Academic literature on the topic 'Judicial process'

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Journal articles on the topic "Judicial process":

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Bell, John. "Judicial Cultures and Judicial Independence." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 4 (2001): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802761798.

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In this article, I argue that apparently common values, such as ‘judicial independence’ have significantly different meanings in different judicial cultures. As an illustration, I take Sweden and Spain, countries with very different histories and institutional arrangements. It is my contention that basic values are understood and implemented in the light of historical and institutional settings. These have given rise to issues which a nation’s judiciary feel it has to address and set the context in which the contemporary judiciary has to operate. The purpose is to examine how far national histories and traditions colour the understanding of common values, such as judicial independence and democracy in the judicial process.
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Bell, John. "Judicial Cultures and Judicial Independence." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 4 (2001): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000004018.

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In this article, I argue that apparently common values, such as ‘judicial independence’ have significantly different meanings in different judicial cultures. As an illustration, I take Sweden and Spain, countries with very different histories and institutional arrangements. It is my contention that basic values are understood and implemented in the light of historical and institutional settings. These have given rise to issues which a nation’s judiciary feel it has to address and set the context in which the contemporary judiciary has to operate. The purpose is to examine how far national histories and traditions colour the understanding of common values, such as judicial independence and democracy in the judicial process.
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Anikeev, I., and P. Shumov. "Efficiency of Judicial Process." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 6 (June 15, 2019): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/43/57.

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Katzmann, Robert A. "The Judicial Confirmation Process." Brookings Review 10, no. 1 (1992): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20080264.

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Laidler, Paweł. "Judicial activism and the American election process." Politologia 2 (November 27, 2020): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/p.7281.

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This article analyses the phenomenon of judicial activism in the American electoral process. It tries to estimate whether the political system of the United States of America has become hostage to the law-making role of the judiciary, which actively controls the compliance of election laws with the Constitution, thus drawing courts into purely political processes, or whether the nature of the disputes settled by judges rather makes it impossible for them to avoid being influenced by and influencing issues of a political nature. The article analyses various legal acts and court decisions, mostly concerning the current status of federal campaign finance in the United States, and demonstrates that more spheres traditionally reserved for other branches of government are being appropriated by the judicial branch.
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Al Din Al Hajjaji, Shams. "The Reform of Judicial Appointment Process in the Ordinary Judiciary in Egypt." Middle East Law and Governance 10, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-01001002.

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This article argues for the necessity of the reform of the judicial appointment qualification, and the judicial appointment powers in Egypt. The article presents judicial appointment process and requirement as the main case study. It illustrates the difference between de facto and de jure in the judicial appointment system in Egypt. These differences pave the road to a deeper understanding of legal and political aspects of discrimination against the poor, woman and political opposition within the appointment process. The article discusses the contemporary challenges in judicial appointment. The challenges can be summarized into: gender inequality, elimination of political minorities, and under-privileged citizens. Finally, the article proposes a solution for the problems identified in this article. These solutions are based on reforming the both the judicial appointment qualification, and the judicial appointment powers in Egypt.
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IRIARTE IRURETA, MIREN IZASKUN. "BULEGO JUDIZIAL BERRIA EUSKADIN." RVAP 91, no. 91 (December 1, 2011): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.91.2011.06.

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En estos momentos está en marcha el proceso implantación de la Oficina Judicial en los partidos judiciales de Euskadi. Dado que lo que se conoce como «Nueva Oficina Judicial» supone una profunda reforma en la Administración de Justicia, esta reestructuración, en Euskadi, se llevará a cabo de forma gradual. Este texto pretende presentar el alcance de la Nueva Oficina Judicial y en qué consiste, cómo se ha organizado y se está llevando a cabo la implantación de la Nueva Oficina Judicial en Euskadi en el marco del plan que aprobó el Gobierno Vasco con ese fin, el sistema de calidad que se ha previsto, las conclusiones extraídas de las primeras Oficinas Judiciales implantadas y los retos del conjunto del proceso. Gaur egun Bulego Judizial Berriaren (BJB) ezarpenaren prozesua abian da Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko barruti judizialetan. «Bulego Judizial Berria»-tzat ezagutzen den Justizia Administrazioaren eraldaketa sakona dakarrenez, berrantolaketa hau gradualki egingo da Euskadin. Testu honen helburua da aurkeztea Bulego Judizial Berria zer den eta zer suposatzen duen, nola antolatu eta gauzatu den Euskadin Bulego Judizial Berriaren ezarpena horretarako propio Eusko Jaurlaritzak onartu zuen planaren eremuan, aurreikusita duen kalitate-sistema, lehen Bulegoen ezarpenaren ondorioak zeintzuk izan diren eta prozesu osoaren erronkak. Nowadays the implementation process of the Judicial Office in the Judicial Districts of the Basque Country is taking place. This new «Judicial Office» brings about a deep and thorough reform in the Administration of Justice and its functioning. Therefore this reorganisation process will be implemented gradually. This article aims to discuss the meaning and the implications of the New Judicial Office, to describe how the implementation of the New Judicial Office in the Basque Country has been organized and applied within the framework of the Implementation Plan adopted by the Basque Government, including the qualitysystem for the Judicial Office, and finally to draw the lessons learned from the process of implementation as it has been taking place within the first Judicial Offices. The challenges of the whole process are thus brought to the fore.
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Flood, John, Judith N. Levi, and Anne Graffam Walker. "Language in the Judicial Process." Contemporary Sociology 20, no. 6 (November 1991): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2076204.

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Parker, Paul. "Judicial Process Texts and Readers." Journal of Political Science Education 2, no. 2 (August 2006): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15512160600669254.

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Fifiana, Eveline. "EKSISTENSI KEKUASAAN KEHAKIMAN ( JUDICATIVE POWER) DALAM MEWUJUDKAN INDEPEDENSI PERADILAN DAN PERADILAN YANG BERSIH." Solusi 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36546/solusi.v16i3.128.

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Every Indonesian citizen has the obligation to uphold the applicable law. Every implemented law has a demand for justice. Judicial power must exist in every democratic State of Law, tasked with upholding and overseeing the enactment of the applicable law and regulations (ius constitutum) in order to realize justice. Law without justice will be in vain, as a result, law will become invaluable before community. To answer the problems in this study, the researcher used a normative juridical approach, descriptive qualitative in nature. In this research, law enforcers, especially judges, must uphold the authority of the law and uphold the value of trust in society. The important prerequisites in upholding law and justice in the wolrd of justice is noble, clean, honest, professional, high integrity, high moral, and dignified judge. Supreme Court and Constitutional Court as judicial power holders, along with Judicial Commision in the scope of judiciary powers, not only have the authority to guide the judges but also have the authority to maintain the independency of judiciary powers from the influence of government and outside government parties by minimizing the subjectivity in recruitment process of prospective judges and supreme judges. The independency of judicial power is not enough, because law enforcers, especially “bad” judges can take refugee under the independency of judicial power. To build an “ideal” Judge or Supreme Judge who will fulfill the people needs of justice, the Judge or Supreme Judge recruitment process conducted by Judical Commission need to be strict while increasing the control over the implementation of power to minimize the arbitrary acts and abusive judge’s power. High commitment, consistency, adhering to the principles and code of ethics in carrying out their duties will lead to a clean, authoritative judiciary in the eyes of the society so that the hope of upholding independent judicial power will be realized while at the same time bring improvements to the Indonesian justice situation.

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Judicial process":

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Sibalukhulu, Nompumelelo. "The judicial appointment process in Kenya and its implications for judicial independence." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/36762.

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In order to complement existing empirical research on democratic consolidation in Kenya and the role of the judiciary in particular, this mini-­‐dissertation analyses the relationship between judicial appointment processes and judicial independence in Kenya. The escalation of corruption, centralisation and abuse of power by the executive, the lack of government accountability and post-­‐election conflict of 2007 is linked to the dominance of the executive and corresponding subservience of the judiciary. Historically, judicial appointments have been the ambit of the President. The powers given to the President to appoint and remove judges have resulted in judicial appointments premised on allegiance to the executive rather than on upholding justice and the Bill of Rights. To rectify this deficiency, the 2010 Constitution has introduced a merit based system of judicial appointments that meets international standards on judicial independence. The new process requires the President to limit his appointments to the recommendations of a Judicial Service Commission whose responsibility it is to shortlist candidates through a transparent public process. An analysis of the selection of Kenya’s sitting Chief Justice and Deputy Chief Justice demonstrates that the reformed judicial appointment process has delegitimised the executive’s dominance over the judiciary and by so doing has placed Kenya on the road restoring judicial independence.
Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
gm2014
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
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Lynch, Marie Veronica. "Has the new judicial appointment process solved the problems of the changing judiciary?" Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527991.

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O'Geen, Andrew. "Judicial Quality and the Supreme Court Nominating Process." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/8.

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In recent months, presidential appointments to the Supreme Court have become an increasingly salient issue with both the public and the press. The relevance of the topic makes it an inviting subject for political science research. When looking at the question of judicial quality, the problem that researchers have faced in the past is one of quantifying quality. This work seeks to expand on previous survey research done on the quality of individual justices. By using quality scores (Comiskey 2004) as a dependent variable, it is possible to analyze influences on the President’s nomination choice and their relative impacts on the quality of justices. By using a more rigorous approach, this study can more confidently make assertions about the nature of the nomination and confirmation process and the quality of Supreme Court justices.
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Sillaots, Meris. "Kokkuleppemenetlus kriminaalmenetluses." Tartu : Tartu Ülikooli Toimetised, 2004. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/817/5/sillaots.pdf.

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McIntyre, Joseph Patrick. "The nature and implications of the judicial function." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283910.

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Scribner, Druscilla L. "Limiting presidential power : supreme court-executive relations in Argentina and Chile /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3129950.

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Pacelle, Richard L. "The Supreme Court agenda across time : dynamics and determinants of change /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487259580263227.

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Scott, Kevin M. "Double agents an exploration of the motivations of Court of Appeals judges /." Connect to this title online, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1039026661.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2002.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 212 p.: ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Lawrence Baum, Dept. of Political Science. Includes bibliographical references (p. 202-212).
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Wood, Rebecca Danielle. "Why do high court judges join? joining behavior and Australia's seriatim tradition /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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梁慶樂 and Hing-lok Leung. "A study of the judiciary reports collected in Quantang Wen." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31209841.

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Books on the topic "Judicial process":

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Tripathi, G. P. Judicial process. Allahabad: Central Law Publications, 2018.

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Tarr, G. Alan. Judicial process and judicial policymaking. 5th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010.

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Tarr, G. Alan. Judicial process and judicial policymaking. St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1994.

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Tarr, G. Alan. Judicial process and judicial policymaking. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2003.

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Tarr, G. Alan. Judicial process and judicial policymaking. 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth, 1999.

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Tarr, G. Alan. Judicial process and judicial policymaking. 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2006.

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Tarr, G. Alan. Judicial process and judicial policymaking. 5th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010.

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Tarr, G. Alan. Judicial Process and Judicial Policymaking. Seventh edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427961.

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Khanna, H. R. Judiciary in India and judicial process. Calcutta: Ajoy Law House, 1985.

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Aleksandrova, Zinaida, Vladimir Kryazhkov, and Svetlana Nesmeyanova. Constitutional judicial process. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1899698.

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In the textbook, in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education on the basis of current legislation, judicial practice and modern procedural and legal concepts, all the main institutions of constitutional judicial procedural law are covered. The authors are researchers and practitioners, leading legal scholars in the field of constitutional law and constitutional judicial process. For students, postgraduates and teachers of law schools, judges, state and municipal employees, anyone interested in the constitutional judicial process.

Book chapters on the topic "Judicial process":

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Tarr, G. Alan. "Courts and Law." In Judicial Process and Judicial Policymaking, 1–19. Seventh edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427961-1.

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Tarr, G. Alan. "Federal Court Policymaking." In Judicial Process and Judicial Policymaking, 300–331. Seventh edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427961-10.

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Tarr, G. Alan. "State Court Policymaking." In Judicial Process and Judicial Policymaking, 332–62. Seventh edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427961-11.

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Tarr, G. Alan. "The Federal and State Court Systems." In Judicial Process and Judicial Policymaking, 23–49. Seventh edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427961-2.

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Tarr, G. Alan. "Judges." In Judicial Process and Judicial Policymaking, 50–92. Seventh edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427961-3.

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Tarr, G. Alan. "Lawyers." In Judicial Process and Judicial Policymaking, 93–128. Seventh edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427961-4.

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Tarr, G. Alan. "Trials and Appeals." In Judicial Process and Judicial Policymaking, 129–67. Seventh edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427961-5.

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Tarr, G. Alan. "Criminal Justice and the Courts." In Judicial Process and Judicial Policymaking, 168–215. Seventh edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427961-6.

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Tarr, G. Alan. "Civil Justice and the Courts." In Judicial Process and Judicial Policymaking, 216–43. Seventh edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427961-7.

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Tarr, G. Alan. "Judicial Decision Making." In Judicial Process and Judicial Policymaking, 244–72. Seventh edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427961-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Judicial process":

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Soares Pugliese, William. "Judicial process, jurisdiction and the tension between Constitutionalism and Democracy." In XXVI World Congress of Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy. Initia Via, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17931/ivr2013_sws70_03.

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Martinez, Ramses Henrique. "REVISITING ACTOR-NETWORK THEORY: A STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC JUDICIAL PROCESS, IN THE JUDICIARY BRAZILIAN." In 10th CONTECSI International Conference on Information Systems and Technology Management. Sao Paulo: TECSI, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5748/9788599693094-10contecsi/ps-176.

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Chernetska, Valeria. "GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JUDICIAL INTERROGATIONS IN THE CRIMINAL PROCESS OF UKRAINE." In Innovation in Science: Global Trends and Regional Aspect. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-050-6-28.

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Kozlova, Anna Mikhailovna. ""Taxation and tax inspection". Implementation of judicial doctrines during educational process." In V International Scientific and Practical Conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-116583.

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Kalinin, Oleg, Timur Savateev, and Rahim Yusupov. "Improving the use of judicial discretion in the administrative and jurisdictional process." In Actual problems of jurisprudence 2022. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02089-0/089-093.

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Özkan, Gürsel. "Judicial Review of Cumulative Impact Assessment." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02273.

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In our country, there is not any domestic or international regulation regarding assessment of cumulative impacts of air pollution caused by thermal power stations in the region or environment in where the station is established. According to the Article 56 of the Constitution, everyone has the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment and it is the duty of the State and citizens to protect the environmental rights. These rights include right to live in an environment which is protected and is not damaged or polluted, in addition to social and cultural development, and the efficient use of national resources for in particular the rapid, balanced and harmonious development of industry and agriculture throughout the country, which is stated in the Article 166 of the Constitution. Cumulative impact assessment is evaluation of the effects caused by the combined results of a project or a certain project action and foreseeable past, current and future human actions. Cumulative impact assessment of thermal power stations could be possible with the determination of the combined effects of existing and licensed power stations while licensing process of a new stations. There should be an assessment regarding the place, location and type of other power stations which are already established or are planned to establish in the same city or geographic area. This requirement is crucial in terms of judicial review of licensing of new power stations which are planned to establish upon Environment Impact Assessment is Positive decision.
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Yang, Xin. "Land System Reform in Urbanization Process." In International Conference on Judicial, Administrative and Humanitarian Problems of State Structures and Economical Subjects (JAHP 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/jahp-16.2016.14.

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Losavio, Michael. "Panel Topic: Education and Interdisciplinary Issues in Digital Forensics, Computer Science and Judicial Process." In Second International Workshop on Systematic Approaches to Digital Forensic Engineering (SADFE'07). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sadfe.2007.13.

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Смагина, Елена, and Elena Smagina. "New procedural rights and responsibilities of participants in the civil process related to the use of information technology." In St. Petersburg international Legal forum RD forum video — Rostov-na-Donu. Москва: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/conferencearticle_5a3a6fab84e6c4.16118580.

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The article is devoted to new procedural rights and responsibilities of participants in the civil process: the right to be notified by the latest means of communication; the right to file documents in court in electronic form; the right to get acquainted with the case materials and judicial acts in electronic form; the right to participate in the process by videoconferencing
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Khomarudin, Nanang, and Indah Kusumawardhani. "Legal Protection of Professional Advocates of Immunity Rights in The Judicial System Process in Indonesia." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Law, Social Science, Economics, and Education, ICLSSEE 2022, 16 April 2022, Semarang, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.16-4-2022.2319749.

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Reports on the topic "Judicial process":

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Díaz Castro, Juan Antonio. Desarrollo de las audiencias del Código General del Proceso: artículos 372 y 373. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gcgp.62.

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El estudiante de Derecho requiere de competencias específicas para el buen desempeño en su profesión; por ello, a través de los cursos que brinda nuestro pénsum académico, encontramos múltiples herramientas que permiten el desarrollo de tales competencias. Con este Manual de procedimiento se facilitará la adquisición de esas competencias en la oralidad del sistema judicial colombiano. Tanto en el curso de Teoría General del Proceso como en el de Derecho Procesal Civil se requiere del conocimiento de temas como los actos procesales, dentro de los cuales están las audiencias que estipula el Código General del Proceso (CGP). Las audiencias contenidas en los artículos 372 (audiencia inicial) y 373 (audiencia de instrucción y juzgamiento) son de vital importancia en la vida de cualquier abogado, ya que abogados litigantes, funcionarios judiciales y personas del común podrían verse inmersas o vinculadas a un proceso civil de familia y comercial, contexto en el que, para su resolución, deben agotarse estas audiencias por parte del operador judicial.
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Haider, Huma. Constitutional Courts: Approaches, Sequencing, And Political Support. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.097.

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This rapid review looks at various constitutional courts established in transitional, fragile and conflict-affected contexts—the approaches adopted, sequencing in their establishment, and experiences with political support. There are few comprehensive accounts in the literature, however, of constitutional courts and their role in judicial review in the contexts of transition and/or as key actors in ‘building democracy’ (Daly, 2017a; Sapiano, 2017). Further, scholars have tended to focus on a relatively small number of case studies from the immediate post-Cold War era, such as South Africa and Colombia (Daly, 2017a). Discussion on the sequencing and steps adopted in establishing a constitutional court in fragile and conflict-affected states (FCAS), or on incentives that have swayed political elites to support these courts, is even more limited. Nonetheless, drawing on various academic and NGO literature, including on countries that transitioned from authoritarianism, this report offers some discussion on sequencing in relation to the constitution-making process and the establishment of the courts; and general reasoning for why constitutional courts may be supported by political actors.
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Ghosh, Arijeet, Madhurima Dhanuka, Sai Bourothu, Fernando Lannes Fernandes, Niyati Singh, and Chenthil Kumar. Lost Identity: Transgender Persons Inside Indian Prisons. Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001185.

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This report sheds light on challenges faced by Transgender persons in Indian prisons. The report analyses the international and legal frameworks in the country which provide the foundation for policy formulations with regard to confinement of LGBT+ persons, with particular reference to the Transgender community. This report also documents the responses received to right to information requests filed to prison headquarters across the country, which in addition to providing the number of Transgender prisoners in Indian prisons between 1st May 2018 to 30th April 2019, also provides relevant information on compliance within prisons with existing legal frameworks relevant to protecting the rights of Transgender persons in prisons, especially in terms of recognition of a third gender, allocation of wards, search procedures, efforts towards capacity building of prison administrators etc. The finalisation of this report has involved an intense consultative process with individuals and experts, including representatives from the community, community-based organisations as well as researcher and academicians working on this issue. This report aims to enhance the understanding of these issues among stakeholders such as prison administrators, judicial officers, lawyers, legal service providers as well as other non-state actors. It is aimed at better informed policy making, and ensuring that decisions made with respect to LGBTI+ persons in prisons recognize and are sensitive of their rights and special needs.
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Galdon Clavell, Gemma, Antoni Lorente Martínez, and Mara Balestrini. Abierta configuration options Hacia un prospecto en el marco regulatorio laboral en Argentina: Análisis tecnológico, marco regulatorio y buenas prácticas. Edited by Erika Molina. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004224.

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Este estudio analiza en primer lugar el contexto histórico de los avances tecnológicos, se proporcionan definiciones que ayudan a comprender dichos avances, así como una explicación detallada de los modos y dinámicas mediante los cuales la inteligencia artificial (IA) y los algoritmos impactan sobre las relaciones laborales. Posteriormente el informe se centra en cuáles son las consecuencias de las transformaciones que las herramientas de datos realizan sobre los entornos y relaciones laborales, desde el proceso de contratación hasta la evaluación del rendimiento algorítmico y su gestión y el uso de sistemas de IA para organizar los procesos de producción y gestión de recursos, incluyendo trabajadores y trabajadoras, con un énfasis específico en el uso de las herramientas de esta categoría en el contexto de la economía de plataformas. En este aspecto, se analiza el marco regulador a través de las decisiones judiciales y de Agencias de Protección de Datos para explorar cómo el sistema legal gestiona los distintos conflictos emergentes en contextos laborales, proporcionando conocimiento específico sobre los avances tecnológicos actuales, la formación de la regulación y estableciendo patrones claros de qué se puede y no se puede hacer. Para finalizar, se revisan los intentos recientes de promover la transparencia algorítmica a través de metodologías genéricas. Dada la complejidad técnica de los sistemas algorítmicos, y con el fin de facilitar dicha transparencia, se presenta una propuesta de “prospecto algorítmico” como la herramienta específica para la incorporación de la transparencia algorítmica.
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Montoya Robledo, Valentina, Valeria Bernal Carvajal, Laureen Montes Calero, José Rodrigo Rendón, Connie Gabriela Lozano, Denisse Hernández, and Jacqueline Johana Peña. Género y transporte: San Salvador. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003718.

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El área metropolitana de San Salvador está compuesta por 14 municipios. La misma cuenta con una población de cerca de 1.800.000 habitantes que representan el 27% de la población total de El Salvador. El 54% de la población son mujeres. De éstas, un 72%, utilizan buses como su principal medio de transporte, según la Encuesta de Calidad de Vida 2018, El Salvador Cómo Vamos. El BRT ha sufrido una serie de inconvenientes tras la decisión judicial que eliminó el carril exclusivo. Antes de la pandemia ya no contaba con un carril exclusivo, sino que otros vehículos compartían el carril con los buses del SITRAMSS. Mientras en 2017 viajaban 40,000 pasajeros por día, antes de la pandemia por el COVID-19 habían disminuido a cerca de un tercio, y con la pandemia la reducción fue más drástica. El operador suspendió operaciones en el mes de abril de 2020 argumentado problemas financieros derivados de la pandemia. Por su parte, el Estado salvadoreño suspendió la operación general del transporte público en el período comprendido entre el 7 de mayo de 2021 y el 23 de agosto de 2021. A pesar de la reapertura del transporte público el 23 de agosto, el operador del SITRAMSS ha indicado que funcionar bajo las condiciones establecidas por el protocolo de bioseguridad no es viable financieramente, por lo que no ha restablecido el servicio. Por su lado, el Viceministerio de Transporte se encuentra siguiendo un proceso sancionatorio, para lograr el restablecimiento del mismo.
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Acosta, Diego, and Jeremy Harris. Regímenes de política migratoria en América Latina y el Caribe: inmigración, libre movilidad regional, refugio y nacionalidad. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004362.

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Este informe presenta y describe una nueva base de datos generada en torno a cuarenta indicadores que caracterizan los regímenes migratorios de los 26 países de América Latina y el Caribe que son miembros prestatarios del BID. Los indicadores permiten realizar una comparación multidimensional de dichos regímenes, identificar patrones subregionales, y observar tendencias en la evolución reciente de estas políticas. Los indicadores se agrupan en seis áreas: instrumentos internacionales que cubren la participación de cada país en tratados y acuerdos multilaterales; instrumentos regionales que analizan la participación de los países en acuerdos a nivel de las Américas y sus subregiones; derecho a la entrada con exención de visado que mide la exigencia de visados para entrar al país; acceso a la residencia que abarca preferencias en el otorgamiento de permisos de residencia y procesos de regularización de migrantes en situación irregular; derechos durante la residencia que investigan el acceso de migrantes a servicios de salud y educación, al mercado laboral, al sufragio, así como a la residencia permanente; y nacionalidad que miden como se obtiene la nacionalidad de un país en el momento del nacimiento o, posteriormente, mediante la naturalización, así como la posibilidad de ostentar dos nacionalidades. El valor asignado a cada indicador para cada país está sustentado por una referencia a los instrumentos jurídicos que definen la política en cuestión y, en la mayoría de los indicadores, se acompaña de un texto con información adicional que explica el caso en concreto. Esta es una base de datos única para la región y se encuentra incluida en el Anexo II de este informe. También se puede acceder a la misma a través de la página web de la Unidad de Migraciones del BID. Los principales hallazgos del análisis de la base de datos son: Se observa un emergente régimen jurídico migratorio latinoamericano del siglo XXI. Este se caracteriza por la adopción de nuevas leyes de migración, generalmente acompañadas por esquemas subregionales de movilidad como el Acuerdo de Residencia Mercosur, Bolivia y Chile, y más recientemente el Estatuto Andino. Este nuevo modelo del siglo XXI incluye generalmente mecanismos permanentes de regularización de migrantes, el derecho de acceso al mercado laboral, los sistemas de salud pública, la educación pública, así como el derecho de reunificación familiar. Esto se ve complementado con un mayor acceso al derecho al voto, al menos en elecciones locales. Si bien hasta la fecha no se observa que este modelo latinoamericano haya tenido influencia en el Caribe, el mismo está claramente arraigado en las otras tres subregiones. La regularización de migrantes en situación irregular, tanto a través de mecanismos permanentes establecidos en las leyes, como a través de programas extraordinarios de regularización, es absolutamente común en América Latina, aunque no así en el Caribe. Los países de la región han llevado a cabo más de 90 regularizaciones extraordinarias desde el año 2000. Muchos de los países ofrecen acceso preferencial a la residencia permanente para migrantes de ciertos países de la región que cumplan criterios básicos, y, en algunos casos, trato preferencial para la nacionalización. Los únicos países que no permiten la residencia de manera casi automática para nacionales de al menos otro país de la región son Bahamas y Haití en el Caribe, así como Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panamá, República Dominicana y México en Mesoamérica. El porcentaje de ratificación de los instrumentos internacionales, al igual que los instrumentos regionales, es muy alto en Latinoamérica, pero mucho menor a nivel subregional en el Caribe. Los acuerdos de libre residencia y movilidad regional se han convertido es un instrumento absolutamente común en el panorama legislativo de la región, e influyen sobre muchos aspectos de la política migratoria, tales como acceso al mercado laboral o reunificación familiar. El país que requiere visas a los nacionales de más estados en la región es Venezuela con 11, seguido de México con nueve. El caso venezolano puede explicarse por su aplicación del principio de reciprocidad con los estados que solicitan visa a sus nacionales. El hecho de ser un país de tránsito hacia los Estados Unidos para algunos migrantes puede explicar el caso mexicano. El estado cuyos nacionales requieren visa en más países de la región es Haití, seguido de Venezuela y República Dominicana. En el desarrollo de la base de datos a través de los 40 indicadores se han analizado más de 435 instrumentos jurídicos de los 26 países, los cuales definen su política migratoria. El análisis de este compendio de leyes, reglamentos, decretos, ordenes administrativas, y demás instrumentos demuestra que: La edad promedio de los instrumentos jurídicos vigentes en países andinos y del Cono Sur es de 8-15 años, lo cual se compara con los 25-30 años en Mesoamérica y el Caribe. Esto demuestra una mayor labor legislativa sobre la materia en dichas dos subregiones en los últimos años. En algunas áreas, tales como la regulación del régimen de visas o los procesos extraordinarios de regularización de migrantes en situación irregular, la actividad legislativa se apoya principalmente en decretos y ordenes administrativas adoptadas por el poder ejecutivo sin intervención de los parlamentos. Esto genera reglas con menor estabilidad y certeza jurídica para todos los actores involucrados: migrantes, administración, poder judicial y otros. Esta base de datos de indicadores e instrumentos jurídicos es parte de un esfuerzo de la Unidad de Migraciones del BID de contar con información y evaluación comparada de los regímenes de política migratoria en los países de la región entre otros insumos jurídicos e institucionales. La Unidad mantendrá la base de datos actualizada con el objetivo de que se convierta en un punto de referencia fundamental para la región.
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CONCEPT AND FUNCTIONS OF E-JUSTICE IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/0131-5226-2021-70001.

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Abstract. The article deals with the concept of "electronic justice" and features of the use of electronic justice for the consideration of economic disputes. In the digital economy e-justice is one of the legal constructions that provide a comfortable legal environment for economic activity. This is a complex of legal relations and technological solutions that provides individuals and legal entities with the opportunity to use digital technologies at all stages of the judicial process, to obtain information about the activities of courts through electronic access. The e-justice mechanism includes video and audio recording of court sessions, electronic document management with the use of an electronic signature, an electronic archive for storing electronic documents, the use of cloud technologies, as well as the use of electronic documents as evidence. Improving the legal regulation of e-justice in the digital economy, along with reforming procedural legislation, should include the development of a Federal law on electronic documents.
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Marco de Oportunidades 2020: Identificación de oportunidades para invertir en la garantía de los derechos de tenencia colectiva en las zonas forestales de los países de ingresos bajos y medios. Rights and Resources Initiative, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/oglh5130.

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Los Pueblos Indígenas, las comunidades locales, y los Afrodescendientes (PI, LC y AD), aproximadamente 2.500 millones de personas, tradicionalmente administran más del 50% de la masa territorial mundial, pero los gobiernos actualmente solo reconocen su propiedad legal sobre el 10% (RRI, 2015). Afortunadamente, ha habido avances en el abordaje de esta injusticia histórica en los últimos años, ya que los gobiernos han comenzado a aprobar leyes y ejecutar decisiones judiciales que reconocen el uso y la propiedad históricos y consuetudinarios de estas tierras. Una evaluación reciente concluye que, desde 2002, al menos 14 países más han aprobado leyes que requieren que los gobiernos reconozcan estos derechos. De manera similar, ha habido decisiones judiciales positivas a nivel nacional y regional en numerosos países que apoyan el reconocimiento formal de los derechos colectivos a la tierra y los bosques de los pueblos indígenas, las comunidades locales y los afrodescendientes. El estudio de RRI muestra que si tan solo 7 países implementan estas nuevas leyes, políticas y decisiones judiciales que transfieren propiedad, más de 176 millones de hectáreas serían transferidas del gobierno a comunidades indígenas, locales y afrodescendientes, beneficiando a más de 200 millones de personas (RRI, 2018). El enfoque de este informe, y el del Marco en sí, se limita al reconocimiento formal de los derechos sobre la tierra y los bosques (delimitación, mapeo, registro, etc.). No evalúa los importantes y subsiguientes pasos en el fortalecimiento de la gobernanza comunitaria o territorial, la aplicación de estos derechos por parte de los gobiernos, o las capacidades necesarias que permitan que las organizaciones indígenas, las comunidades locales y las afrodescendientes administren o exploten sus recursos, o que se involucren en empresas o actividades de desarrollo económico, todo esto esencial para la conservación y el desarrollo sostenido y autónomo. Este Marco se centra en el primer paso de este proceso más largo.
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Relationship Between ‘Civil Society’ and ‘Democratic Freedoms’. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.086.

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Notwithstanding the point that definitions of ‘civil society’ and ‘democracy’ are themselves actively debated, this rapid review defines democracy as ‘liberal democracy’, which goes beyond elections to include liberal components such as equality before the law, individual liberties, rule of law, and independent judiciary and legislature that constrains the executive (Grahn and Lührmann, 2020, p.8). Civil society is defined as “an organizational layer of the polity that lies between the state and private life composed of voluntary associations of people joined together in common purpose” (Coppedge et al. 2016, p.413). Thus, this rapid review seeks to find out what evidence is there on the relationship between civil society and democratic freedoms? The overall sense from the vast array of literature that looks at the relationship between civil society and democratic freedoms is that civil society is important for democracy, but there is no “automatic flow” from one to the other. Rather, the relationship is contingent on the nature of civil society, in addition to other dynamic, context-specific factors. Most of the evidence found during this rapid review was in studies that break down this broad topic into smaller sub-questions. They tended to be case studies that look at specific elements of ‘democratic freedoms’ (e.g., human rights, or anti-corruption), focus on specific countries, or were related to specific mechanisms (e.g., collective action) or processes (e.g., democratic regression). Each of these sub-topics is itself a large and contested area of research. According to some scholars, these case studies are overwhelmingly positive about civil society’s relationship to liberal democratic norms and practices. Some studies show that democratic regression occurs where the demands of a highly mobilised civil society cannot be effectively channelled by the party system or occur in contexts characterised by ethnic and regional differences or socio-economic inequalities.

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