Academic literature on the topic 'Judicical Instruction'

The purpose of this study was to: 1) To determine and analyze the implementation of The Instruction of DIY No. K/898/I/1975 which makes it difficult to obtain a non-native citizen property rights of land in Yogyakarta. 2) To determine and analyze the correlation instructions for DIY Regional Head No. K/898/I/1975 with other legal regulations. The data used in this study are primary data, secondary data and data that can support tertiary study, which was then analyzed by descriptive analytical method. Based on the results of data analysis concluded that: 1) The provision granting land rights to a citizen Non-Natives in the province based instructions for DIY Regional Head No. K/898/I/A/1975 are not allowed to own land both farm and nonagricultural land with soil status Rights Owned. If a citizen Non Natives acquire land with the right then obliged to waive that right and land rights apply to the Regional Head of DIY with a given the building right (HGB). 2) The provision granting land rights to a Non-Native citizen in the province based instructions for DIY Regional Head No. K/898/I/1975.Keywords: Judicial Review; Non-Native Citizen; Rights of Land

A study was conducted to determine the extent to which jurors follow judicial instructions. Based upon Brehm's (1966) theory of psychological reactance, it was hypothesized that prohibitive judicial instructions will not be adhered to as well as similar instructions formulated in a more informative tone. The reactive effects of prohibitive instructions were predicted to be exaggerated when an irrelevant defendant characteristic such as race was an issue. Three hundred and sixteen mock jurors read one of four versions of a hypothetical criminal case varying the type of instructions (prohibitive or informative) and race of defendant (white or black) and rendered both individual judgments and jury verdicts on the case. Results confirmed that juries reacted against prohibitive instructions but more closely followed informative instructions. It was also found that individual jurors were harsher toward white than black defendants, however, group discussion effectively eliminated this reverse racism bias.

Jailhouse informants are a leading cause of wrongful convictions. In an attempt to preempt such miscarriages of justice, several states (e.g., Connecticut and California) have mandated that judicial instructions be provided to act as a safeguard against false testimony. This study evaluated the effectiveness of these instructions in helping jurors distinguish between reliable and unreliable jailhouse informants. Participants read a trial transcript that varied instructions (Standard, Connecticut, Enhanced) and informant reliability (reliable, unreliable). The results indicated that the instructions had no effect on verdict decisions. Even though verdicts did not vary, participants rated the unreliable informant as less trustworthy, honest, and interested in justice than the reliable informant. This is consistent with previous findings that indicate that participants are aware of the legal prescriptions given in the instructions, but they do not implement them in making decisions. Therefore, instructions may be an insufficient safeguard.

Summary Regarding recent developments in Europe, the constitutional basis and scope of judicial independence is a salient question of the architecture of the judicial power in Germany, too. This article argues that judicial independence is not a personal privilege of judges but a functional requirement, which enables the judicial branch to exert its powers effectively. The analysis illustrates how judicial independence is protected as well substantively as procedurally under German legislation, which fills out the constitutional guarantee of the independence of the judges. Albeit a judge is under no obligation to follow instructions of a superior officer with regard to his or her legal findings, there are legitimate instruments of the court administration outside the centre of adjudication to secure good behaviour of the judges in office.

Psychologists, legal practitioners and scholars share the knowledge that honest eyewitnesses can err in their attempts to identify the perpetrator of a crime. This thesis reports an experimental investigation of the extent to which expert evidence and judicial instruction can improve juror ability to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate identifications. Special attention is also paid to the logic of inferences which have been made by psychologists regarding the efficacy of expert evidence, and compares methodologies adopting direct measures of participant Sensitivity to Eyewitness Accuracy (SEA) with those that can only indirectly assess this construct. Study 1 surveys the knowledge and opinions of legal professionals regarding eyewitness identification issues (n = 35), showing that respondents expressed doubts that judicial instructions would exert an effect equivalent to that of eyewitness expert evidence. Accordingly, Experiments 1 to 4 (Experiment 1, n = 104; Experiment 2, n = 238; Experiment 3, n = 228; Experiment 4, n = 297) were conducted to directly assess the relative impacts of judicial instruction and expert evidence on participant juror SEA. The methodology utilised in these investigations incorporated the testimony of real eyewitnesses to a staged crime scenario in order to assess the impact of instruction on juror ability to discriminate between known accurate and known inaccurate eyewitnesses. Overall, little evidence was found to support the notion that expert evidence is more effective than judicial instruction, as no significant association was identified between instruction type and SEA. This result was found to hold irrespective of the objective quality of the expert?s testimony (accurate or erroneous). In light of the results from Experiments 1 to 4, Experiment 5 was designed to investigate why the experts were not able to improve the discrimination accuracy of the jurors. This study focused on the extent to which participants of varying levels of expertise could correctly classify eyewitness accuracy. The results of Experiment 5 (n = 145) suggest that experts were no better able to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate eyewitnesses than novice laypeople. Overall, the evidence reported in this thesis raises serious questions regarding the utility of eyewitness expertise in the completion of eyewitness discrimination tasks.

Thesis (M.A.)--East Tennessee State University, 2003.
Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-0220103-232646. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.

La sauvegarde des intérêts de la société implique une répression nécessaire mais aussi efficace. Cette dernière ne peut être pourvue que par une recherche efficiente de preuves relatives à la commission d’une infraction afin d’en connaître l’auteur. Tel est l’enjeu du procès pénal. Cependant, si la protection de la paix publique autorise et légitime une telle démarche, cette dernière ne peut s’opérer sans limitations aux dépens des droits de l’individu. Aussi, une conciliation doit être établie entre des intérêts apparemment contradictoires. La recherche d’un équilibre entre ces deux intérêts a eu des expressions multiples selon l’évolution législative, cette dernière ayant témoigné d’un balancement perpétuel entre ces impératifs. Il existe des situations de fait dans lesquelles il est nécessaire que les représentants de la justice réagissent. Ainsi se trouve justifié le recours à un corps de règles spécifiques grâce auquel la réponse pénale peut s’accomplir avec un minimum d’entrave. Le renforcement de la police judiciaire et la simplification procédurale, pour ne citer que ceux-là, semblent donc pleinement justifiés. Cependant, il est permis de se demander si l’accroissement du rôle des organes de la procédure ne doive pas être entouré de limites devant faire en sorte que l’objectif du législateur, et seulement cet objectif soit atteint. A l’occasion d’une réflexion globale de la place de la personne poursuivie pendant le procès pénal, cette étude conduit d’abord à s’interroger sur la portée des diverses réformes, puis sur le rôle de plus en plus accru des organes de la procédure, afin de constituer en parallèle une dynamique possible de l’accroissement des droits préexistants, voire la création de droits de la défense nouveaux. Le jeu de pouvoirs et de droits qui profile le procès, doit s’effacer sous l’influence de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme pour laisser apparaître un procès pénal contradictoire. Simplement contradictoire, mais pleinement contradictoire
Safeguarding the interests of society implies a necessary but also effective enforcement. The latter can be provided efficiently by a search of evidence relating to the commission of an offense in order to know the author. This is the issue of criminal proceeding. However, if the protection of public peace authorizes and legitimizes this approach, the latter can not happen without limitations at the expense of individual rights. Therefore, a compromise must be made between apparently contradictory interests. Finding a balance between these two interests has had multiple expressions by legislative developments, the latter has shown a constant swing between these imperatives. There are situations in which it is necessary that justice officials respond. Thus, is justified the use of a body of specific rules by which the criminal justice response can be accomplished with minimal interference. The strengthening of the judicial police and procedural simplification, to name but a few, seem to be fully justified. However, it is reasonable to ask whether the increased role of the organs of the procedure should not be surrounded by limits to ensure that parliament’s objective, and only that objective. On the occasion of a comprehensive reflection of the place of the defendant during the criminal trial, this study leads first to question the scope of various reforms and the role of increasingly enhanced organs the procedure to be parallel dynamics can increase the pre-existing rights or create new rights of defense. The set of powers and rights which profiles the trial to give way under influence of the European Convention on Human Rights to reveal an adversarial criminal trial. Simply contradictory, but fully contradictory

A busca de soluções capazes de imprimir maior eficiência e efetividade ao processo tem norteado as diversas reformas processuais nas últimas décadas. Com esse escopo, aumentaram os poderes do juiz, para justificar essa ampliação no caráter público do processo. Consequência desse aumento de poderes, verificou-se uma alteração no comportamento dos sujeitos envolvidos em um processo, outrora fundamentado nas premissas do princípio dispositivo, fato esse justificado pelos escopos sociais e políticos do processo na busca por uma decisão mais justa. Além disso, a busca por maior efetividade fez com que a duração razoável do processo ganhasse status de Direito Constitucional expressamente reconhecido, de modo a exigir do juiz uma conduta mais ativa na busca de melhor prestação jurisdicional. Como consequência, relegou-se a um plano secundário a participação das partes no processo, que se restringiu, praticamente, à instauração da demanda, de modo que a instrução probatória, cuja premissa maior era a igualdade formal balizada pelos limites do princípio dispositivo, passou, então, a ser influenciada pela iniciativa do juiz. O presente trabalho busca, seguindo os influxos das novas tendências e tendo em vista ser da essência da própria jurisdição a equidistância do magistrado dos interesses em conflito e, como o princípio dispositivo resulta da autonomia da vontade que reina no âmbito de grande parte dos Direitos atuados pelo processo civil, estimular a reflexão sobre o fato de a revalorização deste princípio, que, embora mitigado, ainda orienta o processo civil brasileiro, para confiar às partes, integralmente, tarefas que hoje incumbem aos magistrados no âmbito da instrução probatória, constituiria uma alternativa capaz de solucionar o problema da morosidade que afeta o Judiciário e compromete a efetividade processual. Dentro dessa perspectiva, o presente estudo se desenvolverá em três partes e enfatizará as questões ligadas ao tema proposto. Na primeira parte, será feito um estudo do princípio dispositivo para avaliar os impactos da sua mitigação no processo civil brasileiro contemporâneo, bem como a importância de sua subsistência como limite à atuação do juiz na busca de maior efetividade processual. Na segunda parte, o estudo será dirigido aos poderes do juiz, para refletir se a sua postura proativa realiza, de fato, os escopos da jurisdição, visto que, em geral, no âmbito do processo, se cuida de direitos disponíveis. Na terceira parte, buscar-se-á traçar um panorama atual da instrução probatória no processo civil brasileiro e, ao compará-la a outros ordenamentos estrangeiros, estimular a reflexão, sob a perspectiva da instrumentalidade, quanto ao fato de a maior valorização do princípio dispositivo constituir uma forma de evitar dilações temporais desnecessárias no curso do processo, visto que, não obstante o fortalecimento dos poderes do juiz, a realidade demonstra que o interesse das partes é sempre a mais eficiente mola propulsora da vida dos direitos e da sua efetividade.
The seek for solutions capable of bringing more efficiency to the due process of law has guided the variety of procedural law reforms in the last decades. Aiming to deliver more effectiveness to procedural mechanisms, these reforms enhanced the judges power, using the public aspect of procedure to justify such increase. As a consequence of this increase of powers, there was a change into the parties behavior. Erstwhile this behavior was based on the premises of the dispositive principle, justified by the social and political goals and their seek for a fair solution. Furthermore, the seek for more effectiveness make the question regarding the length of a action receive a clearly recognized Constitutional law status, requiring a better management from the judge during the jurisdictional duty. Thus, the parties participation in the process assumed a marginal role. The parties practically were segregated only to the introduction of the claim. The evidence production, which previously had as a major concept the formal equality, became influenced by the judge proactivity. Once the new tendencies are the essence of jurisdiction and the freedom of choice is an fundamental principle of the rights defended by the civil procedure, this dissertation aims to stimulate the reflection regarding the reanalysis of this principle that, even mitigated, are the main guide to the Brazilian civil procedure law. Inserted in this perspective, the present study will be divided into three parts and will emphasize the issues concerning the theme. The first part will be done a study regarding the dispositive principle. The objective is to evaluate the impact of its mitigation in the current Brazilian procedural law, as well as the importance of its existence as a boundary of the judges power in the quest for greater procedural effectiveness. The second part will be dedicated to the judges discretionary powers. It will bring a reflection if the proactive posture brings, in fact, the main jurisdictional goals, since it generally deals with available entitlement under the procedural law. In the third part, the dissertation will attempt to draw an actual outlook regarding evidence statement on the Brazilian civil procedure law. This work will compare the Brazilian system with foreign jurisdictions and stimulate a debate if the instrumentality perspective is a way to avoid unnecessary time delays in the procedures or not, considering that despite the strengthening of the powers of judge, reality shows that the parties\' interests is always the most efficient \"driving force\" of rights life and its effectiveness.

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The distance education modality (EaD) has gained increasing importance in work environments for the continuous training of professionals; however, it weighs on the EaD a stigma of being considered a modality of low quality. In the Brazilian Judiciary, the EaD is responsible for the initial and continuous training of magistrates and servants. Therefore, the present research aims at identifying the quality indicators used to guide and understand the excellence in the production and supply of distance courses in work environments. For which we analyzed the offer of the course Introduction to Socio-Environmental Issues, produced by the Judicial School of the Regional Labor Court of the 2nd Region (EJUD2). For this challenge, the following questions were raised regarding the research problem: What are the guidelines that guide the design and the implementation of EaD in Brazil and EJUD2? What are the quality benchmarks for the distance modality, based on the national guidelines and academic productions in the area? What is the importance and contribution of Instructional Design in the design of courses offered in EaD, especially in EJUD2? Among the evidenced quality indicators, which ones are applied in the courses offered in EAD at EJUD2 and, consequently, are responsible for the excellence pointed out by the students of these courses? In this context, the general objective was to identify and analyze such indicators in order to understand the excellence of the online course under consideration. As for the specific objectives, they aimed to: i. To raise the history and guidelines that guide the design and implementation of Distance Education in Brazil, as well as in the judicial school of the Regional Labor Court of the 2nd Region - SP; ii. to understand the quality references for the distance modality, from the national guidelines and academic productions in the area; iii. to analyze the importance and the contribution of Instructional Design in the quality of the content design and courses offered in EaD; iv. indicate which are the quality indicators evidenced in the courses offered in EAD in EJUD2 responsible for excellence in results. The research adopted a qualitative exploratory approach to a case study. For this, the data of the student reaction evaluations, the tutor's report, and a questionnaire interview with a person in charge of the instructional designers team and with coordinator manager of the EJUD2 were analyzed. The theoretical framework used to base this research was centered on, among other authors: Behar (2009), Corrêa (2007), Freire (1996), Pierre Lèvy (2003), Andrea Filatro (2008), Gardner (1995), Terçariol (2016), in addition to the Quality Reference for Distance Higher Education, Distance Learning Manual within the scope of EJUD2 and also official documents of higher bodies that regulate EAD in the judiciary. The research identified the production of contents as a fundamental point in the quality of EaD. In addition, it has been verified that audiovisual content, inherent of the technological advances, a current and enriching language, that allows to work the ludic. It is believed that this research contributes to the studies focused on the valuation of EaD in work environments in order to assist in the delineation of new paradigms of quality of this emergent modality in Brazil.
La modalidad de Educación a Distancia (EaD) ha ganado cada vez más importancia en los espacios laborales para la formación continuada de profesionales; sin embargo, pesa sobre la EaD un estigma de ser considerada una modalidad de baja calidad. En el Poder Judicial brasileño, EaD es responsable de la formación inicial y continuada de magistrados y servidores. Por eso, la presente investigación tiene por objetivo la identificación de los indicadores de calidad utilizados para orientar y comprender la excelencia en la producción y oferta de cursos a distancia en espacios laborales. Para ello, se analizó la oferta del curso Introducción a Temas Socioambientales, producido por la Escuela Judicial del Tribunal Regional del Trabajo de la 2ª Región (EJUD2). Para este desafío, se plantearon las siguientes cuestiones dirigidas al problema de investigación: ¿cuáles son las directrices que orientan el diseño y la implementación de la EaD en Brasil y en la EJUD2? ¿Cuáles son los referentes de calidad para la modalidad a distancia, a partir de las directrices nacionales y producciones académicas en el área? ¿Cuál es la importancia y la contribución del diseño educativo en la concepción de cursos ofrecidos en EaD, en especial, en la EJUD2? Entre los indicadores de calidad evidenciados, ¿cuáles son aplicados en los cursos ofrecidos en EaD en la EJUD2 y, consecuentemente, son responsables de la excelencia apuntada por los estudiantes de esos cursos? En este contexto, el objetivo general fue identificar y analizar tales indicadores, a fin de comprender la excelencia del curso en línea en cuestión. En cuanto a los objetivos específicos, se dirigieron a: i. En el caso de la educación a distancia en Brasil, así como en la escuela judicial del Tribunal Regional del Trabajo de la 2ª Región - SP; ii. comprender los referenciales de calidad para la modalidad a distancia, a partir de las directrices nacionales y producciones académicas en el área; iii. analizar la importancia y la contribución del Diseño Instruccional en la calidad de la concepción de los contenidos y cursos ofrecidos en EaD; iv. señalar cuáles son los indicadores de calidad evidenciados en los cursos ofrecidos en EaD en la EJUD2 responsables por la excelencia en los resultados. La investigación adoptó un enfoque cualitativo de carácter exploratorio de un estudio de caso. Para ello, se analizaron los datos de las evaluaciones de reacción de los estudiantes, informe del tutor, además de entrevista, por medio de un cuestionario, con un responsable del equipo de diseñadores instruccionales y con el gestor de la coordinadora de EaD de la EJUD2. En el caso de las mujeres, la mayoría de las veces, la mayoría de las veces, la mayoría de las veces, (2016), además de los Referenciales de Calidad para la Educación Superior a Distancia, del Manual de Enseñanza a Distancia en el ámbito de la EJUD2 y también de documentos oficiales de órganos superiores de los que regulan la EaD en el poder judicial. La investigación identificó la producción de contenidos como un punto fundamental en la calidad de la EaD. Además, se verificó que el contenido audiovisual, propio de los avances tecnológicos, mientras un lenguaje actual y enriquecedora, proporciona un trabajo más lúdico. Se cree que esta investigación contribuye a los estudios orientados a la valorización de la EaD en espacios laborales, a fin de auxiliar aún en el delineamiento de nuevos paradigmas de calidad de esa modalidad emergente en Brasil.
A modalidade de Educação a Distância (EaD) tem ganhado cada vez mais importância nos espaços laborais para a formação continuada de profissionais; contudo, pesa sobre a EaD um estigma de ser considerada uma modalidade de baixa qualidade. No Judiciário brasileiro, a EaD é responsável pela formação inicial e continuada de magistrados e servidores. Por isso, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo a identificação dos indicadores de qualidade utilizados para nortear e compreender a excelência na produção e oferta de cursos a distância em espaços laborais. Para tanto, analisou-se a oferta do curso Introdução a Temas Socioambientais, produzido pela Escola Judicial do Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da 2ª Região (EJUD2). Para este desafio, levantaram-se as seguintes questões voltadas ao problema de pesquisa: quais são as diretrizes que norteiam a concepção e a implementação da EaD no Brasil e na EJUD2? Quais são os referenciais de qualidade para a modalidade a distância, a partir das diretrizes nacionais e produções acadêmicas na área? Qual a importância e a contribuição do Design Instrucional na concepção de cursos ofertados em EaD, em especial, na EJUD2? Dentre os indicadores de qualidade evidenciados, quais são aplicados nos cursos ofertados em EaD na EJUD2 e, consequentemente, são responsáveis pela excelência apontada pelos estudantes desses cursos? Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral foi identificar e analisar tais indicadores, a fim de compreender a excelência do curso online em apreço. Quanto aos objetivos específicos, eles visaram: i. Levantar o histórico e as diretrizes que norteiam a concepção e implementação da Educação a Distância no Brasil, bem como na escola judicial do Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da 2ª Região - SP; ii. compreender os referenciais de qualidade para a modalidade a distância, a partir das diretrizes nacionais e produções acadêmicas na área; iii. analisar a importância e a contribuição do Design Instrucional na qualidade da concepção dos conteúdos e cursos ofertados em EaD; iv. sinalizar quais são os indicadores de qualidade evidenciados nos cursos ofertados em EaD na EJUD2 responsáveis pela excelência nos resultados. A pesquisa adotou uma abordagem qualitativa de caráter exploratória de um estudo de caso. Para isso, foram analisados os dados das avaliações de reação dos estudantes, relatório do tutor, além de entrevista, por meio de questionário, com um responsável pela equipe de designers instrucionais e com o gestor da coordenadoria de EaD da EJUD2. O arcabouço teórico utilizado para a fundamentação desta pesquisa foi centrado em, entre outros autores, Behar (2009), Corrêa (2007), Freire (1996), Pierre Lèvy (2003), Andrea Filatro (2008), Gardner (1995), Terçariol (2016), além dos Referenciais de Qualidade para a Educação Superior a Distância, do Manual de Ensino a Distância no âmbito da EJUD2 e também de documentos oficiais de órgãos superiores do que regulamentam a EaD no poder judiciário. A pesquisa identificou a produção de conteúdos como um ponto fundamental na qualidade da EaD. Além disso, verificou-se que o conteúdo audiovisual, próprio dos avanços tecnológicos, enquanto uma linguagem atual e enriquecedora, proporciona um trabalho mais lúdico. Acredita-se que esta pesquisa contribua para os estudos voltados à valorização da EaD em espaços laborais, a fim de auxiliar ainda no delineamento de novos paradigmas de qualidade dessa modalidade emergente no Brasil.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier les mécanismes par lesquels des expertises judiciaires sont conduites dans lecadre d’un procès afin d’assurer une recherche d’information préalable à la prise de décision du juge. Nous analysonsl’efficacité du recours à des mesures d’expertise en nous basant sur deux critères : le coût que les expertises font pesersur le système judiciaire et l’impact des expertises sur la qualité de la prise de décision du juge. Les travaux réalisésse divisent en quatre grands thèmes.Premièrement, nous étudions les incitations de l’expert judiciaire et nous mettons en évidence l’existence de problèmesd’aléa moral et de sélection adverse dans la relation qu’entretiennent le juge et l’expert. Deuxièmement, nous offronsune vue comparative de deux grandes catégories de procédures dans le contexte desquelles une expertise peut êtredemandée : la procédure inquisitoire et la procédure accusatoire. Notre objectif est de déterminer quelle procédureest préférable, compte tenu des deux critères d’évaluation de l’expertise judiciaire que nous avons précédemmentcités. Troisièmement, nous étudions spécifiquement le problème d’aléa moral existant dans la relation qui lie l’expertau juge, cette relation s’articulant autour du travail de recherche réalisé par le premier et du contrôle exercé par lesecond. Quatrièmement, nous mettons en évidence que des conflits d’intérêts de la part de l’expert, ou l’utilisationd’une méthodologie biaisée dans la conduite de ses travaux d’expertise, peuvent entraîner des erreurs dans la prise dedécision. Dans ce contexte, nous tentons de déterminer dans quelle mesure la présence d’un mécanisme d’appel peutpermettre de réduire les effets pervers d’un potentiel biais dans les résultats de l’expertise
The objective of this thesis is to study the mechanisms by which an expert, who is appointed by the judge or by aparty to search evidence, may contribute to increase the quality of the judicial decision-making. We use two criteriato study how the use of experts may benefit to the judicial decision-making : the cost of expertise and the cost oferrors due to incorrect decisions by the judge. Our work is divided into four chapters.Firstly, we study the judicial expert’s incentives and we highlight the existence of moral hazard and adverse selectionproblems in the relationship between the judge and the expert. Secondly, we offer a comparative view of two differentcategories of procedure in which experts may be appointed : the inquisitorial procedure and the adversarial procedure.Thirdly, we study more specifically the relationship between the judge and the expert, when the judge exerts a controleffort and the expert exerts a research effort. Finally, we highlight the consequences of potential conflicts of interestsfrom the expert, or the consequences of a bias in the methodology used to conduct the expertise. Such conflicts ofinterests or bias may create some errors in the decision-making. In this context, we investigate how the presence ofan appeal mechanism may reduce the adverse effects of a potential bias in the results of the expertise

Au-delà de l’instabilité qui la caractérise, la mise en état des affaires pénales s’illustre par sa métamorphose. A mesure de la multiplication des modes de traitement de la délinquance et de l’enrichissement des possibilités d’investigation en enquête de police, celle qui ne devait être qu’un préalable à l’ouverture d’une information judiciaire s’impose comme le cadre ordinaire dans un système qui n’avait pas été pensé pour elle. En résultent un recul des droits de la défense et du juge auxquels ni une vision d’ensemble de la procédure, ni les dernières réformes, pour une large partie inspirées des droits européens, n’ont pleinement pallié. Mettre les implications de la montée en puissance de l’enquête de police à l’épreuve des droits européens fait ressortir différents motifs d’inquiétude sur la pleine compatibilité du système actuel avec les standards supranationaux. Ils viennent ainsi au soutien d’aménagements promus tant par la doctrine que par des praticiens pour remédier au déséquilibre constaté. Si la mise en conformité du droit interne doit servir de guide aux ajustements préconisés, ces derniers doivent néanmoins être examinés à la lumière de leur simplications sur le système vu dans son ensemble. Le souci de cohérence encouragerait à promouvoir des solutions plus mesurées, combinant à un renforcement relatif des droits durant l’enquête de police, une articulation des cadres procéduraux d’investigation centrée sur le renforcement du contrôle du juge. La perspective de l’intégration d’un Parquet européen, dont la création a été formellement actée le 12 octobre 2017, et qui se caractérise par sa perméabilité avec les ordres juridiques nationaux, rend ces propositions précaires. Les ajustements que son intégration supposera soulèveront à court ou moyen terme, la question d’une recomposition de la mise en état des affaires pénales, favorable à la restauration de son équilibre et de sa cohérence
Beyond the inconstancy which defines the pre-trial phase of proceedings, it is characterised by its metamorphosis. Because of the multiplication of ways of dealing with delinquency and the increasing possibilities of police inquiry, the pre-trial phase of proceedings, which should have been just a precondition to the preliminary judicial investigation, turns out to be the common framework, in a system not built for it. It leads to the decline of the rights of defence and of the judge. Neither a global perspective of the procedure nor the last reforms, for the most part inspired by European laws, fully overcame it. Confronting the consequences of police inquiry increasing with European rights, highlights several concerns on the full compatibility of the current system with the supranational standards. They support accommodations, encouraged by the searchers as well as the professionals, to solve observed imbalances. If the compliance of French law must guide the recommended adjustments, they should be reviewed in the light of their impacts on the global system, where inquiry and information still coexist. The will of consistency may encourage to promote more measured solutions, combining a moderate strengthening of the rights during police inquiries to an articulation of the investigation proceedings frameworks, focused on a reinforced control of the judge. The perspective of the integration of an European Public Prosecutor’s Office, which creation was formally acknowledged October 12th 2017, characterised by its openness to other national legal systems, makes these propositions uncertain. At short or medium term, adjustments ensued by its integration will lead to rethink the pre-trial phase of proceedings, to ensure its balance and consistency

La recevabilité de la preuve est sans doute l’une des questions les plusimportantes de l’espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice de l’Union européenne,mais aussi une des plus complexes. Les difficultés relatives à l’utilisation d’unepreuve recueillie dans un État membre, devant les juridictions répressives d’un autreÉtat membre, semblent cependant avoir été sous-estimées par le législateureuropéen. En effet, l’amélioration de l’efficacité de la répression transnationale a étéune des priorités de la politique criminelle de l’Union ces quinze dernières années. Àce titre, le renforcement des mécanismes de coopération judiciaire, y compris ceuxvisant à l’obtention de la preuve transnationale, a été privilégié. Grâce au principe dereconnaissance mutuelle des décisions judiciaires en matière pénale, fondé sur laconfiance réciproque que les États membres se portent, les divergences etéventuelles incompatibilités entre les systèmes nationaux ont été tenues en échec,permettant ainsi la libre circulation des preuves dans l’espace pénal européen.Cependant, cette justification théorique n’est pas suffisante pour assurer larecevabilité mutuelle des preuves, la bonne administration de la preuve pénaledemeurant une question nationale, souverainement appréciée par le juge national.De plus, tant l’étude comparative des régimes probatoires nationaux que laprésentation des instruments de coopération judiciaire montrent des déficiencesprofondes, appelant ainsi à une protection accrue et harmonisée des droitsfondamentaux dans les procédures répressives au niveau européen, dans le butd’assurer la recevabilité mutuelle des preuves pénales dans l’espace pénaleuropéen
Admissibility of evidence is one of the most crucial and complicatedissues in the European Union’s area of freedom, security and justice. However, thedifficulties regarding the use of evidence gathered in one Member State inproceedings in another Member State through the mechanisms of judicialcooperation seems to have been underestimated by the European Union legislator,and this despite the success of criminal proceedings with a cross-border characterbeing considered a priority for the last fifteen years. Indeed, the EU’s criminal policyhas been striving for the strengthening of the efficiency of judicial cooperationbetween judicial authorities. This requires the improvement of the instrumentsdedicated to obtaining criminal evidence. Thanks to the principle of mutualrecognition of judicial decisions in criminal matters, based on mutual trust betweenMember States, the differences between and potential incompatibilities of nationalsystems should not be an obstacle to the free circulation of evidence in the EUcriminal justice area.However, this theoretical justification is not sufficient to ensure mutual admissibility ofevidence, as the good administration of evidence remains a national issue, with awide margin of appreciation accorded to the national judge. Furthermore, both thestudy of national procedural norms and the study of the European Union legalframework show deficiencies, requiring a coherent concept for the protection offundamental rights in criminal proceedings at the EU-level. A better and harmonisedprotection of procedural guarantees is the path to ensure the mutual admissibility ofevidence, overcoming national differences

Malgré le peu de fondements écrits consacrés à la justice dans le texte de la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958, le Conseil constitutionnel, en réalisant un travail d’actualisation à partir de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen, a permis l’émergence d’un droit constitutionnel processuel, construit autour de principes directeurs. Ceux-ci peuvent être répartis dans trois catégories : deux principales, selon que l’acteur du procès prioritairement concerné soit le juge ou les parties et une troisième, complémentaire, celle des garanties procédurales, permettant de favoriser les qualités essentielles du juge et de contrôler le respect des droits des parties. Une gradation des exigences du Conseil constitutionnel est discrètement perceptible entre les deux premières catégories de principes, plus facilement identifiable entre celles-ci et la dernière famille. Cette échelle décroissante de « densité » des principes directeurs du procès témoigne d’une véritable politique jurisprudentielle en matière de droit constitutionnel processuel, qui met l’accent sur l’accès au juge, doté des qualités indispensables à l’accomplissement de sa mission juridictionnelle. Toutefois, aussi satisfaisante que soit l’action du juge constitutionnel français à l’égard du droit du procès, celle-ci nécessiterait aujourd’hui le relais du constituant, afin de moderniser le statut constitutionnel de la justice
In spite of a relatively low number of written dispositions dedicated to justice inside of the body of the Constitution of October 1958 4th, the constitutional Council, while updating this text through the Declaration of Human Rights, contributed to the development of a procedural constitutional law, which is structured around guiding principles. Those principles can be classified within three different categories : two major categories depend on the trial actor that is primarily concerned, either the judge or the parties; a third and additional category pertaining to procedural protections, fosters the essential qualities of the judge and secure the protection of the parties’ rights. A gradation of the requirements of the constitutional Council is discreetly perceptible between the first two categories of principles, and more easily identifiable between those first two categories and the last one. This decreasing scale of “density” yoked to the trial guiding principles highlights a genuine judicial policy when it comes to procedural constitutional law, emphasizing access to the judge, whom is given essential qualities in order to achieve its judicial duty. However, the action of the French constitutional judge, as satisfactory as it is towards the rights of the trial, would easily support the intervention of the constituent power in order to update Justice’s constitutional status

Two hours later, the Baron was ending his instructions to Claude Vignon, whom he was planning to send to the Ministry of Justice to get information about the judicial authorities under whose jurisdiction Johann Fischer was, when Reine opened the door of the Director’s office...

Legal writers call it “adverse effects discrimination” and “adverse discrimination effect,” which describes a situation in which a policy that seems on its face to treat everyone equally actually has an adverse impact on a protected group. Applied to gender inequality, ageism, and differential provisions for workforce training, there are plenty of cases to support the principle. One of the most notable Supreme Court cases in Canadian legal history is Gosselin v. Quebec (Attorney General). This chapter is an overview of some of the opinions published about Gosselin that exposes the Charter as negative law and constitutes part of a needs assessment for judicial instruction about deciding cases of equity.

Chapter 4 explores the ways in which the Ottoman executive authorities attempted to influence and control the legal doctrines, drawn from fiqh, that were used in Cairo’s courts. Although the government could not produce fiqh, which was the domain of scholars, the authorities could shape applied law by intervening in the reading of fiqh, and instructing judges to favor particular doctrines from within the fiqh tradition. The chapter focuses in particular on one site where this occurred, Cairo’s madhhab pluralism, showing that the Ottoman authorities attempted to privilege Ḥanafī doctrines at several points, but often faced resistance from Egyptian scholars. As examples of this Ḥanafizing process, the chapter focuses on the issues of judicial divorce (faskh) and long-term rental contracts (al-ijāra al-ṭawīla). More broadly, the chapter argues that regardless of the debates about ijtihād and taqlīḍ, change in applied law was possible in pre-modern Islamic societies without doctrinal innovation, through manipulation of the diversity within the vast accumulated body of fiqh.

The basic rule limiting character evidence is quite sensible. Personality traits predict less than most people (including jurors) realize; situations, and person-by-situation interactions, are more potent forces. As the law suspects, people tend to perceive the behavior of others through lenses of propensity; consequently, they over-attribute and over-predict consistency between character and conduct. In fashioning the character evidence rules, common law judges correctly diagnosed a problem and took steps to temper those attributional tendencies to avoid inaccurate and unfair verdicts. The rules allow numerous exceptions, admitting some character evidence out of fairness or to permit helpful evidence while barring its most misleading variants. For example, defendants in criminal cases are permitted to offer evidence of their own character or the character of a victim. Other exceptions are made to assist factfinders to evaluate witness credibility. A special class of that rule deals with witnesses’ criminal records: a maze of sub-rules governs admissibility of prior crimes. Research finds that people tend to rely on prior crime evidence for its improper propensity purpose, contrary to judicial instructions about the limited use to which it may be put. A relatively new set of rules permits prior criminal sexual conduct to be admitted, allowing factfinders to draw inferences about “any matter to which it is relevant.” These rules are controversial because they invite jurors to engage in the very propensity thinking that centuries of evidence doctrine prohibited. Moreover, behavioral data do not support the theory behind a special rule for prior criminal sexual conduct.

Bismarck’s struggle against political Catholicism and dissatisfaction with the supervision of the schools in the Polish-speaking areas of Prussia propelled the school administration on to a new course after 1870. His choice of Adalbert Falk brought to the head of the Ministry of Education on January 22, 1872 a judicial official who was philosophically close to the National Liberal party. During his seven years in office, Falk broke with the practices followed by his predecessors and introduced measures to dissolve the traditional bonds between the church and the school. The objectives of the school reforms were to professionalize school supervision by the appointment of full-time school inspectors in place of the clergy, to weaken the church’s influence in the school system by curtailing its right to direct the instruction of religion, and to merge Catholic and Protestant public schools into interconfessional schools, providing an education that would dissolve religious particularism and cultivate German national consciousness and patriotic feeling. These innovations thrust school politics into the foreground of the Kulturkampf in Prussia. School affairs became a matter of high politics for Bismarck when groups whom he regarded as enemies of the German Empire coalesced into a Catholic political party in 1870. Opposition in the Catholic Rhineland to Prussia’s aggressive war against Austria in 1866 led him to question the political loyalty of the Catholics, and the political behavior of the Catholics after the founding of the North German Confederation confirmed his suspicion. While the Polish faction in the Reichstag of 1867 protested the absorption of Polish Prussia into a German confederation, other Catholic deputies took up the defense of federalism and criticized those articles in Bismarck’s draft of the constitution that created too strong a central government. In the final vote the Catholics formed part of the minority that rejected the constitution. This act reinforced his image of political Catholicism as an intransigent and unpatriotic opposition. The organization of the Center party was a defensive response to the vulnerable position of the Catholic minority in the new empire, which had a political climate of liberal anticlericalism and Protestant nationalist euphoria that seemed to threaten the rights and interests of the Catholic church.