortfarande står inför svårigheter både socialt, politiskt och ekonomiskt på grund av inbördeskriget i början av 1990-talet. Landet står exempelvis inför stora ekonomiska svårigheter, vilket har bidragit till den höga arbetslösheten som särskilt drabbar kvinnor och ungdomar. Mot bakgrund av det här undersöker studien, som baseras på åtta kvalitativa semi-strukturerade intervjuer, hur unga kvinnor med högre utbildning i Bosnien och Hercegovina upplever sitt deltagande i det post-konfliktsamhälle som de lever i, hur deras framtidssyn ser ut och hur de förhåller sig till den nuvarande genusordningen. Genom tematisk analys och användningen av ett teoretiskt ramverk relaterat till “Konflikt, genus, etnicitet och post-konfliktrekonstruktion” och ”genusordning” analyserades deras erfarenheter. Resultatet av studien visar att de unga kvinnorna upplevde att de kunde delta i samhället men också att de kände vissa hinder, relaterade till politik och de traditionella könsrollerna som finns i samhället. Samtidigt var de ungas syn på framtiden relativt positiv, då de ansåg att det fanns många möjligheter för dem att uppfylla sina drömmar eftersom de hade studerat. Många av dem ville stanna i Bosnien och Hercegovina. Miljön som är i ett post-konfliktsamhälle påverkar hela befolkningen dock är unga kvinnor extra utsatta, då de också är påverkade av den regerande genusordningen. Den nuvarande patriarkala genusordningen som ofta kulminerar i ett post-konfliktsamhälle begränsar de unga kvinnornas deltagande, vilket påverkar deras tankar om framtiden. Dock, genom sitt deltagande och agerande i samhället sätter de sig emot den plats som de har tilldelats i genusordningen.
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Howard, Frances Mary. "Political philosophy and private property : an evaluation of four main types of theory concerning ownership and distribution of property in a just society." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14559.
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Bibliography: leaves 164-168.This thesis takes as its starting point the beliefs that government should be neutral between the conceptions of the good life of its citizens; that it should take as one of its foremost goals the maximization of their freedom, and with a tentative acceptance of the view that individuals have natural rights. It attempts to answer the following questions: 1. Is there a natural right to property? 2. can an individual acquire exclusive control over an object independently of the actions or acquiescence of others? 3. Do private property rights infringe or protect freedom? 4. Is equality a desirable goal? If so, what form of equality should a society pursue? 5. Is a free society compatible with an egalitarian society? 6. Does it make sense to speak of distributive justice? In answer to the first two questions the author discusses and rejects John Locke's Labour Theory of Acquisition; in response to the others she discusses the theories of Karl Marx, G A Cohen, Robert Nozick, Michael Oakeshott, John Rawls, Alan Ryan and Ronald Dworkin and attempts conceptual analyses of "freedom", "equality", "justice" and "property". Finally, it is concluded that: 1. There is no natural right to property. 2. The form of property rights adopted requires the hypothetical consent of concerned parties. 3. Private property rights in areas of everyday contact are valuable - for privacy, autonomy and individuality. Security of property rights on a large scale, on the other hand, can threaten the freedom of others. 4. Equality is desirable. Rawls's version, that no inequality be permitted unless it improves the position of the worst-off, or a variant of this, best conforms to the constraint of 2. 5. This version of equality is compatible with freedom. 6. There are deep and conflicting intuitions regarding distributive justice.
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Marshall, Lisa Marie. "“I’ll be There for You” if You are Just Like Me: An Analysis of Hegemonic Social Structures in “Friends”." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1182538485.
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Andersson, Mattias, and Peter Wendt. "”Yttrandefriheten har väl aldrig utnyttjats av så många som just nu” : En kvalitativ studie om bloggvärldens påverkan på samhället." Thesis, Högskolan i Kalmar, Institutionen för kommunikation och design, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-2004.
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We have studied the effects that blogs have on the society through interviews with influential bloggers, a news director and the founder of Sweden’s largest blogprovider. Existing theoretical work by other researchers have been used as a starting point to our thesis. Via a deductive method we then proceeded to test these existing models and viewpoints on the reality. Through our research we have concluded that blogs, if they co-operate, have an agenda-setting function, and that they can affect newspapers to write about certain topics. We have also discussed blogs role as media watch dogs. Gunilla Sax, news director, questions the blog world’s ability to fully cover all media, and to deliver a systematic and just review of the media. Through her reasoning we have come to think that it is vital the blog society continues to evolve and mature, and we suggest that there might be a need for some sort of interest organization to coordinate the highly decentralized blog community. Blogs can either be seen as a complement to the news-industry, or as an alternative. Respondents reflect about several differences amongst newspapers and blogs, mainly regarding the methods of work. However, they also confirm what, for example, Bruns (2008) and Våge et al. (2005) writes about the co-dependence that exists between regular newsmedia and the blog community.
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Ashfaq, Muhammad. "The crime of aggression : a critical historical inquiry of the just war tradition." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13671.
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Why has international society been unable to develop political and judicial collective-security arrangements to limit external aggression? The thesis argues that efforts to limit aggression in moral and legal theory have created an unjust order in which great powers have used these theoretical traditions to reinforce their power in the global order. The thesis argues that is not a new development but can be found in one of the oldest traditions of moral reflection on war, the just war tradition. To substantiate this point, the thesis critically surveys the philosophers of the ancient Greek, Roman, Medieval Christian Renaissance, and early modern theorists of just war and demonstrates that their just war ideas contain assumptions about exclusion, identity and power reflecting their cultural superiority which underlie the practices and theories of the leading states and justifications of their aggressive wars. The thesis connects these moral reflections to the emergence of modern international law and the European pluralist international society of states based on mutual respect for sovereignty and the norm of non-intervention, highlighting how justifications of its colonial aggression against non-Europeans established an unjust solidarist order against them which persists in the post-Cold War era. To conclude it presents suggestions for improvement in the current pluralist international arrangements to address the issue of aggression.
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Lindeby, Susanna. "Processes of feelings in a society with a violent past : A qualitative study of the communication for Societal healing in the Truth Commissions in East Timor, Sri Lanka and Ghana between 2002-2011." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Statsvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-13006.
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The research investigates in what extent and how communication for meeting feelings is provided in Truth Commission work. It examines if and in what way feelings are addressed in the communication officially published by the Truth Commissions in East Timor, Ghana and Sri Lanka, occurring between 2002-2011. The research is also looking at the healing processes in a time perspective to find out if there is a communication for Societal healing to be continued in a longer term. My conclusion is that two cases of three in my research, the TRCs in Ghana and East Timor, have communication clearly directed to meet feelings caused by the war. One of the three cases (East Timor) has a communication with a clear ambition to heal over a longer period, to continue after the existence of the Truth Commission. The research suggests that communication with a clear ambition to reach out widely in the society, a communication directed to meet and process feelings over a longer period, can make Societal healing more effective. It also concludes that, in the future, Societal healing, as a field in conflict resolution, will be more based on representational media than today, provided through web communication.
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Schmidt, Dennis Robert. "Order, ethics and the constitution of international society : rethinking the concept of 'jus cogens'." Thesis, Durham University, 2016. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11665/.
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This thesis develops a sociological approach to theorising the emergence and nature of international peremptory law. It argues that due to its focus on formalism and abstract notions of rights, traditional legal treatments have failed to acknowledge the socially constructed nature of higher order norms. To address this shortcoming, the thesis transfers the concept of jus cogens into the realm of International Relations. Drawing on insights from constructivism and English School theory, it situates law in the context of society and conceptualises jus cogens as a generic institutional form that demarcates the normative boundaries of international society. From here, it sketches out two modes for thinking about the construction and content of jus cogens. The first is a social-structural account, which focuses on the relationship between the global normative system and social order. It argues that the international society’s normative boundaries are shaped by, though not always necessarily in line with, the ranking of states as superior and inferior. The second is a normative approach devised to study the foundational normative determinants from which superior norms derive their special status. Proceeding from the assumption that the content and identity of jus cogens depends on the normative character of international society, the thesis then assesses two possible ‘normative logics’ through which the peremptory status of a norm may be generated. It rejects a solidarist logic, which sees universal norms as the manifestation of cosmopolitan ideas about inalienable rights. Instead, it argues for a pluralist approach to ethics and order that depicts jus cogens as key to the development of international society towards a social site marked by diversity and respect for difference.
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Guillaumond, Julien. "L’Irlande de 1922 à 2002 : l’impossible route vers une société plus juste ?" Thesis, Paris 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA030135.
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Partant des années du tigre celtique, la croissance économique remarquable de l’Irlande et les inégalités existantes dans son sillage, cette thèse tente de réévaluer la question des inégalités contemporaines dans les sociétés modernes en s’intéressant au cas irlandais entre 1922 et 2002. Dans quelle mesure les inégalités existaient-elles avant l’avènement du tigre celtique ? Quelles étaient les attitudes irlandaises vis-à-vis des inégalités et comment celles-ci ont-elles évolué ? Les Irlandais se préoccupent-ils de l’égalité ? À partir d’une analyse économique, sociale, historique et politique fondée sur des recherches comparatives portant sur le développement des systèmes d’État providence et le degré plus ou moins redistributif de leurs politiques, ainsi que des réflexions portant sur les inégalités et la justice dans nos sociétés, cette thèse a pour objectif de montrer que les inégalités actuelles en Irlande peuvent être mieux appréhendées lorsqu’elles sont considérées sous l’angle d’une incapacité à créer une société plus juste à partir de 1922. Selon l’auteur, trois séries particulières de facteurs, les facteurs démographiques et économiques, les facteurs politiques et les mentalités irlandaises, ont, en profonde interaction les uns avec les autres, établi un cadre puissant qui a empêché l’avènement d’une société plus juste entre 1922 et 2002Beginning with the Celtic Tiger years, Ireland’s remarkable economic growth and the inequalities existing in its wake, this PhD tries to re-assess the issue of contemporary inequalities in modern societies emphasising the Irish case from 1922 to 2002. To what extent did inequalities exist in Ireland prior to the advent of the Celtic Tiger? What were Irish attitudes to inequalities and how have they evolved? Do Irish people care about equality? Based on an economic, social, historical and political analysis resting on recent comparative studies of the development of welfare state systems and the varying extents of their redistributive agendas as well as on reflections on inequalities and fairness in our societies, this thesis aims to show that current inequalities in Ireland can best be understood in the light of an inability to create a more just society from 1922 onwards. The author argues that three particular sets of factors, demographic and economic factors, political factors, and Irish mentalités have, in close interaction with one another, provided a strong framework which has prevented the advent of a more just society between 1922 and 2002
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Ponce, Fernando. "La pauvreté dans une conception de la société juste : d'Amartya Sen à John Rawls." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100018.
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Ce travail est une tentative pour étudier la manière dont le problème de la pauvreté peut influencer la formation d'une conception de la société juste. Nous voudrions soutenir que la pauvreté, dans la mesure où elle est perçue comme une injustice, constitue une perspective valable, intéressante et novatrice dans la discussion contemporaine sur la société juste. Cette affirmation signifie (niveau général) que la pauvreté, consodérée comme le manque de ce qui est fondamental pour vivre dignement, peut être un problème à priori au moment de penser la société juste. Elle veut dire aussi (niveau particulier concernant Amartya Sen et John Rawls) que si la pauvreté est un manque radical de liberté d'agir, comme Sen le suggère, elle devrait être abordée dans la position originelle de la théorie de la justice que Rawls propose, là où sa conception de la justice prend naissance. Comment allons-nous procéder ? En nous inspirant de Karl Jaspers, nous dirons que le phénomène de la pauvreté peut être un point de départ et offrir un certain contenu pour le débat sur la société juste et nous expliquerons alors ce que nous entendons par point de départ (première partie). Ensuite, nous aborderons la signification philosophique de la pauvreté ; autrement dit, nous proposerons une "perspective de la pauvreté" pour la société juste à partir des contributions de Sen, Aristote, Spinoza et Locke. Cette élaboration progressive nous permettra ainsi de présenter les enjeux de la pauvreté pour la constitution d'une communauté politique (deuxième partie). Enfin, en faisant converger notre perspective et la conception de la justice de Rawls nous montrerons comment la pauvreté interpelle celle-ci, tant au niveau des présupposés de la position originelle qu'au niveau des principes qui pourraient être éventuellement adoptés, (troisième partie)This thesis is an attempt to study the way in which the problem of poverty affects the development of an idea of the just society. We want to affirm that poverty, to the extent that it is construed as an injustice, can yield a perspective which is valid, interesting and innovative for the contemporary discussion on the just society. In general, this proposal means that poverty, understood as the lack of the fundamentals for a decent life, can be an "a priori" problem when it comes to thinking about the just society. More specifically, and in a way which concerns Amartya Sen and John Rawls, it also means that if poverty is a radical lack of "agency freedom", as Sen suggests, it should be addressed in the original position of Rawls' theory of justice, in the very place where his conception of justice is born. How are we to proceed ? Taking our inspiration from Karl Jaspers, we shall argue that the phenomenom of poverty can be a point of departure, and can provide a certain content for the debate about the just society and then we shall explain what we mean by "point of departure" (Part 1). Next, we address the philosophical meaning of poverty ; in other words, we shall propose "a poverty perspective" for the just society drawing on the contributions of Sen, Aristote, Spinoza and Locke. This on-going process will thus allow us to set out what is at stake for the constitution of a political community when it comes to the question of poverty (Part 2). Finally, conflating our perspective with Rawls' theory of justice, we show how poverty challenges this theory, as much in connection with what it assumes in the original position, as with the principles of justice which might be adopted (Part 3)
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Capone, Rodrigo Senne. "Fighting international harmful tax competition beyond the OECD: the role of the civil society." Universidade Cat??lica de Bras??lia, 2014. https://bdtd.ucb.br:8443/jspui/handle/tede/2134.
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The present dissertation is about International Tax Competition and its harmful effects, the role of International Organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ??? OECD and the Organized Civil Society in the fight against the damaging impacts of this international phenomenon. In a globalized era where technology plays a significant role, with the mobility of capital and the easy flow of investments, many tax systems are structured to offer benefits for non-resident investors, ???poaching??? other countries??? tax bases. The effects of these advantages offered are mostly harmful, since most taxpayers that take advantage of these harmful tax reducing schemes continue to utilize a particular country???s structure and the public services it offers, but end paying low or no taxes in these jurisdictions. The effects of these malpractices are very damaging to the global tax system, resulting in erosion that impairs the countries??? financial health and in many cases, it can also impact several countries??? social policies once they end up collecting fewer taxes that they should. These non-collected taxes could be invested in social programs to combat usual problems such as hunger, poor public health systems, security, education, and many others. And that is why the international community is discussing and researching this phenomenon trying to find ways that can lead to a harmonization of the international tax scenario, especially when the subject is harmful tax competition and its damaging effects. But not only Governments and International Organisms are involved in this cause. The Civil Society, through its organizations, has been working on these issues looking for better tax practices, normally directing more of their attention to the situation of poorer countries, since they have more difficulties in addressing these issues due to their lack of resources both to fight the harmful tax competition and to research solutions for it. One of the most active Civil Society???s Organization is the Tax Justice Network, which plays a significant in studying and publishing impactful reports on how the harmful tax practices affects countries??? economies, in an effort to achieve tax justice and fairness at a global level, alongside to dozens of others Civil Society???s Organizations spread around the World.
A presente disserta????o trata sobre a concorr??ncia tribut??ria internacional e os seus efeitos prejudiciais, o papel de Organiza????es Internacionais como a Organiza????o para a Coopera????o e Desenvolvimento Econ??mico ??? OCDE e da sociedade civil organizada no combate aos efeitos prejudiciais desse fen??meno internacional. Numa era globalizada, onde a tecnologia possui grande destaque e com a mobilidade do capital e do facilitado fluxo de investimentos, muitos sistemas tribut??rios s??o estruturados para oferecer benef??cios para investidores n??o-residentes, prejudicando a base tribut??ria de outros pa??ses. Os efeitos desses benef??cios oferecidos s??o na sua grande maioria prejudiciais, vez que a maioria dos contribuintes que tiram vantagem desses esquemas prejudiciais de redu????o de tributos continuam a se utilizar da estrutura e servi??os p??blicos do pa??s no qual se encontram, por??m, pagando poucos ou at?? mesmo nada a t??tulo de tributos nessas jurisdi????es. Os efeitos dessas pr??ticas s??o demasiadamente prejudiciais para o sistema tribut??rio global, resultando em eros??es nas bases tribut??rias, prejudicando a sa??de financeira dos pa??ses e, em muitos casos, prejudicando tamb??m a agenda social do pa??s, vez que os mesmos acabam por coletar menos impostos, que por sua vez poderiam ser reinvestidos em programas sociais para combater problemas b??sicos como a fome, sa??de p??blica, seguran??a, educa????o etc. E ?? por isso que a comunidade internacional est?? discutindo e pesquisando esse fen??meno, com o fim de encontrar caminhos que possam levar ?? harmoniza????o do cen??rio tribut??rio internacional, em especial quanto ?? competi????o tribut??ria prejudicial e os seus efeitos danosos. Mas n??o s??o s?? os pa??ses e Organiza????es Internacionais que est??o envolvidos nessa causa. A sociedade civil organizada, tamb??m conhecida como terceiro setor, atrav??s das suas organiza????es, est?? engajada na busca de melhores pr??ticas tribut??rias, normalmente direcionando a sua aten????o a quest??es ligadas aos pa??ses mais pobres, devido a falta de recursos para combater a competi????o tribut??ria prejudicial e pesquisar formas de solucion??-la. Uma das organiza????es da sociedade civil mais ativas ?? a ???Tax Justice Network???, destacando-se no estudo e publica????o de impactantes relat??rios que mostram como as pr??ticas tribut??rias prejudiciais afetam a economia dos pa??ses, de forma a alcan??ar justi??a fiscal e justi??a a um n??vel global, ao lado de dezenas de outras organiza????es da sociedade civil espalhadas ao redor do globo.
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Caroni, Caroline da Cunha. "Direito e justiça : as normas de conduta justa na sociedade livre segundo Friedrich A. von Hayek." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/170653.
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O presente trabalho analisa como o economista austríaco Friedrich August von Hayek estrutura sua teoria da justiça, identificando a realização do ideal de justiça numa sociedade livre com a vigência do Estado de Direito, ou seja, do governo das normas gerais de conduta justa, que deverão ser aplicadas sempre visando a igualdade formal (isonomia). Ainda, discute os motivos pelos quais o autor considera que a liberdade individual só poderá efetivamente florescer em uma ordem espontânea, que funciona baseada na concorrência, a qual só poderá se manter onde vigore o Estado de Direito e, portanto, haja justiça formal.The present paper analyzes how the economist Friedrich August von Hayek structures his theory of justice, identifying the accomplishment of the ideal of justice in a free society with the Rule of Law, that is to say, in the government of rules of just conduct, which must be applied always aiming at the equality before the law (isonomia). Besides, this paper discusses the reasons why the author considers that liberty can effectively flourish only in a spontaneous order that performs based on competition, which will be maintained where the Rule of Law stands and, therefore, the formal justice is present.
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Maignan, Marion. "La construction d'un prix juste au sein d'un système agro-alimentaire alternatif : le cas de la société coopérative d'intérêt collectif alter-Conso." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0103.
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Le modèle de production, consommation et distribution agro-industriel fait l’objet depuis les années 1970 de critiques portant sur son impact environnemental, économique et sociétal. En réponse à ces critiques, s'est développé depuis les années 60 au Japon, 80 aux États- Unis, et plus récemment en France, une diversité d’initiatives et d’expérimentations socio-économiques visant à soutenir une agriculture plus respectueuse de l’homme et de la planète, basée sur de nouvelles formes d’organisation et orientée vers des échange économiques plus justes. Ces initiatives, qualifiées de systèmes agro-alimentaires alternatifs, associent de manière variée des modes production respectueux de la planète (agriculture raisonnée et biologique, agro-écologie, permaculture. Ils s’appuient par ailleurs sur des formes organisationnelles ancrées dans des dynamiques d’économie sociale et solidaire : Amaps, circuits-courts, coopératives, initiatives de commerce équitable local. Ils développent ainsi des modèles de gouvernance et d'organisation qui reconsidèrent les finalités et les modalités de l’activité économique et sont animés par une volonté de s’engager dans une « autre économie ». La question de la justice dans l’échange, incarnée par la cherche d'un prix juste, est centrale pour ces initiatives.Dans ce contexte, la thèse propose d’analyser la construction d’un prix juste au sein d’un système agro-alimentaire alternatif, engagé dans une démarche de commerce équitable local et s’appuyant sur une forme organisationnelle innovante. Il s’appuie sur le suivi, pendant trois ans, de la Société Coopérative d’Intérêt Collectif Alter-Conso, engagée dans la distribution hebdomadaire de paniers issus de l’agriculture biologique, locale et paysanne dans 14 lieux de distribution de l’agglomération lyonnaise. Cette SCIC se caractérise par un projet d’entreprise orienté vers une transformation des modes de production et de consommation alimentaire, et s'appuie sur une démarche ancrée dans les principes et valeurs coopératives. Elle réunit autour d'un même projet quatre catégories d'acteurs : salariés, producteurs, consommateurs, et sympathisants. Au sein de la coopérative, l’activité marchande est le support d’un projet avant tout sociétal et politique, orienté vers une transformation des pratiques agricoles et des modalités de gestion de l’activité économique. La thèse propose d’analyser comment les acteurs de la coopérative construisent un prix juste, au regard du projet d’entreprise et de ses modalités d’organisation.La thèse permet de montrer que la construction du prix juste au sein de cette organisation reflète une exigence de justice à la fois procédurale, commutative, et distributive. Ce travail met par ailleurs en évidence un processus de fixation du prix alternatif au prix de marché, et qui incarne les spécificités d’une organisation coopérative à finalité sociale. La construction du prix juste intègre par les finalités et les valeurs de la coopérative, à la fois dans les critères de définition et dans le choix des procédures de fixation du prix. Le prix juste est ainsi construit sur la base d’une discussion et indépendamment des variations de l’offre et de la demande. Il est défini sur la base d’une relation tripartite, durable et compréhensive entre producteurs, salariés et consommateurs de la coopérative, caractérisée par une reconnaissance des besoins réciproques des acteurs concernés par l'échangeThe industrial model of food production, consumption and distribution has been criticised since the seventies in reference to its environmental, social and economical impacts. These critics led to the emergence of a diversity of socio-economic initiatives, engaged in the promotion of a model of agriculture that is more respectful of the planet and its inhabitants, based on new organizational forms and oriented towards fair economic exchange. These alternative food systems refer to a diversity of production methods, including responsible and organic farming, agroecology, permaculture. Alternative food systems generally rely on organisations engaged in a social or solidarity economy : Community supported agriculture, short food supply channels, cooperatives, local fair trade. They reconsider the purpose and terms of economic activity and are driven by a desire to engage in an alternative economy. The question of fairness in exchange, embodied by the will to define a fair price, is of central matter for these initiatives.In this context, this thesis aims at analysing the construction of a fair price within an alternative food system. This system is engaged in a dynamic of local fair trade, and is based on an innovative organizational form. An empirical study has been conducted during three years within the cooperative Alter-Conso. This social cooperative proposes a weekly distribution of local and organic food products, in 14 delivery points in and around the city of Lyon. It puts forward the values and principle of a social and solidarity economy, and brings together into cooperation four categories of members : employees, producers, consumers, supporters. In this sense, economic activity aims primarily at achieving a social and political goal, oriented towards a transformation of agricultural practices and questioning the dominant management practices of economic life. The thesis aims at analysing how the members of the cooperative construct a fair price, considering its social project and its organizational form.The thesis shows that the construction of a fair price articulates three forms of justice : distributive , commutative, and procedural. It shows how the cooperative defines a price definition process that is an alternative to the market price. Indeed, the price construction takes into account the values and social goals of the cooperative, both in the criteria that define a fair price and in the price fixation process. The price construction is based on a discussion among the cooperative’s stakeholders, regardless of the variations of supply and demand. It is constructed on the basis of a lasting, comprehensive and tripartite relationship between the producers, the consumers, and the cooperative employees. The relationship is based on reciprocity and on the recognition of the needs of all the people affected by the exchange
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Villar, Ana Eug?nia de Vasconcelos. "Extens?o universit?ria: concep??es e a??es na UFRN sob a tem?tica direitos humanos e justi?a no per?odo 2008 a 2010." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17899.
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Previous issue date: 2011-03-25This paper concerns a study on the University Extension, by reference to the research extension activities under the theme human rights and justice, developed in the period 2008 to 2010 in UFRN. To do so, it tried to learn the concepts of extension in Brazil from the 1970s until the 2000s in contemporary times. This study considered the neoliberal social context of the University, dominated by educational policies focusing on the hegemony of liberal ideas about society, reflecting the great advances of capital on the organization of workers in the last decades and intensified in the 1990s. This research was guided by two great motivations: the opportunity to apprehend a way to enforce the commitment of public institutions of higher education to the disadvantaged sections of society and what role the university extension space plays as a socially committed public university. The general aim of this study is to identify inside the university extension education what does it mean for practitioners and extension activities and what results it produces to society and to the academic training of future professional citizens in the current neoliberal context. The research has been developed from an analytical and critical approach based on quantitative and qualitative data, using observation techniques and semi-structured interviews. We sought to investigate and understand the social reality, the main object of this work, with an interest in identifying the need for a new teaching/learning process and for a new university practice, in order to effectively improve an advanced academic formation. For this, some interviews have been conducted with teachers, students and the external community involved in extension actions in the period defined by the work, i.e., from 2008 to 2010. In this stage, it was observed that the academic work of university extension is essential to civic education. It was recognized too as a privileged space where university fulfills its social commitment towards society, as long as it joins scientific and popular knowledge having in view a new science and a new social order
Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo sobre a Extens?o Universit?ria, tomando como refer?ncia para a pesquisa as a??es extensionistas desenvolvidas no per?odo de 2008 a 2010 na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte UFRN sob a ?rea tem?tica direitos humanos e justi?a. Para tanto, investigou as concep??es de extens?o no Brasil a partir da d?cada de 1970 at? os anos 2000. Neste estudo foi considerado o contexto neoliberal em que est? inserida a Universidade, numa conjuntura de pol?ticas educacionais centrada na hegemonia das ideias liberais sobre a sociedade, como reflexo do grande avan?o do capital sobre a organiza??o dos trabalhadores nas ?ltimas d?cadas, intensificado nos anos 1990. Dentre as motiva??es para a realiza??o desta pesquisa, destacamos o ensejo de apreender como se estabelece o compromisso das institui??es p?blicas de ensino superior com as camadas menos favorecidas da sociedade e/ou qual o papel da Extens?o Universit?ria como espa?o de compromisso social da universidade p?blica na sociedade. Para o presente estudo delimitou-se como objetivo geral identificar no ?mbito da Universidade qual o significado da Extens?o Universit?ria para os que praticam a??es extensionistas e quais os resultados para a sociedade e para a forma??o acad?mica cidad? dos futuros profissionais na atual conjuntura neoliberal. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de uma abordagem anal?tico-cr?tica com base em dados quanti-qualitativos, utilizando as t?cnicas de observa??o e entrevista semiestruturada. Buscou-se investigar e conhecer na realidade social o objeto central deste trabalho, com vistas a apreender a necessidade de um novo processo de ensino-aprendizagem, de uma nova pr?tica universit?ria com a finalidade de promover, efetivamente, uma forma??o acad?mica cidad?. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas com docentes, discentes e comunidade externa envolvidos em a??es extensionistas (no per?odo delimitado pelo trabalho 2008 a 2010), onde foi observado que a atividade acad?mica de Extens?o Universit?ria ? imprescind?vel para a forma??o cidad?, bem como teve seu reconhecimento como espa?o privilegiado para que a Universidade pudesse cumprir seu compromisso social junto ? sociedade, uma vez que une o saber cient?fico e o popular na perspectiva da constru??o de um novo conhecimento e da transforma??o social
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Mannheimer, Elias. "Dangerous Orbits : Applying the Law of Self-defence to Hostile Acts Against Satellite Systems." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-321385.
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The world has found itself in the unsatisfactory position of depending greatly upon the services of satellites, all while the risk of satellites becoming targets during conflict looms ever greater. This paper assesses the lex lata of the law of self-defence as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, focusing on the rationae materiae aspect of the armed attack concept. It thereafter applies general conclusions in this regard to the specific context of hostile acts against satellite systems, with an aim to clarify under what conditions such hostile acts justify the exercise force in self-defence.
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Alendal, Oscar. "Aggressionsbegreppet : En komparativ studie av Förenta nationernas stadgas och Romstadgan för den Internationella brottsmålsdomstolens aggressionsbegrepp." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-342031.
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I och med Romstadgan för den internationella brottmålsdomstolen (nedan Romstadgan) finns nu, för första gången, en juridiskt bindande definition av begreppet aggression, vilken baseras på Förenta Nationernas stadga (nedan FN-stadgan) artikel 2(4). Romstadgan utgör grunden för att Internationella brottmålsdomstolen (nedan ICC), i efterhand, ska kunna utkräva ansvar av en fysisk person för aggressionsbrott. Förenta Nationerna (nedan FN) har till uppgift att bevara freden, genom att agera mot staters aggressionshandlingar, framför allt i preventivt syfte och efter beslut av säkerhetsrådet. Det är intressant att jämföra FN-stadgan och Romstadgans aggressionsbegrepp för att på så sätt förstå hur begreppet aggression behandlas i internationell rätt, både i relationer mellan stater och då fysiska personer ska hållas rättsligt ansvariga för aggressionsbrott. Det är också värdefullt att förstå hur de två definitionerna kan påverka varandra och vad det kan föra med sig för fördelar och nackdelar. I denna uppsats behandlas FN-stadgans och Romstadgans aggressionsbegrepp i en komparativ studie, en viktig slutsats är att det finns skillnader mellan de båda stadgorna. I uppsatsen ges inledningsvis en historisk inblick i aggressionsbegreppets utveckling, som underlag för den efterföljande behandlingen, där FN-stadgans och Romstadgans begrepp aggressionshandling utreds. Därefter behandlas begreppet aggressionshandling enligt FN-stadgan. Utredningen följer Wienkonventionen om traktaträttens allmänna tolkningsregel. Först görs en tolkning av begreppet aggressionshandlings ordalydelse, i enlighet med FN-stadgans systematik. Sedan redogörs för hur begreppet tolkats av relevanta FN-organ och i staters praxis. Generalförsamlingens aggressionsdefinition, i resolution 3314, gås igenom och kritiseras till viss del, då den inte ger en tydlig avgränsning av vad aggressionsbegreppet innefattar. Generalförsamlingens resolution 3314 är dock central och används därmed, som grund för vidare behandling i uppsatsen där resolutionen också jämförs kritiskt med andra FN-organs praxis och med FN-stadgans lydelse. Uppsatsen visar att begreppet aggressionshandling har givits en vag formulering i FN-stadgan och att vad som anses innefattat i begreppet också skiljer sig något mellan de olika FN-organen. Hos FN-organen finns dock den gemensamma kärnan att, som aggressionshandling anses den första våldsanvändningen i en stats internationella relationer genomförd med ett specifikt aggressivt uppsåt. Uppsatsen utreder sedan kritiskt Romstadgans aggressionsbegrepp och dess olika delar varvid viktiga skillnader mot FN-stadgan behandlas. Ett specifikt aggressivt uppsåt saknas i Romstadgan och kan inte heller läsas in i denna, då det skulle gå emot Romstadgans ordalydelse och systematik. Romstadgan ser därmed inte heller ett specifikt aggressivt uppsåt, som en försvårande omständighet, utan Romstadgan ser enbart till det använda våldets allvar och omfattning. Vidare så innehåller Romstadgan en tröskel, i syfte att utesluta en legal gråzon från ICCs jurisdiktion, vilken saknar motsvarighet i FN-stadgan. Romstadgan utesluter därmed genom sin lydelse våldshandlingar, som inom delar av den folkrättsliga doktrinen, anses befinna sig inom en gråzon av jus ad bellum. I slutsatserna sammanställs sedan de huvudsakliga skillnaderna mellan aggressionsbegreppen enligt FN-stadgan, FN-organen och Romstadgan och en utredning görs av de fördelar respektive nackdelar och risker, som dessa skillnader medför samt hur skillnaderna påverkar varandra. Författaren finner att det föreligger betydande skillnader då specifikt aggressivt uppsåt saknas i Romstadgan samt då Romstadgans tröskelvärde syftar till att utesluta den legala gråzonen inom jus ad bellum. Vidare anser författaren att dessa skillnader riskerar att urholka FN-stadgans våldsförbud och således i framtiden riskera att gynna starka våldsbenägna stater på svaga staters bekostnad.The Rome Statute for The International Criminal Court (henceforth The Rome Statute) now provides, for the first time, a legally binding definition of the concept of Aggression. The definition is based on the United Nations Charter (henceforth The UN Charter) article 2(4). The Rome Statute is the foundation on which the International Criminal Court (henceforth ICC) can prosecute individuals on crimes of aggression post the events. The United Nations (henceforth UN) has the charter to sustain the peace through acting against the acts of aggression of nations, primarily preventively and based on resolutions by the Security Council. It is interesting to compare the UN Charter and the Rome Statute definition to understand how the concept of aggression is used in international law, both in relations between nations and when individuals shall be held accountable for crimes of aggression. In addition, it’s valuable to understand how the two definitions can impact each other and what the implications might be of similarities and differences. Hence, this thesis is a comparative study of the concept of aggression in the UN Charter and the Rome Statute. One key conclusion is that there are significant differences in how the aggression is defined in the two documents. The use and development of the concept Aggression is first accounted for in a historic context as a foundation for the comparative study. Then, acts of aggression in the UN Charter is thoroughly investigated in three steps. The investigation is carried out in accordance with the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Firstly, through an interpretation of acts of aggression in accordance with the ordinary meaning of the term in the context of the UN Charter. Secondly through an investigation of the interpretation in relevant UN bodies and in the practice of nations. Thirdly, the definition of the UN General Assembly, resolution 3314, is investigated and criticised as it does not offer a sufficiently clear delimitation of the concept of aggression. Resolution 3314 is, however, of key importance and is used subsequently as an element of comparison. The resolution is also compared with the practice of other UN bodies and the wording of the UN Charter. The thesis proves the that aggression has a vague definition in the UN Charter and that the scope of the concept is different in different UN bodies. However, common to all UN Bodies is to define aggression as the first use of force with a specific aggressive intent in international relations. Following on UN, the thesis provides a critical investigation of the concept of aggression in the Rome Statute where key differences relative to the UN Charter are accounted for. The Rome Statute lacks specific aggressive intent and such cannot be made part of the interpretation as it would the statutes wording and systematics. Thus, the Rome Statute does not regard a specific aggressive intent aggravating but looks solely to the gravity and scale of the force used. In addition, the Rome Statute includes a threshold with the purpose of excluding a grey zone from the jurisdiction of ICC. Such grey zone does not exist in the UN Charter. The implication of this is that the Rome Statute excludes acts of violence that, among some international lawyers, are regarded to be in a grey zone of jus ad bellum. The conclusions include a summary of the main differences across the UN Charter, different UN Bodies and the Rome Statute. That leads into a discussion on the potential advantages and drawbacks that come out of these differences plus potential effects of the reciprocal influence. The key element of this discussion is that aggressive intent is missing in the Rome Statute and that the statute’s threshold aims to exclude the legal grey zone in jus ad bellum. The thesis concludes that these differences risk to weaken the prohibition of the use of force in the UN Charter and, as a consequence, that this may favour strong and aggressive nations at the expense of smaller and weaker nations.
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Parling, Isabella. "Climate Change Litigation Based on Human Rights : challenges and possbilities in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444217.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change litigation is expanding at fast speed throughout various jurisdictions around the world. Citizens are taking states’ lack of climate mitigation measures to courts, demanding that more has to be done on the climate crisis. More often now, litigants use human rights based argumentation which relies on international human rights law: human rights treaties, conventions, and precedent from human rights courts. According to litigants, states are therefore seen as both creating and prolonging this threat against the lives of their citizens, violating some of their most basic human rights, such as the right to life. Coupling these human rights obligations with climate treaties such as the Paris Agreement has proven effective when attempting to establish a causal connection between state emissions and climate change’s threat to citizen’s lives. This is sometimes characterized as a global ‘rights turn’ or a ‘greening’ of human rights. While a climate litigation case was denied to be brought up in Swedish courts in 2016, the Swedish government is now in 2021 finding itself tested again. Several children and youths in Sweden are currently suing the Swedish state, claiming that Sweden does not live up to its international human rights obligations. The claim is based on a human rights framing and is more similar to other ongoing or successful climate litigation cases at present time. While also facing a lawsuit as defendants in a case under the European Court of Human Rights, Sweden is now finding itself in the midst of this new phenomenon. Since, however, the issue of climate litigation in Swedish courts is quite new, the results of a new case in Sweden based on different grounds and on the precedent established in other successful cases in other similar jurisdictions, could be different. The overall purpose of this thesis is to shed light on the intentional human rights obligations that the Swedish state is bound by internationally which can be used in a climate litigation case based on human rights argumentation. The issue at hand is therefore to ascertain what, how and why those obligations concerning the climate and human rights makes it possible or challenging to pursue a case against the Swedish government, and what these obligations entail. If the case is tried in Swedish courts, it will establish the current obligations concerning climate change and its threat to human lives under international human rights law, as well as Sweden’s mitigation duties.
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Vinardi, Carine. "Les défis du Lean à l’ère de la mondialisation et de l’industrie 4.0." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://bibliotheque.utc.fr/EXPLOITATION/doc/IFD/2019COMP2500.
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Les entreprises multinationales ou transnationales, dont le nombre ne cesse d’augmenter, présentent la particularité d’avoir des salariés présents sur les différents continents, travaillant avec des rythmes et des cultures différentes. Dans le cadre des activités des entreprises, de plus en plus de salariés sont amenés à travailler en équipe multiculturelle et délocalisée. Ces mêmes entreprises sont à la recherche des meilleures performances opérationnelles et le déploiement de la démarche Lean est un levier reconnu d’obtention des meilleures performances de manière pérenne et ce depuis des dizaines d’années. En parallèle, depuis le développement d’internet et des nouvelles technologies, de nouveaux outils deviennent disponibles pour collecter et analyser les données ou encore pour produire. Au sein des entreprises et alors que les impacts sont souvent traités de manière séparés, c’est bien de manière systémique et en même temps qu’interagissent les dimensions culturelles, le déploiement du Lean et la mise en œuvre des outils liés à l’ère numérique. Dans un soucis ultime performance pérenne, c’est bien l’efficacité du système dans sa globalité dont il est question. Ce mémoire propose de faire un état des lieux séparé puis synchronisé et de proposer une aide à l’évaluation et à la mise en œuvre cohérente de l’ensemble des trois élémentsMultinational or transnational companies, whose number is constantly increasing, have the particularity of having employees working on different continents, having different rhythms and culture. More and more employees are required to work in multicultural and remote teams as part of their business activities. These same companies are looking for the best operational performance and the deployment of the Lean approach is a recognised lever for obtaining the best performance in a sustainable manner and has been for decades. In parallel, since the development of the Internet and digital technologies, new tools have become avaible to collect and analyse data or to manufacture. Within companies, while the impacts are often processed separately, it is indeed in a systemic way and at the same time that the cultural dimensions, the deployment of Lean and the implementation of tools linked to the digital era. With the ultimate aim of sustainable performance it is the efficiency of the system as a whole that is at stake. This thesis proposes to review of industrial situations, and to propose an support for the evaluation and consistent implementation of all three elements i.e culture, Lean and digitalization
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Cabay, Julien. "L'objet de la protection du droit d'auteur: Contribution à l'étude de la liberté de création." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/228996.
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L’objectif de la recherche doctorale consiste en la définition de l’étendue du principe de la liberté de création en droit d’auteur, à travers l’analyse de l’objet de la protection du droit d’auteur. La partie introductive de la thèse est consacrée à la problématisation. Le principe de liberté de création est déduit des normes de droit international et constitutionnelles relatives d’une part à la liberté d’expression, d’autre part à la liberté d’entreprendre. Il est ensuite démontré que le droit d’auteur constitue une limite à cette liberté, contenue dans ses effets et dans son principe par le régime juridique afférent. Elle est contenue dans ses effets par le régime relatif à la durée, aux exceptions et limitations et à la mise en œuvre du droit d’auteur, lesquels sont étudiés de manière générale pour justifier leur exclusion de la recherche. Elle est par ailleurs contenue dans son principe par le régime juridique relatif à l’ « objet de la protection du droit d’auteur », dont une définition est donnée pour cerner le périmètre de l’étude. Au sens de la thèse, l’ « objet du droit d’auteur » vise l’œuvre littéraire, artistique et musicale, à l’exclusion des créations olfactives, gustatives et tactiles, des programmes d’ordinateur et des bases de données. Quant à la « protection du droit d’auteur », elle vise la protection conférée par les droits de reproduction et d’adaptation. Les première et deuxième partie de la thèse sont consacrées à l’étude critique de l’objet de la protection du droit d’auteur au sens précité, respectivement en droit positif de l’Union européenne et en droit belge. La structure générale est identique dans les deux parties. Un premier chapitre est consacré aux conditions de la protection, à savoir l’originalité et la forme (expression). Un second chapitre est consacré aux conditions de la contrefaçon, à savoir les similitudes et l’emprunt coupable. L’étude porte sur l’ensemble de la jurisprudence respectivement de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne (spécialement depuis son arrêt Infopaq de 2009) et des juridictions belges (Cour de cassation et juridictions de fond) publiée depuis 1989 (date des premières interventions pertinentes de la Cour de cassation sur le sujet). Pour ce qui concerne le droit de l’Union européenne, l’étude de droit positif est accompagnée, pour tous les aspects qui ne reçoivent pas de réponse à l’heure actuelle, d’une lecture prospective au départ de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice dans d’autres domaines de la propriété intellectuelle et/ou en droit d’auteur comparé. Pour ce qui concerne le droit belge, l’étude de droit positif est accompagnée d’une part, d’un examen de sa compatibilité (largement vérifiée) avec le droit de l’UE et d’autre part, d’une lecture prospective vers un affinement du droit de l’UE au départ des solutions jurisprudentielles nationales. La dernière partie propose en conclusion un modèle synthétique de l’objet du droit d’auteur en droit de l’Union européenne (précisé au départ des solutions jurisprudentielles belges) et de la liberté de création. Le modèle repose sur trois notions. Premièrement, la figure abstraite du « créateur », dont la fonction consiste à déterminer si une contribution intellectuelle déterminée peut être attribuée à un individu déterminé. Deuxièmement, la figure abstraite du « public destinataire », dont la fonction consiste à déterminer les contours d’une contribution intellectuelle. Troisièmement, le principe du « juste équilibre », dont la fonction consiste à déterminer, parmi les contours d’une contribution intellectuelle déterminée attribuée à un individu déterminé, lesquels doivent bénéficier de la protection du droit d’auteur et ceux qui doivent en être exclus. Une construction rationnelle et systématique du droit positif est fournie en application de ce modèle. Enfin, il est démontré que l’avènement de la société de l’information a modifié les termes du juste équilibre, commandant l’abandon de certaines solutions du passé.Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Sok, Bovy. "Commerce équitable, développement durable : approche juridique." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00853402.
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Face aux effets néfastes de la croissance économique mondiale, la société civile réclame un autre développement, qui a été dénommé " développement durable " et défini dans le rapport Brundtland de 1987. Engagée dans l'Agenda 21, la France s'efforce d'adopter des textes législatifs et réglementaires pour promouvoir le développement durable. La charte de l'environnement de 2004 a été intégrée dans le préambule de la Constitution de 1958, conférant au développement durable le statut d'objectif à valeur constitutionnelle. Par l'article 60 de la loi du 2 août 2005, le commerce équitable s'inscrit dans la stratégie nationale de développement durable. Mais, aucune définition du commerce équitable ne figure dans cet article. Actuellement, les acteurs économiques pratiquent leur propre équité pour mettre en œuvre les conditions du commerce équitable. Celles-ci sont notamment le commerce avec les petits producteurs des pays du Sud, une production respectant l'environnement, le paiement d'un juste prix, ainsi que l'attribution de bénéfices sociaux aux producteurs et à leur famille. Les acteurs économiques établissent des attestations de qualité pour garantir aux consommateurs le respect de ces principes. D'un point de vue juridique, des questions se posent du fait que ces attestations ne sont ni initiées ni validées par les pouvoirs publics en France ou à l'étranger. La fiabilité de ces pratiques menace l'ordre juridique lorsque leur véracité ne peut pas être vérifiée. L'intervention de l'État est indispensable pour légiférer sur l'équité en question. Cependant, un État ne représente que l'intérêt de son peuple sans pouvoir faire d'ingérence dans les affaires d'un autre État souverain, alors que la législation du commerce équitable implique une gouvernance des relations commerciales entre les acteurs économiques des pays du Nord avec les petits producteurs des pays du Sud. En conséquence, il va falloir trouver un nouveau mode de gouvernance pour réguler le commerce équitable. M. Pascal LAMY appelle cette nouvelle gouvernance " gouvernance alternationale ". Pour la réaliser, la participation de la société civile à côté de celle des pouvoirs publics est nécessaire.
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Söderlund, Erik. "Transnational Corporations and Human Rights : Assessing the position of TNCs within international human rights law, and the appropriateness of an international treaty on business and human rights." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-363144.
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Transnational corporations are playing an important role in the global economy of today. Many of these corporations have great economic resources and have the possibility of contributing to the development of societies in developing states. At the same time, in their search for profit, the activities of TNCs have proven fatal to some of the individuals employed by them, or otherwise in contact with their activities. Within the international legal framework, corporations are not traditionally treated as subjects and if a TNC allocates its production to a state with lax human rights protection, no binding international standards exist to regulate the conduct of the corporation. In my thesis I will assess the position of TNCs under the present core human rights instruments and soft law initiatives. I will also analyze a draft treaty text produced by the Intergovernmental Working Group on Business and Human Rights, released in July 2018, to reach a conclusion on whether such an instrument would affect the international legal status of TNCs and provide a more robust protection of international human rights.
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Zheng, Yang-yi, and 鄭揚宜. "A Study of Lyotard’s EthicsThe Just Gaming in Postmodern Society." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47364654860680986240.
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""Man, I just need a job": Serving People Experiencing Homelessness in an Economic-Focused Society." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.14485.
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abstract: People going through homelessness in the contemporary U.S. struggle with a number of dehumanizing challenges. Even as some attempt to secure employment and end their homelessness, they may run into difficulties because they have been Othered to such a significant level. They have effectively been left out of society because of their lack of participation in its dominant activity as prescribed by market fundamentalism, the creation and exchange of goods. The following thesis seeks to explore the experience of homelessness for those within a homeless shelter environment in an economic-focused society. It utilizes Midrash Social Research Methodology (MSRM) to focus on the voice of the person going through homelessness, the marginalized Other. It relies on the phenomenology of the 20th-Century philosopher Emmanuel Levinas in an effort to explore the meaning and knowledge to be found in conversations held with the Other. The goal of this thesis is to propose a purposeful refocusing on service through conversation. The issue of homelessness is multi-faceted and its causes are as diverse as the people who experience it. Service providers in particular must engage those being Othered, and they must provide support in ways that allow for pluralistic realities, not prescribing singular means of ending homelessness.Dissertation/Thesis
M.A. Social Justice and Human Rights 2011
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Mbombo, Dieudonne Bikoko. "The role of civil society in promoting greater social justice for forced migrants living in the inner city of Johannesburg." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/4730.
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ABSTRACT
This paper analyses what has arguably become a salient feature of a ‘just city’ and social
development on an international level, namely social justice. Specifically, it focuses on the
role of the Johannesburg’s civil society organisations in promoting greater social justice for
forced migrants (refugees and asylum seekers) living in the downtown Johannesburg. For this
purpose, a case study was carried out, particularly with Africa’s forced migrants living in the
inner city of Johannesburg (in Hillbrow and Yeoville). The research makes use of in-depth
interview and participant observation methods to uncover the perspectives of a group of
refugees and asylum seekers and members of seven civil society organisations, working with
forced migrants in Johannesburg. The main research question that the study addresses is:
What role can civil society organisations play in facilitating greater social justice for Africa’s
asylum seekers and refugees living in the inner city of Johannesburg?
I have concluded that Johannesburg’s civil society organisations have the potential, which
may allow them to bring social transformation and create a just city by promoting a greater
social justice for forced migrants living in the inner city. To achieve this goal, they should
play a reformative and transformative role in the inner city, by challenging government
exclusionary policies and decisions relating to the forced migrants; and, at the same time, they
should mediate between the government and forced migrants at the local and national levels.
To conclude this report, I recommended civil society organisations to develop strong
collaboration with the city’s planners for a better improvement of the quality of life of forced
migrants in the inner city. I also recommend the national government to decentralise its
decision-making power on international migration issues by conferring to the provinces and
local governments certain power which can allow them to develop internal structures (taking
into account the context of each province), which can allow them to protect the basic rights of
refugees and asylum seekers, such as the rights to work, to study, and to access free health care.
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Malone, Kali. "Harmonic Space & Hegemonic Process." Thesis, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kmh:diva-2416.
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This text investigates the harmonic dimension of music and the various social, cultural and political consequences that arise through the act of tuning and tempering harmonic space. While no singular musical domain can exist divorced from the rest (i.e., duration, rhythm, dynamics, spatiality, etc.), in order to examine its afflictions and possible remedies, this text focuses only on the harmonic domain and the severity of its influence over listeners. This text questions the standardisation of twelve tone equal temperament, the implications it has inflicted culturally, the capital agents it may serve, and the possible insights just tuning systems and alternate temperaments may provide.Cast of Mind
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Blacksher, Erika Ann. "A just society's duties to children's capabilities for health : an ethical investigation of the social gradient in developmental health /." 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3239964.
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Gagné, Martin. "«Tu ne tueras plus!» : une étude du processus de «recivilisation» de la société ouest-allemande d’après les catéchismes catholiques (1945-1970)." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10683.
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Chez les historiens qui se sont consacrés à l’étude de l’Allemagne contemporaine, plusieurs considèrent qu’en perpétrant un crime aussi barbare que la Shoah, le Troisième Reich a provoqué une « rupture de civilisation » (Zivilisationsbruch) au sein de l’histoire occidentale. En règle générale, ces spécialistes ont réfléchi sur le sens ainsi que sur les implications historiques et philosophiques de cet événement pour le monde contemporain. Peu d’entre eux, toutefois, se sont intéressés au pendant de cette « rupture de civilisation » : le processus de « recivilisation » qui a été à l’œuvre dans la société ouest-allemande au cours des premières décennies d’après-guerre. Caractérisé par le rejet de la violence et du militarisme, par la restauration des normes élémentaires de la civilité ainsi que par l’importance croissante accordée à des valeurs telles que la démocratie et le respect des droits de la personne, ce processus permet en grande partie d’expliquer comment, en à peine deux décennies, les Allemands de l’Ouest ont réussi à édifier un État stable et démocratique sur les ruines d’une dictature génocidaire. En étudiant la présentation du Décalogue dans les catéchismes catholiques, ce mémoire cherche à déterminer le rôle attribué aux prescriptions morales de nature religieuse dans le processus de « recivilisation » de la société ouest-allemande. Il se propose de montrer qu’au cours des années 1950 et 1960, les catéchismes catholiques publiés en RFA ont présenté de plus en plus d’indices d’une volonté que l’on pourrait qualifier de « recivilisatrice ». Ces indices ont surtout pris la forme d’une attention grandissante aux questions relatives à la guerre et à la paix, d’un assouplissement dans la présentation de l’autorité parentale et de l’adoption d’une conception de l’autorité civile fondée désormais sur l’accomplissement de devoirs civiques plutôt que sur l’obéissance aux supérieurs hiérarchiques.Among scholars who have studied contemporary Germany, many consider that by perpetrating such a barbaric crime as the Holocaust, the Third Reich caused a “rupture of civilizationˮ (Zivilisationsbruch) in the history of the Western world. These experts have reflected on the meaning as well as on the historical and philosophical consequences of the Holocaust for the contemporary world. However, very few of them have examined the other side of this “rupture of civilizationˮ, i.e. the “recivilizingˮ process that occurred in West German society during the first postwar decades. Characterized by the rejection of violence and militarism, the restoration of elementary norms of civility and the growing importance attached to civic values such as democracy and human rights, this process explains how, within barely two decades, West Germans succeeded in building a stable and democratic state on the ruins of a genocidal dictatorship. Using the presentation of the Decalogue in the Catholic catechisms, this master’s thesis examines the role attributed to religious moral norms in the “recivilizingˮ process of West German society. It intends to show that during the 1950s and 1960s the Catholic catechisms published in the FRG presented numerous signs of a “recivilizingˮ will, which consisted in a particular attention to issues of war and peace, an updated view of parental authority and the adoption of a conception of civil authority based on the fulfilment of civic duties rather than on sheer obedience to hierarchy.
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Friant, Nathanaël. "Vers une école plus juste : Entre description, compréhension et gestion du système." Phd thesis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00752087.
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Peut-on dire que l'école est injuste? Peut-elle être plus juste ? Comment la perçoivent ses usagers ? Ces questions peuvent sembler simples. Elles sont d'une redoutable complexité. Cette thèse, s'appuyant sur plusieurs travaux de recherche auxquels l'auteur a collaboré, aborde ces questions sous l'angle de la description du système éducatif, de la compréhension de la manière dont les acteurs perçoivent le système et ses injustices, et de la gestion du système pour davantage de justice. La première partie de la thèse, après une revue de la littérature sur les théories de la justice et leur application à l'éducation, se centre sur la description des mécanismes à l'œuvre dans la création d'inégalités injustes, relevant en particulier de la ségrégation socio-économique entre établissements scolaires. La seconde partie tente de répondre à la question de savoir que mettre en œuvre pour rendre l'école plus juste, d'une part en passant en revue les politiques d'éducation prioritaires existantes et leur évaluation, et d'autre part en présentant la démarche prospective mise en œuvre dans plusieurs recherches tentant de déterminer " ce qui pourrait marcher ". Enfin, la troisième partie prend le point de vue des usagers de l'école en posant la question de savoir si les élèves se sentent traités de manière juste par le système éducatif.
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Roch, François. "L'évolution de la réglementation internationale des investissements directs étrangers dans les Amériques : vers de nouvelles perspectives ?" Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2430.
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Avec le début du processus de négociation entourant la création d'une éventuelle
Zone de libre-échange des Amériques, il est permis de se demander si l'entente,
prévue pour 2005, aura un impact significatif sur l'évolution des normes
réglementant les investissements directs étrangers (IDE). À cet égard, à l'échelle
internationale, l'évolution des normes sur les IDE est caractérisée par deux grandes
phases. Une première phase concerne l'évolution des règles et principes destinés
respectivement à sécuriser et garantir les investissements internationaux. Cette phase
pourrait et sera probablement consolidée juridiquement avec la conclusion prochaine
de la ZLÉA. Conséquence de l'effacement progressif des doctrines politiques
réfractaires ou dissuasives à l'IDE, particulièrement vrai depuis la fin de la guerre
froide, ces principes sont largement connus des juristes: traitement national,
traitement juste et équitable, traitement de la nation la plus favorisée, règles en
matière d'expropriation et de nationalisation, etc.
La seconde phase concerne, elle, les règles destinées à libéraliser le cadre juridique
entourant les opérations d'investissements. i.e. les règles visant notamment à assurer une libre admission des IDE sur le territoire de l'État hôte de l'investissement et une
plus grande liberté de gestion en faveur de l'investisseur étranger. Cela dit,
contrairement aux règles destinées à sécuriser les IDE, il n'y a pas de consensus
politique suffisamment important dans les Amériques, enfin selon nous, pour voir
ces principes se cristalliser de manière extensive dans un accord pan-américain.
Le présent mémoire examinera les règles juridiques appartenant à ces deux phases
d'évolution. Celles-ci feront plus précisément l'objet du second chapitre de notre
mémoire. Le premier chapitre, quant à lui, portera sur l'évolution et la réaction de "la
société internationale face à ce phénomène de multinationalisation des entreprises,
pour ensuite porter sur l'évolution conceptuelle des notions d'investissements et
d'investisseurs internationaux. En sus des trois versions de l'avant-projet de chapitre
sur les investissements rendues publiques sur le site officiel de la ZLÉA, les ententes
bilatérales et sous-régionales occuperont aussi une place privilégiée dans nos
analyses.
Alors qu'historiquement les premières 1n11:latlves d'intégration économique (en
Amérique latine et centrale principalement) étaient marquées par l'idéologie du
développement et celle du Nouvel ordre économique international (NOEI), la
ZLÉA, comme processus d'intégration, est guidée elle au premier chef par l'idéologie
libérale, sinon ultralibérale. Dans les Amériques, compte tenu des différences
tangibles de développement des économies nationales des 34 États invités à négocier,
le consensus de Washington, présent en 1994, semble s'effriter et annonce la
conclusion prochaine d'une entente minimaliste. Cela affecterait dans une même
proportion la question des IDE auquel cas il faudra admettre que la ZLÉA ne
révolutionnera pas le cadre juridique dans lequel se font les opérations
d'investissement.With the beginning of the negotiating process that should be leading to the establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas for 2005, it's interesting to take a look at the possible evolution of the roles and principles related to Foreign Direct investments regulation in the Americas. On the international level, there's two basics categories of norms. The ftrst one, are essentiaily design to protect and guarantee the investor and his investment. The eventual conclusion of FTAA could consolidate, at the hemisphere level, such category of roles and principles. Consequently to the end of cold war and the alignment of many country, but also many developing countries, in regard of the liberalism doctrine, the nature of these roles and principles are weil know by lawyers and professors in north-America: national treatment, fair and equitable treatment, most-favoured-nation treatment, roles concerning expropriation and nationalization, etc.. The second one, concern the roles and principles design to liberated the copusjuns afferent to FDI : for example, the roles and principles concerning transfer clause or performances requirements. That said, contrary to the ftrst category, there's no consensus over theses roles and principles. The absence of such consensus will probably influence the content of the agreement in a way that will be unsatisfted either for export-developing countries, such as the Canada and the United States, or developing countries. The present paper will examine roles and principles design for both protection and liberalization of FDI regulations. Indeed, the second chapter will entirely be treating of these matters. The ftrst chapter will instead be treating about the "transnationalization" of the private ftrm and the reaction of the international community regarding this phenomenon. The first chapter of our paper will also be the occasion to look at the conceptual evolution of both notions of "investor" and "investment" in regards of the FDI regime developed in the FTAA draft. On that matter, a special attention will be accorded to the FTTA process but also to bilateral and regional agreements signed over the last 15 years between members of the FTAA negotiating process. Historicaily and ideologicaily, the FTAA is link with the recent NAFTA process. There is no doubt about it. The integration process in the Americas is far from been recent in Latin America, with the difference that this last process was mostly inspired by the ideology of "development" and the project of NIEO. The FTAA process, on the other hand, is clearly guide by the liberalism ideology which not always take into account the particularize needs of developing countries. When the FTAA process begin, there was a consensus, among leaders, over the idea that free-trade, as weil as liberal FDI regulations, will beneftt to developing countries and ftt their economic and social aspirations. Since then, this consensus, the so-called "Washington consensus", has been lost and that will, necessarily, have some effects on the evolution of the roles and principles related to FDI regulation in the Americas.
"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de LL.M. Droit Dans le cadre du programme de Maîtrise en droit(LL.M.) 2-325-1-0 en option recherche et droit des affaires"