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Journal articles on the topic 'Judgement bias'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 24 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Tredger, E. R. W., J. T. H. Lo, S. Haria, H. H. K. Lau, N. Bonello, B. Hlavka, and C. Scullion. "Bias, guess and expert judgement in actuarial work." British Actuarial Journal 21, no. 3 (September 2016): 545–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321716000155.

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AbstractExpert judgement is frequently used within general insurance. It tends to be a method of last resort and used where data is sparse, non-existent or non-applicable to the problem under consideration. Whilst such judgements can significantly influence the end results, their quality is highly variable. The use of the term “expert judgement” itself can lend a generous impression of credibility to what may be a little more than a guess. Despite the increased emphasis placed on the importance of robust expert judgements in regulation, actuarial research to date has focussed on the more technical or data-driven methods, with less emphasis on how to use and incorporate softer information or how best to elicit judgements from others in a way that reduces cognitive biases. This paper highlights the research that the Getting Better Judgement Working Party has conducted in this area. Specifically, it covers the variable quality of expert judgement, both within and outside the regulatory context, and presents methods that may be applied to improve its formation. The aim of this paper is to arm the insurance practitioner with tools to distinguish between low-quality and high-quality judgements and improve the robustness of judgements accordingly, particularly for highly material circumstances.

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2

Ayton, Peter, and Eva Pascoe. "Bias in human judgement under uncertainty?" Knowledge Engineering Review 10, no. 1 (March 1995): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900007244.

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AbstractThe claim is frequently made that human judgement and reasoning are vulnerable to cognitive biases. Such biases are assumed to be inherent in that they are attributed to the nature of the mental processes that produce judgement. In this paper, we review the psychological evidence for this claim in the context of the debate concerning human judgemental competence under uncertainty. We consider recent counter-arguments which suggest that the evidence for cognitive biases may be dependent on observations of performance on inappropriate tasks and by comparisons with inappropriate normative standards. We also consider the practical implications for the design of decision support systems.

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3

Maley, Jennifer E., Maree Hunt, and Wendy Parr. "Set-size and Frequency-of-occurrence Judgements in Young and Older Adults: The Role of the Availability Heuristic." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 53, no. 1 (February 2000): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713755883.

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Two experiments examined the cognitive processes underlying judgements of set size and judgements of frequency of occurrence in young (Experiments 1 and 2) and older (Experiment 2) adults. Previous research has implicated the availability heuristic in set-size judgements, whereas an automatic processing mechanism has been implicated in judgements of frequency of occurrence. In the current experiments, path analysis was employed to investigate the role of an availability bias in performance on the judgement tasks. In Experiments 1 and 2, both types of judgement were influenced by repetition frequency of words independent of the availability (recall) of specific exemplars. Experiment 2 extended the investigation to include age differences. Although older adults’ recall performance was poorer overall, the availability bias was age invariant, and there were no age differences in either set-size or frequency-of-occurrence judgements. Our results indicate that both set-size and frequency-of-occurrence judgements are independent of the availability bias evident in recall, and they support the notion that an automatic processing mechanism underlies both types of judgement.

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Klamer, Pim, Cok Bakker, and Vincent Gruis. "Research bias in judgement bias studies – a systematic review of valuation judgement literature." Journal of Property Research 34, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 285–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09599916.2017.1379552.

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5

Hampton, J. R. "Treatment bias and clinical judgement." Age and Ageing 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/31.1.3.

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6

Jolobe, O. M. P. "Treatment bias and clinical judgement." Age and Ageing 31, no. 5 (September 1, 2002): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/31.5.413.

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7

Kregiel, J., N. Malek, P. Popik, K. Starowicz, and R. Rygula. "Anandamide mediates cognitive judgement bias in rats." Neuropharmacology 101 (February 2016): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.009.

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8

Košťál, Ľubor, Zuzana Skalná, and Katarína Pichová. "Studying affect induced judgement bias in birds." Pharmacological Reports 71, no. 6 (December 2019): 1310–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2019.09.010.

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9

Murrell, John. "Judgement of professional competence: Bags of bias." Social Work Education 12, sup1 (January 1993): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02615479311220271.

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10

Osório, António. "Judgement and ranking: living with hidden bias." Annals of Operations Research 253, no. 1 (October 3, 2016): 501–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-016-2341-y.

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11

Brito, José António Mateus de. "Judgement in geotechnical engineering practice." Soils and Rocks 44, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2021.063821.

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Professional judgement is the basis for many of the decisions taken by geotechnical engineers to make progress in the design, execution and works supervision. Judgment is a mandatory component of any engineering achievement, essential to assess the various uncertainties that inevitably affect engineering practice. Confidence in such judgements can result in small to big consequences, not only for the engineer itself, but also for others, sometimes with the risk of human loss and significant damage. The definition and the development of judgment in geotechnical engineering is discussed. The bases of the judgement are analysed in detail and the heuristics and bias, responsible for failures in the judgment, are identified. The importance of experts’ judgement and codification are highlighted and ways to improve judgment are also described. The lessons learned in a case study of one accident and two incidents that have occurred during the execution of the Lisbon Terreiro do Paço metro station construction works are presented to highlight the importance of an informed decision making informed through the engineering judgement.

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12

Rankin, Daniel J., and Franziska Eggimann. "The evolution of judgement bias in indirect reciprocity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1660 (January 13, 2009): 1339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1715.

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Indirect reciprocity is a form of reciprocity where help is given to individuals based on their reputation. In indirect reciprocity, bad acts (such as not helping) reduce an individual's reputation while good acts (such as helping) increase an individual's reputation. Studies of indirect reciprocity assume that good acts and bad acts are weighted equally when assessing the reputation of an individual. As different information can be processed in different ways, this is not likely to be the case, and it is possible that an individual could bias an actor's reputation by putting more weight to acts of defection (not helping) than acts of co-operation (helping) or vice versa . We term this difference ‘judgement bias’, and build an individual-based model of image scoring to investigate the conditions under which it may evolve. We find that, if the benefits of co-operation are small, judgement bias is weighted towards acts perceived to be bad; if the benefits are high, the reverse is true. Our result is consistent under both scoring and standing strategies, and we find that allowing judgement bias to evolve increases the level of co-operation in the population.

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13

Boleij, Hetty, José van’t Klooster, Marla Lavrijsen, Susanne Kirchhoff, Saskia S. Arndt, and Frauke Ohl. "A test to identify judgement bias in mice." Behavioural Brain Research 233, no. 1 (July 2012): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.039.

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14

Horback, K. M., and T. D. Parsons. "Judgement bias testing in group-housed gestating sows." Behavioural Processes 159 (February 2019): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2018.12.021.

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15

Bertizzolo, Lorenzo, Patrick Bossuyt, Ignacio Atal, Philippe Ravaud, and Agnes Dechartres. "Disagreements in risk of bias assessment for randomised controlled trials included in more than one Cochrane systematic reviews: a research on research study using cross-sectional design." BMJ Open 9, no. 4 (April 2019): e028382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028382.

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ObjectivesAssess the frequency and reasons for disagreements in risk of bias assessments for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) included in more than one Cochrane review.DesignResearch on research study, using cross-sectional design.Data sources2796 Cochrane reviews published between March 2011 and September 2014.Data selectionRCTs included in more than one review.Data extractionRisk of bias assessment and support for judgement for five key risk of bias items.Data synthesisFor each item, we compared risk of bias assessment made in each review and calculated proportion of agreement. Two reviewers independently analysed 50% of all disagreements by comparing support for each judgement with information from study report to evaluate whether disagreements were related to a difference in information (eg, contact the study author) or a difference in interpretation (same support for judgement but different interpretation). They also identified main reasons for different interpretation.Results1604 RCTs were included in more than one review. Proportion of agreement ranged from 57% (770/1348 trials) for incomplete outcome data to 81% for random sequence generation (1193/1466). Most common source of disagreement was difference in interpretation of the same information, ranging from 65% (88/136) for random sequence generation to 90% (56/62) for blinding of participants and personnel. Access to different information explained 32/136 (24%) disagreements for random sequence generation and 38/205 (19%) for allocation concealment. Disagreements related to difference in interpretation were frequently related to incomplete or unclear reporting in the study report (83% of disagreements related to different interpretation for random sequence generation).ConclusionsRisk of bias judgements of RCTs included in more than one Cochrane review differed substantially. Most disagreements were related to a difference in interpretation of an incomplete or unclear description in the study report. A clearer guidance on common causes of incomplete information may improve agreement.

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Zhang, Yuqian, Anura De Zoysa, and Corinne Cortese. "The directionality of uncertainty expressions and the foreign language effect." Meditari Accountancy Research 28, no. 3 (January 4, 2020): 543–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-09-2018-0377.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate two issues inherent in accounting judgements: the directional influence of uncertainty expressions and how they might positively or negatively affect accounting judgements and the foreign-language effect (FLE), which refers to the reduction of judgement bias that occurs when an accounting judgement is made in one’s foreign language. This study examines both issues in the context of accounting judgements made in Chinese and English languages. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted two experiments. The first experiment applied a 2 × 2 between-subject research design, and the second experiment adopted a 2 × 2 within-subject approach. Findings The overall results revealed that directionality biases existed in the exercise of accounting judgement in subjects’ native and foreign languages. However, when the language was switched from the subjects’ native tongue to a foreign language, overall directionality biases are reduced. Research limitations/implications This study suggests that the use of native and non-native languages can have unintended consequences on accounting judgements. However, because of the limitations of using students as proxies for professionals and applying self-assessed language scales, the literature would benefit from future research that extends the subject profile to professional accountants and that assesses language skills more objectively. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on cross-lingual accounting, both theoretically and methodologically. It also extends the FLE theory to an accounting context, providing insights on how language is involved in judgements concerning uncertainty expressions.

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Adriaense, J. E. C., V. Šlipogor, S. Hintze, L. Marshall, C. Lamm, and T. Bugnyar. "Watching others in a positive state does not induce optimism bias in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), but leads to behaviour indicative of competition." Animal Cognition 24, no. 5 (March 16, 2021): 1039–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-021-01497-1.

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AbstractEmotional contagion is suggested to facilitate group life by enhancing synchronized responses to the environment. Cooperative breeders are an example of a social system that requires such intricate coordination between individuals. Therefore, we studied emotional contagion in common marmosets by means of a judgement bias test. Demonstrators were exposed to an emotion manipulation (i.e., positive, negative, control), and observers perceived only the demonstrator’s behaviour. We predicted that the positive or negative states of the demonstrator would induce matching states in the observer, indicating emotional contagion. All subjects’ emotional states were assessed through behaviour and cognition, the latter by means of a judgement bias test. Behavioural results showed a successful emotion manipulation of demonstrators, with manipulation-congruent expressions (i.e., positive calls in the positive condition, and negative calls and pilo-erect tail in the negative condition). Observers showed no manipulation-congruent expressions, but showed more scratching and arousal after the positive manipulation. Concerning the judgement bias test, we predicted that subjects in a positive state should increase their response to ambiguous cues (i.e., optimism bias), and subjects in a negative state should decrease their response (i.e., pessimism bias). This prediction was not supported as neither demonstrators nor observers showed such bias in either manipulation. Yet, demonstrators showed an increased response to the near-positive cue, and additional analyses showed unexpected responses to the reference cues, as well as a researcher identity effect. We discuss all results combined, including recently raised validation concerns of the judgement bias test, and inherent challenges to empirically studying emotional contagion.

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18

Schauß, Joachim, Bernhard Hirsch, and Matthias Sohn. "Functional fixation and the balanced scorecard." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 10, no. 4 (October 28, 2014): 540–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-11-2012-0114.

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Purpose – This paper aims to examine how balanced scorecard (BSC) users change their judgement processes according to qualitative changes in the BSC. Prior experimental studies have found that decision-makers do not fully adapt their judgements according to changes in financial reports, known as functional fixation. Although previous research has examined functional fixation in several management accounting-related disciplines, the research has not been completely successful in developing a deeper understanding of the cognitive processes that are responsible for the occurrence of this judgemental bias. Design/methodology/approach – To fill this gap, a combination of structural modelling and a process tracing method that monitors participants’ information acquisition to better understand the underlying cognitive processes that affect BSC users’ judgements is used. Findings – Overall, the results indicate that functional fixation is present both from an input–output (structural modelling) and a process tracing perspective. Stable general individual differences, particularly in terms of intuitive versus deliberative preferences in decision-making, influence the probability of functionally fixated behaviour. Additionally, previous findings concerning the over-reliance on financial information in the BSC setting is replicated. Using process data, it was found that BSC users rely more on financial measures than on non-financial measures in the pre-decisional phase of exercising their judgement. Originality/value – This paper contribute to management accounting research on the BSC by investigating two cognitive biases (functional fixation and overreliance on financial measures) from an input–output and a process tracing perspective.

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19

Axt, Jordan R. "An unintentional pro-Black bias in judgement among educators." British Journal of Educational Psychology 87, no. 3 (April 4, 2017): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12156.

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20

Raine, Rosalind. "Bias measuring bias." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1355819021927584.

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The British National Health Service and other publicly funded health systems operate on the principle that health care should be provided solely on the basis of need. Yet the literature abounds with reports of bias in health care use. In order to defend such a charge, two conditions must be met. The first condition is that treatment decisions must be shown to be unfair in that they are not made solely on the basis of need. This paper demonstrates the importance of considering the fair distribution of health care from two, related, perspectives. The first is that people with equal needs should be treated the same (equal use for equal need). This is referred to as the achievement of horizontal equity. The alternative perspective is that people with greater needs should have more treatment than those with lesser needs (unequal use for unequal need). This is referred to as the achievement of vertical equity. Although these perspectives are logically linked, demonstration of equal use for equal need does not necessarily indicate unequal use for unequal need. This is because it cannot be assumed that equal use occurs at every level of need. The second condition that must be met is that clinical judgement must be shown to be influenced by prejudicial notions about patients. Such research is fraught with methodological difficulties, and the charge of biased clinical decision-making is usually made as a result of a process of exclusion. Methods that could be used to examine the extent to which inequalities in health care use are due to bias are described.

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21

Pinto, Maria, Francisco Javier Navas González, Camie Heleski, and Amy McLean. "Judgement Bias in Miniature Donkeys: Conditioning Factors and Personality Links." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 19, 2021): 2737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092737.

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Expectation-related bias may configure individuals’ perception of their surrounding environment and of the elements present in it. This study aimed to determine the repercussions of environmental (weather elements) or subject-inherent factors (sex, age, or personality features) on judgment bias. A cognitive bias test was performed in eight Miniature jennies and four jacks. Test comprised habituation, training and testing phases during which subjects were trained on how to complete the test and scored based on their latency to approach an ambiguous stimulus. A questionnaire evaluating eleven personality features was parallelly completed by three caretakers, five operators and two care assistants to determine the links between personality features and judgment bias. Adjusted latencies did not significantly differ between sexes (Mann–Whitney test, p > 0.05). Although Miniature donkeys can discriminate positive/negative stimuli, inter-individual variability evidences were found. Such discrimination is evidenced by significant latency differences to approach positive/negative stimuli (33.7 ± 43.1 vs. 145.5 ± 53.1 s) (Mann–Whitney test, p < 0.05). Latencies significantly increased with patience, indicative of an expression of pessimism. Better understanding judgement bias mechanisms and implications may help optimize routine handling practices in the framework of animal welfare.

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22

Dopkins, Stephen, Jesse Sargent, and Catherine Trinh Ngo. "The bias for a recognition judgement depends on the response emitted in a prior recognition judgement." Memory 18, no. 3 (April 2010): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211003601506.

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23

Okan, Yasmina, Rocio Garcia-Retamero, Edward T. Cokely, and Antonio Maldonado. "Biasing and debiasing health decisions with bar graphs: Costs and benefits of graph literacy." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 12 (January 1, 2018): 2506–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817744546.

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Bar graphs can improve risk communication in medicine and health. Unfortunately, recent research has revealed that bar graphs are associated with a robust bias that can lead to systematic judgement and decision-making errors. When people view bar graphs representing means, they tend to believe that data points located within bars are more likely to be part of the underlying distributions than equidistant points outside bars. In three experiments, we investigated potential consequences, key cognitive mechanisms, and generalisability of the within-the-bar bias in the medical domain. We also investigated the effectiveness of different interventions to reduce the effect of this bias and protect people from errors. Results revealed that the within-the-bar bias systematically affected participants’ judgements and decisions concerning treatments for controlling blood glucose, as well as their interpretations of ecological graphs designed to guide health policy decisions. Interestingly, individuals with higher graph literacy showed the largest biases. However, the use of dot plots to replace bars improved the accuracy of interpretations. Perceptual mechanisms underlying the within-the-bar bias and prescriptive implications for graph design are discussed.

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Nortje, Charl, Craig B. Roberts, and André T. Möller. "Judgement of Risk in Traumatized and Nontraumatized Emergency Medical Service Personnel." Psychological Reports 95, no. 3_suppl (December 2004): 1119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.3f.1119-1128.

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This study investigated the hypothesis that posttraumatic stress is associated with a judgement of risk bias, defined as an overestimation of the likelihood of the occurrence of adverse events, as proposed by information-processing theories of posttraumatic stress disorder. Emergency medical service personnel with high PTSD symptomatology ( n = 27) and without PTSD symptoms ( n = 74) completed the PTSD Symptom Scale: Self-report version, the Work Experiences Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and an Event Probability Questionnaire. Analysis showed that individuals with high PTSD symptomatology exhibited significantly more judgement of risk bias, that this cognitive bias was towards a wider range of threats than those involving only the threat of external harm, and that intrusion was its best predictor.

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25

Lovitt, Michael R. "Using Quality Tools and Methods to Reduce Bias in Judgement." Quality Engineering 8, no. 1 (September 1995): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08982119508904607.

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26

Doyle, Rebecca E., Andrew D. Fisher, Geoff N. Hinch, Alain Boissy, and Caroline Lee. "Release from restraint generates a positive judgement bias in sheep." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 122, no. 1 (January 2010): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2009.11.003.

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Burman, Oliver, Ragen McGowan, Michael Mendl, Yezica Norling, Elizabeth Paul, Therese Rehn, and Linda Keeling. "Using judgement bias to measure positive affective state in dogs." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 132, no. 3-4 (July 2011): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2011.04.001.

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Harrison, Róisín Elaine, Martin Giesel, and Constanze Hesse. "Temporal-order judgement task suggests chronological action representations in motor experts and non-experts." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 11 (July 6, 2020): 1879–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820936982.

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Motor priming studies have suggested that human movements are mentally represented in the order in which they usually occur (i.e., chronologically). In this study, we investigated whether we could find evidence for these chronological representations using a paradigm which has frequently been employed to reveal biases in the perceived temporal order of events—the temporal-order judgement task. We used scrambled and unscrambled images of early and late movement phases from an everyday action sequence (“stepping”) and an expert action sequence (“sprinting”) to examine whether participants’ mental representations of actions would bias their temporal-order judgements. In addition, we explored whether motor expertise mediated the size of temporal-order judgement biases by comparing the performances of sprinting experts with those of non-experts. For both action types, we found significant temporal-order judgement biases for all participants, indicating that there was a tendency to perceive images of human action sequences in their natural order, independent of motor expertise. Although there was no clear evidence that sprinting experts showed larger biases for sprinting action sequences than non-experts, considering sports expertise in a broader sense provided some tentative evidence for the idea that temporal-order judgement biases may be mediated by more general motor and/or perceptual familiarity with the running action rather than specific motor expertise.

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Maradona, Agus Fredy. "A Qualitative Exploration of Heuristics and Cognitive Biases in Auditor Judgements." ACCOUNTABILITY 9, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32400/ja.30634.9.2.2020.94-112.

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Professional judgement is inherent in financial statement audits because various methods, techniques, or approaches prescribed in auditing standards do not provide auditors with detailed guidance or specific audit criteria. While auditors are expected to exercise their judgements based on careful reasoning, there is a possibility that they do not always follow such an approach and instead make their judgements using heuristics. This study aims to penetrate and reveal whether there are cognitive biases in the judgements of auditors and what heuristics lead to these biases. This study employs a qualitative research design and uses ethnomethodology as a research approach. Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews with 15 auditors who were either partners, managers, seniors, or juniors at a public accounting firm. Using the heuristic-bias framework as a theoretical lens and based on an analysis involving data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification, this study identifies five types of biases that auditors can experience: jumping to conclusions, groupthink, representativeness, availability, and anchoring biases. The results of this study present practical implications for auditors, accounting professional associations, public accounting firms, and academic institutions. That is, the findings provide insights for formulating strategies aimed at raising auditors’ awareness about possible systematic errors, or biases, in professional judgements when auditors rely on heuristics as a simplifying judgement-making strategy.

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Stupple, Edward J. N., and Linden J. Ball. "The chronometrics of confirmation bias: Evidence for the inhibition of intuitive judgements." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34, no. 2 (March 29, 2011): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10002876.

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AbstractMercier & Sperber (M&S) claim that the phenomenon of belief bias – which they consider to be an archetypal manifestation of a general confirmation bias in human reasoning – provides fundamental support for their argumentative theory and its basis in intuitive judgement. We propose that chronometric evidence necessitates a more nuanced account of belief bias that is not readily captured by argumentative theory.

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Neville, Vikki, Shinichi Nakagawa, Josefina Zidar, Elizabeth S. Paul, Malgorzata Lagisz, Melissa Bateson, Hanne Løvlie, and Michael Mendl. "Pharmacological manipulations of judgement bias: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 108 (January 2020): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.008.

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Daros, Rolnei R., João H. C. Costa, Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk, Maria J. Hötzel, and Daniel M. Weary. "Separation from the Dam Causes Negative Judgement Bias in Dairy Calves." PLoS ONE 9, no. 5 (May 21, 2014): e98429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098429.

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Baciadonna, L., and AG McElligott. "The use of judgement bias to assess welfare in farm livestock." Animal Welfare 24, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.24.1.081.

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34

Gygax, Lorenz. "The A to Z of statistics for testing cognitive judgement bias." Animal Behaviour 95 (September 2014): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.06.013.

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35

Horváth, Mária, Katarína Pichová, and Ľubor Košťál. "The effects of housing conditions on judgement bias in Japanese quail." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 185 (December 2016): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.09.007.

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Lee, Hannah, Jung-Kwang Ahn, and Jung-Hye Kwon. "Effects of Self-Image on Anxiety, Judgement Bias and Emotion Regulation in Social Anxiety Disorder." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 47, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135246581800022x.

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Background: Research to date has focused on the detrimental effects of negative self-images for individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD), but the benefits of positive self-images have been neglected. Aims: The present study examined the effect of holding a positive versus negative self-image in mind on anxiety, judgement bias and emotion regulation (ER) in individuals with SAD. Method: Forty-two individuals who met the diagnostic criteria for SAD were randomly assigned to either a positive or a negative self-image group. Participants were assessed twice with a week's interval in between using the Reactivity and Regulation Situation Task, which measures social anxiety, discomfort, judgement bias and ER, prior to and after the inducement of a positive or negative self-image. Results: Individuals in the positive self-image group reported less social anxiety, discomfort and distress from social cost when compared with their pre-induction state. They also used more adaptive ER strategies and experienced less anxiety and discomfort after using ER. In contrast, individuals in the negative self-image group showed no significant differences in anxiety, judgement bias or ER strategies before and after the induction. Conclusions: This study highlights the beneficial effects of positive self-images on social anxiety and ER.

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Silva, Elise, Jessica Green, and Cole Walker. "Source evaluation behaviours of first-year university students." Journal of Information Literacy 12, no. 2 (December 4, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11645/12.2.2512.

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Researchers at Brigham Young University studied first-year students’ information evaluation behaviours of open-access, popular news-based, non-academic source material on a variety of subjects. Using think-aloud protocols and screen-recording, researchers coded most and least used evaluation behaviours. Students most used an article’s sources, previous experience with the source or subject matter, or a bias judgement to decide whether the source was reliable. Researchers also compared what students said was important when evaluating information vs. what behaviours students actually exhibited and found significant differences between the two. Namely, students did not think their previous experience or bias judgement affected the way they assessed sources; however, both behaviours played prominently in their observed source evaluation techniques across the study.

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Mitchell, Chris J., Oren Griffiths, Pranjal More, and Peter F. Lovibond. "Contingency Bias in Probability Judgement May Arise from Ambiguity regarding Additional Causes." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 66, no. 9 (September 2013): 1675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.752854.

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Deakin, Amanda, Michael Mendl, William J. Browne, Elizabeth S. Paul, and James J. L. Hodge. "State-dependent judgement bias in Drosophila : evidence for evolutionarily primitive affective processes." Biology Letters 14, no. 2 (February 2018): 20170779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0779.

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Affective states influence decision-making under ambiguity in humans and other animals. Individuals in a negative state tend to interpret ambiguous cues more negatively than individuals in a positive state. We demonstrate that the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster , also exhibits state-dependent changes in cue interpretation. Drosophila were trained on a Go/Go task to approach a positive (P) odour associated with a sugar reward and actively avoid a negative (N) odour associated with shock. Trained flies were then either shaken to induce a purported negative state or left undisturbed (control), and given a choice between: air or P; air or N; air or ambiguous odour (1 : 1 blend of P : N). Shaken flies were significantly less likely to approach the ambiguous odour than control flies. This ‘judgement bias’ may be mediated by changes in neural activity that reflect evolutionarily primitive affective states. We cannot say whether such states are consciously experienced, but use of this model organism's versatile experimental tool kit may facilitate elucidation of their neural and genetic basis.

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Davidson, Jane W., and Richard Edgar. "Gender and Race Bias in the Judgement of Western Art Music Performance." Music Education Research 5, no. 2 (July 2003): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1461380032000085540.

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Müller, Corsin A., Stefanie Riemer, Claudia M. Rosam, Julia Schößwender, Friederike Range, and Ludwig Huber. "Brief owner absence does not induce negative judgement bias in pet dogs." Animal Cognition 15, no. 5 (July 3, 2012): 1031–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-012-0526-6.

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Baciadonna, Luigi, Christian Nawroth, and Alan G. McElligott. "Judgement bias in goats (Capra hircus): investigating the effects of human grooming." PeerJ 4 (October 13, 2016): e2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2485.

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Animal emotional states can be investigated by evaluating their impact on cognitive processes. In this study, we used a judgement bias paradigm to determine if short-term positive human-animal interaction (grooming) induced a positive affective state in goats. We tested two groups of goats and trained them to discriminate between a rewarded and a non-rewarded location over nine training days. During training, the experimental group (n= 9) was gently groomed by brushing their heads and backs for five min over 11 days (nine training days, plus two testing days, total time 55 min). During training, the control group (n= 10) did not experience any direct interaction with the experimenter, but was kept unconstrained next to him for the same period of time. After successful completion of the training, the responses (latency time) of the two groups to reach ambiguous locations situated between the two reference locations (i.e., rewarded/non-rewarded) were compared over two days of testing. There was not a positive bias effect after the animals had been groomed. In a second experiment, 10 goats were tested to investigate whether grooming induced changes in physiological activation (i.e., heart rate and heart rate variability). Heart rate increased when goats were groomed compared to the baseline condition, when the same goats did not receive any contact with the experimenter. Also, subjects did not move away from the experimenter, suggesting that the grooming was positively accepted. The very good care and the regular positive contacts that goats received from humans at the study site could potentially account for the results obtained. Good husbandry outcomes are influenced by animals’ perception of the events and this is based on current circumstances, past experiences and individual variables. Taking into account animals’ individual characteristics and identifying effective strategies to induce positive emotions could increase the understanding and reliability of using cognitive biases paradigms to investigate and promote animal welfare.

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Sanger, Maree E., Rebecca E. Doyle, Geoff N. Hinch, and Caroline Lee. "Sheep exhibit a positive judgement bias and stress-induced hyperthermia following shearing." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 131, no. 3-4 (May 2011): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2011.02.001.

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Krakenberg, Viktoria, Irene Woigk, Luis Garcia Rodriguez, Niklas Kästner, Sylvia Kaiser, Norbert Sachser, and S. Helene Richter. "Technology or ecology? New tools to assess cognitive judgement bias in mice." Behavioural Brain Research 362 (April 2019): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.021.

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Six, Perri. "Explaining styles of political judgement in British government: comparing isolation dynamics (1959–1974)." Journal of Public Policy 36, no. 2 (April 27, 2015): 219–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x15000100.

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AbstractDuring their time in office, British governments’ styles of political judgement or bias in policymaking often become shorter in term and less intellectually coherent, sometimes in passive or coping ways, sometimes shifting toward imposition. This article offers an explanation, developing the neo-Durkheimian theory of institutional dynamics. Changing judgement style, it argues, is driven by changes in administrations’ informal institutional ordering of social organisation. “Isolation dynamics” are shifts in that ordering towards weakly cohesive but strongly constrained “isolate” forms. Increased isolate ordering is reflected in less cohesive but more constrained judgement style. Novel distinctions within isolate ordering explain key differences among administrations’ trajectories. Using extensive archival data, three British administrations between 1959 and 1974 are compared. The study finds that, among otherwise contrasting administrations, reinforcement or undermining in informal social organisation drove changes in styles of political judgement, as shown in their ways of framing policy problems, risks, time horizons, etc.

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Matthews, Jeffrey B. "Truth and truthiness: evidence, experience and clinical judgement in surgery." British Journal of Surgery 108, no. 7 (June 11, 2021): 742–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjs/znab087.

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The scientific basis of surgery, derived through observation and experiment, does not fully account for surgical expertise gained through experience. The evidence that supports surgical practice is limited, elusive, and subject to bias. Surgical judgment requires not only explicit, fact-based, knowledge but also tacit forms of understanding that are not easily teachable or testable.

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Sorato, Enrico, Josefina Zidar, Laura Garnham, Alastair Wilson, and Hanne Løvlie. "Heritabilities and co-variation among cognitive traits in red junglefowl." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1756 (August 13, 2018): 20170285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0285.

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Natural selection can act on between-individual variation in cognitive abilities, yet evolutionary responses depend on the presence of underlying genetic variation. It is, therefore, crucial to determine the relative extent of genetic versus environmental control of these among-individual differences in cognitive traits to understand their causes and evolutionary potential. We investigated heritability of associative learning performance and of a cognitive judgement bias (optimism), as well as their covariation, in a captive pedigree-bred population of red junglefowl ( Gallus gallus , n > 300 chicks over 5 years). We analysed performance in discriminative and reversal learning (two facets of associative learning), and cognitive judgement bias, by conducting animal models to disentangle genetic from environmental contributions. We demonstrate moderate heritability for reversal learning, and weak to no heritability for optimism and discriminative learning, respectively. The two facets of associative learning were weakly negatively correlated, consistent with hypothesized trade-offs underpinning individual cognitive styles. Reversal, but not discriminative learning performance, was associated with judgement bias; less optimistic individuals reversed a previously learnt association faster. Together these results indicate that genetic and environmental contributions differ among traits. While modular models of cognitive abilities predict a lack of common genetic control for different cognitive traits, further investigation is required to fully ascertain the degree of covariation between a broader range of cognitive traits and the extent of any shared genetic control. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.

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Haig, Yvonne, and Rhonda Oliver. "Is it a case of mind over matter? Influences on teachers’ judgements of student speech." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.26.1.05hai.

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Although language variation is widespread and natural, it is subject to judgement. Where a standard language has developed, other varieties tend to be judged against its ‘standard’. While a number of overseas studies have found that this type of linguistic bias occurs in education and negatively impacts on dialect speakers, there has been little research in Australia. This study investigates how teachers judge the speech of school-aged students and what influences that judgement. Twelve teachers met in four school-based groups to rank tape-recorded samples of speech from students who were not known to them. They determined the criteria to be used in the ranking process which was tape-recorded, transcribed and analysed. The results suggest that teachers’ perceptions of speech were most strongly influenced by the students’ use of non-standard varieties of English. This is of particular concern where the use of nonstandard varieties is also associated with lower ability as seemed to be the case in the present research. These findings have implications for education, particularly given the emphasis on oral language competence in recent curriculum documents and the increasing reliance on teacher judgements of students’ learning outcomes.

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Li, Yawei, and Tian Feng. "The Effect of Judgement Bias on Cue Utilization for Shot Prediction in Basketball Athletes." Brain Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081058.

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Background: Concerning the judgments bias and cue utilization in basketball athletes, previous shot anticipation tasks were hard to examine in regards to whether the experts’ judgement bias relies more on the cue of the player’s body or the ball trajectory. Methods: Four types of body–ball cues shots were employed: IN–IN, IN–OUT, OUT–IN, and OUT–OUT. Four temporal stages (i.e., shooting, rising, high point, and falling) were divided during a shot. Forty-two participants predicted the fate of the ball after watching the shot videos. Results: The results suggested that for the shooting, rising, and high point phase, compared to the non-athletes, the experts provided superior predictions for IN–IN condition and OUT–IN condition but fewer accurate predictions for IN–OUT condition and OUT–OUT condition. Moreover, a higher bias toward predicting the shots as “in” for the athletes than the non-athletes under early temporal conditions was confirmed. Conclusions: These findings strengthen the idea that the IN cues from both body information and ball trajectory could elicit the experts’ judgement bias for made shots and then influence their response, thus rendered two distinct (e.g., impeding and facilitating) effects for the incongruent body–ball cues, respectively.

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Bethell, Emily J., and Nicola F. Koyama. "Happy hamsters? Enrichment induces positive judgement bias for mildly (but not truly) ambiguous cues to reward and punishment in Mesocricetus auratus." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 7 (July 2015): 140399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140399.

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Recent developments in the study of animal cognition and emotion have resulted in the ‘judgement bias’ model of animal welfare. Judgement biases describe the way in which changes in affective state are characterized by changes in information processing. In humans, anxiety and depression are characterized by increased expectation of negative events and negative interpretation of ambiguous information. Positive wellbeing is associated with enhanced expectation of positive outcomes and more positive interpretation of ambiguous information. Mood-congruent judgement biases for ambiguous information have been demonstrated in a range of animal species, with large variation in the way tests are administered and in the robustness of analyses. We highlight and address some issues using a laboratory species not previously tested: the Syrian hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ). Hamsters were tested using a spatial judgement go/no-go task in enriched and unenriched housing. We included a number of controls and additional behavioural tests and applied a robust analytical approach using linear mixed effects models. Hamsters approached the ambiguous cues significantly more often when enriched than unenriched. There was no effect of enrichment on responses to the middle cue. We discuss these findings in light of mechanisms underlying processing cues to reward, punishment and true ambiguity, and the implications for the welfare of laboratory hamsters.

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