Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Judicial balance'

By examining the framing that political actors made of the upcoming landmark LOAPA, Rumasa and abortion decisions issued by the Spanish Constitutional Court between 1980 and 1983, its influence on public debate and the final rulings, this thesis analyses the impact of external pressure on a new constitutional court using a process-tracing methodology. The research question addressed is whether strategic considerations, and more specifically, the preservation and enhancement of the Court's legitimacy had a significant influence on the three decisions. It is hypothesised that politicians successfully constrained the Court's choices by threatening its capital of public support. The thesis argues that both the risk of having its legitimacy eroded and the wider political consequences of the rulings had a decisive influence on the decisions taken by the Court. The results support theories positing that when adjudicating in salient cases, strategic concerns have a significant influence in constitutional courts decisions. It further sheds light on the challenges new constitutional courts face when in the process of building their legitimacy and trying to establish themselves as respected arbiters.
Mitjançant una metodologia de rastreig de processos (process-tracing) aquesta tesi analitza "impacte de la pressió externa exercida sobre un nou tribunal constitucional examinant l'enfocament (framing) que van portar a terme els actors polítics sobre les històriques sentències de la LOAPA, Rumasa i de l'avortament adoptades pel Tribunal Constitucional Espanyol entre els anys 1980 i 1983, la influència d'aquest enfocament sobre el debat públic i les pròpies sentències. La pregunta de recerca plantejada és si consideracions de tipus estratègic, i més concretament, la preservació i increment de la legitimitat del Tribunal varen tenir una influència significativa sobre les decisions finalment adoptades. Es formula la hipòtesi que els polítics varen ser capaços de restringir les possibilitats d'acció dels jutges posant en risc el capital de suport popular del Tribunal. La tesi argüeix que tant el risc de veure la seva legitimitat disminuïda com les conseqüències polítiques generals de les sentències varen tenir una influència decisiva sobre les decisions preses pel Tribunal. Els resultats donen suport a les teories que postulen que, quan decideixen en casos de gran importància, les consideracions de caràcter estratègic tenen una influència significativa sobre les decisions dels tribunals constitucionals. A més, contribueix a aclarir els reptes als quals s'enfronten els nous tribunals constitucionals quan es troben en el procés de construir la seva legitimitat i intenten establir-se com àrbitres respectats.

Access to labor justice in Central AmericaThis paper presents a reflection of general character on the most important values and principles that underlie a system of access to the democratic, efficient and fair labor justice. The paper also tries to establish a systematic connection between the concepts of institutionality and access to justice, referring to the interrelationship between both notions and values that feed one another. For work purposes are mentioned and then analyzed four great subthemes: transparency, balance of parties in the labor process, the issue of speedy justice and the principle of effective judicial guardianship. All the above with references to Central America and Dominican Republic legislation and the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
Esta ponencia nos presenta una reflexión de carácter general sobre los valores y principios más importantes que subyacen a un sistema de acceso a la justicia laboral democrático, eficiente y justo. El trabajo pretende además establecer una vinculación sistemática entre los conceptos de institucionalidady de acceso a la justicia, refiriéndose a la interrelación entre ambas nociones y entre los valores que alimentan el uno y el otro. A los propósitos del trabajo se mencionan y analizan entonces cuatro grandes subtemas: la transparencia, el equilibrio de las partes en el proceso laboral, el problema de la justicia pronta, y el principio de tutela judicial efectiva. Todo lo anterior con referencias a la legislación centroamericana y de República Dominicana y la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerenciamento Costeiro, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2012.
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O equilíbrio ecológico é reconhecido pela Constituição Federal como elemento indispensável para a manutenção das características dos ecossistemas, para a qualidade de vida e para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Logo, a defesa do meio ambiente exige estratégias multitemáticas, que considerem e incorporem a unicidade do meio ambiente. Neste contexto, está inserida a gestão integrada da zona costeira e das bacias hidrográficas, que leva em consideração, além das interações ecológicas, as interações sociais e econômicas de ambos os ecossistemas. No entanto, a gestão de bacias hidrográficas que contém trechos de zona costeira está focada apenas na conservação dos recursos hídricos, operando de modo dissociado da gestão costeira, que visa o gerenciamento de múltiplos recursos por meio do planejamento e ordenamento do uso do solo e das águas dentro da costa. A concentração demográfica na região costeira do Brasil e as atividades nela desenvolvidas causam intensa pressão antrópica sobre as bacias hidrográficas, assim como as atividades realizadas no âmbito das bacias impactam direta ou indiretamente a zona costeira, devido à relação ecossistêmica entre o continente e o oceano, por meio do ciclo hidrológico. Esses impactos podem acarretar o agravamento da crise hídrica já instalada no Brasil. Por essa razão, se faz necessária a gestão integrada entre esses setores, uma vez que as estratégias de gerenciamento sobre um ecossistema terá, necessariamente, reflexos econômicos, sociais e ecológicos no outro. Em face dessa problemática, o presente estudo delineou os marcos normativos que permitem a integração da gestão de bacias hidrográficas com a gestão da zona costeira, a partir do novo tratamento dado ao meio ambiente pela Constituição Federal de 1988, verificando que a concretização da gestão integrada é uma obrigação tanto para o Estado quanto para a coletividade e que é possível realiza-la por meio da harmonização e inter-relação dos instrumentos do gerenciamento costeiro com os Planos de Bacias, da participação popular e da descentralização do poder de gestão dos recursos hídricos.
The ecological balance is recognized by the Federal Constitution as a needful feature to the maintenance of the ecosystem characteristics, the life quality and sustainable development. Therefore, the environment defense requires an multi-subject strategy, that consider and incorporate the environment unity. In this context, it is inserted the integrated management of the watersheds and the coast zones, which considers, besides the ecological interaction, the social and economic interaction oh both ecosystems. Nevertheless, the watersheds management which contains parts of the coast zone is focused only in the conservation of the water resources, operating separated from the coast zone management, which aims the management oh multiply resources by means of the usage planning of the soil and water inside the coast. The demographic concentration on Brazil coast zone and the activities developed cause intense anthropic pressure on the watersheds, as well as the activities developed in the watersheds impacts direct or indirectly the coast zone, due to the ecosystem relation between the continent and the ocean by the hydrological cycle. These impacts can result on the aggravation of the water crisis already installed in Brazil. Therefore it is necessary the integrated management among theses systems, once the management strategies on an ecosystem will necessarily have social, economic and ecological reflexes on one another. Due to these problems the present study outlined legal milestones that allows the integration of the watershed and the zone coast managements from the new environment treatment of the Federal Constitution of 1988, verifying that implementation of the integrated management is an obligation to the State and the collectivity and that it is possible to implement it by means of the harmonization and the interrelationship of the coast management tools with the watershed plans, the popular participation and the decentralization of the water resources management power.

Although the wave of democratization already took place in Latin America, Venezuela has experienced a reversal in the past decade. In earlier years, the higher courts (although independent) had no impact on society; the justice members only assumed a symbolic role with no real importance, but with time, this characteristic started to interchange and the Judicial branch began to get involved in issues regarding its civil society. Consequently, the elected President Hugo Chavez decided to neutralize the power of all branches of government, including the judiciary, by enacting a set of rules not commonly seen in a democratic country, which concentrated the majority of power in his hand, eliminating the concept of Checks and Balances. This imbalance of power between the Executive and all other branches of government, has led to the deterioration, and almost elimination, of the independence within the judiciary. Therefore, the more the executive controls the judiciary, the less autonomy and less self-sufficiency it will have, thus eliminating the checks and balances in the Venezuelan government. In this negative relationship, the excessiveness of power exerted by the Executive branch is the main variable that controls the judicial branch. I will present valuable background information to this topic, and I will then suggest a concise solution to the problem of government imbalance between the branches in the Venezuelan government.
B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science

Traditional democratic political theorists promote the idea that Supreme Court exercises of judicial review create a counter-majoritarian difficulty , theoretically threatening the foundation of American democracy. Nevertheless, Alexander M. Bickel and other writers, while accepting this premise, seek to reconcile the judicial review power with democratic principles. This thesis rejects the existence of a difficulty. It proposes a historically-based approach for studying democratic theory which considers the elective reality among state judiciaries, and then including these judges’ decision making in theoretical discussions. The fact that state court judges are subject to popular vote earns them a substantial degree of democratic legitimacy because they are closer to people than appointed federal counterparts. They more frequently adjudicate common issues affecting peoples’ everyday lives, and they far outnumber U.S. Supreme Court Justices. These predominantly elected judges also interact with the public when they periodically step into the political arena to engage in campaign activities (i.e., election, re-election, or retention).

The pervasive nature of the state judicial role and judge elections acquaint the populace with who these judges are and what they do in ways that are unimaginable for the few and remote Supreme Court appointees. As a result, the thesis questions theorists’ proclivity to analyze the counter-majoritarian issue by considering only the Supreme Court’s potential impact on the public sentiment. The Supreme Court lens, it will be argued, is too narrow and unrepresentative of the many and complex state court decisions that result in social control and regularly impact the public mind. This thesis remedies the omission of state court decisions from the analysis.

As a part of this investigation, the thesis reviews the nineteenth century transformation of the state judicial office from a legislatively-appointed position to one that became subject to popular vote. During the post-Jacksonian era of democratization, state constitution makers committed to remake state governments by rescuing their political institutions from the claws of the ill-fated experiment of legislatively dominant state governments. Recurrent economic depression, poverty, and instances of government corruption early in the century, led voters to demand fundamental reform. Leading into the 1850s, reformers accepted the important truth that the dominant-legislative model lacked needed checks and balances against public abuse. They slowly recognized that a balanced tripartite system was essential for effective governance.

Judiciaries needed to be strengthened if judges were going to assist in securing roughly balanced state government. Abandoning appointments and embracing judicial review and elections led to needed separation and independence of judiciaries from adjoining branches. These reforms also empowered judges to oversee and maintain adjoining branches within newly defined constitutional spending and lawmaking limits. This also bolstered the ability of judges to protect individual rights against government intrusion. Newly empowered judiciaries thus promoted governmental equilibrium against legislatures and executives whose powers were also more clearly defined. Understanding these reforms holds a key to recognizing the taming of formerly dominant legislatures. Considering this combination of changes also reveals how apparently divergent elements (i.e., elections and review power) may be reasonably credited with saving state governments from ruinous corruption and promoting democratic legitimacy. The proposed state-centric analytic model requires theorists to reconsider prior approaches to democratic political theory, including the federal Supreme Court view. The refocus on state court decision making and elections permits more precise consideration of crucial questions. For example, it is important to see, and document, the extent to which American courts exercise consequential judicial review, and to appreciate whether the public actually sees such exercises as problematic, as the Supreme Court view asserts. This approach also helps to illuminate how judges’ participation in campaigns affects public views of legitimacy. The proposed approach offers a richer evidence-base (i.e., state court exercises of the power) on which to base assertions about whether judicial review (and elections)—rather than being a deviant force—actually harmonizes democracy with the American system for the fair administration of justice.

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This paper presents an analysis of the current strategic plan of the Judiciary of Rio Grande do Norte emphasizing the evaluation of strategic indicators verifying the effectiveness in implementation, since the implementation of the Balanced Scorecard as a tool for performance evaluation of strategic management. The research presents the strategy map and the evaluation indices of strategic performance reporting on the effectiveness. After literature review and documentary, is making the measurement of indicators that are treated from the standpoint of an exploratory and descriptive in strategic planning used by the judiciary Potiguar. The problem was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively using statistical techniques for data analysis comparing them between Judiciaries of Brazilian States. With respect to data collection was used performance indicators extracted from the data of Justice in Numbers provided by CNJ the period from 2004 to 2011, and the information sought in the Sector Strategic Planning TJ / RN. The main results of this study are as follows: Acquisition of insight into what level is the strategic planning of the judiciary of Rio Grande do Norte and the evolution of its performance indicators comparing them with the states of RS, CE, SE and the National Judiciary
Esta disserta??o traz uma an?lise do atual planejamento estrat?gico do Poder Judici?rio do Rio Grande do Norte dando ?nfase ? avalia??o dos indicadores estrat?gicos verificando a efic?cia na execu??o, a partir da implanta??o do Balance Scorecard como ferramenta de avalia??o de desempenho da gest?o estrat?gica. A pesquisa apresenta o mapa estrat?gico e os ?ndices de avalia??o de desempenho estrat?gico verificando a efic?cia. Ap?s an?lise bibliogr?fica e documental, ? tomada a mensura??o dos indicadores que s?o tratados do ponto de vista de uma pesquisa explorat?ria e descritiva no planejamento estrat?gico utilizado pelo Poder Judici?rio Potiguar. Os dados foram analisados quantitativamente e qualitativamente utilizando-se de t?cnicas da estat?stica descritiva para avalia??o dos dados comparando-os entre os Poderes Judici?rios dos Estados Brasileiros. Com rela??o ? coleta de dados utilizaram-se os indicadores de desempenho extra?dos dos dados da Justi?a em N?meros fornecido pelo CNJ no per?odo 2004 a 2011, e as informa??es pesquisadas no Setor de Planejamento Estrat?gico do TJ/RN. Os principais resultados deste estudo s?o os seguintes: Aquisi??o da vis?o sobre em que n?vel se encontra o planejamento estrat?gico do Poder Judici?rio do Rio Grande do Norte e a evolu??o dos seus indicadores desempenho comparando-os com os Estados do RS, CE, SE e com o Poder Judici?rio Nacional

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Accountability is a means of controlling of acts of the Public Power that presents two main modalities: vertical accountability and horizontal accountability. The vertical accountability refers to the control carried out through the elections, where the voters express their judgment regarding the performance of the politician during the electoral mandate. The horizontal accountability deals with the relationship of reciprocal control between state agencies or powers or checks and balances. The application of accountability to the Judiciary is necessary not only due to the great independence of this Power, but also because, unlike the other powers, this power is not affected by vertical controls, since it is not an elected power. Before the creation of the CNJ, the Judiciary did not have an effective control over its performance. The CNJ is an administrative and disciplinary control body of the Judiciary. It is discussed in the research if the CNJ exercises a horizontal accountability role and if with its creation the Judiciary reached an adequate degree of accountability.
A accountability constitui um mecanismo de controle dos atos do Poder Público que apresenta duas modalidades principais: accountability vertical e accountability horizontal. A accountability vertical refere-se ao controle realizado através das eleições, onde os eleitores manifestam seu julgamento em relação à atuação do político durante o mandato eleitoral. A accountability horizontal trata da relação de controle recíproco entre os poderes ou agências estatais. A aplicação da accountability ao Poder Judiciário torna-se necessária não apenas pela grande independência desse Poder, como também pelo fato de que, ao contrário dos outros poderes, não sofre a incidência dos controles verticais, por não ser um poder eleito. Antes da criação do CNJ o Poder Judiciário não dispunha de um efetivo controle sobre sua atuação. O CNJ é um órgão de controle administrativo e disciplinar do Poder Judiciário. Discute-se na pesquisa se o CNJ exerce um papel de accountability horizontal do Poder Judiciário e se com sua criação este Poder alcançou um grau adequado de accountability.

This thesis examines how English law has, and has not, balanced celebrities’ legal expectations of informational and seclusional privacy against the press and media’s rights to inform and publish. Much of the litigation that developed the English laws of privacy has been celebrity-generated by those with the financial resources to seek out and utilize privacy regimes and remedies in ways not immediately available to ordinary members of the public. The media, generally, has had the resources to present the relevant counter-arguments. Privacy protection was initially afforded to celebrities by breach of confidence and copyright. While public interest and “fair dealing” defences developed within English law, there was no underlying or consistent practical element in legislative or judicial thinking to promote a balance between the competing interests of protection and interference. That practical element, the concept of proportionality, developed in the Convention case-law of the ECtHR in Strasbourg during the 1950s. It was not until the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) that English legislators and the UK judicial system began to reflect and apply its consequences. Arriving at proportionate results and decisions – particularly in the realms of privacy - requires both the engagement of the rights that are sought to be maintained as well as a careful balancing exercise of these rights both internally and vis-à-vis each other. Because celebrities, with their Article 8 concerns, and the media, with Article 10 arguments, seek for their causes to prevail, the ways in which legislation and litigation now resolves matters is by the “ultimate balancing test” of proportionality. Proportionality is the measure within this thesis that is constant from chapter to chapter, highlighting, respectively, where the application of proportionality and balance might have produced different results as regimes developed historically and where new developments were needed to accommodate its requirements when it was apparently absent.

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Este trabalho tratou de investigar as origens do instituto da limitação da responsabilidade dos sócios e estabelecer a importância de tal limitação – a partir da harmonização entre os princípios constitucionais de proteção aos direitos sociais e os princípios – igualmente constitucionais – da livre iniciativa do qual decorre também o princípio da preservação da empresa. De modo semelhante buscou se estabelecer a importância da delimitação da responsabilização dos administradores que não possuem vínculo societário com as empresas por eles administradas tanto no âmbito legislativo quanto judicial. Nesse contexto buscou-se demonstrar – para além dos prejuízos – a ociosidade da aplicação da teoria da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica em face dos remédios jurídicos já existentes no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro para as ocasiões em que se verifique a ocorrência de fraude simulação e prática dos atos ultra vires. Advoga-se neste trabalho a possibilidade de se buscar a preservação da empresa atendendo ao chamado do devido processo legal e – simultaneamente– ao chamado da busca pela satisfação do crédito ou reparação de prejuízos ensejados mediante o abuso. da pessoa jurídica seja por administrador seja por sócio fortalecendo assim os caros institutos da segurança jurídica e previsibilidade das decisões judiciais. Concorrem também para a consagração do tudo quanto aqui exposto uma redução do ativismo judicial que se verifica em preterimento de direitos processuais que gozam de status constitucional como os da ampla defesa e do contraditório. Além disso buscou-se evidenciar a necessidade de diálogo entre Direito – através dos magistrados – e Economia a partir da compreensão por parte daqueles dos reflexos de sua atuação para o desenvolvimento econômico e consequentemente para o desenvolvimento social. Nesse tocante acredita-se útil a colaboração que pode ser fornecida pela Psicanálise a partir de uma das três instâncias do aparelho psíquico: o superego no entendimento do Judiciário como superego da sociedade.
Salvador

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Esta pesquisa, contextualizada na abordagem crítica da política criminal das drogas, propõe uma análise qualitativa dos argumentos contidos nas decisões judiciais referentes aos crimes da lei de drogas. Após as considerações do paradigma da reação social e da criminologia crítica, o estudo desvela as origens do proibicionismo e a política criminal de drogas. Na sequência, abre uma discussão importante para destacar a real função do poder judiciário sob uma perspectiva garantista, para contextualizar, também, as raízes legais que levaram à criação da vara criminal especializada de Feira de Santana. No corpo empírico da pesquisa propõe-se uma minuciosa análise crítica dos argumentos decisórios, adotando-se uma metodologia que possibilitou a identificação de perfis de magistrados que exerceram a judicatura na unidade judiciária.

There is currently no satisfactory account of how judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts in the states are appointed, transferred, impeached or employed postretirement. For a higher judiciary commanding immense public attention, enjoying wide constitutional powers of judicial review, this is a conspicuous gulf in academic literature. This thesis intends to bridge this gulf by providing such an account. Part I extracts the Constituent Assembly Debates pertaining to these four facets of judicial functioning, describes key developments over time and analyses the extant processes in operation today. On this basis it makes three arguments: first, appointments to the higher judiciary and transfer of judges between High Courts follow processes that are indefensible as a matter of constitutional law; second, impeachment operates in an excessively slow and inefficacious manner; third, the pervasiveness of post-retirement employment of judges in government-appointed positions demonstrates inadequate attention to institutional design. Most crucially, each of these four aspects gives rise to significant concerns pertaining to judicial independence, accountability or both. This is not a peculiarly Indian problem— in several countries, the values of judicial independence and accountability have been deemed to be in tension, often irreconcilably. Part II tackles this widely articulated tension by providing a conceptual framework to understand these concepts. Its main argument is that both judicial independence and accountability are necessary for 'an effective judiciary'. Whether indeed the processes governing the four selected facets of judicial functioning in India lead to an effective judiciary is assessed in Part III. Where they are found lacking, appropriate reform is suggested. Such reform is intended to ensure that the selected processes operate in a manner that is justifiable in terms of judicial independence and accountability in principle and is efficacious in practice.

1.Гайдаєнко, Н. (2010). Система стримувань та противаг в сучасних демократіях. Одеса: Державний заклад “Південноукраїнський національний педагогічний університет імені К. Ушинського”. 2.Fukuyama, F. (2017). Checks and Balances. The American Interest, Vol. 12, 13–18. 3.Malyshenko, I. (2011). The principle of division of powers and the system of “checks and balances” under the US Constitution 1787. Russian jurisprudence: the tribune of a young scientist, Vol. 11, 72–75
It is well known that the United States is one of the most politically stable countries in the world. The result of the American stable political system was the creation of a system of checks and balances. The United States was not the democracy we know it today. Rather, this state of the American political system is the result of a complex evolution that lasted more than two hundred years and was made possible by the flexibility enshrined in the Constitution. The American Constitution is short - it contains less than eight thousand words. It does not regulate all the details of the functioning of the country, but it contains very clear principles that have to guide the President and Congress in the law-making process and the judiciary in the process of interpreting laws.
Загальновідомо, що США є однією з найбільш політично стабільних країн світу. Результатом стабільної американської політичної системи стало створення системи стримувань і противаг. Сполучені Штати не були тією демократією, якою ми її знаємо сьогодні. Навпаки, такий стан американської політичної системи є результатом складної еволюції, яка тривала більше двохсот років і стала можливою завдяки гнучкості, закріпленій у Конституції. Американська Конституція коротка - вона містить менше восьми тисяч слів. Він не регулює всіх деталей функціонування країни, але містить дуже чіткі принципи, якими повинні керуватися Президент і Конгрес у законотворчому процесі, а судова влада в процесі тлумачення законів.

This research is an enquiry to find an electoral formula that conforms to Canadian constitutional values. Three core values that are pertinent to the issue of electoral systems are identified: democracy, diversity, and efficiency. Each of these core values is divided into different aspects. These aspects will form the backbone of the evaluation of different electoral systems in this work. I will begin with an evaluation of the plurality model of elections, which is currently used in Canada. I will demonstrate that many of the attributes of the current system are not in tune with Canadian constitutional values, in particular with the progressive interpretation that the Supreme Court of Canada has given to the right to vote as enshrined in Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Although the interpretation of the right to vote will be the main thrust of the constitutional scrutiny in this work, attention will also be given to other pertinent rights such as equality rights, minority rights, and the freedom of expression. Next, I will examine provincial electoral reform initiatives that were initiated in five Canadian provinces. All of these initiatives - three of which were put to referenda and eventually defeated - proposed adopting a variant of proportional representation. Accordingly, I will evaluate proportional systems according to the intended values. I will conclude that these systems have problems of their own and they also cannot strike a fine balance between competing values. In the final stage, I will make a new proposal for elections to the Canadian Parliament. First, I will demonstrate that majority systems are better candidates to attain the envisioned values. Then I will introduce a new variant of the majority model, which I call a majority-preferential two-round variant. I will demonstrate that this new variant will outperform the other variants in the attainment of values if adopted for elections to the House of Commons. Finally, I will argue that the combination of a House of Commons elected through the majority-preferential formula and a proportionally elected Senate will result in a more balanced approach to the relevant constitutional values.

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The present study aimed to analyze whether the checks and balances in the Federal Constitution of 1988 ensure the balance between the Executive, Legislative and Judicial Powers. The separation of powers and the mechanisms of checks and balances were conceived with the intention of, in containing the abuse of the holders of the powers, to guarantee the fundamental rights of the individuals. The question that arises in this study is whether the way in which such instruments of mutual control are distributed among the three Powers, in the Federal Constitution of 1988, responds to the current Brazilian reality, in which the Judiciary has been gaining a prominent position
O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar se os freios e contrapesos na Constituição Federal de 1988 asseguram o equilíbrio entre os Poderes Executivo, Legislativo e Judiciário. A separação dos poderes e os mecanismos de freios e contrapesos foram concebidos com o intuito de, ao conter o abuso dos titulares dos poderes, assegurar os direitos fundamentais dos indivíduos. Questão que se coloca neste estudo é se a forma como distribuídos tais instrumentos de controle recíproco entre os três Poderes, na Constituição Federal de 1988, atende à atual realidade brasileira, em que o Poder Judiciário vem ganhando posição de preeminência

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A presente dissertação investiga a possibilidade do controle jurisdicional de políticas públicas de saneamento básico em casos de condutas omissivas da Administração Pública no Sistema Constitucional Brasileiro e seus limites. O fundamento jurídico deste controle deriva da constitucionalização do direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado pela Constituição Federal Brasileira e de que a mesma outorgou aos juízes brasileiros o dever de controle da constitucionalidade das leis e dos atos administrativos, bem como consagrou como direito fundamental o fato de que não se pode excluir da apreciação do Poder Judiciário lesão ou ameaça a direito. Primeiramente, a pesquisa estuda o conceito interdisciplinar de política pública e as objeções ao controle jurisdicional em casos de omissões administrativas , especialmente em virtude do princípio da separação de poderes e do conceito de discricionariedade administrativa. Após, analisa as implicações do reconhecimento pela Constituição Federal Brasileira do direito fundamental ao meio ambiente equilibrado e da sadia condição de vida e o respectivo princípio da intervenção estatal obrigatória, e a indissociável interrelação deste direito fundamental com o direito ao saneamento básico, reconhecido expressamente pela Organização das Nações Unidas igualmente como direito humano. Mais adiante, o estudo verifica a questão do princípio da reserva do possível e do mínimo existencial em matéria de saneamento básico e busca caminhos jurisdicionais para estabelecer o controle de tais políticas públicas e seus limites, à luz dos princípios constitucionais condicionantes da interpretação, e analisa critérios de aferição de descumprimentos do direito ao saneamento básico de acordo com os postulados da lei das diretrizes nacionais para o saneamento básico.
This dissertation investigates the possibility of judicial review of public policies sanitation in cases of omissivas conduct of public administration in the Brazilian Constitutional System and its limits. The legal basis of this control derives from the constitutionalization of the right to an ecologically balanced environment in the Brazilian Constitution and that it granted the Brazilian judges the duty of controlling the constitutionality of laws and administrative acts, as well as a fundamental right enshrined the fact that can not be excluded from review by the Judiciary injury or threat to a right. First, the research studies the interdisciplinary concept of public policy and the objections to judicial review in cases of administrative omissions, especially in view of the principle of separation of powers and the concept of administrative discretion. After analyzes the implications of the recognition by the Brazilian Federal Constitution of the fundamental right to a balanced environment and the healthy state of life and its principle of compulsory state intervention, and the inextricable interrelationship of this fundamental right with the right to sanitation, expressly recognized by United Nations also as a fundamental right. Further, the study verifies the question of the principle of reserve for contingencies and existential minimum in terms of sanitation and seeks ways to establish jurisdictional control of such public policies and their limits, in the light of constitutional principles affecting the interpretation and analyzes benchmarks of breaches of the right to basic sanitation in accordance with the principles of the law of national guidelines for basic sanitation.

Trata-se o presente de estudo analítico e propositivo que circunda em torno do tema do controle jurisdicional de políticas públicas, com destacado vigor no que toca às prestações e ações de saúde a cargo do Poder Público. Analisando o fenômeno da assunção do Judiciário como arena de debate político e atribuição de direitos, ver-se-á que há virtudes e vicissitudes nesse que é caminho irreversível da sociedade moderna. No campo da intervenção judicial na saúde, serão demonstrados os grandes transtornos gerados por uma atividade pouco cautelosa e ainda predominantemente fundada nas premissas processuais do Século XIX, o que gera um desarranjo de contas e estratégias e deflagra uma clara crise entre os Poderes instituídos. Ademais, do modo como sucede hoje, a intervenção judicial em políticas de saúde acaba privilegiando poucos à custa de muitos, quando a saúde é taxativamente direito que deve ser atribuído pelo Estado de maneira isonômica e universal. A partir do diagnóstico das patologias causadas pela desmedida intervenção judicial na saúde, realizada a partir de pesquisa empírica e revisão bibliográfica, esta tese estabelecerá limites que deverão ser observados pelo magistrado, verdadeiras fronteiras que, caso ultrapassadas, agravarão e perpetuarão o problema. Ato contínuo, serão propostas medidas que se prestam a tornar o exercício da judicatura nessa seara mais harmônico com a própria gênese do direito à saúde. A ideia, assim, é auxiliar magistrados e operadores a tornar a tarefa de sindicar ações e prestações estatais de saúde mais racional, equilibrada, justa e universal, mediante propositura de limites e adoção de instrumentos apropriados, processuais e não processuais.
This work derives from a research upon Brazilian judicial intervention in public policies, focusing in how this intervention works regarding the constitutional duty, drove to the State, of providing health to people. Analyzing the political phenomena of Judiciary as one of the most relevant public discussions arena, this thesis will show that virtues and inconveniences arise from this Brazilian modern society reality. Considering judicial intervention upon public health, the work will explore the great problems issued by a less cautious activity founded in relevant part on classic procedural premises of the 19th Century, which causes public accountancy disruption and overwhelms administrative strategies, generating a clear crisis amid instituted Powers. Moreover, as it flows nowadays, judicial intervention upon health public politics privileges few against interests of many, as health is a right of everyone and as indeclinable duty of State under the expression rule of Brazilian Constitution. After diagnose the pathologies caused by immeasurable judicial intervention upon public health, featured both by empirical research and bibliographic revision, this thesis will establish boundaries that might be observed by judges when accomplishing their honorable task, limits that, once overtook, make the problem worst and permanent. Afterwards, some measures will be proposed in order to turn judicial activity in this specific field more harmonic with proper nature of right to health. Hence, the main idea is to help judges and other agents to turn the judicial task of intervention in public health more rational, balanced, fair and universal by proposing limits and adopting appropriated procedural and no procedural instruments.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
104
Judges Act has been legislated for many years and it becomes an important legal source about the supervision of judges. Meanwhile, Judicial Yuan Interpretation number 530 lays down the principle of judicial independence and, through Theory of Core Sphere, vets whether the supervised duty is legal or not. However, what is the concept of Core Sphere Theory in trial? What cases are applicable for Sphere Theory and what are not? What is the application of this theory? These questions make Core Sphere Theory doubted. Even Justice of the Constitutional Court thinks that the supervision of judges is legal in the core sphere of trail. Obviously, these questions let theory of core sphere hardly function as a standard to vet the supervision of judges. This master’s dissertation attempts to define supervision of duties and search for its boundary. Frist, find out this boundary by maintaining social order and Theory of Core Sphere in trail. Secondly, dig deep into the categorized reasons of supervision on duty, in order to differentiate all kinds of supervision of duties and their relationship with judicial independence. Thirdly, via enumerating all kinds of supervision of duties, find out the suitable methods which may put on trial in the Court of the Judiciary. This master’s thesis hereby searches for the limit to the supervision of judges by three steps mentioned above. Besides, Judges Act regulates supervision of duties and proceedings about judgeship. It is called the Court of the Judiciary in hearing cases like disciplinary actions and supervision of duties. Therefore, through analyzing how a case moves through the Court of the Judiciary, this master’s dissertation focuses on two perspectives below. On the one hand, corresponding with the previous discussions on how to vet different types of cases concerning the supervision of duties, I employ standard of proof to identify the standard to vet supervision of duties. On the other hand, review and reflect the associating questions about the Court of the Judiciary.

Baseado em dez anos de experiência na acção executiva, enquanto agente de execução, em que os primeiros momentos foram de procura de soluções face à mudança do paradigma na acção executiva, e em resultado da grande reforma do processo executivo que se iniciou com o DL 38/2003 de 8 de Março e que culminou agora com publicação da Lei 41/2013 de 26 de Junho, procede-se a uma breve análise à reforma executiva. A reforma da acção executiva operada em 2003 tinha como objectivo principal reduzir a actuação do juiz e dos tribunais, criando a figura do solicitador de execução, pretendendo combater a morosidade processual e desjudicializar assim o processo de execução. Porém, as mudanças previstas em 2003 para a acção executiva ficaram aquém do expectável, motivado pelo facto de desde logo não terem sido criados mecanismos técnicos e processuais, previstos na reforma então anunciada, deixando os solicitadores de execução e restantes operadores à deriva na tramitação processual. A par disso, alguns elementos do corpo do tribunal, olharam para os solicitadores de execução como autênticos entraves na justiça, considerando que deveriam ser desde logo afastados do sistema e do processo. A pretendida e anunciada desjudicialização da reforma da acção executiva, com a consequente transferência de poderes dos magistrados para os solicitadores de execução, que dependia de determinadas condições logísticas e de um fácil acesso à base de dados, ficou assim longe do pretendido pelo legislador. Assim, o legislador em 2008 entendeu necessário proceder a uma série de ajustes na acção executiva, cujas alterações viriam a entrar em vigor em Março de 2009, numa autêntica reforma da reforma de 2003. Com esta nova reforma pretendeu-se tornar as execuções mais simples, eliminando formalidades desnecessárias, mas ao mesmo tempo restringiu as competências do juiz de execução, tendo atribuído ao agora denominado agente de execução um papel mais preponderante no processo, o qual se deveria manter imparcial e transparente na sua actuação. Todavia esta nova reforma da reforma trouxe consigo outros erros, visto que estas novas alterações não tendo sido em certa medida as melhores escolhas do legislador, deram origem a novos conflitos de interesses entre exequentes e executados, dando um grande domínio de poderes aos denominados grandes litigantes em detrimento dos agentes de execução. Novas mudanças então perspectivaram-se, numa constante alteração legislativa a que não foi alheia a crise económica presente em Portugal, abrindo-se assim lugar para um novíssimo Código Processo Civil, criado pela Lei 41/2013, o qual se aplicará a todas as execuções pendentes. Esta reforma da acção executiva, que se espera final, devolve ao juiz de processo parte das atribuições que haviam sido retiradas em 2008, alterando e clarificando alguns aspectos da acção executiva, prevendo a criação de meios capazes de concretizarem a desejada desjudicialização do processo de execução, centrando no agente de execução o papel fundamental para esse sucesso.
Based on ten years of experience in the enforcement proceedings as an enforcement agent, wherein the first moments were looking for solutions due to the paradigm change in the enforcement proceedings, and in result of major reform of the executive process that began with the DL 38 / 2003 of 8th March and culminated now with the publication of Law 41/2013 of 26th June, it follows a brief review of the enforcement reform. The reform of enforcement proceedings operated in 2003 had as its main objective to reduce the action of the judge and the courts, creating the figure of the enforcement solicitor, intending to fight processing delays and thus reducing judicial involvement in the process of enforcement. However, the changes in this 2003 enforcement reform fell short of the expected caused by the fact that since then there haven't been created the much acclaimed technical and procedural mechanisms as provided in the announced reform, leaving the enforcement solicitors and other agents adrift in the proceedings. Alongside this, some elements of the court looked to enforcement solicitors as authentic barriers to justice, considering that they should be immediately removed from the system and process. The intention of reducing the judicial involvement announced in the reform of enforcement proceedings, with the consequent transfer of powers from the magistrates to the enforcement solicitors, which depended on certain logistical conditions and an easy access to the database, stayed far from the intended by the legislator. Therefore, in 2008 the legislator considered necessary to make a number of adjustments in the enforcement proceedings, whose changes were to come into force in March 2009, in a genuine reform of the 2003 reform. With this new reform it was intended to make executions simpler by eliminating unnecessary formalities, but at the same time it restricted the powers of the enforcement judge, and gave to the now called enforcement agent a more important role in the process, who should remain impartial and transparent in his/her actions. However this new reform of the reform brought with it other errors, since these new changes have not been to some extent the best choices of the legislator, it led to new conflicts of interest between creditors and debtors, and it gave a large domain of powers to the so-called big litigants to the detriment of the enforcement agents. New changes were then foreseen, in a constant legislative change which was not unrelated to the current economic crisis in Portugal, thus giving rise to a new Civil Procedure Code, introduced by Law 41/2013, which will be applied to all pending executions. This reform of the enforcement proceedings, which is expected to be the final version, gives back to the judge part of the tasks that had been removed in 2008, amending and clarifying some aspects of the enforcement proceedings, foreseeing the creation of means able to materialize the desired reduction of judicial involvement in the execution process, giving to the enforcement agent the key role to that success.

Section 71(3) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 has introduced into South African company law a provision which for the first time permits the board of directors to remove another director from office in certain specific instances. A further significant innovation in the Companies Act 71 of 2008 is contained in section 162, which empowers a court to make an order declaring a director delinquent or placing him under probation in specific instances. The effect of section 162 is that a court is empowered to remove a director from the board of directors. The focus of this thesis is the removal of directors from office by the board of directors and by the judiciary. The thesis explores the underpinning philosophy of the statutory provisions relating to the removal of directors from office. It also examines the impact of the power given to the board of directors and to the courts to remove a director from office. The grounds and the procedures for the removal of directors by the board of directors and the judiciary are examined. The fiduciary duties applicable to directors in removing a director from the board of directors are also explored. In addition, this thesis examines the removal of directors holding multiple positions or capacities in relation to a company, such as an employee or a shareholder with loaded voting rights. The remedies which may be relied on by a director who has been removed from office by the board of directors are examined. Recommendations are made to strengthen and improve the provisions in the Companies Act 71 of 2008 relating to the removal of directors from office by the board of directors and the judiciary. Amendments to the Companies Act 71 of 2008 are suggested to remove ambiguities; to guard against the abuse of sections 71(3) and 162; to improve the grounds and procedures for the removal of directors by the board of directors and the judiciary, and to enhance the remedies that may be relied on by a director who has been removed from office by the board of directors.
Artikel 71(3) van die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 het ’n bepaling tot Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappyreg toegevoeg wat die direksie vir die eerste keer in staat stel om ’n ander direkteur in sekere spesifieke gevalle uit sy of haar amp te verwyder. ’n Verdere belangrike vernuwing in die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 word in artikel 162 vervat, wat ’n hof magtig om ’n bevel uit te vaardig wat ’n direkteur misdadig verklaar of hom of haar in spesifieke gevalle aan ’n proeftydperk onderwerp. Die effek van artikel 162 is dat ’n hof by magte is om ’n direkteur uit die direksie te verwyder. Die fokus van hierdie tesis is die verwydering van direkteure uit hul ampte deur die direksie en die regbank. Die tesis verken die onderliggende filosofie van die statutêre bepalings wat met die verwydering van direkteure uit hul ampte verband hou. Dit ondersoek ook die impak van die bevoegdheid wat aan die direksie en die howe verleen word om ’n direkteur uit sy of haar amp te verwyder. Die gronde en prosedures vir die verwydering van direkteure deur die direksie en die regbank word ondersoek. Die fidusiêre pligte van toepassing op direkteure by die verwydering van ’n direkteur uit die direksie word ook verken. Daarbenewens ondersoek hierdie tesis die verwydering van direkteure wat veelvuldige posisies of hoedanighede met betrekking tot ’n maatskappy beklee, soos ʼn werknemer of aandeelhouer met gelaaide stemregte. Die regsmiddele waarop ’n direkteur, wat deur die direksie uit sy of haar amp verwyder is, kan steun, word ondersoek. Aanbevelings word gemaak om die bepalings in die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008, wat met die verwydering van direkteure uit hul ampte deur die direksie en regbank verband hou, te versterk en te verbeter. Wysigings aan die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 word voorgestel om dubbelsinnighede uit te skakel; om teen die misbruik van artikels 71(3) en 162 te waak; om die gronde en prosedures vir die verwydering van direkteure deur die direksie en die regbank te verbeter, en om die regsmiddele waarop ’n direkteur wat deur die direksie uit sy of haar amp verwyder is kan steun, te versterk.
ISigaba 71(3) Somthetho weZinkampani 71 ka 2008 sewuze wangenisa emithethweni yezinkampani zaseNingizimu Afrika, umthetho ongowokuqala ovumela ibhodi labaqondisi ukuthi libe namandla wokugudluza omunye umqondisi esikhundleni sakhe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Olunye ushintsho olusha kuMthetho wama-71 weZinkampani ka 2008 uqukethwe yiSigaba 162, wona ugunyaza inkantolo ukuthi ikhiphe umyalelo owazisa umqondisi ngokuthi unecala noma obeka umqondisi ngaphansi kophenyo, phecelezi “probation” ngesinye isikhathi. Inhloso yeSigaba 162 wukunikeza inkantolo igunya lokugudluza umqondisi kwibhodi labaqondisi. Impokophelo yale thisisi wukugudluzwa kwabaqondisi, bagudluzwe yibhodi labaqondisi kanye nomthetho/nobulungisa. Ithisisi ihlola ifilosofi yemithetho ekhishiwe emayelana nokugudluzwa kwabaqondisi ezikhundleni zabo, Kanti futhi ihlola umthelela wamandla anikezwe ibhodi labaqondisi kanye nezinkantolo ukuthi zigudluze umqondisi esikhundleni. Izizathu kanye nengqubo elandelwayo mayelana nokugudluzwa kwabaqondisi yibhodi labaqondisi kanye nomthetho nazo ziyahlolwa. Imisebenzi emayelana nokuthembeka eyenziwa ngabaqondisi ukugudluza umqondisi kwibhodi labaqondisi nayo iyacwaningwa Ngaphezu kwalokhu, le thisisi .iphenya ukugudluzwa kwabaqondisi abaqokwe ezikhundleni eziningi noma abanegunya elithize ngokwengqubo yenkampani, enjengesisebenzi, phecelezi “employee” noma umabelwa-mashezi onamalungelo amaningi okuvota, phecelezi, “loaded with voting rights”. Izeluleko ezingasetshenziswa wumqondisi ogudluzwe esikhundleni sakhe yibhodi labaqondisi nazo ziyahlolwa. Izincomo nazo ziyenziwa ngenhloso yokuqinisa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla oMthetho we-71 weZinkampani ka 2008, mayelana nokugudluzwa kwabaqondisi ezikhundleni yibhodi labaqondisi kanye nomthetho. Izinguquko zoMthetho wama-71 weZinkampani ka 2008 ziqonde ukususa izixakaxaka, ukulwa nokudlelezelwa kweSigaba 71(3) kanye no 162, ukuthuthukisa izizathu kanye nezingqubo zokugudluzwa kwabaqondisi yibhodi labaqondisi kanye nomthetho, ukuqinisa izindlela zokulungisa ezingasetshenziswa wumqondisi osegudluziwe esikhundleni yibhodi labaqondisi.
Mercantile Law
LL. D.