Academic literature on the topic 'Journaux – Édition – 2000-'

RÉSUMÉLe principal objectif de cet article est d’encourager une approche plus large, supraconfessionnelle, du mariage et de la famille à l’époque moderne. La conjugalité a été “désacralisée” par les réformateurs protestants du 16e siècle. Martin Luther, parmi d’autres, a refusé le statut de sacrement au mariage, tout en valorisant celui-ci comme une arme contre le péché. En réaction, le concile de Trente a réaffirmé avec force que le mariage est bien un des sept sacrements chrétiens. Mais, promouvant la supériorité du célibat, l’Église catholique n’a jamais beaucoup insisté sur les vertus de la vie et de la piété familiales avant le 19e siècle. En parallèle, les historiens décèlent des signes de “sacralisation” de la famille protestante à partir du 16e siècle. Leurs conclusions doivent être relativisées à la lumière de recherches plus récentes et plus critiques, centrées sur les rapports et les représentations de genre. Elles peuvent néanmoins inspirer une étude élargie et comparative, inexistante dans l’historiographie traditionnelle, des réalités et des perceptions de la famille chrétienne au-delà des frontières confessionnelles.MOTS-CLÉ: Époque Moderne, mariage, famille, protestantisme, Concile de TrenteABSTRACTThe main purpose of this paper is to encourage a broader supra-confessional approach to the history of marriage and the family in the Early Modern era. Wedlock was “desacralized” by the Protestant reformers of the 16th century. Martin Luther, among others, denied the sacramental status of marriage but valued it as a weapon against sin. In reaction, the Council of Trent reinforced marriage as one of the seven sacraments. But the Catholic Church, which promoted the superiority of celibacy, did little to defend the virtues of family life and piety before the 19th century. In parallel, historians have identified signs of a “sacralization” of the Protestant family since the 16th century. These findings must be relativized in the light of newer and more critical studies on gender relations and representations. But they can still inspire a broader comparative study, non-existent in traditional confessional historiography, of the realities and perceptions of the Christian family beyond denominational borders.KEY WORDS: Early Modern Christianity, marriage, family, Protestantism, Council of Trent BIBLIOGRAPHIEAdair, R., Courtship, Illegitimacy and Marriage in Early Modern England, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1996.Beaulande-Barraud, V., “Sexualité, mariage et procréation. Discours et pratiques dans l’Église médiévale (XIIIe-XVe siècles)”, dans Vanderpelen-Diagre, C., & Sägesser, C., (coords.), La Sainte Famille. Sexualité, filiation et parentalité dans l’Église catholique, Problèmes d’Histoire des Religions, 24, Bruxelles, Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 2017, pp. 19-29.Bels, P., Le mariage des protestants français jusqu’en 1685. Fondements doctrinaux et pratique juridique, Paris, Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1968.Benedict, P., Christ’s Churches Purely Reformed. A Social History of Calvinism, New Haven/London, Yale University Press, 2002.Bernos, M., “Le concile de Trente et la sexualité. La doctrine et sa postérité”, dansBernos, M., (coord.), Sexualité et religions, Paris, Cerf, 1988, pp. 217-239.Bernos, M., Femmes et gens d’Église dans la France classique (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle), Paris, Éditions du Cerf, Histoire religieuse de la France, 2003.Bernos, M., “L’Église et l’amour humain à l’époque moderne”, dans Bernos, M., Les sacrements dans la France des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Pastorale et vécu des fidèles, Aix-en-Provence, Publications de l’Université de Provence, 2007, pp. 245-264.Bologne, J.-C., Histoire du mariage en Occident, Paris, Lattès/Hachette Littératures, 1995.Burghartz, S., Zeiten der Reinheit – Orte der Unzucht. Ehe und Sexualität in Basel während der Frühen Neuzeit, Paderborn, Schöningh, 1999.Calvin, J., Institution de la Religion chrétienne (1541), édition critique en deux vols., Millet, O., (ed.), Genève, Librairie Droz, 2008, vol. 2, pp. 1471-1479.Carillo, F., “Famille”, dans Gisel, P., (coord.), Encyclopédie du protestantisme, Paris, PUF/Quadrige, 2006, p. 489.Christin, O., & Krumenacker, Y., (coords.), Les protestants à l’époque moderne. Une approche anthropologique, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2017.Corbin, A., Courtine, J.-J., et Vigarello, G., (coords.), Histoire du corps, vol. 1: De la Renaissance aux Lumières, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2005.Corbin, A., Courtine, J.-J., et Vigarello, G., (coords.), Histoire des émotions, vol. 1: De l’Antiquité aux Lumières, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2016.Cristellon, C., “Mixed Marriages in Early Modern Europe“, in Seidel Menchi, S., (coord.), Marriage in Europe 1400-1800, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2016, chapter 10.Demos, J., A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony, New York, 1970.Flandrin, J.-L., Familles. Parenté, maison, sexualité dans l’ancienne société, Paris, Seuil, 1976/1984.Forclaz, B., “Le foyer de la discorde? Les mariages mixtes à Utrecht au XVIIe siècle”, Annales. Histoire, Sciences sociales (2008/5), pp. 1101-1123.Forster, M. R., Kaplan, B. J., (coords.), Piety and Family in Early Modern Europe. Essays in Honour of Steven Ozment, St. Andrews Studies in Reformation History, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2005.Forster, M. R., “Domestic Devotions and Family Piety in German Catholicism”, inForster, M. R., Kaplan, B. J., (coords.), Piety and Family in Early Modern Europe. Essays in Honour of Steven Ozment, St. Andrews Studies in Reformation History, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2005, pp. 97-114.François W., & Soen, V. (coords.), The Council of Trent: Reform and Controversy in Europe and Beyond, 1545-1700, Göttingen, Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 2018.Gautier, S., “Mariages de pasteurs dans le Saint-Empire luthérien: de la question de l’union des corps à la formation d’un corps pastoral ‘exemplaire et plaisant à Dieu’”, dans Christin, O., & Krumenacker, Y., (coords.), Les protestants à l’époque moderne. Une approche anthropologique, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2017, pp. 505-517.Gautier, S., “Identité, éloge et image de soi dans les sermons funéraires des foyers pastoraux luthériens aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles”, Europa moderna. Revue d’histoire et d’iconologie, n. 3 (2012), pp. 54-71.Goody, J., The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe, Cambridge, 1983; L’évolution de la famille et du mariage en Europe, Paris, Armand Colin, 1985/2012.Hacker, P., Faith in Luther. Martin Luther and the Origin of Anthropocentric Religion, Emmaus Academic, 2017.Harrington, J. F., Reordering Marriage and Society in Reformation Germany, Cambridge, 1995.Hendrix, S. H., & Karant-Nunn, S. C., (coords.), Masculinity in the Reformation Era, Kirksville, Truman State University Press, 2008.Hendrix, S. H., “Christianizing Domestic Relations: Women and Marriage in Johann Freder’s Dialogus dem Ehestand zu ehren”, Sixteenth Century Journal, 23 (1992), pp. 251-266.Ingram, M., Church Courts. Sex and Marriage in England 1570-1640, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987.Jacobsen, G., “Women, Marriage and magisterial Reformation: the case of Malmø”, in Sessions, K. C., & Bebb, P. N., (coords.), Pietas et Societas: New Trends in Reformation Social History, Kirksville, Sixteenth Century Journal Press, 1985, pp. 57-78.Jedin, H., Crise et dénouement du concile de Trente, Paris, Desclée, 1965.Jelsma, A., “‘What Men and Women are meant for’: on marriage and family at the time of the Reformation”, in Jelsma, A., Frontiers of the Reformation. Dissidence and Orthodoxy in Sixteenth Century Europe, Ashgate, 1998, Routledge, 2016, EPUB, chapter 8.Karant-Nunn, S. C., “Une oeuvre de chair: l’acte sexuel en tant que liberté chrétienne dans la vie et la pensée de Martin Luther”, dans Christin, O., &Krumenacker, Y., (coords.), Les protestants à l’époque moderne. Une approche anthropologique, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2017, pp. 467-485.Karant-Nunn, S. C., The Reformation of Feeling: Shaping the Religious Emotions in Early Modern Germany, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010.Karant-Nunn, S. C., “The emergence of the pastoral family in the German Reformation: the parsonage as a site of socio-religious change”, in Dixon, C. S., & Schorn-Schütte, L., (coords.), The Protestant Clergy of Early Modern Europe, Basingstoke, Palgrave/Macmillan, 2003, pp. 79-99.Karant-Nunn, S. C., “Reformation Society, Women and the Family”, in Pettegree, A., (coord.), The Reformation World, London/New York, Routledge, 2000, pp. 433-460.Karant-Nunn, S. C., “Marriage, Defenses of”, in Hillerbrand, H. J., (coord.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, vol. 2, p. 24.Kingdon, R., Adultery and Divorce in Calvin’s Geneva, Harvard University Press, 1995.Krumenacker, Y., “Protestantisme: le mariage n’est plus un sacrement”, dans Mariages, catalogue d’exposition, Archives municipales de Lyon, Lyon, Olivétan, 2017.Le concile de Trente, 2e partie (1551-1563), vol. XI de l’Histoire des conciles oecuméniques, Paris, (Éditions de l’Orante, 1981), Fayard, 2005, pp. 441-455.Les Decrets et Canons touchant le mariage, publiez en la huictiesme session du Concile de Trente, souz nostre sainct pere le Pape Pie quatriesme de ce nom, l’unziesme iour de novembre, 1563, Paris, 1564.Luther, M., “Sermon sur l’état conjugal”, dans OEuvres, I, Paris, Gallimard/La Pléiade, 1999, pp. 231-240.Luther, M., “Du mariage”, dans Prélude sur la captivité babylonienne de l’Église (1520), dans OEuvres, vol. I, édition publiée sous la direction de M. Lienhard et M. Arnold, Paris, Gallimard/La Pléiade, 1999, pp. 791-805.Luther, M., De la vie conjugale, dans OEuvres, I, Paris, Gallimard/La Pléiade, 1999, pp. 1147-1179.Mentzer, R., “La place et le rôle des femmes dans les Églises réformées”, Archives de sciences sociales des religions, 113 (2001), pp. 119-132.Morgan, E. S., The Puritan Family. Religion and Domestic Relations in Seventeenth-Century New England, (1944), New York, Harper, 1966.O’Reggio, T., “Martin Luther on Marriage and Family”, 2012, Faculty Publications, Paper 20, Andrews University, http://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/church-history-pubs/20. (consulté le 15 décembre 2018).Ozment, S., When Fathers Ruled. Family Life in Reformation Europe, Studies in Cultural History, Harvard University Press, 1983.Reynolds, P. L., How Marriage became One of the Sacrements. The Sacramental Theology of Marriage from the Medieval Origins to the Council of Trent, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2016/2018.Roper, L., Martin Luther. Renegade and Prophet, London, Vintage, 2016.Roper, L., The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg, Oxford Studies in Social History, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989.Roper, L., “Going to Church and Street: Weddings in Reformation Augsburg”, Past & Present, 106 (1985), pp. 62-101.Safley, T. M., “Marriage”, in Hillerbrand, H. J., (coord.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, vol. 3, pp. 18-23.Safley, T. M., “Family”, in Hillerbrand, H. J., (coord.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, vol. 2, pp. 93-98.Safley, T. M., “Protestantism, divorce and the breaking of the modern family”, dans Sessions, K. C., & Bebb, P. N., (coords.), Pietas et Societas: New Trends inReformation Social History, Kirksville, Sixteenth Century Journal Press, 1985, pp. 35-56.Safley, T. M., Let No Man Put Asunder: The Control of Marriage in the German Southwest. A Comparative Study, 1550-1600, Kirksville, Sixteenth Century Journal Press, 1984.Seidel Menchi, S., (coord.), Marriage in Europe 1400-1800, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2016.Stone, L., The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, New York, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977.Strauss, G., Luther’s House of Learning, Baltimore/London, 1978.Thomas, R., “Éduquer au mariage par l’image dans les Provinces-Unies du XVIIe siècle: les livres illustrés de Jacob Cats”, Les Cahiers du Larhra, dossier sur Images et Histoire, 2012, pp. 113-144.Vanderpelen-Diagre, C., & Sägesser, C., (coords.), La Sainte Famille. Sexualité, filiation et parentalité dans l’Église catholique, Problèmes d’Histoire des Religions, 24,Bruxelles, Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 2017.Walch, A., La spiritualité conjugale dans le catholicisme français, XVIe-XXe siècle, Paris, Le Cerf, 2002.Watt, J. R., The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, Ithaca, 1992.Weis, M., “La ‘Sainte Famille’ inexistante? Le mariage selon le concile de Trente (1563) et à l’époque des Réformes”, dans Vanderpelen-Diagre, C., & Sägesser, C., (coords.), La Sainte Famille. Sexualité, filiation et parentalité dans l’Église catholique, Problèmes d’Histoire des Religions, 24, Bruxelles, Éditions de l’Université deBruxelles, 2017, pp. 31-40.Westphal, S., Schmidt-Voges, I., & Baumann, A., (coords.), Venus und Vulcanus. Ehe und ihre Konflikte in der Frühen Neuzeit, München, Oldenbourg Verlag, 2011.Wiesner, M. E., Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge, 1993.Wiesner, M. E., “Studies of Women, the Family and Gender”, in Maltby, W. S., (coord.), Reformation Europe: A Guide to Research, Saint Louis, 1992, pp. 181-196.Wiesner-Hanks, M. E., “Women”, in Hillerbrand, H. J., (coord.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, vol. 4, pp. 290-298.Williams, G. H., The Radical Reformation, (1962), 3e ed., Truman State University Press, 2000, pp. 755-798Wunder, H., “He is the Sun. She is the Moon”: Women in Early Modern Germany, Harvard University Press, 1998.Yates, W., “The Protestant View of Marriage”, Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 22 (1985), pp. 41-54.

O artigo se propõe a fazer uma leitura do processo de escrita do primeiro dos cinco cadernos de Marguerite Duras publicados em 1985 sob o título La douleur. O caderno contempla o período em que Marguerite espera notícias de seu marido Robert Antelme, membro da resistência deportado pelos alemães, até seu retorno. Buscamos perceber como a escrita do relato de Duras se constrói, e como se ressignifica como a ancoragem que possibilita a esse corpo que espera não só narrar, mas sobretudo sobreviver ao horror e à dor aos quais é exposto. REFERÊNCIAS ADLER, Laure. Marguerite Duras. Paris: Gallimard, 1998. ALEKSIÉVITCH, Svetlana. A guerra não tem rosto de mulher. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2016. ANTELME, Robert. L’espèce humaine. Paris: Gallimard, 1957. COUTINHO, Ana Paula. Escrever entre ruínas: Marguerite Duras e a dor da memória. Libretos, n. 4, p. 121-136, abr. 2015. DIDI-HUBERMAN, Georges. Essayer Voir. Paris: Minuit, 2014. DURAS, Marguerite. Cahiers de la guerre et autres textes. Édition établie par Sophie Bogaert et Olivier Corpet. Paris: P.O.L., 2006. ______. Escrever. Tradução Rubens Figueiredo. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, 1994. ______. La douleur. Paris: P.O.L., 1985. ______. Outside – Notas à margem. Tradução Maria Filomena Duarte. São Paulo: DIFEL, 1983. IMBERT, David Conte. La doble espera de Robert Antelme y Marguerite Duras (una ilustración) 1616: Anuario de Literatura Comparada, n. 4, p. 169-199, 2014. JOUVENOT, Christian. La folie de Marguerite: Marguerite Duras et sa mère. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2008. KÈGLE, Christiane. Écrire la douleur de la disparition. Marguerite Duras à propos de Robert Antelme. Frontières, v. 27, n. 1–2, 2015, 2016. Disponível em: https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/fr/2015-v27-n1-2-fr02596/1037078ar/. Acesso em: 13 jul. 2021. NESTROVSKI, Arthur; SELIGMANN-SILVA, Márcio. Apresentação. In: NESTROVSKI, Arthur; SELIGMANN-SILVA, Márcio (orgs.) Catástrofe e representação. São Paulo: Escuta, 2000. SARLO, Beatriz. Tempo passado: cultura da memória e guinada subjetiva. Tradução Rosa Freire d’Aguiar. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras; Belo Horizonte: UFMG, 2007.

Plants for medicinal purposes are considered as the main source of health care for the majority of the world population. In order to promote medicinal plants in Algeria, the present work aimed to assess the physico-chemical characterization, hemolytic, and antioxidant activities of Ammodaucus leucotrichus essential oil of an endemic plant from south-west of Algeria. The plant was harvested from the region of Bechar (south-west of Algeria). The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation method using Clevenger apparatus. The antioxidant activity of the oil was carried out using DPPH scavenging assay, and its effect on erythrocyte cells was evaluated by measuring the hemolytic degree. The obtained results showed that this oil presented a low antioxidant activity compared to positive control (ascorbic acid). The hemolytic activity was very low since the oil diluted to 1/10, while it was low in the pure state. This fact proves the safety of A. leucotrichus oil, which can explain its use without risk by the indigenous population. REFERENCES: Abu Zarga, M.H., Al-Jaber, H.I., Baba Amer, Z.Y., Sakhrib, L., Al-Qudah, M.A., Alhumaidi, J.Y.G., Abaza, I.F., & Afifi, FU. (2013). Chemical composition, antimicrobialand antitumor activities of essential oil of Ammodaucus leucotrichus growing in Algeria.Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 3, 224–231.http://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2013.833469.Adorjan, B., & Buchbauer, G. (2010). Biological properties of essential oils: An updatedreview. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 25, 407–426. http://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.2024.AFNOR. (1992). Association Française de Normalisation «Recueil des normes françaises surles huiles essentielles». II édition, Paris.Amorati, R., Foti, M.C., & Valgimigli, L. (2013). Antioxidant activity of essential oils.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61, 10835–10847.http://doi.org/10.1021/jf403496k.Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essentialoils- a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46, 446–475.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09106.Barao Paixao, V.L., & de Carvalho, J.F. (2021). Essential oil therapy in rheumatic diseases:A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 43, 101391.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101391Benhouhou, S. (2005). A Guide to Medicinal plants in North Africa: database on Medicinalplants, IUCN center for Mediterranean cooperation. Mâlaga.Bouaziz, M., Yangui, T., Sayadi, S., & Dhouib, A. (2009). Disinfectant properties of essentialoils from Salvia officinalis L. cultivated in Tunisia. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47,2755–2760. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.08.005.Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties applications in foods-a review.International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94, 223–253.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022.Conforti, F., Sosa, S., Marrelli, M., Menichini, F., Statti, G.A., Uzunov, D., Tubaro, A., &Menichini, F. (2009). The protective ability of Mediterranean dietary plants against theoxidative damage: The role of radical oxygen species in inflammation and thepolyphenol, flavonoid and sterol contents. Food Chemistry, 112, 587–594.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.013.Dalar, A., Türker, M., & Konczak, I. (2012). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic constituentsof Malva neglecta Wallr. and Plantago lanceolata L. from Eastern Anatolia region ofTurkey. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2, 42–51.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2012.03.001.Dawidowicz, A.L., Szewczyk, J., & Dybowski, M.P. (2016). Modified application of HSSPME for quality evaluation of essential oil plant materials. Talanta, 146, 195–202.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.08.043.El Haci, I.A., Bekhechi. C., Atik-Bekkara, F., Mazari, W., Gherib, M., Bighelli, A.,Casanova, J., & Fellix, T. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of Ammodaucus leucotrichusfruit oil from Algerian Sahara. Natural Product Communications, 9, 711–712.http://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1400900533 Essid, R., Rahali, F.Z., Msaada, K., Sghair, I., Hammami, M., Bouratbine, A., Aoun, K., &Limam, F. (2015). Antileishmanial and cytotoxic potential of essential oils frommedicinal plants in Northern Tunisia. Industrial Crops and Products, 77, 795–802.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.09.049.Fillatre, Y., Rondeau, D., Daguin, A., & Communal, P.Y. (2016). A work flow for multiclassdetermination of 256 pesticides in essential oils by liquid chromatography tandem massspectrometry using evaporation and dilution approaches: Application to lavandin, lemonand cypress essential oils. Talanta, 149, 178–186.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.052.Gainza, Y.A., Domingues, L.F., Perez, O.P., Rabelo, M.D., Lopez, E.R., & Chagas, A.C.S.(2015). Anthelmintic activity in vitro of Citrus sinensis and Melaleuca quinquenerviaessential oil from Cuba on Haemonchus contortus. Industrial Crops and Products, 76,647–652. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.07.056.Gomes, M.R.F., Schuh, R.S., Jacques, A.L.B., Dorneles, G.G., Montanha, J., Roehe, P.M.,Bordignon, S., Dallegrave, E., Leal, M.B., & Limberger, R.P. (2013). Biologicalassessment (antiviral and antioxidant) and acute toxicity of essential oils from Drimysangustifolia and D. brasiliensis. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 23, 284–290.http://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2012005000142.Halla, N., Helenoa, S.A., Costa, P., Fernandes, I.P., Calhelha, R.C., Boucherit, K., Rodrigues,A.E., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., & Barreiro, M.F. (2018). Chemical profile and bioactiveproperties of the essential oil isolated from Ammodaucus leucotrichus fruits growing inSahara and its evaluation as a cosmeceutical ingredient. Industrial Crops and Products,119, 249–254. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.04.043.Hammiche, V., & Maiza, K. (2006). Traditional medicine in central Sahara: pharmacopoeiaof Tassili N’ajjer. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 105, 358–367.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.11.028.Hossain, M.H., Shah, M.D., Sang, S.V., & Sakari, M. (2012). Chemical composition andantibacterial properties of the essential oils and crude extracts of Merremia borneensis.Journal of King Saud University –Science, 24, 243–249.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2011.03.006.Hussein, G., Miyashiro, H., Nakamura, N., Hattori, M., Kakiuchi, N., & Shimotohno, K.(2000). Inhibitory effects of Sudanese medical plant extracts on hepatitis C virus (HCV)protease. Phytotherapy Research, 14, 510–516. http://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200011)14:7<510::aid-ptr646>3.0.co;2-b.Idm’hand, E., Msanda, F., & Cherifi, K. (2020). Medicinal uses, phytochemistry andpharmacology of Ammodaucus leucotrichus. Clinical Phytoscience, 6,6.http://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-0154-7.Khaldi, A., Meddah, B., Moussaoui, A., & Sonnet, P. (2017). Anti-mycotoxin effect andantifungal properties of essential oil from Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Dur. onAspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus. Journal of Essential Oil and BearingPlants, 20, 36–44. http://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2017.1282840.Lee, J.Y., Cho, P.Y., Kim, T.Y., Kang, S.Y., Song, K.Y., & Hong, S.J. (2002). Hemolyticactivity and developmental expression of pore-forming peptide, clonorin. Biochemicaland Biophysical Research Communications, 296, 1238–1244.http://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02062-4.Manssouri, M., Znini, M., & Majidi, L. (2020). Studies on the antioxidant activity of essentialoil and various extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Dur. fruits from Morocco.Journal of Taibah University for Science, 14, 124–130.http://doi.org/10.1080/16583655.2019.1710394. Pavlović, I., Petrović, S., Radenković, M., Milenković, M., Couladis, M., Branković, S.,Pavlović, M.D., & Niketic, D.M. (2012). Composition, antimicrobial, antiradical andspasmolytic activity of Ferula heuffelii Griseb. ex Heuffel (Apiaceae) essential oil. FoodChemistry, 130, 310–315. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.043.Pillai, S., Mahmud, R., Lee, W.C., & Perumal, S. (2012). Anti-parasitic Activity of Myristicafragrans Houtt. essential oil against Toxoplasma Gondii parasite. APCBEE Procedia, 2,92–96. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.06.017.Quezel, P., & Santa, S. (1963). Nouvelle flore de l’Algérie et des régions désertiquesméridionales, CNRS, Paris.Riaz, M., Rasool, N., Bukhari, I.H., Shahid, M., Zubair, M., Rizwan, K., & Rashid, U.(2012). In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and GC/MS analysis of Mazusgoodenifolius. Molecules, 17, 14275–14287. http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171214275Sadaoui, N., Bec, N., Barragnan-Montero, V., Kadri, N., Cuisinier, F., Larroque, C., Arab,K., & Khettal, B. (2018). The essential oil of Algerian Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss.& Dur. and its effect on the cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activities.Fitoterapia, 130, 1–5. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2018.07.015Saleh, M.A., Clark, S., Woodard, B., & Deolu-Sobogun, S.A. (2010). Antioxidant and freeradical scavenging activities of essential oils. Ethnicity and Disease, 20 Suppl 1, 78–82.Salem, M.Z.M., Zidan, Y.E., Mansour, M.A.M., El Hadidi, N.M.N., & Abo Elgat, W.A.A.(2016). Antifungal activities of two essential oils used in the treatment of threecommercial woods deteriorated by five common mold fungi. InternationalBiodeterioration and Biodegradation, 106, 88–96.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.10.010.Sebaaly, C., Charcosset, C., Stainmesse, S., Fessi, H., & Greige-Gergesa, H. (2016). Cloveessential oil-in-cyclodextrin-in-liposomes in the aqueous and lyophilized states: fromlaboratory to large scale using a membrane contactor. Carbohydrate Polymers, 138, 75–85. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.053.Sharma, P., Sharma, J.D. (2001). In vitro hemolysis of human erythrocytes by plant extractswith antiplasmodial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 74, 239–243.http://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00370-6.Tampieri, M.P., Galuppi, R., Macchioni, F., Carelle, M.S., Falcioni, L., Cioni, P.L., &Morelli, I. (2005). The inhibition of Candida albicans by selected essential oils and theirmajor components. Mycopathologia, 159, 339–345. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-003-4790-5.Turek, C., & Stintzing, F.C. (2012). Impact of different storage conditions on the quality ofselected essential oils. Food Research International, 46, 341–353.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.12.028.Velasco-Negueruela, A., Pérez-Alonso, M.J., Pérez de Paz, P.L., Palá-Paúl, J., & Sanz, J.(2006). Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the volatiles from thefruits of Ammodaucus leucotrichus subsp. leucotrichus and subsp. nanocarpus grown inNorth Africa and the Canary Islands, respectively. Journal of Chromatography A, 1108,273–275. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.031.

In this paper, it is discuss the points raised from a pilot study for qualitative research planning. The argumentation present here is the result of a pilot study that focused the games of mathematical language on teacher training for rural schools. The data production took place in the Federal University of Reconcâvo Baiano, campus of Feira de Santana, state of Bahia, Brazil. The pilot study did not only provide insights for the research, but for any qualitative inquiry. Based on that, it is suggest that pilot study raises questions for reviewing a qualitative research planning in at least six dimensions: ethical, methodological, theoretical, analytical, operational and representational.ResumoNeste artigo, são discutidas as potencialidades do estudo piloto para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa qualitativa. A argumentação ora apresentada é fruto de um estudo piloto que focalizou os jogos de linguagem matemáticos na formação de professores do campo. A produção de dados ocorreu no curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo com Habilitações em Ciências da Natureza e Matemática em uma universidade pública no interior da Bahia, Brasil. O estudo piloto dessa pesquisa não gerou insights apenas para o delineamento da referida pesquisa, mas para qualquer investigação qualitativa. Baseado nisso, argumenta-se que o estudo piloto levanta questões para o refinamento do planejamento da pesquisa, pelo menos, em seis dimensões: ética, metodológica, teórica, analítica, operacional e representacional.Keywords: Pilot study, Qualitative research, Research Planning.Palavras-chave: Estudo piloto, Pesquisa qualitativa, Planejamento da pesquisa.ReferencesARAIN, Mubashir et al. What is a pilot or feasibility study? A review of current practice and editorial policy. BMC Medical Research Methodology. UK, jul. 2010. Disponível em: <https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1471-2288-10-67>. Acesso em: 21 set. 2017.ARNOLD, Donald et al. The design and interpretation of pilot trials in clinical research in critical care. Crit Care Med. USA, vol. 37, n. 1, jan. 2009. Disponível em: <http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.622.1427&rep=rep1&type=pdf>. Acesso em 22 set. 2017.BELLO, Samuel Edmundo Lopez; RÉGNIER, Jean-Claude. Linguagem, realidade e subjetividade: elementos para uma Educação Matemática contemporânea. In: JELINEK, Karin Ritter; BELLO, Samuel Edmundo Lopez; SANTOS, Suelen Assunção (Orgs.). Educação Matemática: linguagens, práticas e sujeitos. Porto Alegre: Editora Canto - Cultura e Arte, p. 25-41, 2017. Disponível em: <http://canto.art.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Educacao-Matematica-linguagens-praticas-e-sujeitos-versao-digital-espelhada.pdf>. Acesso em: 6 abr. 2019BIRMAN, Joel. Jogando com a Verdade. Uma Leitura de Foucault. PHYSIS: Revista Saúde Coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, v. 12, n.2, p.301-324, 2002. Disponível em: < http://www.scielo.br/pdf/physis/v12n2/a07v12n2.pdf>. Acesso em: 5 abr. 2019.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Projeto Pedagógico do Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo com Habilitações em Ciências da Natureza e Matemática. Feira de Santana: Coordenadoria de Ensino e Integração Acadêmica. CETENS/UFRB, 2013.CREPALDE, Rodrigo Santos; KLEPKA, Verônica; PINTO, Tânia Halley Oliveira. Interculturalidade e conhecimento tradicional sobre a Lua na formação de professores no/do campo. Revista Brasileira de Educação do Campo, Tocantinópolis, v. 2, n. 3, p. 836-860, jul./dez., 2017. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.20873/uft.2525-4863.2017v2n3p836>. Acesso em: 5 maio 2017.CRESWELL, John. W. Investigação Qualitativa e Projeto de Pesquisa: escolhendo entre cinco abordagens. 3 ed. Porto Alegre: Penso, 2014. 341 p.DANNA, Cristiane Lisandra. O teste piloto: uma possibilidade metodológica e dialógica na pesquisa qualitativa em educação. In: I COLÓQUIO NACIONAL E VII ENCONTRO DO NÚCLEO DE ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS (NEL) da FURB, 16, 2012, Blumenau. Anais eletrônicos. Blumenau: FURB, 2012. Disponível em: <https://www.tecnoevento.com.br/nel/anais/artigos/art16.pdf>. Acesso em: 21 set. 2017.DE VAUS, David. Surveys in Social Research - 3rd edn. London: UCL Press, 1993. 379 p. FLICK, Uwe. Introdução à Pesquisa Qualitativa. 3. ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2009. 405 p.FONGER, Nicola. Lessons learned as a novice researcher: A pilot study in Mathematics Education. The Hilltop Review, Michigan, apr. 2011. Disponível em: <https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=hilltopreview>. Acesso em: 6 fev. 2018.FOUCAULT, Michel. O cuidado com a verdade. In: FOUCAULT, Michel. Ditos e Escritos V. Ética, Sexualidade e Política. Rio de Janeiro: Forense Universitária, 2004c, p. 240-251.FOUCAULT, Michel. A Ordem do Discurso. Trad. Laura Fraga de Almeida Sampaio. 24 ed. São Paulo: Loyola, 2014. 74 p.GAIA, C.; PIRES, L. Saberes matemáticos e história de vida na zona rural de Marabá-PA. Revista Brasileira de Educação do Campo, Tocantinópolis, v. 1, n. 1, p. 128-146, jan./jun.,2016. Disponível em: < https://doi.org/10.20873/uft.2525-4863.2016v1n1p128>. Acesso em: 5 mai 2017.GLOCK, Hans-Johann. Dicionário de Wittgenstein. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1998. 398 p.GRIX, Jonathan. The Foundations of Research. New York: Palgrave Study Skills, 2004. 200 p.GROS, Frédéric; DAVIDSON, Arnold. Foucault, Wittgenstein: de possibles rencontres. Paris: Éditions Kimé, 2011.ISMAIL, Nashwa; KINCHIN, Gary. EDWARDS, Julie-Ann. Pilot study, does it really matter? Learning lessons from conducting a pilot study for a qualitative PhD Thesis. International Journal of Social Science Research. USA, mar. 2018. Disponível em: <http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ijssr/article/view/11720/9594>. Acesso em: 8 fev. 2018.JANGHORBAN, Roksana; ROUDSARI, Robab Latifnejad; TAGHIPOUR, Ali. Pilot study in qualitative research: the roles and values. Journal of Hayat, Tehran, mar. 2014. Disponível em: <http://hayat.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=666&sid=1&slc_lang=en>. Acesso em: 6 fev. 2018.KIM, Yujin. The pilot study in qualitative inquiry: identifying issues and learning lessons for culturally competent research. Qualitative Social Work, USA, may 2011. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325010362001>. Acesso em: 6 fev. 2018.KNIJNIK, Gelsa. Differentially positioned language games: ethnomathematics from a philosophical perspective. Educational Studies in Mathematics, Switzerland, v. 80, p. 87-100, may 2012. Disponível em: <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10649-012-9396-8>. Acesso em: 10 mar 2018.KNIJNIK, Gelsa. Etnomatemáticas en movimiento: Perspectiva Etnomatemática, sus formulaciones teóricas y ejemplificaciones. Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática, Colombia, v. 7, n. 2, p. 139-151, jun./sep. 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.revista.etnomatematica.org/index.php/RevLatEm/article/view/127>. Acesso em: 5 abr. 2019.KNIJNIK, Gelsa. A ordem do discurso da matemática escolar e jogos de linguagem de outras formas de vida. Perspectivas da Educação Matemática, Campo Grande, v. 10, n. 22, p. 45-64, 2017. Disponível em: <http://seer.ufms.br/index.php/pedmat/article/view/3877/3104>. Acesso em: 10 mar 2018.MACKEY, Alison; GASS, Susan. Second language research: methodology and design. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005. 405 p.RICHARDSON, Roberto Jerry. Pesquisa social: métodos e técnicas. 3. ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 2012. 394 p.SILVEIRA, Maria Rosâni Abreu. Matemática, discurso e linguagens: contribuições para a Educação Matemática. São Paulo: Editora Livraria da Física, 2015. (Coleção Contextos da Ciência). TEIJLINGEN, Edwin Van; HUNDLEY, Vanora. The importance of pilot studies. Social Research Update. England, jan./mar. 2001. Disponível em: <http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU35.html>. Acesso em: 5 fev. 2018.THABANE, Lehana et al. A tutorial on pilot studies: the what, why and how. BMC Medical Research Methodology. London, jan. 2010. Disponível em: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824145/>. Acesso em: 7 fev. 2018.UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RECÔNCAVO DA BAHIA. Projeto Pedagógico do Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo com Habilitações em Ciências da Natureza e Matemática. Feira de Santana, 2013.VEIGA-NETO, Alfredo. Foucault & a Educação. 2 ed. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2007. (Coleção Pensadores & Educação).VEIGA-NETO, Alfredo. Teoria e método em Michel Foucault: (im)possibilidades. Cadernos de Educação. Pelotas, n. 34, p. 83 - 94, set./dez., 2009. Disponível em: <https://periodicos.ufpel.edu.br/ojs2/index.php/caduc/article/view/1635/1518>. Acesso em: 6 abr. 2019.VERGÈS, P. Ensemble de Programmes Permettant L’annalyse des Évocations – EVOC 2000. Manuel, version, 5. 2002.WANDERER, Fernanda. Educação Matemática, jogos de linguagem e regulação. São Paulo: Livraria da Física, 2014. (Coleção Contextos da Ciência).WANDERER, Fernanda. Educação Matemática, processos de regulação e o Programa Escola Ativa. Revista de Educação Pública. Cuiabá, v. 26, n. 61, p. 201-221, jan./abr., 2017. Disponível em: <http://periodicoscientificos.ufmt.br/ojs/index.php/educacaopublica/article/view/2397/pdf>. Acesso em: 6 abr. 2019WITTGENSTEIN, Ludwig. Investigações Filosóficas. Trad. Marcos G. Nontagnoli. 6. ed. São Paulo: Vozes, 2009. 350 p.WRAY, Jane; ARCHIBONG, Uduak; WALTON, Sean. Why undertake a pilot in a qualitative PhD study? Lessons learned to promote success. Nurse Researcher. Ontário, jan. 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312593847_Why_undertake_a_pilot_in_a_qualitative_PhD_study_Lessons_learned_to_promote_success>. Acesso em: 8 fev. 2018.

Alors que la création de valeur demeure un objectif légitime et naturel de l’évolution d’une firme, cette recherche a montré que les éditeurs de presse d’information se trouvent, depuis le début du XXIe siècle, d’une part, dans une situation financière dégradée et subséquemment dans une spirale de destruction massive de valeur au point de mettre en péril leur pérennité – certains étant d’ailleurs en faillite virtuelle – et, d’autre part, dans l’incapacité à l’horizon 2016, au-delà du simple équilibre opérationnel, d’inverser la tendance, dès lors que le raisonnement se conduit à périmètre structurel constant. Pour autant, en considérant une interdépendance systémique de plusieurs facteurs d’influence – des déterminants de la performance qui puisent leur origine dans l’histoire et la nature même du bien informationnel et qui s’enrichissent d’éléments structurels et environnementaux –, et en acceptant que chaque industrie ne soit plus que le maillon d’une chaîne de valeur globale dans laquelle l’éditeur n’a plus le monopole, il ressort, par une mise en scène de différents scenarii construits, entre prévision et prospective, sur une période allant de 2010 à 2020, que les différentes conditions requises pour une dynamique vertueuse, malgré les pierres d’achoppement possibles, s’articulent autour de trois axes majeurs – reconquête des marchés, recherche de marges de manoeuvre opérationnelles et financières, changement de référentiel. La dynamique se construit dans un enchaînement de circonstances contraint, ajusté et structuré en trois grandes étapes, qui permet finalement à quelques groupes de se réorganiser pour constituer des firmes de taille critique et ainsi dégager, grâce à une équation de valeur efficiente, simplement réajustée et différenciée, les moyens de migrer vers ce nouveau paradigme informationnel né de cet univers numérique
Creating value is the natural aim of any private company. This study shows however that from the beginning of the 21st century print media publishers have been losing money and getting into a spiral of value-destruction so vicious as to jeopardise their very survival. Some are practically bankrupt. Nor is there any sign they will have turned the corner or even be breaking even by 2016 if the industry doesn’t restructure. There are three ways for print media firms to turn this round and regain positive momentum: recapturing market-share, improving their operational freedom and their margins and changing market perception. To do this however they will need to understand and take account of some big and interrelated themes – the ways in which the new uses of data, its ‘history’, its location and its very nature have enriched the value of information itself. They will also need to accept that publishers no longer have a monopoly of information and that they are only a link in a global value chain. To reach this conclusion the study runs a range of scenarios comparing confident short term forecasts and foresights for the longer term, from 2010 to 2020. We find that there will probably be three key stages of constraint, change and restructuring. A few publishers probably will manage to reorganise themselves, reach critical size and create value in this new world. To do so they will have a profoundly new and efficient value-creation ‘equation’, readjusted and differentiated from what has gone before. It is this that will allow them to migrate into and flourish in the new informational paradigm born from this digital universe

Cette thèse est d'abord une étude sémiologique du dispositif technique et du dispositif formel des journaux d'actualité générale sur le Web. Cet ensemble de formes est envisagé comme une expression privilégiée de l'énonciation éditoriale. L'étude montre comment le dispositif co-produit le journal et son omniprésence lors de la consultation Elle affirme aussi clairement la responsabilité éditoriale. L'analyse d'un corpus international témoigne des tensions existant entre une instance éditoriale qui s'affiche ostensiblement et l'apparente neutralité des informations présentées et calibrées au sein de structures tabulaires. Les éditeurs, désireux de signifier la richesse de leur site et leur maîtrise du flux informationnel, proposent une quantité importante d'informations gérées de façon automatique au sein d'une maquette préprogrammée. Quantité et concentration laissent dès lors fort peu de place pour une mise en valeur de l'actualité au sein de ce dispositif qui impose une fragmentation importante. L'étude des temporalités des sites révèle l'existence de trois registres essentiels: l'éphémère d'une actualité renouvelée, la permanence d'informations disponibles plus longtemps, le stockage d'articles intégrés aux archives. Le journal sur le Web emprunte à la fois aux agences d'information et aux bases de données. Les éditeurs visent le public le plus large possible et tente de le maintenir à l'intérieur de leurs sites grâce aux liens hypertextes autoréférentiels. Prégnance de la technique, fragmentation, calibrage et automatisation constituent des ingrédients essentiels au journal sur le Web. Il appartient ainsi au lecteur de créer, in fine, le seul lien qui importe : celui du sens
This thesis is primarily a semiological study of the technical and formal devices employed by mainstream daily newspapers on the web. Form is considered as an essential means of editorial communication. This study, which clearly asserts the responsibility of the editorial instance, reveals that the devices co-produce the newspaper and are omnipresent throughout the visit. Study of an international corpus reveals the tension between an ostensibly present editorship and the seeming neutrality of the information presented and graded in boxes. Editors are eager to flag the diversity of their web sites and their mastery of informational flux and present substantial amounts of information controlled semi-automatically within pre-fabricated layouts. The sheer volume and density of information all but pre-empt any possible privileging of news items within such a format that necessarily induces substantial fragmentation. A study of the temporal evolution of the web sites reveals three major registers : ephemeral and rapidly updated news stories, more permanent information, and the storage of articles in an archive. Online newspapers function both as news agencies and databases. The editors seek to capture the widest possible public and try to keep them within the site through internal hypertext links. Fragmentation, hierarchisation and automation are the main ingredients of the online paper. It is thus up to the reader to create the most important links - the links of meaning