Journal articles on the topic 'Judgement'
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Hamdan, Hamdan. "JENIS-JENIS PUTUSAN HAKIM DALAM PERKARA PIDANA (SUATU CATATAN TENTANG PEMBARUAN KUHAP)." Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 40, no. 4 (December 3, 2010): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol40.no4.234.
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AbstrakKinds of judgements in criminal case regulated and formulated in ActNo.8/1981 (criminal procedure code), that is judgement of convict,judgement of acquittal judgement or judgement of justification. Thatjudgement will be changed. The change is formulated in Act Draft aboutCriminal Procedur Code year 2009 (RUU HAP). The three of judgements inthat draft are not right because of (1) 170 sanction without fault principle, (2)in appropriate with subjective and objective sentence of criminalperpetration, (3) inappropriate with no criminal between justification reasonand excuse reason doctrine in acquittal judgement and justification judgement.
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Hoffmann, Janina A., Bettina von Helversen, Regina A. Weilbächer, and Jörg Rieskamp. "Tracing the path of forgetting in rule abstraction and exemplar retrieval." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 11 (January 1, 2018): 2261–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817739861.
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People often forget acquired knowledge over time such as names of former classmates. Which knowledge people can access, however, may modify the judgement process and affect judgement accuracy. Specifically, we hypothesised that judgements based on retrieving past exemplars from long-term memory may be more vulnerable to forgetting than remembering rules that relate the cues to the criterion. Experiment 1 systematically tracked the individual course of forgetting from initial learning to later tests (immediate, 1 day, and 1 week) in a linear judgement task facilitating rule-based strategies and a multiplicative judgement task facilitating exemplar-based strategies. Practising the acquired judgement strategy in repeated tests helped participants to consistently apply the learnt judgement strategy and retain a high judgement accuracy even after a week. Yet, whereas a long retention interval did not affect judgements in the linear task, a long retention interval impaired judgements in the multiplicative task. If practice was restricted as in Experiment 2, judgement accuracy suffered in both tasks. In addition, after a week without practice, participants tried to reconstruct their judgements by applying rules in the multiplicative task. These results emphasise that the extent to which decision makers can still retrieve previously learned knowledge limits their ability to make accurate judgements and that the preferred strategies change over time if the opportunity for practice is limited.
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Ashcroft, M., R. Austin, K. Barnes, D. MacDonald, S. Makin, S. Morgan, R. Taylor, and P. Scolley. "Expert judgement." British Actuarial Journal 21, no. 2 (April 15, 2016): 314–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321715000239.
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AbstractExpert judgement has been used since the actuarial profession was founded. In the past, there has often been a lack of transparency regarding the use of expert judgement, even though those judgements could have a very significant impact on the outputs of calculations and the decisions made by organisations. The lack of transparency has a number of dimensions, including the nature of the underlying judgements, as well as the process used to derive those judgements. This paper aims to provide a practical framework regarding expert judgement processes, and how those processes may be validated. It includes a worked example illustrating how the process could be used for setting a particular assumption. It concludes with some suggested tools for use within expert judgement. Although primarily focussed on the insurance sector, the proposed process framework could be applied more widely without the need for significant changes.
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Münnich, Ákos, Gyula Maksa, and Robert J. Mokken. "Collective judgement: combining individual value judgements." Mathematical Social Sciences 37, no. 3 (May 1999): 211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-4896(98)00030-4.
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Shi, Guang. "Speech Reporting in Chinese Criminal Judgements." Chinese Semiotic Studies 16, no. 2 (May 26, 2020): 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/css-2020-0016.
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AbstractSpeech reporting is an important linguistic tool for criminal judgements to represent facts and evidence and state reasons for conviction and judgement. This paper analyzes speech reporting in 500 Chinese criminal judgements and identifies three major findings. First, speech reporting in criminal judgements includes two general types, procedural reporting and substantive reporting, both of which can be further categorized into three sub-types, direct reporting, indirect reporting, and narrative report of speech act. Second, procedural reporting mainly appears in the beginning and body parts of a criminal judgement to introduce the origin of the case, clarify relevant legal concepts, indicate the basis of conviction and judgement, and maintain, approve, and reject the judgement of a lower court, performing the function of maintaining procedural justice. Third, substantive reporting mainly occurs in the body part of a criminal judgement to state, summarize, generalize, and clarify relevant facts and evidence, serving substantive justice.
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Beizaei, Banafsheh. "Kant on Perception, Experience and Judgements Thereof." Kantian Review 22, no. 3 (August 24, 2017): 347–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415417000127.
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AbstractIt is commonly thought that the distinction between subjectively valid judgements of perception and objectively valid judgements of experience in theProlegomenais not consistent with the account of judgement Kant offers in the B Deduction, according to which a judgement is ‘nothing other than the way to bring given cognitions to the objective unity of apperception’. Contrary to this view, I argue that theProlegomenadistinction maps closely onto that drawn between the mathematical and dynamical principles in the System of Principles: Kant’s account of theProlegomenadistinction strongly suggests that it is the Analogies of Experience that make it possible for judgements of perception to give rise to judgements of experience. This means that judgements of perception are objectively valid with regard to the quantity and quality of objects, and subjectively valid with regard to the relation they posit between objects. If that is the case, then the notion of a judgement of perception is consistent with the B Deduction account of judgement.
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Martin, Christian. "Hegel on Judgements and Posits." Hegel Bulletin 37, no. 1 (April 4, 2016): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hgl.2016.3.
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AbstractHegel draws a distinction between ‘judgements’ (Urteile) and ‘posits’ (Sätze). Judgements serve to explicate a unified subject matter, while posits do not. Because different forms of judgement are marked by specific combinations of logical constants with certain types of predicates, statements combining logical constants with predicates not ‘suited’ for each other cannot express judgements, but only posits. Current accounts of Hegel’s concept of judgement tend either to ignore or reject his conception of posits. This article shows that Hegel’s exclusion of a vast variety of well-formed statements from the realm of judgements contains a valuable insight rather than a flaw. It demonstrates that certain statements, even if correct, cannot contribute to the explication of a non-arbitrarily unified subject matter. Doing justice to Hegel’s notion of posit thus serves to motivate his general conception of judgement as well as his classification of particular types of judgement.
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Liu, Yi-Hung, and Yen-Liang Chen. "A two-phase sentiment analysis approach for judgement prediction." Journal of Information Science 44, no. 5 (July 28, 2017): 594–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551517722741.
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Factual scenario analysis of a judgement is critical to judges during sentencing. With the increasing number of legal cases, professionals typically endure heavy workloads on a daily basis. Although a few previous studies have applied information technology to legal cases, according to our research, no prior studies have predicted a pending judgement using legal documents. In this article, we introduce an innovative solution to predict relevant rulings. The proposed approach employs text mining methods to extract features from precedents and applies a text classifier to automatically classify judgements according to sentiment analysis. This approach can assist legal experts or litigants in predicting possible judgements. Experimental results from a judgement data set reveal that our approach is a satisfactory method for judgement classification.
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Yan, Huang, Dimitri P. Solomatine, Slavco Velickov, and Michael B. Abbott. "Distributed environmental impact assessment using Internet." Journal of Hydroinformatics 1, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.1999.0005.
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The ever more widespread use of the Internet now makes it possible to bring many more persons than hitherto into environmental impact assessment and resulting decision-making processes. Because most at these persons are non-experts, however, it is necessary to provide them with tools that will support their assessments and decision-making efforts. When these tools are directed primarily to the making of judgements they may be described as judgement engines. The need to promote cooperative attitudes among participants in the assessment and judgemental/decision-making process, requires that these tools should promote transparency. Judgemental processes are introduced and related to evaluation processes so as to provide a characterisation of transparency. This paper gives an overview of the relevant Internet technologies and then takes the reader through the conception and realisation of one client–server component of an Internet-distributed judgement engine for environmental impact assessment. Because this is built upon the MikeImpact judgement engine of the Danish Hydraulic Institute, it is called a Web-MikeImpact. Although possibly of interest to specialists in information and control technologies, this paper is primarily intended as a background for potential users of Web-MikeImpact. It should be used alongside the use of the artefact that it describes, as this is available on http://www.hi.ihe.nl/hi/test/mikeimpact/mikeindex1.htm.
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Tredger, E. R. W., J. T. H. Lo, S. Haria, H. H. K. Lau, N. Bonello, B. Hlavka, and C. Scullion. "Bias, guess and expert judgement in actuarial work." British Actuarial Journal 21, no. 3 (September 2016): 545–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321716000155.
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AbstractExpert judgement is frequently used within general insurance. It tends to be a method of last resort and used where data is sparse, non-existent or non-applicable to the problem under consideration. Whilst such judgements can significantly influence the end results, their quality is highly variable. The use of the term “expert judgement” itself can lend a generous impression of credibility to what may be a little more than a guess. Despite the increased emphasis placed on the importance of robust expert judgements in regulation, actuarial research to date has focussed on the more technical or data-driven methods, with less emphasis on how to use and incorporate softer information or how best to elicit judgements from others in a way that reduces cognitive biases. This paper highlights the research that the Getting Better Judgement Working Party has conducted in this area. Specifically, it covers the variable quality of expert judgement, both within and outside the regulatory context, and presents methods that may be applied to improve its formation. The aim of this paper is to arm the insurance practitioner with tools to distinguish between low-quality and high-quality judgements and improve the robustness of judgements accordingly, particularly for highly material circumstances.
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KIM, Yong-Soon, Jee-Won PARK, Moon-Sook YOO, and Gi-Yon KIM. "The Analysis of Factors Influencing on Moral Judgement." Korean Journal of Medical Ethics 3, no. 1 (May 2000): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35301/ksme.2000.3.1.79.
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The purpose of this study was to examine moral judgements by clinical nurses, school nurses, and community nurses and to analyze the factors which influenced their moral judgements. Study data were collected from Aug 13, 1999 to Oct 23， 1999. Study subjects were 150 clinical nurses working in general hospitals, 150 school nurses, and 160 community nurses. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Moral judgement can be classified as ideal or real. This study founds that woiicing area, working field, and autonomy were significantly related to nurses moral judgement. The working area was related to both ideal and real moral judgement. The working period was significantly related to ideal moral judgement. The moral judgement scores of nurses who have worked more than 10 years were higher than for nurses who had worked for less than 10 years. For autonomy variables, real moral judgement score were higher when autonomy was higher. Among demographic variables, age, education level, and locus of health control were related to moral judgement. From this study the followings are suggested : First, in-service education for nurses who have more than 10 years of work experience needs to be done. Second, after the in-service education for these nurses, the nurses moral judgement needs to be evaluated to ensure effectiveness. Third, environments which increase nurses autonomy needs to be established in nursing practice to lessen ethical dilemmas. Also strategies to increase nurses' autonomy need to be developed.
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Maley, Jennifer E., Maree Hunt, and Wendy Parr. "Set-size and Frequency-of-occurrence Judgements in Young and Older Adults: The Role of the Availability Heuristic." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 53, no. 1 (February 2000): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713755883.
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Two experiments examined the cognitive processes underlying judgements of set size and judgements of frequency of occurrence in young (Experiments 1 and 2) and older (Experiment 2) adults. Previous research has implicated the availability heuristic in set-size judgements, whereas an automatic processing mechanism has been implicated in judgements of frequency of occurrence. In the current experiments, path analysis was employed to investigate the role of an availability bias in performance on the judgement tasks. In Experiments 1 and 2, both types of judgement were influenced by repetition frequency of words independent of the availability (recall) of specific exemplars. Experiment 2 extended the investigation to include age differences. Although older adults’ recall performance was poorer overall, the availability bias was age invariant, and there were no age differences in either set-size or frequency-of-occurrence judgements. Our results indicate that both set-size and frequency-of-occurrence judgements are independent of the availability bias evident in recall, and they support the notion that an automatic processing mechanism underlies both types of judgement.
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Han, Chao, Bei Hu, Qin Fan, Jing Duan, and Xi Li. "Using computerised comparative judgement to assess translation." Across Languages and Cultures 23, no. 1 (May 9, 2022): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/084.2022.00001.
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Abstract Translation assessment represents a productive line of research in Translation Studies. An array of methods has been trialled to assess translation quality, ranging from intuitive assessment to error analysis and from rubric scoring to item-based assessment. In this article, we introduce a lesser-known approach to translation assessment called comparative judgement. Rooted in psychophysical analysis, comparative judgement grounds itself on the assumption that humans tend to be more accurate in making relative judgements than in making absolute judgements. We conducted an experiment, as both a methodological exploration and a feasibility investigation, in which novice and experienced judges were recruited to assess English-Chinese translation, using a computerised comparative judgement platform. The collected data were analysed to shed light on the validity and reliability of assessment results and the judges’ perceptions. Our analysis shows that (1) overall, comparative judgement produced valid measures and facilitated judgement reliability, although such results seemed to be affected by translation directionality and judges’ experience, and (2) the judges were generally confident about their decisions, despite some emergent factors undermining the validity of their decision making. Finally, we discuss the use of comparative judgement as a possible method in translation assessment and its implications for future practice and research.
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Gray, Ben. "The Power of Judgement regarding Covid-19 policies or practices. A reflection from New Zealand." Władza Sądzenia, no. 21 (January 1, 2021): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2300-1690.21.04.
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Judgements are made when problems are complex and there is insufficient information or too many competing factors for a protocol or guideline to be helpful. Judgements inevitably reflect values and beliefs of what is good. They are based on an ethical foundation. A particular ethical issue relevant to Covid-19 is inequality of health outcomes. Making a judgement is of little moment if the person making the judgement is not trusted by anyone else. An understanding of trust is important. Many judgements that impacted on the outcome of Covid-19 were made in the years before the pandemic. Judgements on the science underlying decisions should be made by the specialists in that area o science. It is important to be clear for whose benefit a judgement is made. Is it for the individual, for a particular community, a particular country or for the whole world? In the case of Covid-19 a decision made that did not at least consider the impact on the rest of the world was likely to be flawed, given that the pandemic is a global problem needing a global approach. Judgements during a novel pandemic are by definition made on insufficient information. To mitigate this, they need to be made transparently, clearly enunciating the reasons for the judgement, based on as much consultation as possible and trying to avoid unconscious bias. This has been an existential crisis for us all. We need to make judgements differently in the future or we risk this disaster being repeated.
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Rasmussen, Carly E., and Yuhong V. Jiang. "Judging social interaction in the Heider and Simmel movie." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 9 (March 28, 2019): 2350–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819838764.
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Simple displays of moving shapes can give rise to percepts of animacy. These films elicit impoverished narratives in some individuals, such as those with an autism spectrum disorder. However, the verbal demand of producing a narrative limits the utility of this task. Non-verbal tasks have so far focused on detecting animate objects. Lacking from previous research is a task that relies less on verbal description but more than animacy perception. Here, we presented data using a new social interaction judgement task. Healthy young adults viewed the Heider and Simmel movie and pressed one button whenever they perceived social interaction and another button when no social interaction was perceived. We measured the time points at which social judgement began, the fluctuation of the judgement in relation to stimulus kinematic properties, and the overall mean of social judgement. Participants with higher autism traits reported lower levels of social interaction. Reversing the film in time produced lower social interaction judgements, though the temporal profile was preserved. Our study suggests that both low-level motion characteristics and high-level understanding contribute to social interaction judgement. The finding may facilitate future research on other populations and stimulate computational vision work on factors that drive social judgements.
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Lekka-Kowalik, Agnieszka. "Morality in the AI World." Law and Business 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/law-2021-0006.
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Abstract AIs’ presence in and influence on human life is growing. AIs are seen more and more as autonomously acting agents, which creates a challenge to build ethics into their design. This paper defends the thesis that we need to equip AI with artificial conscience to make them capable of wise judgements. An argument is built in three steps. First, the concept of decision is presented, and second, the Asilomar Principles for AI development are analysed. It is then shown that to meet those principles AI needs the capability of passing moral judgements on right and wrong, of following that judgement, and of passing a meta-judgement on the correctness of a given moral judgement, which is a role of conscience. In classical philosophy, the ability to discover right and wrong and to stick to one's judgement of what is right action in given circumstances is called practical wisdom. The conclusion is that we should equip AI with artificial wisdom. Some problems stemming from ascribing moral agency to AIs are also indicated.
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Gupta, Vishal. "Comparative Performance of Contradictory and Non-Contradictory Judgement Matrices in AHP Under Qualitative and Quantitative Metrics." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdsst.2018010102.
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Over the years, although AHP has proved its success in various diverse fields, many authors in the literature have also shown its shortcomings, often called as criticisms of AHP. One such criticism is allowing the consideration of contradictory judgement matrices. Such matrices violate the principle of ordinal transitivity and thus there does not exist any ranking of corresponding decision elements which satisfy all the judgements. In this paper, the results of our investigation towards measuring this criticism are further explored and discussed by comparing the quality of priority vector of contradictory judgement matrices and non-contradictory judgement matrices under Rank Reversals and the common frame work of “aggregated deviation”. The results further strengthen the notion of contradictory judgement matrices as a strong criticism of AHP for higher order judgement matrices and necessitate some proper avoidance (if not elimination) procedure for them.
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Do, Youngah, and Ryan Ka Yau Lai. "Incorporating tone in the modelling of wordlikeness judgements." Phonology 37, no. 4 (November 2020): 577–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675720000287.
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Various phonotactic models have been proposed for the prediction of wordlikeness judgements, most of which have focused primarily on segments. This article aims to model wordlikeness judgements when tone is incorporated. We first show how the two major determinants of wordlikeness judgements, i.e. phonotactic probability and neighbourhood density, can be measured when tone is involved. To test the role of the two determinants of wordlikeness judgements in a tone language, judgement data were obtained from speakers of Cantonese. Bayesian modelling was then used to model the judgement data, showing that phonotactic probability, but not neighbourhood density, influences wordlikeness judgements. We also show that phonotactic probability affects the tendency to judge items as absolutely perfect or more or less wordlike, while it does not affect judgements that an item is absolutely not wordlike. Implications of these results for phonotactic modelling and processes involved in wordlikeness judgements are discussed.
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Ajekwe, Clement Chiahemba. "Application of Professional Judgement in International Financial Reporting Standards." European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research 10, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ejaafr.2013/vo10.n7pp1730.
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This essay accesses the use of professional judgements in the preparation and implementation of international financial reporting standards by preparers of financial statements. The article samples some domains of professional judgement in financial reporting contained in the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (2018) and selected IAS/IFRS to demonstrate how judgement is exercised in the preparation and presentation of principles-based standards. The sampled domains or action areas for the exercise of professional judgement are going concern, materiality, accruals accounting, accounting policies, presentation/disclosure, measurements, estimates, recognition/de-recognition, classifications and revenue recognition. From the analyses of these domains, the essay concludes that (i) the exercise of professional judgement is a sine qua non in the implementation of IFRSs; and by extension, the ability to exercise professional judgement is not only the key skill for preparers of PBS-based financial statements; it is also the hallmark of an accounting professional.
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Osada, Y., Y. Nagasaka, and R. Yamazaki. "Eye Movements in Judgements of Facial Expressions." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970131.
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We recorded eye movements by the method of corneal reflection while ten subjects viewed schematic faces drawn by lines. Each subject viewed different emotional faces: happy, angry, sad, disgusted, interested, frightened, and surprised. We measured the subject's judgements in terms of percentage ‘correct’ and reaction time. Schematic faces were composed of the face outline contours and of the brow, eyes, nose, and mouth which could all be modified to produce particular expressions. By masking parts of the face, we examined which features would have the greatest effects on judgements of emotion. Subjects always gave a saccade to the eyes and fixated even when the eyes were not important for the judgement. They also gave a saccade to the centre of the face and fixated it even when only the mouth was presented. The presentation of only the brow decreased the correct rate on the expression of ‘surprise’ but played an important role in the ‘sad’ judgement. The ‘angry’ judgement depended significantly on the brow and mouth. The eyes contributed greatly to the ‘disgusted’ judgement. These results suggest that the judgement of facial expressions of emotion can be strongly affected by each part of the schematic face. The concentration of saccades on the centre of the face suggests that the ‘configuration balance’ of the face is also likely to be important.
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Jones, Keith S., and Benjamin P. Widlus. "Do exploratory arm movements contribute to maximum reach distance judgements?" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 9 (March 19, 2020): 1301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820911045.
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Exploratory movements provide information about agents’ action capabilities in a given environment. However, little is known about the specifics of these exploratory movements, such as which movements are necessary to perceive a given action capability. This experiment tested whether arm movements contributed to judgements of maximum reach distance. Participants made judgements about their maximum reach distance by walking to the point farthest from an object from which they still perceived the object to be reachable. Over the course of two sets of nine judgements, participants’ arms either swung naturally by their sides (Unrestricted Condition) or were held together behind their backs (Restricted Condition). Arm movement restriction increased maximum reach distance judgement error when compared with unrestricted judgements. In addition, judgement error improved over trials only when exploratory arm movements were unrestricted, and the improvements did not carry over to subsequent judgements made when exploratory arm movements were restricted. Arm movement restriction did not increase the variability of judgement error when compared with unrestricted judgements. The results indicate that exploration is necessary to generate affordance information, show that restricted exploration degrades affordance perception, and suggest that maximum reach distance exists at the global array level. In addition, they have practical implications for operational situations in which actors’ arm movements are restricted, such as when military personnel wear body armour.
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Seibold, Julia C., Sophie Nolden, Josefa Oberem, Janina Fels, and Iring Koch. "The binding of an auditory target location to a judgement: A two-component switching approach." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 8 (February 15, 2019): 2056–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819829422.
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In a two-component switching paradigm, in which participants switched between two auditory attention selection criteria (attention component: left vs. right ear) and two judgements (judgement component: number vs. letter judgement), we found high judgement switch costs in attention criterion repetitions, but low costs in attention criterion switches. This finding showed an interaction of components. Previous two-component switching studies observed differently emphasised interaction patterns. In the present study, we explored whether the strength of the interaction pattern reflects the strength of the binding of target location and judgement. Specifically, we investigated whether exogenous target location cueing led to weaker binding than endogenous cueing, and whether preparation for ear selection could influence the binding. Attention switches with auditory exogenous target location cues did not affect the component interaction pattern, whereas a prolonged preparation interval led to a more emphasised pattern. Binding between target location and judgement may therefore be rather automatic and may not necessarily require concurrent component processing. Sufficient time for target location switches with long preparation time may activate the previous trial’s episode or facilitate switches of the subsequent judgement.
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Bech, P., A. Haaber, and C. R. B. Joyce. "Experiments on clinical observation and judgement in the assessment of depression: profiled videotapes and Judgement Analysis." Psychological Medicine 16, no. 4 (November 1986): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700011880.
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SynopsisVariations within and between observer-judges reduce the accuracy of clinical research. Judgement Analysis allows strategies to be developed and applied which reduce variation in judgement. The prediction that the removal of important sources of error variance by this means would reduce the likelihood of committing a Type 2 Error was supported by the application of Judgement Analysis to assessments by 15 psychiatrists of 92 patients in a clinical trial of 2 antidepressive treatments. The statistical significance of differences between the effect of the treatments on the severity of depression was increased, and significant differences appeared earlier. Ten stimulated patient profiles were also converted into narrative case histories, enacted by experienced psychiatrists or psychologists and videotaped. The participants' judgements of the overall severity of the depression were in good agreement with those they had made on the original cases. Videotapes so prepared help training to reduce variation in observation, just as Judgement Analysis can lead to reductions in the variation of judgement.
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Kumar, Apaar. "Kant and the Harmony of the Faculties: A Non-Cognitive Interpretation." Kantian Review 23, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415417000358.
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AbstractKant interpreters are divided on the question of whether determinate cognition plays a role in the harmony of the faculties in aesthetic judgement. I provide a ‘non-cognitive’ interpretation that allows Kant’s statements regarding judgements of natural beauty to cohere such that determinate cognition need not be taken to perform any role in such judgements. I argue that, in aesthetic harmony, judgement privileges the free activity of the imagination over the cognizing function of the understanding for the purpose of unifying the object, although the free imagination cannot violate the obscure concepts and principles of ordinary common sense.
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Winslade, John M. "From being non-judgemental to deconstructing normalising judgement." British Journal of Guidance & Counselling 41, no. 5 (November 2013): 518–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2013.771772.
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Wiggins, David. "Prawda i prawdziwość sądów moralnych." Etyka 25 (December 1, 1990): 287–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.14394/etyka.342.
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The author first seeks to elucidate the sense of the question “Is such and such a kind of judgement the kind of judgement that can be plainly or straightforwardly true?” By exploiting the Fregean elucidation of meaning as truth-conditions and then naturalizing the Fregean conception of meaning by connecting it with “radical interpretation”, he identifies five “marks” of truth (properties that we shall expect every judgement with the property of truth to enjoy). These marks do not comprise an analysis of truth. They do however serve to articulate what the property of truth is like. He then argues that, among moral judgements, many or most strictly evaluational judgements (e.g. “that was a cruel (kind, considerate ,impolite) thing to do”) have these five marks and are relatively straightforward candidates for truth, whereas practical judgements (judgements like “x must ø”, “x must not ø”, “x had better ø” etc.) import serious difficulties, even when properly understood in their context. Given the expectation that, if a statement is true, then it will under favourable circumstances command a convergence in beliefs the best explanation of which convergence requires the actual truth of the statement (the second mark of truth), it is the “essential contestability” that we rightly attribute to so many practical judgements that renders their truth status so problematic. Nevertheless truth is their aspiration.
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Putu Eka Pitrinyantini and Ni Luh Gede Astariyani. "Final and Binding Essence on Constitutional Court’s Judgment in Judicial Review." Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies 1, no. 2 (June 12, 2022): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.56556/jssms.v1i2.170.
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Mahkamah Konstitusi, has specific characters, one of the typical characters is the final and binding judgement. The reality is many judgements of the constitutional court are not complied with and tend to be ignored by the legislature. Then the petitioner who feel that their constitutional rights have been violated do not have instruments to fight for their constitutional rights that have been violated by the legislators. Based on the statement above, there are problems which is studied, what underlying the basic consideration of the formation of Constitutional Court in Indonesia? And what is the essence of the final and binding of Constitutional Court’s judgements? The aim of this study is to determine and comprehend the essence contained in final and binding nature of the Constitutional Court’s judgements, especially in judicial review of UUD 1945. The method of law study used was normative law research method which is law research from internal perspective with the object of the study was law norms. It can be concluded that the basic rationale of MK formation in Indonesia, from political side, the existence of MK is required to balancing the legislators’ power. From the law side, the existance of MK is the consequence from the change of MPR supremacy become constitution supremacy. The essence of final and binding Constitutional Court’s judgement is the stand- alone judgments, so that the judgement cannot be taken by legal action. Constitutional Court judgement is erga omnes which means binding on other parties, including state administrator.
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Martins, Crystal Coral, and Dr Gajanan Gawde. "Legal Text Mining." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49027.
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Abstract: The law is a vast and complicated body of knowledge, and being able to access the right information quickly and accurately can make the difference. Having access to information is essential to providing the best possible legal advice and representation to clients. It is very essential for legal practitioners and ordinary citizens to do exhaustive research related to their case. For this, they have to read extremely long judgements and try to pick out the useful information from them. To do this, the search engine presently available provides judgements but to find out a particular judgement from this list of judgements is very difficult. So, here we have proposed and developed a search engine that will make it easier to find a particular judgement.
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Duncombe, Matthew. "Philosophy." Greece and Rome 65, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383518000062.
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Sarah Broadie writes on ‘The Knowledge Unacknowledged in the Theaetetus’ for Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy. Her paper makes two main claims: first, that Plato in the Theaetetus rejects the ‘additive’ picture for knowledge, namely, that knowledge is true judgement with something else (e.g. an account); and second, that in the Theaetetus true judgement relies on prior knowledge, especially if that knowledge is arrived at methodically. Thus, true judgement is not necessary for knowledge and sometimes knowledge is necessary for true judgement. Broadie's argument, roughly, is that, in the Theaetetus, true judgement is already a high-level epistemic achievement. She has a number of pieces of evidence for this. The first is Theaetetus 189e4–190a6, where Socrates stresses that a judgement is an assertion that results from a soul having a silent, internal debate. Broadie infers from this that a judgement involves reasons even if those reasons are not good reasons; judgement, for Plato, is more than a mere doxastic attitude (95–6). This already looks unfriendly to the additive picture. Once I have a judgement I have reasons, and when I have a true judgement, I have good reasons. If I have good reasons then what I have is reliable and secure. So, what more could I add to upgrade this cognitive achievement to make it knowledge? Broadie goes on to explore the alternative to the additive picture given in the Sophist and the Statesman. There it turns out that there may be topics that simply cannot be captured by the additive picture: cases where there must be knowledge of an object in the absence of true judgements about that object. This is Broadie's knowledge unacknowledged.
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Marx, Melvin H., Yung Che Kim, and Bruce B. Henderson. "Developmental Patterns of Free Recall and Frequency Judgement in Korean and American Students." International Journal of Behavioral Development 21, no. 2 (August 1997): 229–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502597384848.
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Four experiments were conducted to compare developmental changes in free recall and frequency judgement. In Experiment 1, 1012 Korean students were shown a series of animal names and then asked to recall them and to estimate the frequency with which they had occurred. The poorest performance on both tasks was by primary-school students and the best by secondary-school students; college students were intermediate in performance. Essentially similar results were obtained in Experiment 2, with an additional 288 Korean students, except that secondary-school students did not perform better than college students. In this experiment, there was complete control of item specificity over frequency and any possible clustering effect was eliminated by using unrelated words rather than animal names. In Experiment 3, the developmental trends in frequency judgement were replicated with 193 American students. Those developmental trends were obtained with another 186 American students in Experiment 4 using relative frequency judgements. Retrospective reports about how frequency judgements were made suggested a developmental shift from more literal counting strategies to more intuitive strength impression judgements. The results are interpreted as suggesting the need for some modification of the Hasher and Zacks (1979, 1984) age-invariance proposition for frequency judgement.
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Zhang, Shutang. "Attitudinal meanings of Judgement in the inaugural addresses by the US presidents during the Cold War." Antiqua 2, no. 1 (August 7, 2012): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/antiqua.2012.e2.
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The Appraisal Theory intends to study how the stance, the opinion and the attitude of language users are realized in discourses. This paper discusses the attitudinal meanings of Judgement in the inaugural addresses by the US presidents during the Cold War under the framework laid down by Martin and White. It has been found that the attitudinal meanings of Judgement account for the most part of all the attitudinal meanings in all the 11 addresses, and that the positive Judgements are foregrounded by its high percentage in all the attitudinal meanings of Judgement. The features in the use of attitudinal meanings of Judgement serve the purpose of the presidential inaugural addresses very well, <em>i.e.</em> to convey a new administration’s commitment to their future work and to win support from the audience.
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International Labour Law Reports On, Editors. "Judgement." International Labour Law Reports Online 39, no. 1 (November 19, 2021): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116028-03901010.
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Plater, Suzanne, and Garry Egger. "Judgement." Obesity Reviews 12, no. 9 (August 22, 2011): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00855.x.
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Gray, W. P. "Judgement." ACM SIGMICRO Newsletter 20, no. 2 (June 1989): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/71539.71541.
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Joseph, Mark. "Judgement!" Psychotherapy and Politics International 17, no. 1 (December 6, 2018): e1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppi.1474.
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Wigton, Robert S. "Social Judgement Theory and Medical Judgement." Thinking & Reasoning 2, no. 2-3 (July 1996): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135467896394492.
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Zhang, Yuqian, Anura De Zoysa, and Corinne Cortese. "The directionality of uncertainty expressions and the foreign language effect." Meditari Accountancy Research 28, no. 3 (January 4, 2020): 543–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-09-2018-0377.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate two issues inherent in accounting judgements: the directional influence of uncertainty expressions and how they might positively or negatively affect accounting judgements and the foreign-language effect (FLE), which refers to the reduction of judgement bias that occurs when an accounting judgement is made in one’s foreign language. This study examines both issues in the context of accounting judgements made in Chinese and English languages. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted two experiments. The first experiment applied a 2 × 2 between-subject research design, and the second experiment adopted a 2 × 2 within-subject approach. Findings The overall results revealed that directionality biases existed in the exercise of accounting judgement in subjects’ native and foreign languages. However, when the language was switched from the subjects’ native tongue to a foreign language, overall directionality biases are reduced. Research limitations/implications This study suggests that the use of native and non-native languages can have unintended consequences on accounting judgements. However, because of the limitations of using students as proxies for professionals and applying self-assessed language scales, the literature would benefit from future research that extends the subject profile to professional accountants and that assesses language skills more objectively. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on cross-lingual accounting, both theoretically and methodologically. It also extends the FLE theory to an accounting context, providing insights on how language is involved in judgements concerning uncertainty expressions.
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Charlow, Nate. "Grading Modal Judgement." Mind 129, no. 515 (November 14, 2019): 769–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzz028.
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Abstract This paper proposes a new model of graded modal judgement. It begins by problematizing the phenomenon: given plausible constraints on the logic of epistemic modality, it is impossible to model graded attitudes toward modal claims as judgements of probability targeting epistemically modal propositions. This paper considers two alternative models, on which modal operators are non-proposition-forming: (1) Moss (2015), in which graded attitudes toward modal claims are represented as judgements of probability targeting a ‘proxy’ proposition, belief in which would underwrite belief in the modal claim; (2) a model on which graded attitudes toward modal claims are represented as judgements of credence taking as their objects (non-propositional) modal representations (rather than proxy propositions). The second model, like Moss’s model, is shown to be semantically and mathematically tractable. The second model, however, can be straightforwardly integrated into a plausible model of the role of graded attitudes toward modal claims in cognition and normative epistemology.
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Sukhorukov, Ivan. "The relationship between the Hague Judgement Convention, the Brussels Ibis Regulation and the agreement between Ukraine and the Republic of Lithuania on legal assistance." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 3, no. 27 (December 2023): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.27.2023.3.60-66.
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"The aim of this article is to analyse the correlation between the Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgements in Civil or Commercial Matters (hereinafter – Convention, Hague Judgement Convention), Regulation No. 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters (hereinafter – Brussels Ibis Regulation) and the Agreement between the Republic of Lithuania and Ukraine on legal assistance (hereinafter – Agreement). To achieve this goal, the first part of the article analyses historical models of regulation in the sphere of enforcement and recognition of foreign judgements. The second part of the article defines the scope of application of the Hague Judgement Convention and compares it with the scope of application of the Brussels Ibis Regulation. The third part is devoted to the determination of the scope of the application of the Agreement. Parts five and six analyse the types of ‘relation clauses’ adopted in the Convention and the Brussels Ibis Regulation and define the order of the application of international instruments. The materials used include literature and scientific publications relating to resolving conflicts between international instruments in the field of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements. The following methods were used to write this paper: description, analysis, synthesis and comparison. Keywords: the Hague Judgement Convention, the Brussels Ibis Regulation, bilateral agreements, relationship."
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Marshall, Neil, Kirsten Shaw, Jodie Hunter, and Ian Jones. "Assessment by Comparative Judgement: An Application to Secondary Statistics and English in New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies 55, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40841-020-00163-3.
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Abstract There is growing interest in using comparative judgement to assess student work as an alternative to traditional marking. Comparative judgement requires no rubrics and is instead grounded in experts making pairwise judgements about the relative ‘quality’ of students’ work according to a high level criterion. The resulting decision data are fitted to a statistical model to produce a score for each student. Cited benefits of comparative judgement over traditional methods include increased reliability, validity and efficiency of assessment processes. We investigated whether such claims apply to summative statistics and English assessments in New Zealand. Experts comparatively judged students’ responses to two national assessment tasks, and the reliability and validity of the outcomes were explored using standard techniques. We present evidence that the comparative judgement process efficiently produced reliable and valid assessment outcomes. We consider the limitations of the study, and make suggestions for further research and potential applications.
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Doktór-Bindas, Kamila. "Gloss to the Judgement of the European Court of Human Rights of 8 November 2021 in the Case of Dolińska-Ficek and Ozimek v. Poland (Applications no. 49868/19 and 57511/19)." Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego 68, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2022.04.33.
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Judgement of ECHR of 8 November 2021 in the case of Dolińska-Ficek and Ozimek v. Poland is undoubtedly one of the most important judgements issued by the Strasbourg Court in recent times. At the same time, it constitutes a continuation of the existing case-law of the ECHR in similar cases against Poland, in particular the reasoning expressed in the judgement of 22 July 2021 in the case of Reczkowicz v. Poland (Application no. 43447/19). In the judgement, the ECHR held that Poland’s action resulted in a violation of Art. 6 (1) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950, which establishes a set of due process guarantees.
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Steckler, Conor M., J. Kiley Hamlin, Michael B. Miller, Danielle King, and Alan Kingstone. "Moral judgement by the disconnected left and right cerebral hemispheres: a split-brain investigation." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 7 (July 2017): 170172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170172.
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Owing to the hemispheric isolation resulting from a severed corpus callosum, research on split-brain patients can help elucidate the brain regions necessary and sufficient for moral judgement. Notably, typically developing adults heavily weight the intentions underlying others' moral actions, placing greater importance on valenced intentions versus outcomes when assigning praise and blame. Prioritization of intent in moral judgements may depend on neural activity in the right hemisphere's temporoparietal junction, an area implicated in reasoning about mental states. To date, split-brain research has found that the right hemisphere is necessary for intent-based moral judgement. When testing the left hemisphere using linguistically based moral vignettes, split-brain patients evaluate actions based on outcomes, not intentions. Because the right hemisphere has limited language ability relative to the left, and morality paradigms to date have involved significant linguistic demands, it is currently unknown whether the right hemisphere alone generates intent-based judgements. Here we use nonlinguistic morality plays with split-brain patient J.W. to examine the moral judgements of the disconnected right hemisphere, demonstrating a clear focus on intent. This finding indicates that the right hemisphere is not only necessary but also sufficient for intent-based moral judgement, advancing research into the neural systems supporting the moral sense.
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White, Peter A. "Causal Judgement as Evaluation of Evidence: The use of Confirmatory and Disconfirmatory Information." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 56, no. 3 (April 2003): 491–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000503.
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There are four kinds of contingency information: occurrences and nonoccurrences of an effect in the presence and absence of a cause. In two experiments participants made judgements about sets of stimulus materials in which one of these four kinds had zero frequency. The experiments tested two kinds of predictions derived from the evidential evaluation model of causal judgement, which postulates that causal judgement depends on the proportion of instances evaluated as confirmatory for the cause being judged. The model predicts significant effects of manipulating the frequency of one kind of contingency information in the absence of changes in the objective contingency. The model also predicts that extra weight will be given to one kind of confirmatory information when the other kind has zero frequency, and to one kind of disconfirmatory information when the other kind has zero frequency. Results supported both sets of predictions, and also disconfirmed predictions of the power probabilistic contrast theory of causal judgement. This research therefore favours an account of causal judgement in which contingency information is transformed into evidence, and judgement is based on the net confirmatory or disconfirmatory value of the evidence.
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Liu, Yusi, Fangfang Gao, and Yijia Zhu. "Why do intuitions differ? Explaining how individual and scenario features influence disgust and moral judgements on GMOs." Cultures of Science 2, no. 4 (December 2019): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/209660831900200405.
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Moral psychology holds that negative judgements on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are likely to be intuitive reactions driven by trait disgust without deliberation, which brings difficulty to genetic science communication. Based on two interrelated experiments examining the processes and conditions of individual and scenario features influencing disgust and moral judgement about GMOs, this study aims to identify the different routes through which disgust influences moral judgement about GMOs in the physical and social dimensions. We found that the process of elicited state disgust influencing moral judgement on GMOs is regulated by pathogen disgust sensitivity and moral disgust sensitivity. The difference in opposition to GMOs brought by preferences for precepts implied in moral theories is evidently subject to the joint effect of the disgust elicitation type and emotion reappraisal (ER). This study clarifies the relationship between disgust for GMOs and moral judgement. It also confirms the effectiveness of ER in promoting the transition of moral judgement on GMOs from intuitive reaction to deliberation, thus offering benefits for science communicators targeting audiences who differ in their preferences for precepts implied in moral theories and trait disgust.
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Brito, José António Mateus de. "Judgement in geotechnical engineering practice." Soils and Rocks 44, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2021.063821.
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Professional judgement is the basis for many of the decisions taken by geotechnical engineers to make progress in the design, execution and works supervision. Judgment is a mandatory component of any engineering achievement, essential to assess the various uncertainties that inevitably affect engineering practice. Confidence in such judgements can result in small to big consequences, not only for the engineer itself, but also for others, sometimes with the risk of human loss and significant damage. The definition and the development of judgment in geotechnical engineering is discussed. The bases of the judgement are analysed in detail and the heuristics and bias, responsible for failures in the judgment, are identified. The importance of experts’ judgement and codification are highlighted and ways to improve judgment are also described. The lessons learned in a case study of one accident and two incidents that have occurred during the execution of the Lisbon Terreiro do Paço metro station construction works are presented to highlight the importance of an informed decision making informed through the engineering judgement.
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Schauß, Joachim, Bernhard Hirsch, and Matthias Sohn. "Functional fixation and the balanced scorecard." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 10, no. 4 (October 28, 2014): 540–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-11-2012-0114.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine how balanced scorecard (BSC) users change their judgement processes according to qualitative changes in the BSC. Prior experimental studies have found that decision-makers do not fully adapt their judgements according to changes in financial reports, known as functional fixation. Although previous research has examined functional fixation in several management accounting-related disciplines, the research has not been completely successful in developing a deeper understanding of the cognitive processes that are responsible for the occurrence of this judgemental bias. Design/methodology/approach – To fill this gap, a combination of structural modelling and a process tracing method that monitors participants’ information acquisition to better understand the underlying cognitive processes that affect BSC users’ judgements is used. Findings – Overall, the results indicate that functional fixation is present both from an input–output (structural modelling) and a process tracing perspective. Stable general individual differences, particularly in terms of intuitive versus deliberative preferences in decision-making, influence the probability of functionally fixated behaviour. Additionally, previous findings concerning the over-reliance on financial information in the BSC setting is replicated. Using process data, it was found that BSC users rely more on financial measures than on non-financial measures in the pre-decisional phase of exercising their judgement. Originality/value – This paper contribute to management accounting research on the BSC by investigating two cognitive biases (functional fixation and overreliance on financial measures) from an input–output and a process tracing perspective.
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Filley, Alan C. "Collective Judgement: A Judgemental Process for Planning and Analysis." Journal of Organizational Change Management 2, no. 1 (January 1989): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09534818910134095.
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Hanauer, David I. "Beauty judgements of non-professional poetry." Scientific Study of Literature 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ssol.5.2.04han.
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The process of reading and writing poetry is increasingly conducted by non-professionals. The current study utilized a series of regression models to explore the mechanism through which beauty judgements of non-professional poetry are made. The analysis addressed the relationships among the decision that a poem was written by a published poet (authorial attribution), a perception of the quality of the writing, the emotional response to the poem and a beauty judgement of the poem. 54 participants from two graduate applied linguistics programs rated 5 non-professional poems for their beauty, emotive response, quality of writing and semi-professional status of the writer. Analyses were conducted on averaged ratings across all five poems. The results indicate the beauty judgements, emotive response and quality of writing judgements were closely related. The decision that a poem is written by a published poet predicted the quality of writing and emotional response to the poem. An inconsistent mediation model was determined, in which increases in the semi-professional status of the writer increased the self-reported emotive response and quality of writing which in turn increased the beauty judgement of the poem. The results suggest a mechanism by which convergence of aesthetic judgement with novice reviewers is directed by the social sanctioning of the authority and quality of the writer.
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Lewis, Glyn, and Paul Williams. "Clinical judgement and the standardized interview in psychiatry." Psychological Medicine 19, no. 4 (November 1989): 971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700005699.
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SYNOPSISThere has been little discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of allowing a psychiatrist to make clinical judgements about the presence or absence of symptoms in administering currently used standardized psychiatric interviews. This paper reports an examination of the value of clinical judgements in defining cases of minor psychiatric disorder, by studying existing data in which the Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS) was used. This comparison can be made because the first section of the CIS is largely self-report while interviewers are also instructed to use clinical judgement in the second section to decide on ratings. The results indicate that in the context of identifying minor psychiatric disorder the ratings requiring clinical judgement add little information to those based on self-report, may be less reliable and may lead to the biased assessment of anxiety and depression.
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Chrudzimski, Arkadiusz. "Brentanowska filozofia moralności." Etyka 31 (December 1, 1998): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14394/etyka.377.
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Brentano has divided mental phenomena into three main groups: presentations (ideas), judgements and emotions. Both judgements and emotions involve presentations as its foundation. Each judgement consists in acceptance or rejection of an object of some presentation; and each act of emotion consists in love or hate directed upon such presented object.