Academic literature on the topic 'Just-in-time tasks'
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Journal articles on the topic "Just-in-time tasks"
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Stetler, Katarina Lund. "Creativity Just in Time? The Role of Delivery Precision in Product Development." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 12, no. 05 (September 28, 2015): 1550026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877015500261.
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This paper presents the results from a quantitative survey study in the research and development (R&D) department of company in the automotive industry. The focus of the study has been on exploring the relationship between delivery precision and creativity. Given today's increasingly competitive market, companies must be able to both cut lead times and maintain high creativity and innovativeness in the organization. This study is an attempt to increase our understanding of how one means of cutting lead time, the imposition of high demands on delivery precision, is related to the creation of novel ideas in the industrialization phase of product development. The results point to an interesting relationship in which the imposition of high demands on delivery precision actually increases the perception of the creation of novel ideas. The results have implications for project planning and the role of time dedicated to exploratory tasks in product development.
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Boivin, Louise. "Just-in-Time Labour: The Case of Networks Providing Home Support Services in Quebec." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 32, Issue 3 (August 1, 2016): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2016016.
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This article aims to analyse how the obligation to be available to work when requested by one’s employer manifests itself in the context of network organizations and under a legal regulation of working hours which was forged on the basis of the industrial production model. We conducted two case studies examining the situation of workers in the private externalized segments of home support services networks in Quebec, a Canadian province. We will demonstrate that for these atypical workers, mostly women, the obligation to be available to work without any accompanying compensation in wages is implicit and manifests itself in two ways: through time that is considered to be personal but which is not because it is squeezed into the gaps in fragmented, variable and unpredictable working schedules and through the exclusion, from paid work time, of time spent carrying out work-related tasks. The impact of this obligation is significant in terms of wages and precariousness. Its manifestations derive from both the network-based organization of work – which allows for the imposition of a ‘justin- time’ model of labour management and a reinforcement of the sexual division of labour – and the inadequacy of the legal regulation of working hours with regard to this organizational model.
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Brown, Kristen M., Shawna S. Mudd, Julianne S. Perretta, Adam Dodson, Elizabeth A. Hunt, and Kristen Nelson McMillan. "Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice to Facilitate “Nano” In Situ Simulation: An Interprofessional Approach to Just-in-Time Training." Critical Care Nurse 41, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): e1-e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2021552.
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Background Simulation is increasingly used to identify latent threats to patient safety, such as delays in recognition and management of time-sensitive conditions. The Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice teaching method may facilitate “nano” (brief) in situ simulation training in a critical care setting to improve multidisciplinary team performance of time-sensitive clinical tasks. Objective To determine whether nano–in situ simulation training with Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice can improve pediatric intensive care unit team proficiency in identifying and managing postoperative shock in a pediatric cardiac patient. Methods A quality improvement educational project was conducted involving nano–in situ simulation sessions in a combined pediatric and pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. The Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice method was used with an expert-driven checklist for 30-minute simulation scenarios. Results A total of 23 critical care providers participated. The proportion of time-sensitive tasks completed within 5 minutes increased significantly from before to after training (52% [13 of 25] vs 100% [25 of 25]; P ≤ .001). Using a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating higher levels, the participants reported high degrees of performance confidence (mean, 4.42; SD, 0.20) and satisfaction with the simulation experience (mean, 4.96; SD, 0.12). Conclusion The Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice method was used to facilitate nano–in situ simulation training and identify areas requiring additional education to improve patient safety. In situ simulation can educate providers in a cost-effective and timely manner.
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Zhou, Honggeng. "An Empirical Test of the Information Processing Theory." International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management 4, no. 1 (January 2011): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jisscm.2011010103.
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According to the propositions in the information processing theory, this study tests the relationship between task uncertainty and three organizational design strategies, i.e., creation of lateral relationships, investment in information systems, and creation of self-contained tasks. Data from 125 North American manufacturing firms are used and business environment uncertainty is employed to measure task uncertainty. Sourcing practice and delivery practice measure the creation of lateral relationships, while Information quality measures the investment in information systems. Also, just-in-time production and human resource management measure the creation of self-contained tasks. Regression analysis shows that business environment uncertainty has significant positive influence on sourcing practice, delivery practice, information quality, just-in-time production, and human resource management. While the information processing theory was proposed more than thirty years ago, this study empirically extends the relevance of information processing theory to today’s supply chain environment.
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Zhang, Pengfei, and Zonghuai Guo. "An Improved Speculative Strategy for Heterogeneous Spark Cluster." MATEC Web of Conferences 173 (2018): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817301018.
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Apache Spark is an open-source in-memory cluster-computing framework. Spark decomposes an application into numerous tasks and assigns them to computing nodes for higher efficiency. However, in heterogeneous environments, some tasks become stragglers because of poor performance of some computing nodes, data skew, etc. These stragglers can affect cluster performance seriously since a job completes just when the last undertaking completions. To mitigate stragglers, Spark uses speculative execution which recognizes slow tasks and picks the node to run speculative task, but the low accuracy in identification and simple way of backing up will further extend the execution time. Then we develop an improved speculative strategy, DBMTPE (Data-Based Multiple Phases Time Estimation), which selects stragglers by estimating their remaining time and chooses a proper way to run speculative task according to the cause. Experiment results show that DBMTPE can run applications up to 10.5% faster over Spark-Native and save computing resource at the same time.
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Subramani, Mani, Mihir Wagle, Gautam Ray, and Alok Gupta. "Capability Development through Just-in-Time Access to Knowledge in Document Repositories: A Longitudinal Examination of Technical Problem Solving." MIS Quarterly 45, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 1287–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.25300/misq/2021/15635.
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With knowledge and expertise increasingly being recognized as important, firms have made significant investments in document repositories as part of their knowledge management initiatives. Document repositories are intended to enhance the ability to access codified knowledge and help improve task performance through knowledge reuse. However, it is not clear what effects they have on how knowledge workers perform their tasks. Using longitudinal data on repository accesses and calls to technical support by field technicians in an engineering firm, we examine how just-in-time access to codified knowledge affects patterns of help-seeking from technical support. We find evidence that greater accessing of codified knowledge reduces calls for help to technical support. The type of codified knowledge accessed from the repository affects field technicians’ calling behavior. Accessing general knowledge reduces calls to support for low-complexity problems, while accessing procedural knowledge reduces calls related to high-complexity problems. Further, accessing procedural knowledge is significantly associated with promotion, suggesting that the use of document repositories can help individuals build firm-specific human capital. Building on the insights of cognitive load theory, this study suggests that making information available just in time through document repositories reduces the cognitive load involved for task performance and enables learning. This work contributes to a greater understanding of the value of knowledge management systems and suggests that, beyond the efficiencies gained from knowledge reuse, just-in-time access to knowledge repositories builds problem solving capabilities and contributes to human capital development.
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Koch, Iring, Miriam Gade, and Andrea M. Philipp. "Inhibition of Response Mode in Task Switching." Experimental Psychology 51, no. 1 (January 2004): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.51.1.52.
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Abstract. Task inhibition was explored in two experiments that employed a paradigm in which participants switched among three tasks. Two tasks required manual choice responses based on numerical judgment (parity or magnitude), whereas a third task required an unconditional double-press of both response keys. Both experiments showed that switching to a just-abandoned task (n-2 task repetition) generally leads to a performance cost relative to switching to another task. Specifically, this task inhibition effect also occurred for the double-press task, suggesting inhibition of response mode. Prolonging the task-cuing interval showed that advance task preparation reduced only inhibition of the double-press task but not of the choice tasks (Experiment 1). Prolonging the response-cue interval led to a decrease of the inhibition effect in all tasks (Experiment 2), suggesting a time-based release of task inhibition. Together, the experiments support the notion of a response-related component of task inhibition.
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Azhar, M. Waqar, Miquel Pericàs, and Per Stenström. "Task-RM: A Resource Manager for Energy Reduction in Task-Parallel Applications under Quality of Service Constraints." ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3494537.
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Improving energy efficiency is an important goal of computer system design. This article focuses on a general model of task-parallel applications under quality-of-service requirements on the completion time. Our technique, called Task-RM , exploits the variance in task execution-times and imbalance between tasks to allocate just enough resources in terms of voltage-frequency and core-allocation so that the application completes before the deadline. Moreover, we provide a solution that can harness additional energy savings with the availability of additional processors. We observe that, for the proposed run-time resource manager to allocate resources, it requires specification of the soft deadlines to the tasks. This is accomplished by analyzing the energy-saving scenarios offline and by providing Task-RM with the performance requirements of the tasks. The evaluation shows an energy saving of 33% compared to race-to-idle and 22% compared to dynamic slack allocation (DSA) with an overhead of less than 1%.
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Rihan, Prof Jasleen, and Dr Akanksha Deshpande. "Activity Based Module for Training Engineering Undergraduates in Time Management." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 640–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40638.
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Abstract: One’s success depends majorly on the ability to use their time effectively, be productive, & attain the desired goals. According to research, poor academic success by students in higher education contributing to their decrease professional performance is a result of poor time- management skills. Time- management is the ability to use the time at hand productively and efficiently to not just accomplish the daily tasks but also the larger goals in life. The authors of this paper attempt to dispense a robust activity-based design to train students in managing their time effectively. The objective is attained by providing an array of engrossing activities based on classical and conventional time management techniques. Keywords: Time –management, engrossing activities, professional performance, undergraduate students.
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Gharsellaoui, Hamza, Mohamed Khalgui, and Samir Ben Ahmed. "Reconfiguration of Synchronous Real-Time Operating System." International Journal of System Dynamics Applications 2, no. 1 (January 2013): 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsda.2013010106.
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Real-time scheduling is the theoretical basis of real-time systems engineering. Earliest Deadline first (EDF) is an optimal scheduling algorithm for uniprocessor real-time systems. The paper deals with Reconfigurable Uniprocessor embedded Real-Time Systems classically implemented by different OS tasks that the authors suppose independent, synchronous and periodic to meet functional and temporal properties described in user requirements. They define two forms of automatic reconfigurations which are applied at run-time: Addition-Remove of tasks or just modifications of their temporal parameters: WCET and/or Periods. The authors define a new semantic of the reconfiguration where a crucial criterion to consider is the automatic improvement of the system’s feasibility at run-time by using an Intelligent Agent that automatically checks the system’s feasibility after any reconfiguration scenario to verify if all tasks meet the required deadlines. To handle all possible reconfiguration solutions, the authors propose an agent-based architecture that applies automatic reconfigurations to re-obtain the system’s feasibility and satisfy user requirements. Therefore, they developed the tool RT-Reconfiguration to support these contributions that they apply on the running example system and the authors apply the Real-Time Simulator, Cheddar to check the whole system behavior and evaluate the performance of the algorithm. They present simulations of this architecture where the agent that implemented is evaluated.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Just-in-time tasks"
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Sharma, Ankur. "UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXTUAL ROLE THAT MODALITIES PLAY IN JUST-IN-TIME MOBILE LEARNING WHILE CARRYING OUT MECHANICAL TASKS." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/36244.
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Paper-based user manuals that provide assembly and disassembly instructions often do so with a combination of diagrams supported with textual information that clarifies how to perform the tasks. Mobile devices are emerging as a multimedia platform for providing on-demand training due to their portability. Mobile devices have limited screen size; as a result, the text instructions associated with the diagrams can produce clutter and occlusion on the screen. Also, too much information if fed through a single sensory channel (visual) may result in excessive cognitive load on the working memory of the human brain, thus hindering the learning process. In this work, two user studies were conducted to investigate the tradeoffs of using text, voice, and a combination of both modalities on the learning experience in a just-in-time mobile learning scenario. In such a scenario end-users are managing two very visual tasks at the same time; i.e., the primary task of carrying out the assembly/disassembly job and the secondary task of learning how to perform the task.
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Velhal, Shridhar. "Development of Spatio-Temporal Multi-Task Assignment Approaches for Perimeter Defense Problem." Thesis, 2023. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/6196.
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Rapidly evolving technologies in the autonomous operation of Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and associated developments in low-cost sensors have created significant interest among researchers in using them for various civil and military applications. With the autonomy and presence of various sensing equipment, onboard UAVs lead to problems in the privacy, safety, and security of many safety-critical infrastructures. A critical infrastructure that needs to be protected is approximated by the convex region and called territory. A team of UAVs that protects the territory is called the defenders and UAVs which try to enter the territory are called the intruders. A team of defenders operates inside and, on the perimeter, and protects the territory from intruders by capturing intruders on the perimeter is referred as the Perimeter Defense Problem (PDP). The velocity of intruders is used to predict the arrival location on the perimeter and arrival time. In this way, each intruder generates a spatio-temporal task for the defenders to reach tha= t specific location at a specific time to neutralize that intruder. So, PDP is formulated as the spatio-temporal multi-task assignment (STMTA) problem. In the STMTA problem, some minimum number of defenders (robots) are required to execute the given spatio-temporal tasks; without this minimum number of defenders, STMTA problem is ill-posed. The proposed Dynamic REsource Allocation with Multi-task assignment (DREAM) algorithm solves the bottleneck issue of iterative computation for the required number of robots and provides the two-step solution to compute the required minimum number of robots and their optimal assignments to execute given spatio-temporal tasks. Next, the trajectory generation algorithm has been developed to compute the trajectory of each defender. Furthermore, it is proved that all the computed trajectories of homogeneous agents, operating in the convex region, are collision-free.
For highly maneuvering intruders, the errors in the prediction of tasks deteriorate the performance of DREAM. In the P-DREAM approach, a dedicated defender is assigned to each prioritized intruder by enforcing the prioritized intruder as a first task. A prioritized intruder must be delegated to the reserve defender before it becomes infeasible for the reserve defender. The static design for PDP computes the minimum number of reserve stations, their optimal location, priority region, monitoring region, and the minimum number of defenders required for monitoring. The quantification of priority and monitoring region will be helpful in practical implementations. For protecting a large territory, more defenders are required, also each defender has a limited sensing range to detect and track intruders. To address these issues of partial observability and scalability the decentralized spatio-temporal multi-task assignment approach is proposed. A modified consensus-based bundle algorithm has been proposed to solve the STMTA problem. Finally, the thesis demonstrates the working of the DREAM approach for heterogeneous pick-up and just-in-time delivery (PJITD) problems. Just-in-time tasks have been used to improve operational efficacy for static (priorly known) tasks. The non-iterative solution of modified DREAM overcomes the bottleneck problem of the iterative (and hence offline) solution and provides a real-time implementable solution. The cost function is modified to include the traveling time, operating time, and heterogeneous skills required to execute the tasks. The working of modified DREAM is illustrated using high-fidelity ROS2-GAZEBO simulations and lab-scale hardware experiments.
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Προύντζος, Δημήτριος. "Δυναμική μετάφραση για τη γλώσσα προγραμματισμού Java." Thesis, 2006. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/1422.
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Η γλώσσα Java έχει πλέον εδραιωθεί σαν μια από τις πιο συχνά χρησιμοποιούμενες γλώσσες όχι
μόνο λόγω της εξαιρετικής υποστήριξης σύγχρονων παραδειγμάτων προγραμματισμού, όπως ο
αντικειμενοστραφής και ο γενικευμένος προγραμματισμός, αλλά κυρίως λόγω της εύκολης
μεταφερσιμότητας του κώδικα και της ανεξαρτησίας που παρέχει στα προγράμματά της από
κάποια συγκεκριμένη πλατφόρμα υλικού-λειτουργικού συστήματος. Η δυνατότητα αυτή
συνοψίζεται στο σύνθημα “Write once, run anywhere” που καθιέρωσε η Sun, η εταιρία η οποία
σχεδίασε αρχικά την γλώσσα. Κάτι τέτοιο, επιτυγχάνεται με την μετάφραση ενός προγράμματος
από πηγαίο κώδικα Java σε μια ενδιάμεση αναπαράσταση object κώδικα (bytecode), η οποία στη
συνέχεια εκτελείται στα πλαίσια μιας εικονικής μηχανής. Η πατροπαράδοτη μέθοδος εκτέλεσης
των προγραμμάτων από την εικονική μηχανή ακολουθεί το μοντέλο της διερμήνευσης
(interpretation), το οποίο στην πράξη δεν είναι καθόλου αποδοτικό, σε ότι αφορά το χρόνο
εκτέλεσης. Μια διαφορετική προσέγγιση στην εκτέλεση Java bytecode είναι αυτή της δυναμικής
μετάφρασης (Just In Time compilation – JIT compilation). Εδώ, την πρώτη φορά που εμφανίζεται η
ανάγκη να εκτελεστεί ένα συγκεκριμένο τμήμα κώδικα, η εικονική μηχανή το επεξεργάζεται,
εφαρμόζοντας προαιρετικά μετασχηματισμούς βελτιστοποίησης και παράγει τον αντίστοιχο
κώδικα για το συγκεκριμένο σύστημα-οικοδεσπότη στο οποίο εκτελείται και η ίδια. Ο κώδικας
αυτός στη συνέχεια μπορεί να επαναχρησιμοποιηθεί, εξαλείφοντας το κόστος της επαναληπτικής
μετάφρασης του ίδιου τμήματος bytecode και μειώνοντας το συνολικό χρόνο εκτέλεσης.
Στο πλαίσιο της συγκεκριμένης μεταπτυχιακής εργασίας κατασκευάζουμε ένα JIT μεταφραστή για
μια εικονική μηχανή ειδικού σκοπού, το DSJOS (Distributed Scalable Java Operating System).
Όπως φανερώνει και το όνομα του, το DSJOS είναι ουσιαστικά ένα κατανεμημένο σύστημα που
προσφέρει στα προγράμματα που εκτελούνται εντός αυτού την αφαίρεση μιας Java εικονικής
μηχανής. Ο JIT που δημιουργούμε χρησιμοποιεί ως εσωτερική αναπαράσταση το Ιεραρχικό
Γράφημα Εργασιών (Hierarchical Task Graph – HTG) και στηρίζεται στη βιβλιοθήκη
μετασχηματισμών και βελτιστοποιήσεων (compilation framework) PROMIS. Η υλοποίηση μας
διαρθρώνεται σε τρία κυρίως στάδια: το frontend το οποίο είναι υπεύθυνο για την μετατροπή Java
bytecode στην ενδιάμεση αναπαράσταση, το backend που μετατρέπει την ενδιάμεση
αναπαράσταση σε κώδικα μηχανής για συστήματα x86 και, τέλος, το επίπεδο χρόνου εκτέλεσης
που παρέχει στα εκτελούμενα προγράμματα διάφορες υπηρεσίες απαραίτητες για την εκτέλεση του (π.χ. διαχείριση εξαιρέσεων). Παράλληλα με το σχεδιασμό του βασικού μεταφραστή και την
ενσωμάτωση του στο DSJOS, σχεδιάζουμε και υλοποιούμε και ένα σύνολο μετασχηματισμών, τόσο στο frontend όσο και στο backend, οι οποίοι έχουν ως σκοπό να βελτιώσουν την ποιότητα του παραγόμενου κώδικα και να μειώσουν το χρόνο εκτέλεσης των προγραμμάτων.-
Books on the topic "Just-in-time tasks"
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Vesco, Silvia. Spontanea maestria. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-426-4.
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The appearance of Dr Vesco’s translation and study of Hokusai’s Ryakuga haya oshie, together with a full reproduction of the original book, is a matter of great excitement in the field of Japanese Studies. Hokusai has been known in Europe and North America for some 150 years. In his own country, he came to public attention about 1800, with youthful work produced under the name of Shunrô. He lived to the advanced age of 88, and when he died in 1849, he was one of the best-known artists in Japan. He was soon to be the best-known Japanese artist in the West, a status that he probably still holds. ‘Under the Great Wave off Kanagawa’ – often referred to simply as ‘Hokusai’s Great Wave’ (from the Thirty-six View of Mt Fuji) – is said to be the most immediately-recognisable piece of graphic design worldwide. Hokusai was a townsman living in a socially stratified society. He was not a member of the elite, though other famous artists were. He did neither depict elite topics, nor work for elite clients. Rather, Hokusai associated with the ‘Floating World’ (ukiyo) that is Edo’s leisure-time distractions. He also made views of his city, its surroundings, and the wider Japanese countryside, but he was not a great traveller, other than in his mind. Rather unrecognised is what Dr Vesco now brings to our attention. Hokusai saw his role as promoting the practice of art. Of course, he had his students, but as we see here, Hokusai also published out-reach volumes, aimed at introducing the joys of picture-making to amateurs who were not being formally instructed. The lessons were easy to follow, and also fun, as he reduced people animals and plants to basic shapes and formulae. Starting with the auspicious subject of Tang lions (kara shishi), Hokusai leads us through a range of topics, down to the demotic, such as clothes washing. Readers today will certainly find a smile crossing their face as they look through the pictures. Thanks to Dr Vesco’s careful translations, we can also understand the advice and commentaries supplied in Hokusai’s accompanying texts. An additional feature of Dr Vesco’s work will be of assistance to more specialist readers, as she has transcribed the original Japanese. This was no simple task, as it is written in abbreviated calligraphy (kuzushiji). At all levels, readers, art enthusiasts and those who love to create pictures will now have access to Hokusai’s most important study aid. We can delve into it, copy from, and chuckle at, just as people did when the volumes first appeared. Western readers might ponder something else: Ryakuga haya oshie appeared in 1812, as European countries were tearing themselves apart.
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Press, The Happy Mind, and Arel Machado. Planner: Undated All-In-One Agenda for Beginners Who Want to Easily Set Goals and Weekly Focus, Track Habits and Routines, Prioritize Tasks and Track Expenses Using Just One Practical Time Management Instrument. Independently Published, 2022.
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Collection, Goal Planner. Our Greatest Weakness Lies in Giving up. the Most Certain Way to Succeed Is Always to Try Just One More Time: A Daily Goal Setting Planner Accomplish What Matters to You Perfect Tool to Plan Out and Reach All of Your Daily Tasks. Independently Published, 2020.
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Onuf, Nicholas Greenwood. Transitional Figures: Edmund Husserl, Emile Durkheim, the Fabian Society. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879808.003.0010.
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Discussion of modernism tends to be confined to specific modes of expression—architecture, art, literature, music, photography. Generalizing nonetheless, modernism works by breaking the surface and working through layers. There is no empty space; there are only ensembles of relations, stable or shifting, linked by purpose. Form follows function; complexity induces functional differentiation. A distinctively modernist philosophy must dig beneath, or get inside, the questions: what is it possible to think, and ask? What is doing the work called thinking? Husserl’s phenomenology is the one philosophical program of its time directed to these questions and their implications for social existence. Durkheim expressly developed a functionalist perspective for social theory. Looking below the surface, he found social complexity subject to the differentiation of ever more specialized institutions performing more specialized tasks. Closely affiliated with London modernists, the Fabian Society began the task of assessing global administration in just these terms.
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Calhoun, Cheshire. Living with Boredom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851866.003.0006.
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Rejecting the standard focus on boredom as a cultural or personal problem, this chapter examines how boredom illuminates the kinds of problems that evaluators face just in being evaluators. The chapter explores five reasons for boredom: (1) loss of temporal meaning; (2) normative constraints; (3) disappointment with present value qualities given the standards of what is worth attending to that one sets for oneself; (4) value satiety when spending extended time with a particular value quality exhausts one’s capacities to do anything more with it; and (5) leisure, whereby the agent is burdened with the task of finding things to do with herself.
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Ungemah, Joe. Punching the Clock. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061241.001.0001.
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Punching the Clock takes the best of psychological science to explore whether humans will effectively adapt to the gig economy and the Future of Work. Although the world of work is changing at unprecedented speed, the drives and needs of workers have not. Technology in the form of artificial intelligence and robotic process automation continues to transform jobs, taking away routine tasks from workers, both cognitive and physical alike. Work is broken down into smaller and smaller packets that can be seamlessly reintegrated into broader work products. Workers no longer need to be full-time employees or even reside on the same continent. Rather, tenuous relationships with contractors, freelancers, volunteers, or other third parties have become the norm, using talent platforms to find and complete work. Yet, inside the minds of workers, the needs and biases that govern behavior continue as if nothing has happened. Like any other social environment, workplaces key into deep psychological processes that have developed over millennia and dictate with whom and how workers interact. Psychologists working across disciplines have amassed a great deal of insight about the human psyche but have not always been adept at articulating the practical implications of this insight, let alone how the human psyche will likely react to the gig economy. This book fills this void in knowledge by explaining what is really going on in the minds of coworkers, bringing this to life with a few surprising stories from the real world. Unlike the external world, the human psyche is a relative constant, which raises questions about just how much of the Future of Work can be realized without breaking down the social fabric of the workplace.
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Schliesser, Eric. Adam Smith’s Foundations for Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190690120.003.0007.
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This chapter sketches Adam Smith’s political philosophy, which is the activity of a citizen belonging to a particular community at given time and place. This project is neither exclusively descriptive nor only focused on what is commonly thought attainable. For Smith, the historical baseline of one’s time has normative significance. He does not resist changes from the status quo, but whatever changes he proposes are constrained by existing institutional arrangements. Part of the philosopher’s task is to offer visions of society that, while not impossible, are more just and more reasonable. One way in which such a vision can be offered is via historical narrative, which reveals the nature of that baseline and makes visible a second-order reflection on the ways it might be altered. In doing so, the philosopher offers an image that may speak simultaneously to one’s own society and those in others, including future ones.
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Morawetz, Klaus. Properties of Non-Instant and Nonlocal Corrections. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0014.
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The derived nonlocal and non-instant shifts are discussed with respect to various symmetries and gauges. The classical counterparts are derived and found in agreement with the expected phenomenological ones from chapter 3. The explicit forms of the hard-sphere like offsets and the delay time in terms of the scattering phase shifts are calculated and discussed on the example of nuclear collision. The numerical results reveal an interesting inside into the microscopic correlations developed in dependence on the scattering angle and scattering energy. The just-accomplished derivation of the nonlocal scattering integrals is far from being intuitive. We have reached our task, the kinetic equation, being guided by nothing but systematic implementation of the quasiclassical approximation and the limit of small scattering rates.
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Chadwick, Peter K. Was the Treatment of my Psychosis Fair and Just? Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Cornelius Werendly van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732365.013.12.
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In this article, the author reflects on his experience as a psychiatric patient, from the time he was admitted into the hospital in 1979 to his final discharge two years later. He reveals what he felt upon being told that he was diagnosed with a ‘schizophrenic episode;’ how talking about his problems and experiences with doctors, social workers, vicars, and chaplains helped in his recovery; and how the change from chlorpromazine to haloperidol as medication for his Tourette’s Syndrome after he left the hostel exerted a transformational effect on him. The author also talks about the research he conducted for a second PhD on delusions and on creativity and psychosis. Finally, he shares his thoughts about the medical model of psychiatry and its language and concludes that the psychiatric treatment he received was fair and just.
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Bateman, John, and Michael Zock. Natural Language Generation. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0015.
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Communication via a natural language requires two fundamental skills, producing text and understanding it. This article introduces the field of computational approaches to the former-natural language generation (NLG) showing some of the theoretical and practical problems that linguists, computer scientists, and psychologists have encountered when trying to explain how language works in machines or in their minds. The corresponding task of NLG spans a wide spectrum: ranging from planning some action to executing it. Providing architectures in which all of these decisions can be made to coexist, while still allowing the production of natural sounding texts within a reasonable amount of time, is one of the major challenges of NLG. Another challenge is ascertaining just what the decisions involved in NLG are. This article overviews the cognitive, social and linguistic dimensions of NLG and finally opens issues and problems related to the field.
Book chapters on the topic "Just-in-time tasks"
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Ferrier, Malcolm. "Just-In-Time Project Task Scheduling." In Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference (FTC) 2018, 959–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02683-7_70.
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Stevens, Christopher, John Karasinski, Kimberly Jenks, Sarah O’Meara, Savannah Buchner, Tanisha Potnis, Ryan Rocha, and Stephen Robinson. "Effectiveness of Self-customized Refresher and Just-In-Time-Training for Mechanical Repair Task Performance." In HCI International 2021 - Posters, 158–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78635-9_23.
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Liang, Haoguang, and Yaojun Zhang. "Discourse Power of Think Tanks: Track II Diplomacy of Belt and Road Is Just In Time." In The Theoretical System of Belt and Road Initiative, 45–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7701-3_9.
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Di Federico, Gemma, Erik Ravn Nikolajsen, Mamuna Azam, and Andrea Burattin. "Linac: A Smart Environment Simulator of Human Activities." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 60–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98581-3_5.
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AbstractThe identification and construction of datasets of human activities is an extremely time-consuming and resource intensive task, yet researchers cannot refrain from such datasets. The publicly available datasets may not reflect all the researchers’ requirements and are not scrupulously documented. In addition, these datasets can cope with just a limited and predefined set of behaviors. To address these challenges, we developed an instrument that allows to simulate the behavior of agents interacting with an environment. The environment is a customized configuration, equipped with sensors. The simulation generates as output a stream of events stemming from activated sensors. In addition, the agents behavior is not fully deterministic, so as to reflect the dynamic nature of human beings and to be as realistic as possible.
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Morselli, Davide, and André Berchtold. "Life Calendars for the Collection of Life Course Data." In Withstanding Vulnerability throughout Adult Life, 319–36. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4567-0_20.
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AbstractLife course studies involve the use of longitudinal data. Focusing on vulnerability processes that unfold in the medium or long term only reinforces this use, by requiring long sequences of data. However, traditional prospective data collection methods are not always compatible with restricted research time. The alternative is to collect retrospective data, sometimes in combination with prospective ones, and life calendars are a tool of choice for this kind of task. Although several methodological studies have shown that calendar data outperform conventional retrospective question lists, the quality of retrospective and prospective data is likely not to be the same. Hence, it is crucial to develop life calendars able to enhance the correct recall of past information, and to be able to demonstrate the accuracy of the resulting data. Moreover, with the advent of online data collection, the perspective to replace paper-and-pencil life calendars by electronic ones, and to make them self-administered, could help generalize this kind of data collection, but it also implies additional challenges. This chapter draws on several experiments with life calendars performed within the NCCR LIVES. It shows that life calendars can capture accurate data, and that online calendars have now become more than just a possibility.
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Gharsellaoui, Hamza, Atef Gharbi, Mohamed Khalgui, and Samir Ben Ahmed. "Feasible Automatic Reconfigurations of Real-Time OS Tasks." In Handbook of Research on Industrial Informatics and Manufacturing Intelligence, 390–414. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0294-6.ch017.
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This research deals with reconfigurable uniprocessor embedded real-time systems to be implemented by different OS tasks that should be independent, synchronous, and periodic, and that should meet functional and temporal properties described in user requirements. The authors define two forms of automatic reconfigurations assumed to be applied at run-time: addition-removal of tasks or just modifications of their temporal parameters; WCET and/or periods. The authors define a new semantic of reconfigurations where a crucial criterion to consider is the automatic improvement of the system’s feasibility at run-time.
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Gruber, Sebastian, Bernd Neumayr, Daniela Wurhofer, and Jan David Smeddinck. "Usability Testing of a Multi-Level Modeling Framework for Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions (JITAIs) in Mobile Health." In dHealth 2023. IOS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti230023.
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The JITAI is an intervention design to support health behavior change. We designed a multi-level modeling framework for JITAIs and developed a proof-of-concept prototype (POC). This study aimed at investigating the usability of the POC by conducting two usability tests with students. We assessed the usability and the students’ workload and success in completing tasks. In the second usability test, however, they faced difficulties in completing the tasks. We will work on hiding the complexity of the framework as well as improving the frontend and the instructions.
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Villanueva-Chacón, Nilda G., and Edgar A. Martínez-García. "Distributed Robots Path/Tasks Planning on Fetch Scheduling." In Advances in Computational Intelligence and Robotics, 818–50. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7387-8.ch026.
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A highly concurrent task-planner for distributed multi-robot systems in dynamical industrial feed-lines is presented in this chapter. The system deals with two main issues: a) a path-planning model and b) a robotic-tasks scheduler. A set of kinematic control laws based on directional derivatives model the dynamical robots interaction. Distributed wheeled mobile robots perform the execution of autonomous tasks concurrently and synchronized just in time. A planner model for distributed tasks to autonomously reconfigure and synchronize online change priority missions by the robotic primitives—sense, plan, and act—are proposed. The robotic tasks concern carry-and-fetch to different goals, and dispatching materials. Numerical simulation of mathematical formulation and real experiments illustrate the parallel computing capability and the distributed robot's behavior. Results depict robots dealing with highly concurrent tasks and dynamical events through a parallel scheme.
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Zhou, Honggeng. "An Empirical Test of the Information Processing Theory." In Management Innovations for Intelligent Supply Chains, 66–81. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2461-0.ch004.
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According to the propositions in the information processing theory, this study tests the relationship between task uncertainty and three organizational design strategies, i.e., creation of lateral relationships, investment in information systems, and creation of self-contained tasks. Data from 125 North American manufacturing firms are used and business environment uncertainty is employed to measure task uncertainty. Sourcing practice and delivery practice measure the creation of lateral relationships, while Information quality measures the investment in information systems. Also, just-in-time production and human resource management measure the creation of self-contained tasks. Regression analysis shows that business environment uncertainty has significant positive influence on sourcing practice, delivery practice, information quality, just-in-time production, and human resource management. While the information processing theory was proposed more than thirty years ago, this study empirically extends the relevance of information processing theory to today’s supply chain environment.
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Pradhan, Roshni, and Amiya Kumar Dash. "A Novel Task Scheduling Algorithm in Heterogeneous Cloud Environment Using Equi-Depth Binning Method." In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication, 115–27. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7335-7.ch006.
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Cloud computing is modern tool for large-scale distributed computing and parallel processing. It has become a growing technology to deliver highly scalable service to the user. Task scheduling is one of the essential strategies to expeditiously utilize the potential of heterogeneous computing systems. In heterogeneous framework mapping, a task to a machine is a NP complete problem. This issue can be comprehended just utilizing heuristic approach. There are various heuristic approaches that were proposed to deal with scheduling of independent tasks. Different scheduling measures can be utilized for measuring the potency of scheduling algorithms. The most essential of them are makespan, flow-time, and overall resource utilization. Cloud generally is a single machine or combination of machines. Applications in the form of set of tasks are processed by the cloud.
Conference papers on the topic "Just-in-time tasks"
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Sharma, Ankur, and Kirstie Hawkey. "Understanding the Tradeoffs of Mobile Device Output Modalities in Just-in-time Learning of Mechanical Tasks." In the 2014 Mulitmedia, Interaction, Design and Innovation International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2643572.2643584.
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Elvitigala, Don Samitha, Philipp M. Scholl, Hussel Suriyaarachchi, Vipula Dissanayake, and Suranga Nanayakkara. "StressShoe: A DIY Toolkit for just-in-time Personalised Stress Interventions for Office Workers Performing Sedentary Tasks." In MobileHCI '21: 23rd International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3447526.3472023.
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Grosser, Thomas, Alexander C. Schmid, Markus Deuling, Hoang-Nam Nguyen, and Wolfgang Rosenstiel. "Off-loading compute intensive tasks for insurance products using a just-in-time compiler on a hybrid system." In the 2009 Conference of the Center for Advanced Studies. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1723028.1723055.
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Cohen, Marcus. "Distributed Computation in Neural Networks and Their Optical Analogs." In Optical Computing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optcomp.1985.pd4.
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Two paths of inquiry are now converging: 1) the understanding of how parallel computation in neural networks implements pattern recognition tasks, and 2) the exploration of the broad spectrum of multiwave interactions in nonlinear crystals. Here, we will explore down the first path to the junction, just far enough to see why the computer which finally implements pattern recognition tasks in real time will be optical.
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Meer, Peter, and Yehoshua Y. Zeevi. "Does 2-D spatial hyperacuity exist?" In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1985.fv2.
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In most spatial hyperacuity tasks, a measure of relative position can be computed, when superior precision for just one spatial coordinate is available. We have designed a 2-D nonalignment task wherein subjects have to localize a dot relative to the virtual intersection of vertical and horizontal directions defined by two line segments. This task can be executed if and only if the subject extracts both spatial coordinates of the dot with hyperacuity precision. The lines were 15 min of arc long and separated from the dot by gaps of 8 min of arc. A 4AFC measurement paradigm (top-left; bottom-right, etc.) was employed. Short stimulus presentation time (200 ms) resulted in 2-D nonalignment thresholds exceeding 25 s of arc, clearly above the hyperacuity range. The thresholds were significantly improved for long stimulus duration (2000 ms), when a sequential processing strategy was presumably employed. The same results were obtained by employing a different, 2AFC (staircase) measurement paradigm. In a control experiment, Vernier acuity did not present significant improvement with presentation time. We conclude that spatial hyperacuity tasks have access to a limited processing capacity of the visual system. The results further emphasize the importance of the comparison process previously concluded from perturbation experiments.1
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Odeh, Mohammad, Edward Daniel Nichols, Fluvio L. Lobo Fenoglietto, and Jack Stubbs. "Real-Time, Non-Contact Position Tracking of Medical Devices and Surgical Tools Through the Analysis of Magnetic Field Vectors." In 2018 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2018-6862.
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The adoption of robotically assisted surgeries is increasing at a dramatic rate. The Da Vinci “was used in 80% of radical prostatectomies performed in the U.S. for 2008, just nine years after the system went on the market” [8]. The Da Vinci is but one of the systems driving the development of more versatile, more cost-effective and more autonomous systems. Robotic systems require real-time, accurate position information of the anatomy and surgical instruments to allow the surgical team to perform critical tasks. For example, Renishaw’s neuromate and Accuray’s CyberKnife both require the precise location of fiducial markers [9]. Others, like Cambridge Medical Robotics’ Versius and Medrobotics’ Flex operators rely upon active imaging or access to direct line of sight [10].
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Lužar, Katja, and Andreja Šincek. "THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP IN DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING A SUCCESSFUL ORGANIZATION." In 14. kongres zdravstvene in babiške nege Slovenije,11. in 12. maj 2023, Kongresni center Brdo, Brdo pri Kranju. Zbornica zdravstvene in babiške nege Slovenije - Zveza strokovnih društev medicinskih sester, babic in zdravstvenih tehnikov Slovenije, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14528/asae9754.2.
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Leadership in nursing is a commonplace concept today. Yet few think about what it even means. Is it just a word, just an unwritten rule? Or is it a process that requires not only the whole person, but also daily learning and the ability to adapt in terms of specific skills? The role of the lead nurse has become a very important element in the nursing process, upon which a great deal of responsibility has fallen over time. Ultimately, senior nurses are the ones responsible for organizing the work in a particular area. This may not yet be a major challenge, but in the literature review, it quickly becomes clear that leadership is not just about organizing work in the sense of distributing certain tasks to others. Leadership is not a stand-alone issue, but is composed of many skills. All elements of leadership, the right communication and at the same time the success of the work team must be put into practice. In this process, their evaluation is also of great importance. It requires close hand-in-hand cooperation, all the way to the top of the organization. Within this circle, each link must function properly, otherwise the chain flow will be broken, and the goal of cooperation will not be achieved. The main purpose of the article is to find out, with the help of a lite- 18ZBORNIK POVZETKOV IN RECENZIRANIH PRISPEVKOV maj 2023 rature review, how the segments of leadership, the personality traits of the leader himself, teamwork and communication are intertwined in the whole process and what influence they consequently have on the formation of a successful organization.
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Pereira, Fabiola S. F., Gina M. B. Oliveira, and João Gama. "User Preference Dynamics on Evolving Social Networks - Learning, Modeling and Prediction." In XXV Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Multimídia e Web. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/webmedia_estendido.2019.8129.
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The preferences adopted by individuals are constantly modified as these are driven by new experiences, natural life evolution and, mainly, influence from friends. Studying these temporal dynamics of user preferences has become increasingly important for personalization tasks. Online social networks contain rich information about social interactions and relations, becoming essential source of knowledge for the understanding of user preferences evolution. In this thesis, we investigate the interplay between user preferences and social networks over time. We use temporal networks to analyze the evolution of social relationships and propose strategies to detect changes in the network structure based on node centrality. Our findings show that we can predict user preference changes by just observing how her social network structure evolves over time.
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Wongwanich, Yodyot, and Robert H. Sturges. "Analysis and Design for Two-Handed Heavy Part Assembly Methods." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39415.
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In spite of advances in industrial automation, manual assembly tasks continue to be an important feature of many industrial operations. In heavy part assembly, some pieces of raw material or equipment are too heavy to be safely handled by just one operator. Material handling devices such as Jib cranes or overhead cranes are employed to help operators work safer and, in some cases, faster. However, during full-load productions, access to these devices could become limited due to insufficient resources and hence, delay or extend the cycle times. The authors studied how people perform the assembly and subsequently applied Fitts’ Index of Difficulty to develop a model which indicates factors that increase the task difficulty. This model can also be used as an assembly time predictor. Since improving the efficiency of an overhead crane could significantly reduce the total cycle times and production costs, the authors modified the crane by adding a spring between the hook and the gripper to help support the weight. Two sets of experiments were conducted. The first set was to investigate the effect of spring stiffness on assembly time. The result indicated that using a spring that was too soft could create a parasitic oscillation, which increases the assembly time. The objective of the second set was to compare the assembly time of using the regular crane to that of the modified crane in situations where the part weights and the task difficulty vary. As a result of the modifications, assembly performance tended to increase by approximately 250% from using the modified crane.
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Stanzione, Kaydon, and Daniel Schrage. "Let's Not Forget our VTOL Forebears and Historical Aircraft." In Vertical Flight Society 79th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0079-2023-18088.
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Going back to the days of Leonardo DaVinci, and perhaps earlier, there has been significant interest in being able to fly vertically and hover. These tasks require innovation, engineering, and scientific knowhow in many disciplines and then blending them together to create a Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) flying machine. Vertical flight enthusiasts recognize just a few of the names of great inventors that set the foundation for our great VTOL industry today. However, there are many individuals whose names are either forgotten or were never in the limelight of VTOL aircraft developed over the past 80 years. A VTOL machine is an ingenious contraption of innovation in mechanical systems, materials, aerodynamics, flight controls, and structures. Over time add to these inventions the advancements in integrated modular avionics, electronics, electro-mechanical actuators, computers, mathematics, vibration suppression, and fiber optics to name a few. However, the most important contribution to our VTOL advancements is from people. Not just technically trained people, but inventors, pilots, managers, professors and the investors willing to direct personal, public, and corporate funds to the Research, Development, Testing and Engineering necessary to build a VTOL aircraft. This paper presents concepts to fill-in our history leveraging a crowd-sourcing model.
Reports on the topic "Just-in-time tasks"
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Demeuov, Аrman, Ordenbek Mazbayev, Gulbanu Aukenova, Ihor Kholoshyn, and Iryna Varfolomyeyeva. Pedagogical possibilities of tourist and local history activities. EDP Sciences, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4620.
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In the new socio-economic conditions in the education system, forms of organization of tourist and local history activities are developing, which are based on traditions, experience of extracurricular and extracurricular work, taking into account the changes that have occurred in the country. Life requires that the tasks facing educational institutions are resolved quickly and have not just any solution, but one that optimizes the pedagogical process. At the same time, these requirements come into conflict with the state of the education system, the limited ability of most parents to create conditions for the full development of the child. The tasks facing the education system can be implemented in tourism and local history activities. The main task is to create the necessary conditions for the comprehensive development of the child’s personality, his social adaptation in the process of participation in various types of tourist and local history activities. However, the school teacher is not ready to organize and conduct tourist and local history activities at school, as he is not professionally prepared for this activity. Questions of the organization, forms and methods of teacher training for the organization of tourist and local history activities are practically not reflected in the educational and methodological literature. There are no scientific studies that would allow us to effectively solve the pedagogical tasks of preparing the organizers of tourist and local history activities in the school.
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Johra, Hicham, Anders Rhiger Hansen, and Lasse Rohde. Do International Building Researchers Mostly Work Right Before the Deadline? Yes, According to Empirical Data. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541562346.
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Academic work is characterised as increasingly time-pressured and deadline-driven. Moreover, increased use of online tools underpins flexible working hours. Does this make researchers work just before a deadline or a meeting (perceived as an intermediate deadline)? The "imminent deadline-driven work habit" hypothesis seems intuitively plausible since the research and academic world is notorious for heavy workloads and multiple parallel tasks and projects. The current article investigates the activity of several collaborative online documents from international building research projects as a function of the distance to a deadline or coordination meeting. A similar analysis is conducted on the submission data of an international conference on building physics. This empirical analysis supports the "imminent deadline-driven work habit" hypothesis. Finally, the article discusses the possible reasons behind the latter and the ensuing practical implications and recommendations for the management of collaborative research/academic work in energy, building physics and indoor environment.
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Fenzel, Michael R. Training as We Will Fight: Institutionalizing Permanent Joint Task Forces Within the Unified Commands and Abolishing the Just in Time" Approach to Crisis Management". Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada400918.
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Jacobsen, Nils. Linjebussens vekst og fall i den voksende byen: en studie av bybussenes geografiske kvalitet Stavanger – Sandnes 1920 – 2010. University of Stavanger, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.244.
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Linear city bus services are facing increased challenges from city growth. Increased number of inhabitants on increasing acres of built-up areas, makes it demanding to maintain adequate bus services within reasonable catchment areas. Number of departures per hour give a partial description of the bus service quality. Number of departures give reference to the time aspect of bus service quality, but say nothing about the geographical aspect. What part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service when frequencies are limited? To address the geographical aspect of bus service quality, the term network ratio is introduced. The term Network Ratio (NR) signifies what part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service to or from a certain place in the network. Network Ratio is given as a mathematical term whereby direct bus lines are calculated as a percentage of the entire network. The character and development of Network Ratio in a specific city is illustrated through an analysis of the urban growth of line network and built-up areas in the twin cities of Stavanger and Sandnes. The analysis is covering the period 1920 – 2000 in intervals of 20 years from the first bus lines were established in the urban area. Year 2010 is also included due to major changes implemented right after the turn of the millennium. Development show there is a close relation between bus network and built-up areas. When areas are being built, bus lines follow. The initial fase 1920 – 40 with extensive development of bus lines combined with some areal growth, is followed by a fase of consolidation 1940 – 60. The latter period is characterized by moderate areal growth, extended lines reducing network ratios, and increasing frequencies on the best bus lines. Extensive areal growth in the following period 1960 – 80, implies increased number of bus lines. As a consequence network ratios as well as frequencies are falling in the entire network. In 1960 certain lines had developed as much as 6 departures per hour, while maximum bus line frequency in 1980 has diminished to 2. New bus service development is introduced in the following period between 1980 and 2000. Numerous bus companies are united, and a more comprehensive planning of bus services are applied. The number of bus lines is stabilized at about 40, the fall in network ratio is reduced, and certain lines develop 4 departures per hour. Parallell to the bus development, growth of built-up areas is slowing down due to increased urban renewal with higher densities within built-up areas. In the period 2000 – 2010 new efforts are given to the development of bus services. Development of Network Ratio takes a new direction: The length of network links with high NR is increasing, while links with very low NR are diminishing. Number of bus lines is decreasing, and by 2010 almost 50% of the bus lines are served with 4 departures or more. Passenger comfort is improved in buses as well as on bus stops, and low floor buses are introduced to ease accessibility. Bus service quality is further developed after 2010. Digital services are introduced including digital ticketing, bus service information and real-time information on internet. In addition real-time information is presented at high frequency bus stops through visual screen and auditory speaker. Inside the buses name of next stop is given on screen and through loudspeaker. Further development of the bus services, should include improved Network Ratios in the entire network, as well as increased frequencies on major bus corridors. The latter is a task not only for the bus service planners, but just as well for the city planners and politicians in collaboration with the developers implementing urban density and allocation of important destinations. A last, but not least, objective for bus service development will be to improve punctuality and total travel time. Today a considerable proportion of city bus services are delayed in car traffic congestions. This is occurring especially on main streets and during rush hours. A set of different solutions are needed to address this question: 1. Dedicated bus streets (including car access to limited addresses) 2. Bus lines through local streets in concentrated housing, office and shopping areas. 3. Dedicated bus lane on main streets where possible. 4. Car traffic regulations on main streets without space for extra bus lane. As an overall vision, we need to cultivate the word of Flemming Larsen: urban growth as pearls on a string, as shown in fig. 13 and fig. 14.