Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Journalism Studie'

Det går allt fortare. Nätjournalister befinner sig mitt i nyhetsflödet. De är bland de första individerna som får ta del av de nyheter som inkommer till en webbredaktion. Från att en nyhet inkommer till en webbredaktion till dess att den publiceras på nätet är en process som idag inte behöver ta mer än tio minuter. Under dessa tio minuter hinner en nätjournalist både att granska källan, kontakta eventuella vittnen, skriva nyheten och sedan publicera den. Det är mycket arbete som ska inrymmas på kort tid. Tidsgapet mellan när en nyhet inkommer till en redaktion och då den publiceras är därmed nästan obefintligt. Det har uppstått en ökad hastighet inom nätjournalistiken som alltmer påverkar journalisterna, deras arbetsmetoder samt det innehåll som publiceras i tidningarnas nätupplagor. Denna uppsats hade för avsikt att undersöka hastighetens inverkan på den lokala nätjournalistiken samt vilka konsekvenser denna får för lokaljournalister och de nyheter som förmedlas från en webbredaktion till allmänheten. För att uppnå detta syfte utformades två frågeställningar som avsåg att undersöka hastighetens inverkan på de journalistiska idealen samt hur detta fenomen påverkar nätjournalisters insamling,bearbetning och distribution av information. I Sverige finns det lite forskning kring hastighetens inverkan på den lokala nätjournalistiken. Mycket av den befintliga forskningen inom området nätjournalistik och hastighet fokuserar istället på stora, utländska och rikstäckande medieföretag som riktar sig till en stor målgrupp till skillnad från lokaltidningar som når en mindre grupp människor som är bosatta inom ett specifikt geografiskt område. Det förekommer därmed en outforskad lucka i den vetenskapliga forskningen. Ambitionen med denna uppsats var därmed att försöka tillföra ny information till området nätjournalistik. För att uppnå syftet baserades uppsatsen på två kvalitativa delstudier, nämligen samtalsintervjuer för att få en fördjupad insikt i de lokala nätjournalisternas uppfattningar och värderingar kring hastighet samt en deltagande observation för att se om deras ord även präglar deras handlingar. Studierna ägde rum på webbredaktionen hos NWT (Nya- Wermlandstidningen) som är den största lokaltidningen i Värmland. Resultaten från de kvalitativa delstudierna visade att hastigheten inte har en negativ inverkan på lokaljournalisternas insamling och bearbetning av information. Orsaken till detta är att de journalistiska idealen är starka hos de anställda samtidigt som de har fasta rutiner som tillåter dem att utföra ett bra arbete. Ytterligare en viktig faktor till varför hastigheten inte har samma genomslag i dessa två mediesteg kan till stor del bero på den lokala kontext som studierna har utförts i. Avsaknaden av deadlines har medfört att ingen större tidsbrist kan urskiljas inom den lokala nätjournalistiken. Detta medför att de anställda i allt större utsträckning själva kan bestämma hastigheten. Angående distribution av information så har hastigheten fått en negativnverkan inom lokaljournalistiken. Den har fått ett större genomslag i detta mediesteg till skillnadfrån de övriga två stegen insamlig och bearbetning Den främsta orsaken till varför hastighet eftersträvas av journalister i detta mediesteg är viljan att vara först med en nyhet. En viktig slutsats som erhållits angående detta mediesteg är att journalister på lokal nivå eftersträvar snabb publiceringshastighet i form av kontinuerlig uppdatering, inte nödvändigtvis för läsarnas skullutan på grund av deras vilja att slå sina rivaler.
The spread of news is accelerating. Today, the time for publishing a piece of news until it reaches the reader is minimal. The online journalists are in the middle of the news flow. They are amongst the first persons who receive the incoming news to the editorial staff. It does not take longer than 10 minutes from receiving the incoming news to the editorial staff before it has been published on the web. During these 10 minutes online journalists manage both to check the source, contact possible witnesses, write the news and finally publish it. There is a lot of work that has to be compiled in a short time. The time gap between the incoming of news to the editorial staff until it is published is almost minimal. An increased speed of the publishing of news has arisen within online journalism and this has an influence on the journalists, their working methods and the contents which is published in the web-edition of the papers. This paper had the intention to investigate what influence the speed has on the local online journalism and also what consequence this speed has on the local journalists and the news which is transmitted from the editorial staff to the readers. In order to obtain this intention two questions were formulated. The purpose with these two questions was to investigate the impact of the speed on the journalistic ideals and what influence this phenomenon has on the online journalists´ collection, processing and distribution of information. In Sweden there are few studies available regarding the influence of the speed on local online journalism. Most of the existing research within the area online journalism and speed focus instead on large, foreign and nationwide media companies. These companies concentrate on a large target group in contrast to the local newspapers which reach a smaller group of readers living in a specific geographical area. There exists therefore a small unexplored area in the scientific research. The aim with this paper was to contribute new information to the area online journalism. In order to be able to achieve this intention, the paper was based on two qualitative partial studies namely conversation interviews, in order to achieve a deeper knowledge of the local online journalists´ opinions and valuations regarding the speed and a participant observation to elucidate if they translate words into deeds. The observations took place at the editorial staff of NWT (Nya Wermlands-Tidningen), which is the largest local paper in Värmland. The results from the qualitative partial studies showed that the speed does not have a negative influence on the online journalists´ collection and processing of information. The reason for this is that the journalistic ideals are strong amongst the employees and they have also regular routines, which allow them to perform a good work. One further important factor why the speed does not have the same penetrating power in these two partial studies can to a large extent be due to the local context where the studies have been performed. The absence of deadlines has resulted in the fact that no major lack of time can be perceived in local journalism. The employees can to a great extent decide the speed. The speed has a negative impact within online journalism when it comes to distribution of information. The speed has here a larger penetrating power compared with the two other partial studies collection and processing of information. The main reason for why journalists strive after speed regarding distribution of information is the desire to be first with a piece of news. An important conclusion which was obtained in this study was that journalists on a local level strive after a quick publishing speed in form of a continuous updating, not necessarily for the reader s´ sake but because of the will to beat their competitors.

Uppsatsens syfte är att genom kvalitativa intervjuer, som ställs i ett jämförande perspektiv, för att svara på frågeställningen: Uppsatsen kommer att utgå från teorier som är applicerbara inom journalistyrket inom en organisation. Teorier kommer vara nyhetsvärdering, vad är det som gör en nyhet till en nyhet. Organisationer drivs framåt utav olika mål, ekonomiska och publicistiska. Hur arbetar dessa mål ihop med vad publiken vill få ut av en nyhetsorganisation, då publiken har helt nya möjligheter att bidra genom medborgarjournalistik och deltagarjournalistik. Ska man se medieanvändare som en extra tillgång, eller är det ett hot för nyhetsorganisationen, om det stämmer vad medborgarjournalistiken säger att vem som helt kan vara journalist? Det presenteras resultat från åtta stycken kvalitativa intervjuer med journalister på lokaltidningar i Sverige. Journalisterna får ge deras bild av hur de upplever yrkesrollen och dess förändringar. Vilken syn har de på medborgarjournalister och om det känner att det utgör något hot för journalistrollen. Efter guidning genom central forskning och metod kommer slutsatsen att journalistrollen inte är ett överflödigt yrke, arbetet som journalister producerar och att det finns vikt i vilken källa nyheterna kommer ifrån.
This essay is based on central theories within journalism in an organization. Highlighted theories will we news evaluation, what issues makes it into news. Organization is driven by different goals, the economic goal and the publicist goals. How does the organization work with these goals joined with what the audience want from the organization when the audience has new possibilities to contribute through citizen’s journalism and participatory journalism? Is it possible to se the media user as a threat to or an extra asses for the news organisation when, according to citizen journalism anyone can call them self a journalism without any specific education. The result will be presented from eight qualitative interviews with journalist on local newspapers in Sweden. This is to present how the journalist perceives the changes in journalism as a profession. How do they see the citizen journalists, as an extra recourse or a threat? After guidance through central research and preformed Interviews the essay comes to the conclusion that the role as a journalism in not an excessive role. The work that a journalist produces is important and it is necessary which source the news comes from.

Since the emergence of social media websites as an established part of our society, the landscape ofcommunication has undergone dramatic changes. Especially in the field of journalism, the impact ofsocial media websites, such as Twitter, has been the subject of discussions about the actual partsocial media play in communication and news reporting. The general opinion has been that socialmedia has revolutionized the way we communicate and that a shift in power is taking place as themasses now engage in, and affect, our societies way of spreading information. This study is acritical discussion about whether Twitter in particular, and social media in general, has affected thejournalistic field in the extent that many claim it has. By comparing theories about traditionalmedia, such as television and newspapers, with recent studies about Twitter, we conclude that it isto early to establish the role of social media. I find that Twitter has today become an extended partof the journalistic methods and that it is merely a new tool for communication rather than a platformthat has allowed the masses to challenge the current ways of news reporting.

In this study we have investigated the news interview both from the perspective of the journalists and of the subjects of the interview.

We have made interviews with 50 persons who participated as sources in the news and with 21 journalist who wrote the articles in the local newspapers Östran and Barometern in Kalmar, the 21 of November 2008.

The journalists were asked to tell their story of how the articles where produced, how they prepared before the interviews, if they had an image of the articles in advance and if they were satisfied with the outcome of the article. The persons who had been interviewed were asked to tell us how they felt about the interviews, if they were satisfied with the outcome of the article, if they could consider being in the newspaper again and to give their opinion of local journalism.

Most of the persons who had been quoted in the articles said that at least one or two things went wrong in the articles. Despite this they would not hesitate to be interviewed the newspaper again.

Surprising for us was to see how often the journalists get “served” with both the news and the subjects of the interview. It was for an example often that the Journalists visited press conferences and wrote articles from press releases. When the journalists produced news in this way, they simply interviewed those present at the press conference or the contact person in the press release

The modern environment regarding the media and its scenery has changed. Throughout time, in terms of political standpoint, the press seems to have become homogenous regarding both ownership and divergence; and while the link between politics and the press are seemingly decreasing, larger companies and corporate groups focusing primarily on economy and profit has conceivably taken over. Centrally located, enclosed by this phenomenon remain the journalists. An occupational group which in the name of democracy seems to have taken the initiative to survey and inspect society as a whole. This study aim to conceptualize how parts of this group are reflecting on their occupation, how they reflect on the media regarding its democratic value and foremost how journalists reflect on professionalized journalism in which they sustain to be working by. By examining articles of The Swedish Union of Journalist’s Journal Journalisten, which is examined using a content analysis, specifically Framing Theory and The Swedish Union of Journalist’s outset of 1972, findings suggest that the environment by which journalists are working in and their commitment to professionalized journalism appear to clash, which in terms of media as a whole make its democratic role rather uncertain.

In this study we have investigated how local journalists in Kalmar think when they choose their sources to interview. We have also studied several factors that can affect their choices of sources. We have interviewed eight news journalists from the two largest local news papers Barometern and Östran in Kalmar. The journalists were asked about the sources they often use as interview objects. They were supposed to tell about how they think when choosing sources and define which sources they commonly use. There are different factors that can affect the choices and we have narrowed them down to ethics, source critics, credibility, stress, hard production conditions, public and their own interest and if they consider themselves to be individualistic or controlled by the news desks. Furthermore the journalists were asked to characterize what changes they would make when choosing sources in a perfect world. All of the journalists had not reflected prominently on the subject of sources before our research. But most of them could perceive different views. Hence the study became essential for them as well as us. We found various perspectives very interesting. For instance the interviews showed that the journalists frequently use the same sources on account of the limitation of time and number of sources in Kalmar. There is a lack of using intimidating sources which opinions the journalists do not agree with. The personal network of sources is crucial to the reporter in finding important information and relevant interview objects. The reporters in our research are more individualistic than controlled by the news desks. However the news bosses may affect their choices of sources by telling them which sources are credible and worthy to fit in the news papers. Sometimes they even arrange interviews with sources. The journalists seek within themselves to find out what the readers may be interested in. But captivatingly they cannot know for sure what the public will appreciate to read.

The purpose of this survey was to find out how news journalists and PR practitioners in the public sector interpret and apply the concept of ethics in their professional lives. With the help of qualitative interviews, we have investigated the similarities and differences in attitudes toward the ethical concept of the two professional groups, and also how important the personal attitude and the “inner ethical compass” are for the ethics applied in the work. We have also focused on the importance of the regulated professional ethics of each profession. A total of ten professionals were interviewed; five PR practitioners in public administration, and five news reporters. All respondents work in the region of Värmland and has been selected through a snowball sampling. We have used qualitative interviews that have been recorded on tape. The material was then transcribed and analyzed based on the ad hoc-method called briocolage, where we looked for themes and patterns in responses. The material was then compiled and interpreted on the basis of the theoretical framework surrounding the study. As a theoretical ground for the study two literature reviews have been used; one on what the research in public relations say about the ethics for the PR professions, and one on the journalism industry. The results from these are described in the theory chapter. There we also take a closer look at the concept of ethics, as well as the theoretical ideals consequence neutrality and social responsibility theory. We also discuss the concept of objectivity from an ethical theory perspective, and present research on the ethics concept at the individual level. The study results show that the similarities in the interpretation and application of the ethical concept between the two professional groups are greater than the differences. The main difference noted is that the journalists seem to attribute the overall professional ethics of greater importance than the PR practitioners do. This may be attributed to the fact that the industry-wide professional rules are much clearer and well established throughout the journalism business, than they are in the PR industry. However, there are several more similarities. Both professional groups emphasize the concept of truth as central when it comes to the ethics of the profession; the information they send out must be true, whether you are a journalist or a PR practitioner. Both groups say that their own perception of ethics, the “inner compass”, is very important, even more important than the industry standards 4 when it comes to ethical considerations in the profession. Another interesting result is that all respondents except one, based on the interpretation of the concept of ethics, can consider switching to the other industry; thus go from being PR practitioners to journalists, and vice versa. The studyʼs hypothesis; that journalists are more ethical in their professional role than PR practitioners, is not confirmed. The conclusion is rather that the interpretation and application of the concept of ethics, is not dependent on whether you work as a journalist or PR practitioner. It depends primarily on their own interpretation of what is ethical.
Syftet med undersökningen har varit att ta reda på hur nyhetsjournalister och kommunikatörer i offentlig verksamhet tolkar och tillämpar etikbegreppet i sin yrkesvardag. Med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer har vi undersökt likheter och skillnader i förhållningssätt till etikbegreppet de båda yrkesgrupperna emellan, liksom hur stor roll den personliga inställningen och den ”inre etiska kompassen” spelar för hur etik tillämpas i arbetet. En annan infallsvinkel har varit att undersöka hur viktig den branschreglerade yrkesetiken är för respektive yrkesgrupp. Sammanlagt har tio personer intervjuats; fem kommunikatörer inom offentlig förvaltning, och fem nyhetsjournalister. Samtliga respondenter är verksamma i Värmlands län och har valts ut genom ett snöbollsurval. Vi har använt oss av kvalitativa djupintervjuer som bandats och där materialet sedan har transkriberats och analyserats utifrån ad hoc-metoden briocolage. Vi har i analysen letat efter teman och mönster i respondenternas svar, vilket sedan sammanställts och tolkats i relation till det teoretiska ramverk som omger studien. Som teoretisk grund för studien ligger två litteraturöversikter; en om vad forskningen inom public relations säger om etikbegreppet för yrkesgruppen, liksom en motsvarande kring journalistikbranschen. Resultatet från dem redogör vi för i teorikapitlet. Där presenteras också etikbegreppet närmre, liksom de teoretiska idealen konsekvensneutralitet och social ansvarsteori. Vi diskuterar också begreppet objektivitet ur ett etikteoretiskt perspektiv, samt presenterar forskning om etikbegreppet på individnivå. Studiens resultat visar bland annat att likheterna i tolkning och tillämpning av etikbegreppet de båda yrkesgrupperna emellan är större än skillnaderna. Den största skillnaden som konstaterats är att journalisterna verkar tillskriva de övergripande yrkesetiska reglerna större vikt än vad kommunikatörerna gör. Det kan antas bero på att de branschgemensamma yrkesreglerna är mycket tydligare och mer inarbetade inom hela journalistikvärlden, än inom PR-branschen, genom Spelregler för press, tv, radio. Något motsvarande, branschövergripande regelverk kring etik finns inte för kommunikatörerna på samma sätt. Likheterna är dock desto fler. Båda yrkesgrupperna framhåller sanningsbegreppet som centralt när det gäller etik i yrkesutövandet; den information man för fram ska vara sann, oavsett om man är journalist eller kommunikatör. Båda grupperna tillskriver den egna etikuppfattningen, den “inre 2 kompassen”, stor vikt och framhåller den som viktigare än branschregler när det kommer till etiska avväganden i yrkesutövandet. Ett annat intressant resultat är att samtliga respondenter utom en kan, utifrån just tolkningen av etikbegreppet, tänka sig att byta till den andra branschen; alltså kommunikatörer till journalist och vice versa. Studiens grundläggande hypotes; att journalister skulle vara mer etiska i sin yrkesroll än vad kommunikatörer är, bekräftas inte. Slutsatsen blir snarare att tolkningen och tillämpningen av begreppet etik inte är avhängt på om du arbetar som journalist eller som kommunikatör. Det handlar i första hand om den egna tolkningen av vad etik är.

Abstract   Mona Sahlin's dishwasher decides the election!   Maybe. How journalism portraits politics is at least not fully objective with focus on societal matters. There is also a change over time indicating an up-going trend of less objective journalism. Other results of this case study indicates that politicians are more inclined to participate in journalism than before and that politics presented as scandal is increasing. The aim of this study is to investigate objectivity in political journalism over time. Using the quantitative content-analyses the study encoded 600 journalistic articles subjecting politics in the Swedish society. These articles were chosen from Swedish newspapers, Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet, both paper editions only excluding web editions. Theories supporting the study are the framing-theory, the knowledge-theory and other theories describing how objectivity changes over time. Objectivity has been debated in journalism and has founded different perspectives on how professional journalism can be obtained. This has historically changed the practice of journalism and the study assumes from this phenomenon. Citizens are dependent on journalism for information on things that does not belong in their everyday life. Politics is such a subject that needs to be reported on and that's why this study investigates objectivity in political journalism.  The result concludes extreme choices of subject in political journalism, where about 50 % of the articles encoded portrayed the everyday chores or statements of politicians. This is indicating an up-going trend of less objective journalism and is supported by other less extreme results of the study.
Sammanfattning   Mona Sahlins diskmaskin avgör valet!   Kanske. Hur journalistik gestaltar politik är i alla fall inte helt sakligt med samhällsfrågor i fokus. Över tid finns dessutom en förändring i den politiska gestaltningen som tyder på en alltmer osaklig journalistik. Vidare indikerar denna fallstudie att politiker blir alltmer benägna att utnyttja plats i journalistiken. Objektivitet är debatterat i journalistiken och har grundlagt olika synsätt på hur bra journalistik ska uppnås. Detta har historiskt förändrat hur journalistik har utförts och studien utgår från och fokuserar på just detta fenomen. För samhällsinformation som inte tillhör invånarnas vardag behövs rapportering i form av journalistik. Politiken är vad som styr samhället och därför blir det viktigt att undersöka rapporteringen av det. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om och i så fall hur objektivitet har förändrats över tid, genom en fallstudie på papperstidningarna Dagens Nyheter och Aftonbladet. Studien utgår från teorier om objektivitet och dess förändring i journalistiken såsom kunskapsteorin och dagordningsteorin. Genom metoden kvantitativ innehållsanalys undersöks sammanlagt 600 artiklar om politik. Resultatet visar på ökande användning av ett visst antal källor, där politiker blir vanligare som källa. Det visar också att det är artiklar om politikers mer praktiska åtaganden och uttalanden som ökar, vilket motsvarade ämnet i runt hälften av alla artiklar i undersökningen.

The discussion about high culture and popular culture in our society has been going on for decades. In few places is it as loud as within culture journalism and the critics’ society, where the question of what is good taste and what is dumb entertainment constantly gets brought to the surface. Film is a particularly vulnerable area, since it is such a universally appealing and rather young medium. In America and England several studies have been performed of the reviewing society and reveiwers’ use of high and low art-discourse in their writing. The Swedish market is sorely lacking in this area.   This study is an attempt to shed some light on the way Swedish culture journalism works, with the focus being Swedish film reviews. The goal is to explore the use of high culture and popular culture discourse within Swedish reviews by examining the movie reviews published in the two large Swedish newspapers Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet in 2013. The reviews were studied using a number of variables, some of which represented the high culture discourse, and some of which represented the popular culture discourse. The study showed that the reviewers of these newspapers tended to use both high art discourse and popular culture discourse within their reviews to almost the same extent. The news papers were also very similar in the way they used the variables for high culture and popular culture discourse.

This study aims to gain greater knowledge about the phenomenon cheerleading journalism and its existence in the Swedish sports journalism. We did this by making an impact in the media debate, to thereby identify key aspects of cheerleading journalism. These elements are then used to reach a preliminary definition of the phenomenon. This was followed by qualitative interviews with six Swedish sports journalists from newspapers Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter, with the aim to find out how they behaved the phenomenon. The results of the earlier debate and the answers from the respondents show that cheerleading journalism is nationalistic, biased and seeks an inclusive effect on its audience. This phenomenon is considered to be an inferior form of journalism and progress especially in reporting on the Swedish national teams and / or individual representatives of Sweden. The results have also been related to selected theories, agenda-setting, gatekeeping and framing.

The aim of this bachelor thesis was to examine how cultural art journalistic critique manifests on different digital platforms today. I chose to focus on film criticism as it not only tells a story about the movies but also about the society. The bachelor thesis also aims to examine if there are any differences in how amateurs and professional journalists frames film criticism and in extension the society. The research questions examined were:How are the reviews composition and content arranged? How does the reviews rhetoric get constructed? How do the writers approach appraisements in their texts and how do these get framed? Do the texts have an inclination towards the aesthetic or the journalistic paradigm? I used Hulténs mass media rhetoric analysis which is a form of qualitative media content analysis in order to find differences and similarities in the texts. By closely examining the reviews, I found that references to popular culture were of great significance in the field of journalistic film criticism. They do not only show the journalists habitus but also their position in the field and the fields doxa. The study shows that the amateurs often emulates and are inspired by the professional journalists. The amateurs also largely depend on the aesthetic paradigm whilst the professionals strives for an equiponderant relation to both paradigms. My conclusion is that the amateurs compose a heterodox rebellion towards the current doxa on the field and that the professionals reigns the field with their knowledge and their complex and critical portrayal of movies and the society.

This study examines how journalistic content can be affected when a local newspapers website changes its business model to what is commonly known as a premium paywall. This study is based upon data provided by the local newspaper Barometern. The data concerns the number of online articles included in fifteen subject and geographically defined categories. The data was collected from two three month long periods, one before and one after the introduction of the news paper paywall that was installed in October of 2014. The study finds that the total number of articles published after the introduction of the paywall was significantly higher than before but that the share of articles included in the different subject categories did not change considerably for paying readers. For non- paying readers however, the data show that the share of articles for the different subject and geographical categories changed significantly. Even though the data from this study cannot confirm a correlation, it does highlight a possible connection between media competition in different local markets and subject matters and the amount of articles that are placed behind the newspapers online paywall in that category. This means that non-paying readers in this case got access to a large number of articles included in some categories and only a small portion of articles included in some other categories. Non-paying readers not only got access to a smaller number of articles but also to a different content profile than paying readers.

This paper examines the professional role of the music journalist and how it has been affected by the expansion of the Internet. The study aims to examine  the profession's outlook and how professional music journalists are working to reach the public with interesting information, despite the fact that the audience of today often can be first to deliver the news. Through qualitative research interviews with three current music journalists the professional role and its development is examined. Based on theories and previous research on journalism, how the media communicates and its importance to society, what it is to be a music journalist and the spread of digitization and the impact of file sharing the results are analyzed. The conclusions of the study are that it isn’t a profession that is disappearing but rather a profession that is working towards a new future. The wide range of social media and the ability to stream music via the music service Spotify, for example, is expanding the field of music and more music lovers can make their voices heard. The role of the music journalist is no longer to be first with the latest in the music world but to convey information best.
Denna uppsats undersöker musikjournalisternas yrkesroll och hur den har påverkats av internets expansion. Studiens syfte är att ta reda på yrkets framtidsutsikt och hur yrkesverksamma musikjournalister arbetar för att nå ut med intressant information, trots att dagens publik många gånger kan vara först med nyheterna. Genom kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med tre aktuella musikjournalister undersöks yrkesrollen och dess utveckling. Med utgångspunkt från teorier och tidigare forskning om journalistyrket, hur medier kommunicerar och dess betydelse för samhället, hur det är att vara musikjournalist samt digitaliseringens utbredning och fildelningens konsekvenser analyseras resultatet. Slutsatserna för studien är att det inte är ett yrke som håller på att försvinna utan ett yrke som går mot en ny framtid. Det stora utbudet av sociala medier och möjligheten att lyssna på strömmad musik via exempelvis musiktjänsten Spotify breddar musikområdet och fler musikintresserade kan göra sin röst hörd. Musikjournalisternas roll handlar inte längre om att vara först med det senaste inom musikvärlden utan om att förmedla informationen bäst.

Detta är en jämförande studie om medierepresentationen av oljekrisen i Stavanger i Norge och Aberdeen i Skottland. I uppsatsens första del undersöker och jämför vi tre nyhetsartiklar från norska lokala tidningar i Stavanger med tre skotska lokala tidningar i Aberdeen genom en kvalitativ textanalys. I uppsatsens andra del lägger vi tyngd på journalisternas uppfattning om krissituationen och använder oss av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med norska och skotska journalister jämför vi hur de resonerar kring val av vinklar, nyheter, källor och hur de upplever sitt yrke och sin arbetsroll i relation till rapporteringen av oljekrisen. I arbetet lyfter vi fram skillnader i framställningen av situationen i Stavanger respektive Aberdeen. Vi använder oss av en etnografisk intervju i vårt tillvägagångssätt när vi träffar journalisterna, för att kunna använda detta som en ingång till historisk bakgrund för effekterna av oljekrisen och påverkan på städerna. En utgångspunkt för uppsatsen är att undvika att bedöma huruvida det rör sig om en kris eller inte och istället fokusera på gestaltningen i de valda medierna och journalisternas upplevelser av sitt arbete. Resultatet av vår studie visar att det finns nationella samband med hur journalisterna uppfattar oljekrisen. De norska journalisterna mörkar i högre utsträckning att det pågått en omfattande oljekris i Stavanger, medan de skotska journalisterna talar mer öppet om en kris. Vi kan genom denna studie konstatera att det återfinns skillnader i hur den lokala rapporteringen för oljekris sker, samt hur gestaltningen av oljekrisens konsekvenser ser ut i artiklarna som vi har valt att analysera.

The purpose of this study was to describe participation in a new context in which niche journalism is combined with online communities. The majority of past research regarding participation in journalism is focused on traditional journalism and the definition of the term needs to be updated. The aim of the study was to describe participation amongst niche pure players. Using both quantitative and qualitative research methods, a survey study and semi-structured interviews were conducted. The two empirical aspects resulted in a perspective of participation amongst five pure players, sharing a similar niche. The results of the study showed that niche pure players create user participation by combining journalistic participation with participation in online communities. Empirical data showed a correlation between user participation in the two different sections of the sites. Users with higher participation in one of the sections also partook more in the other. Furthermore, another correlation found was that users who considered it important to be able to partake in a discussion of the journalistic content, also considered the online community to be of great importance to the site. Additionally, the study showed that there is an exchange of information and knowledge, being regarded by the users as something of high value. By providing a platform for horizontal communication between users in the form of a forum, in which users are able to freely create and share content, a participatory culture is created. This participatory culture further increases the degree of user participation in the journalistic content.

The aim of this study was to find out how journalism students at two universities in Sweden, Gothenburg University and Linnaeus University in Kalmar, use the social networking service Twitter. We were primarily interested in whether the students are using Twitter as a journalistic tool, which includes gathering, production and distribution of material. The study focused on journalism students because they soon will enter the working life and therefore can provide an indication of whether Twitter is a part of the future of journalism. We have used theories of mass communication to describe the development in the area and explore how journalism has adapted to this change. The study was conducted in the form of a survey in which the students answered questions about how they use Twitter and what they think about the social networking service. The results show that a large percentage of the journalism students use Twitter as a journalistic tool, but not in a particularly high degree. We noticed, however, that their usage differ from their thoughts and that many see Twitter as a useful tool in journalism.

Intresset för datajournalistik har ökat både på redaktionerna och inom forskningen det senaste decenniet i takt med att tillgången på data har ökat och därmed behovet av att kunna hitta nyheter och berätta med hjälp av data. De flesta tidigare studier om datajournalistik har utgjorts av intervjuer med verksamma datajournalister och bland annat undersökt olika ideal. Men det finns få kvantitativa studier av vad datajournalisterna faktiskt gör, och av svensk datajournalistik. Den här uppsatsen syftar till att med innehållsanalytiska metoder beskriva och analysera datajournalistik som publicerats i svenska medier de senaste fem åren, och som journalister själva lyfter fram som exempel på datajournalistik. Urvalet är 91 datajournalistiska projekt som lämnats in som bidrag till NODA (Nordic Data Journalism Awards) eller som publicerats i Facebookgruppen Datajournalistik mellan 2013 och 2017. Ur en genomgång av tidigare forskning om datajournalistik har fyra olika ideal identifierats: ett undersökande, ett vetenskapligt, ett entreprenöriellt och ett från hackerkulturen, vilka utgör grunden för en analysmodell. Dessutom undersöks vilka producenterna är, vilka ämnen som är vanligast, vilka metoder och datakällor som används och hur publiken inbjuds att ta del av data och att vara delaktiga utifrån teorier om interaktivitet. Resultatet visar att datajournalistiken i denna undersökning ofta bygger på unika data, det vill säga självständig research, och att det undersökande idealet är relativt starkt. Trots att datajournalistik sägs präglas av hackerkulturens ideal om samarbete och deltagande är det ofta få producenter och yrkesroller bakom varje publicering och publiken bjuds sällan in att delta i processen.

Previous research shows that Sweden has developed into a segregated society, although it has never been completely homogeneous. A greater integration led to vast number of diverse cultures and religions; therefore the Muslim custom came closer to the Swedish society. The purpose of this thesis is to study how Muslims were portrayed during the incident in Landskrona in March 29 2010 and the bomb threat in Gothenburg in October 31 2010. The study also focused on what Muslims themselves think about the news reporting that followed. We based our study on a qualitative textual analysis and a dialogue with selected people. Six news articles from various newspapers were analyzed and a total of eight persons were included in the dialogues. The study shows that news reporting has been simplified and misleading. During the incident in Lanskrona the newspapers headlined it as a murder even though the accused had not yet been sentenced at the time. Regarding the bomb threat in Gothenburg the suspects’ ancestry and family status was revealed, while it later turned out that they all were innocent. The participants in our selected group were critical of the content in the articles and felt that the media wrote about Muslims in a stereotypical and negative form of fashion.

Media has a big impact on our lives and is one of the main channels for people to recieve information. When recieved, the messages creates a meaning for the people that read, hear or see them. In other words, media could be seen as a source for people on how to perceive the world and it gives a certain picture of what is ”normal”. We chose to do this study to get a deeper knowledge of how men and women are being portrayed in a Swedish lifestyle magazine and what messagest that sends out to the readers. In this study we have examined how men and women are being portrayed in the Swedish magazine Café, both in photographs and in text. We have used qualitative, rhetorical and semiotic methods to detect the differences and similarities in the four articles examined. The theoretical framework in this study is mainly based on Laura Mulveys ”The Male Gaze”, Anja Hirdmans theory about homosociality and Anthony Giddens well-known theory about structuration. Also, we have used radical feminism and Judith Butlers theory ”The Heterosexual Matrix”. The main findings show clear differences connected to the typical normative ideas that has long existed for the male and female gender. In the articles examined in this study, men are being described as independent and strong with no need to lean on other people to be successfull. Women on the other hand, are being presented as sensitive, dependent and weak sexual objects. According to the articles, they have no capacity to succeed on their own and their role is merely to please and obey the men. The findings on how the genders are being portrayed, and that men are given the main attention and focus show us that Café doesn´t at all favor the developement for the equality between the two genders. That is an important issue and shows that more research needs to be done within the gender field.

This study focuses on exploring Swedish journalists’ experiences and thoughts about the working conditions during the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008. It is interesting because of the fact that the Olympic Games where hosted in a country with dictatorial government and this is the foundation of this study. Theories about social construction, propaganda and media events were applied to illuminate and give a broader comprehension of the influence on the journalistic work during an Olympic Game. To explore this problem and get answers to our questions we used qualitative interviews with eight Swedish journalists who were stationed in Beijing. The result of this study is based on these journalists’ experiences of their reality. We found that all the journalists experienced an almost perfect working condition in many ways. Censorship and the lack of freedom of speech were debated a lot before the games in many western media. These subjects did not affect negative on the Swedish journalists work in Beijing but the debate had anyway an unavoidable influence on them. The line between sport journalism and a social journalism was often rubbed out and it seemed hard to avoid what happened outside the Olympic area. The organization of the Beijing Games is described by many journalists as the best of all times. We found that the journalists gave a common experience which says that almost everything in Beijing was controlled and set by the organization. The majority says at the same time that they were totally aware of the ongoing propaganda. The journalists in our study describe a journalistic freedom inside the Olympic area, in the same way as in every Olympic Game. No matter if it is hosted by a democratic or a dictatorial government.

This study searches for hidden nationalism in two Swedish news papers’ environmental journalism. How it contributes to a national identity and creates “we” against “them”.

The purpose of this study is to show how important it is to be aware of what picture Swedish media gives of Sweden concerning environmental journalism to the readers.

The theories are based on nationalism, banal nationalism, medias and identities and “we” and “them”. The method used is critical discourse analysis where language and power is in focus.

We analysed 56 texts in two of the largest Swedish news papers.

We searched for signs proving that Swedish media glorifies Sweden within environmental journalism.

The most important result was that we so obviously could see signs of “we” and “them”. That contributed to signs of nationalism and Swedish identities.

We found that if you keep writing about Sweden when it is good and not write when it is bad you will give the readers a glorified picture. This picture can in turn cause the people to feel that the environmental issues are distant. Through constant writing about other countries failure, Sweden’s good performance and our Swedish children’s future the Swedish identity is strengthened.

The aim of this study was to examine how sports journalists used religious metaphors when covering football during the time span of the study, and how the athletes were portrayed as a result of the usage. The aim was also to study if the usage differed between the two newspapers chosen for the study, one of which is a morning paper (Dagens Nyheters sport section) and one which is an evening paper (Sportbladet). To answer our questions we used a quantitative and a qualitative method, the later of the two was based on a metaphor analysis. The quantitative method consisted of a content analysis where different variables were examined. The time span of the study is articles from one year. The results show that the religious metaphors were used in many ways. Some religious metaphors, such as ones including the word miracle, were more prominent than others. What is notable is that the more prominent metaphors also tended to be conventional, that is, used in a way that they are no longer looked upon as metaphorical. Many of the texts in the study were chronicles and reportages, genres where the language is more creative. This could explain why the religious metaphors were more frequent in these genres. A majority of the religious metaphors referred to individual athletes and were most of the times a part of positively angled texts. However, just as the athletes can be celebrated one day they can as easily be named scapegoats the next. As a result of the usage of religious metaphors athletes were portrayed as humans with extraordinary powers. The metaphors were used to intensify their performances. The two newspapers shared many similarities, but also showed some differences. The evening paper tended to have the religious metaphors in the headline and the introduction much more often than the morning paper. The morning paper also tended to use the religious metaphors in critical texts more often than the evening paper did.

The final debate in Swedish television has, since it´s start 1956, been one of the most intense and important elements of the media coverage in the Swedish election campaigns. In the beginning of  1991 the Swedish television monopoly was dismissed and made way for a new situation of competing between public service and new actors of the television market.   This study explores how the final debate in Swedish public service television has changed between  1994 and 2010. This was done by studying the five debates which was broadcasted the week before the election day 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010. This study aims to provide information on how the staging and structure of the program has changed since the television monopoly was dismissed and the development of relationships and power between actors in the final debate (hosts and politicians) between 1994 and 2010.   This study was conducted using critical discourse analysis and qualitative content analysis on these five final debates retrieved from Research Service, department of audiovisual media.   The results show that the power of media has grown during this period and that the final debate has gone from being controlled by political logic to being controlled by media logic. In practice this has  led to final debates that are increased in time, simplified, and controlled by the hosts rather than the politicians.

Vi har i arbetet med denna uppsats studerat hur och i vilken utsträckning före detta studenter från Södertörns högskolas fyra journalistprogram etablerar sig på den journalistiska arbetsmarknaden.  Med hjälp av en enkät har vi intervjuat 149 personer två respektive fem år efter att de avslutat sina studier. Snarlika undersökningar har genomförts vid tre tidigare tillfällen, och vi har även kunnat använda resultaten av dessa i vår analys. Vi har undersökt många olika faktorer, till exempel vilket program respondenterna gått, hur gamla de är, och i fall de studerat något annat utöver journalistik. Vi har också ställt frågor om vilka kompetenser respondenterna själva upplever sig ha nytta av i sitt journalistiska arbete, och huruvida de önskar att utbildningen hade innehållit mer eller mindre undervisning inom dessa områden. Vi har även studerat vilka elever som etablerar sig inom de till journalistik närliggande branscherna PR och kommunikation. Vi har kunnat konstatera ett antal olika samband. De tillfrågade som gått programmet Journalistik och multimedia (förkortat JMM) har journalistiskt arbete i betydligt högre utsträckning än övriga. Allra lägst etableringsgrad har de som vid intervjutillfället var äldre än 35 år. En annan faktor som påverkar är ifall respondenten har erfarenhet av andra eftergymnasiala studier än de som ingår i utbildningsprogrammet. Är så fallet är sannolikheten mindre att personen arbetar journalistiskt.
In this thesis we have studied how and in what extent former students at Södertörn University’s four journalism programs establish themselves in the journalistic labor market. This is accomplished through a survey of 149 students that graduated from these programs two respectively five years ago. Similar studies have been done three times before and we have also been able to use those in our analysis. Many factors have been studied, e.g. what program the students attended, the age of the students and if they have studied any subjects other than those at their journalistic program. In our survey the respondents have answered what kind of knowledge they think is most useful to them and what knowledge they feel they would like to have acquired more or less of from the journalistic program. We have also studied which of the students who establish themselves in the labor markets of public relations and communication. Several correlations between these variables are established in this thesis. Those who have attended the program Journalism and multimedia establish themselves in the journalistic labor market in a higher extent than students in the other programs. The students who are over 35 years of age at the moment of the survey are established at a considerably lower extent than younger students. Another factor that affects in what extent the students establish themselves is if they have studied any subjects other than those at their journalistic program. In those cases, the probability of those people working with journalism is considerably lower.

This study aims to gain greater knowledge about the use of framing in local sports journalism. We did this by doing a qualitative content analysis of the local Swedish newspaper Barometern/OT and it’s coverage of the largest local football team, Kalmar FF. We randomly selected six of the team’s games during 2014 and analysed all the texts that had to do with the games, except for shorter texts and texts that are supposed to be based on personal opinions, such as chronicles. The results show that Barometern/OT have a tendency of defending individual players and giving them positive criticism, while they much more often give negative criticism to the team as a whole. Also, we found signs that Barometern/OT contributed to creating a local imagined community by having a incomplete use of names at a few times, amongst other factors. Because of these observations we noticed that the editorial staff both contributed to creating a local imagined community and that they were a part of it themselves.

The objective of this study was to investigate differences in the portrayal of Western European citizens and non Western European citizens in Hergé’s graphic novels about the young journalist Tintin. We wanted to see if the globalization during the mid 1900’s had an effect on Hergé’s way of portraying the world. We started off by selecting nine novels from three different periods of time, though we read all of the novels in The Adventures of Tintin. The periods were: the years in between the world wars (three novels), the post war years (four novels), and the beginning of the new age – late 60’s and 70’s (two novels). In each novel, we analyzed three different situations, in three different boxes from the novel. The situations we chose to analyze were: a portraying of one or more non Western European citizens, a communication between two Western European citizens about a non Western European citizen or its culture, and a communication between a Western European citizen and a person from outside Western Europe. We also made an analysis on every album which we based on our impressions of the novel as a whole. The analysis revealed a certain difference in the way Hergé depicted people from Western Europe as compared to people from other parts of the world. People outside of the culture of Western Europe are portrayed as uncivilized (Native Americans), revolutionary (white South Americans) or evil (the Japanese). At the same time Western Europeans are portrayed as smarter and more civilized. However the study also shows that over time there is as significant change in the way that non Western Europeans are portrayed, ranging from the first album to the last. As Hergé gets older, the novels become more sophisticated and the characterizations of people from other cultures than the Western European evolve.

This work aims to improve our knowledge about Swedish video game journalists, a new occupation in a quickly expanding business. Through a survey sent out to over 50 Swedish video game journalists, the result indicate some unexpected facts. Men largely dominate the profession; just 10 % of the work forces are females. This relation was notable in our survey, as well as in earlier studies. Video game journalists between 26 and 35 years old seems to be the largest age group, which we think is a bit surprising considering how new this form of journalism is, and the fact the internet provides opportunities for every enthusiastic video game writer. The professionalism of video game journalists has been debated over a long time, with many people arguing that this type of work has little to do with traditional journalism. In our survey, a large part of the respondents made clear that they consider themselves to be writers rather than journalists. The majority of the Swedish video game journalists don't have a journalistic education, whether it's from high school or university. Most of them don't value education as much as writing skill, talent, passion and knowledge about video games. The minority arguing about the importance of education motivates their standpoint with arguments of classical journalistic ethics and values. One respondent told us that the whole industry would benefit from more highly educated journalists, another one pointed out that a lot of ground has been covered in the last 5-6 years, although there ́s still a great distance compared to traditional journalism.

Allt fler journalister världen över använder sig av mikrobloggen Twitter i sin yrkesutövning. Studier har visat att det handlar om allt från att hålla sig uppdaterad på nyhetsläget till att live-rapportera. Gruppen miljöjournalister valdes ut till den här studien vars syfte är att ta reda på mer om hur journalister använder Twitter och hur det påverkar deras arbete och inflöde. Miljöjournalister utmärker sig genom att de figurerar på ett brett och åsiktsspäckat fält där Twitter kan tänkas fylla en speciellt viktig funktion som plattform för kontakt med många olika aktörer. Fem miljöjournalister djupintervjuades för att få svar på frågorna. Utifrån bland annat Alfred Hermidas teorier kring ambient journalism kan miljöjournalisternas Twitter-användning förstås som ett sätt att känna av trender och få tidiga indikationer om vad som är aktuellt på deras område. Det fanns också antydningar om att Twitter breddar deras kontaktnät och tillgång till källor. På så sätt är det viktigt att se Twitter både ur ett makro- och mikroperspektiv där enskilda inlägg kan bidra med viktig kunskap. Att journalisterna ingick i ett nätverk på Twitter där åsiktsyttringar är vanligt tycktes inte ha påverkat deras syn på vikten av att förhålla sig objektiv, något som bland annat märktes på hur de föredrog att skicka vidare andras inlägg snarare än att skriva egna. Vidare gick det att skönja en pågående individualisering inom journalistiken. Delvis genom att Twitter är en plats där journalisterna lägger upp sitt egenproducerade material, men även med tanke på att miljöjournalisterna själva till viss del valde att följa andra journalister snarare än nyhetskanaler.

The last ten years two major movies about journalists have been made in Sweden; Sprängaren and Män som hatar kvinnor. This study has looked closer at the heroine Annika Bengtsson and the hero Mikael Blomkvist from these two movies. Since movies do have great influence on how we see the world it is important to find out how these characters are being portrayed. Also, in a time when journalism is about to become a female dominant occupation it is relevant to see how the female journalist compares to the male. It is important to ensure that the films do not give a wrongful picture of male and female journalists. Women should not only be an inferior object, and the man should not be a dominant and macho-man. In our study we found that these movies have come a long way from the stereotypes of men and women that the audience has become used to. The male hero has a soft side and needs help from a strong female character to manage while the female hero is a strong woman who can manage on her own. And it is their ability to step away from the stereotypes that in the end helps them get the scoop and defeat their antagonists.

The aim of this thesis was to examine how Islam and Muslims are represented in the daily newspapers in Luleå, Sweden. How are Muslims and Islam described and which representations appear in the newspapers? How are women represented compared to men?

I examined texts from the two daily newspapers in the Swedish city Luleå. The method I used was a qualitative discourse analysis. I mainly looked for aware and unaware constructions of Muslims and Islam. I also looked for discursive themes with similar stories, choice of words, stereotypes and so on. I only examined written texts, not pictures.

The result showed that the newspapers rarely write about Islam and Muslims and when they do, they write about them in a negative way. The newspapers represent Muslims as violent, different and evil. Not even one article describes a Muslim weekday or a nice and sane Muslim. There is also a lack of women in the articles, only one text includes a woman and she is represented as a victim in contrast to the men, who are described as evil and violent.

The fallout of digitalization: A study over the challenges facing modern journalism As the number of professional youtubers and bloggers are increasing and the world where one individual with a camera and access to the internet can make a living out of pure public interest, the number of sold newspapers is decreasing. The journalists of today have become obliged to reevaluate the core of their craftmanship and resort to unusual ways of publishing. The growing tendencies of fake news have contributed to a perception of media as a propaganda tool amongst the consumers. Having to compete with social media as well as other journalistic players might result in a slight change of publishing that makes the published material stray further from the ethics of journalism, and it puts the news media in a zone of conflict. While the journalistic ideal is jeopardized in the tough competition on the digital platform – it is that very ideal that distinguishes journalist from the competitors. The purpose of this study is to examine the reflections on the theme of digitalization by journalists on different web based news media in Sweden. I have interviewed four people on four separate news sites in an attempt to clarify how they approach the potential challenges a digital climate proposes to the journalistic profession, and how they view the future of the profession in an age where the lines between digital mediums are becoming more and more blurred.

Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
Do young people have any news interest? Which subjects interest them most and what is their medium of preference? In order to answer these questions, research was done on news reading trends of young people – both nationally and internationally. A questionnaire was completed by 180 grade 11 scholars from the Western Cape, the Free State and Gauteng. The results of the different provinces are compared in this study to monitor newstrends nationally. The child’s cognitive development phase has an influence on nurturing healthy (news)reading habits. In this study the correlation is explored by using Jean Piaget’s (1896-1980) theory of cognitive development stages. From interviews with the JIP supplement editors (Beeld, Burger and Volksblad), as well as the cell phone companies (MTN, Vodacom en Cell C) the biggest obstacles and possible strategies to draw young readers were identified. In this work the public’s need for media, as well as the influence of the media on the society (especially the youth) is discussed by looking at Fourie’s (2001) model of short term and long term influences of media on the society. The study showed that the majority of young people see one news bulletin (newspaper, television and/or radio) per week as sufficient. Research results indicated that the medium of preference for news headlines among young people is SMS. Just less than half of the respondents are willing to pay for such a service. The second medium of preference to receive news is noted as youth newspapers. The main news subjects amongst the youth is entertainment, followed by sport and sosial issues. Political and international news seems to be less popular amongs this group.

The aim of this bachelor thesis was to examine how Saudi Arabia is portrayed in Swedish press. This includes the largest newspapers from the major cities of Sweden as well as the larger newspapers from the less populated areas. Since a significant amount of news in these newspapers, especially those from the less populated areas, are provided from news agencies these were included in the study as well.  The questions examined were: which portrayals of Saudi Arabia is used in the Swedish press and how frequently are they recurring? Does the historic relationship between Europe and Islam effect contemporary portrayals of Saudi Arabia in Swedish press and, in that case, how? Do differences in portrayals occur depending on the relationship between Sweden and Saudi Arabia in the news context? To approach this we conducted a quantitative framing analysis. Three frames were first identified in a qualitative study. How frequently these frames were used was then analyzed with a quantitative approach. The news articles examined were published during two news events. In 2012 information regarding the military cooperation between Sweden and Saudi Arabia surfaced causing criticism towards the Swedish regime. In 2015 the Swedish regime decided to cancel said military cooperation. The study showed that the historic relationship between Europe and Islam does indeed effect the portrayal of Saudi Arabia in Swedish press today. Attributes commonly associated with post colonialism and orientalism such as Muslims as barbaric and highly conservative was found. The study also found portrayals of Saudi Arabia as increasingly powerful and that this, due to the aforementioned attributes, was highly problematic. The “power frame”, as we chose to call it, was the most commonly used frame in both news events. The “barbaric frame” and the “conservative frame” was more commonly used in a news context were Sweden and Saudi Arabia stood in a diplomatic conflict.

We have studied the differences between people debating on a program in apublic service-channel and a privately-owned channel. We have chosen thetwo biggest debate programs, Kvällsöppet in the privately-owned channelTV4 and Debatt in the public service-channel SVT 1. We have in aquantitative content analysis studied female and male, how many of each thatare participating, how long time they talk in the program and in what rolethey have in the debate. We have studied 10 episodes of Kvällsöppet thespring season 2010 and compared with Johanna Paulsson & Patrik Rosellstudy “30/70. A study of women and men who speak in SVT´s Debatt.” Fromthe same season. We have also investigated 10 episodes of each programfrom fall 2011, we wanted to see if there were any changes made during theyears. The results show that Kvällsöppet in the privately-owned channel ismore equal between the gender. The speaking time and the proportion ofparticipants is 45 percent women and 55 percent men in 2011 and 40/60 in 2010.The program Debatt in the public service channel got the result 40/60 fall in2011 and 30/70 in spring 2010. To study the women and man roles of theparticipants in the debate, we made the same classification as Paulsson &Rosell did. We divided the participants in different categories according totheir role in the debate program. The results shows that Kvällsöppet, is muchbetter on equal representation of the female and male gender.

The purpose of this essay is to analyze the media coverage of the case with Martin Schibbye and Johan Persson in the four biggest newspapers in Sweden in order to see how social constructions is created through the use of language. It is also of interest to see how nationality is represented in the material.  The theory is based on Edward Said’s theory of post colonialism and the prejudices that has developed from the western way of viewing ”The orient”. It is also based on Richard Dyers theory on whiteness and binary oppositions, which shows how ”whiteness” is viewed as the norm and is also never questioned. The method is critical linguistics and based on Norman Fairclough and Michael Halliday. The results from the method in critical linguistics shows how power is used in the media coverage of Martin Schibbye and Johan Persson. It shows how Schibbye and Persson are presented as human beings and as individuals and the other parts as foreign and unknown parts in the conflict.

The purpose of this thesis was to study how journalism is represented in graphic novels, what roles are represented and if journalism in graphic novels is good or evil. The goal was also to see if there were any similarities or differences over a period of time. This was done with a qualitative analysis of two graphic novels written and drawn by Frank Miller. When we did the analysis we focused on pictures and texts that directly had a connection to the journalistic role. We used a semiotic approach to analyze the two graphic novels were our main focus where on what connotation, what denotation and what stereotypes could be found.

This study establishes that stereotypes are used to represent journalism in a negative way. Journalists are also the cause of more harm than good. When you put journalism into the narrative technique of good versus evil they are clearly evil and use their power to undermine the heroes of the story. The journalists are put into stereotypical roles such as the female news reporter who is all looks and no brain, or the overzealous male reporter who tries to tell the truth but no one will listen to him.

It is also clear that journalism is represented in a way that describes it as a phenomenon that spreads panic because the journalists in many cases come to their own conclusions without having all the facts. The study also shows that over a period of fifteen years the role of the journalist is the same but the way they are represented is very different.  Because of the larger rivalry from other news sources the media is forced to find new ways to attract an audience. Therefore the newer graphic novel portrays a sexualisation of the journalistic role.

Abstract

Titel: Diagnosing accountability, a study of accountability of UNT and DN’s medical journalism  ( Diagnos av ansvarstagande, en studie av accountability inom DN och UNT:s medicinjournalistik)

Number of pages: 45 (59 including enclosures)

Author: Alexandra Johansson

Tutor: Göran Svensson

Course: Media and Communication studies C

Period: Fall 2008

University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University

Purpose/Aim: To evaluate the quality of medical journalism in DN and UNT according to the theories of accountability and responsibility in the media.

Material/Methods: The materials and methods used in this thesis are 14 articles from DN and 14 articles from UNT that have been analyzed according to the criterion set forth by Media Doctors, an Australian media accountability system.

Main Results: The results showed that DN scored an average of 57% “satisfactory” and UNT scored an average of 52% “satisfactory” of Media Doctors rating scale. Strengths were an educational tone and an insightful review of the newest findings in the scientific community. Weaknesses were poor transparency and a tendency to neglect full disclosure of the scientific findings and sources. Focus was also show to be on research and not on information for potential patients. Media Doctor was also shown to be a well formatted media accountability system which gave insights to the broad uses of such systems.

Keywords: Medical journalism, DN, UNT, Accountability, media accountability systems (MAS), Media Doctor.

 

 

The purpose of our study was to examine how missing children are portrayed in media. We wanted to see if there are any recurring story patterns and characters in the texts. We also wanted to examine how the relationship between children and adults are framed and which comprehensive view of children is mediated in journalistic texts.Our questions were: how do Swedish newspapers write about missing children? Which narrative pattern are there in the texts? How are children and adults represented in the texts? What relationship between children and adults are made visible in the texts? What a comprehensive approach to children is constructed in the texts?For this study, we used the media discourse, theories of representation, stereotypes and characters. And theories of narrative, dramatic turns and opposites.We chose to make three case studies in which children suddenly disappeared, the case of Bobby Äikiä, the case of Engla Höglund and the case of Sebastian Hedman. We analyzed 93 news articles from Swedish newspapers, which were published in connection with the events. Our method was discourse analysis. We examined the characters and relationships between them, and looked at the dramaturgical construction of the articles.In our conclusion we established that the children are portrayed as helpless and weak in contrary to the adults, who are portrayed as strong and as they who are in power. The mothers of these children all play a major part in these articles while their fathers are made invisible. These texts contribute to a discourse about the vulnerability for the children.  The texts construction of children mediates an image that says that children are helpless, innocent and unprotected. Children are represented as an inferior group to adults, and without authority in the society.

This paper aims to investigate how the content of sports editorial newspapers has changed during the Covid-19 pandemic and the government’s decision to cancel all events concerning more people than 500 in Sweden on the 11th of March. The theory used in this paper is agenda setting and new values of written articles. This paper will also investigate how sports editorial newspapers experiences working under new conditions. The procedure of this investigation involved analysing the local newspaper “Upsala Nya Tidning” (UNT) and the public service format “Sveriges Television” (SVT) covering nationwide sports news. The newspaper UNT and the public service format SVT was analyzed by a thematical analysis of their covered sports news. one week before and two weeks after the government’s decision. To supplement the thematic analysis, two qualitative interviews with the head of sports (SVT) and the sports manager (UNT) was conducted.  The results showed a significant shift in the covered sports content written by the newspapers and the experience of sports journalists.

On September 4, 2013, two men were shot in the suburb Biskopsgården in Gothenburg. This was the catalysts to a very problematic autumn in both Biskopsgården as in another suburb, Hisingsbacka. The local media reports of the events were very through, where the newspaper Göteborgs-Posten took a leading role. It’s these reports which form the basis, the so called material of our essay. Our purpose with this essay is to examine which kind of medial message about the suburbs and their inhibitors the articles sends out to Göteborgs-Posten’s readers. We did this by putting our material against three issues, the first one was how Göteborgs-Posten did portray the suburbs when it came to; choice of words and phrases, angles and how the photos was composed. The second one was if Göteborgs-Posten had failed in its objective reporting when it came to; an “us versus them” perspective, which kind of medial message was sent out and if the journalist took a subjective position in the article. We also examined which actors were heard and what they represent in the society? We approached this study in a qualitative method way because we felt that we needed to examine the theme in its depth. The result were then linked to our three theories which were; framing, stigma and representation theory. The results from our study showed that our first thoughts about the subject did not match the reality of Göteborg-Posten’s reports. The medial image that was sent out wasn’t that negative as we first expected. The result shows that most of the articles in our sample had not a stigmatized tone or gave a misleading media image of the suburbs. In the cases that did send out a negative image it was mostly in the form of words and phrases. Other results obtained by our content analysis of the Göteborgs-Posten’s reporting on the subject was, for the most part were Swedes in the judicial system followed by affected immigrants who took the most place in the articles. Another interesting result was that both negative and positive stigma was encountered in the articles.

The aim of this study was to examine how men and women were portrayed in a fashion magazine through time. Magazines convey pictures of gender through both text and image, which subconsciously affects us in the daily life. The study examines a total of 17 reportages from the year 2008 and 2018. A critical discourse analysis constitutes the study’s methodological framework, combined with a semiotic analysis. After I separately examined men and women in the fashion magazine Damernas värld, I compared them to get a result of how the magazine portrayed the genders in different ways. The differences were relatively big in how the magazine portrayed women in 2008 and 2018. There were also a noticeable difference in how the magazine portrayed men in the different periods. The results show that the way women were portrayed in 2008, were similar to how the magazine portrayed men in 2018. There were also similarities in the portrayal of men in 2008 to women in 2018.  The result indicates that the magazine followed existing cultural gender norms in 2008, but has taken a different path in 2018.

The state of cultural journalism has been a subject of discussion within journalism research for a long period of time. The core of the discussion is that cultural journalism differs from journalism in many ways, which creates friction. Some researchers illustrate this friction as a battle between two separate paradigms – the journalistic paradigm and the aestethic paradigm – and their values. The aesthetic paradigm strives for values such as subjectivity, pedagogicality and expertise, while the journalistic paradigm focuses on effectivity, objectivity and ethics. The research concerning this has mostly been aimed at literature and music, but not film to the same extent. This study aimed to fill that gap by investigating the changes within swedish film criticism during the time between the late ‘90s and today. The platforms that we analysed are Moviezine, Barometern and Aftonbladet and the film reviews from them were analysed from the perspective of language, method of production and the values of the two paradigms. The study showed that these three platforms took their own paths; some of them have moved towards the aesthetic paradigm, while others have gone in the opposite direction. 2016 is the most divisive year of the analysed years.

Abstract

 

Title: Krig och fred - 080808. Freds-, krigsjournalistik och propaganda i mediernas rapportering om Georgienkriget: en komparativ studie av Sveriges, Rysslands och USA:s press. (War and peace – 080808. Peace Journalism, War Journalism and Propaganda in the Media´s Reporting on the Georgia War: a Comparative Study of the Swedish, Russian and American Press.)

 

Authors: Daniel Lövgren & Tatiana Makarova

 

Tutor: Anna Roosvall

 

Course: Bachelor Thesis: Media and Communication, PR

 

Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to compare how the press in Sweden, Russia and the USA reported on the war in Georgia 2008. Focus is put on identifying the extent to which the reporting is governed by war journalism or peace journalism and, to which degree propaganda, that is one of the aspects of war journalism, is present in the different countries press.

 

Methodology: Quantitative content analysis and critical discourse analysis

 

Theoretical perspectives: The essay leans on the theoretical foundation of peace journalism and war journalism proposed by the Norwegian peace researcher Johan Galtung, further elaborated by the journalists Jake Lynch and Annabel McGoldrick. This essay also uses a theoretical framework on propaganda, among other the “Propaganda model” by Herman and Chomsky, the research of Kempf and Loustarinen and journalistic observations of Lynch and McGoldrick.

 

Conclusions: The study reveals both similarities and differences between the reporting on the Georgia war in the analyzed countries. The quantitative content analysis of 600 articles in nine different newspapers (three in each country) shows that it is the war journalistic framework that is dominating in all the three countries. The results also show that there is a difference between the support given to the parties involved in the war. In the USA and Sweden the majority of the articles are pro-Georgian and in Russia the majority of the articles take pro-South Ossetian/Russian stance. The critical discourse analysis of eight articles have shown similarities and differences in scale, design, content and the presence of propaganda. Indicators of propaganda in the analyzed material include a breakdown of the actors in the war to two opposing parties, a polarization between “us” and “them” where the first is humanized and the later demonized, a wide use of elite sources.  

 

Keywords: Peace journalism, war journalism, propaganda, Georgia war, South Ossetia, Swedish press, Russian press, American press

The Caucasus Project

The aim of this study was to examine how the political party Sweden Democrats is represented in two Swedish newspapers. The study included a national newspaper and a local newspaper, Aftonbladet and Blekinge Läns Tidning.

 

We studied 35 articles from both papers, from 2005 and from 2009. We analyzed the texts using the linguist Norman Faircloughs (1995) method for discourse analysis. Based on his theories, we created our own model to examine the texts. Our model primarily focused on representation.

 

The study was conducted at a time when Sweden Democrats was given much support in opinion polls and knocked on the door to the Swedish Parliament.

 

The study showed that Sweden Democrats in both newspapers, primarily by descriptions, the choice of interviewees, etc., often are represented as racists. Another phenomenon is that SD in a number of texts often are linked with suspicion and assigned with a hidden agenda. In contrary, we have also found examples of articles that portray SD as any other party in the political spectrum, especially in the articles published in 2009.

 

Our study aimed to discuss and also showed that here are several complicated problems, both legally and ethically, when dealing with, and reporting about Sweden Democrats.

Total amount of words: 15 269. In this essay, the purpose is to examine the personalization of Swedish national coaches during international championships in the Swedish tabloids. Research shows that a leader nowadays is representative for her organization. Therefore it could be assumed that the way the national coach is portrayed can have some kind of effect on the public opinion about the team as a unit and their sport federation in total.  This essay is a quantitative study of the sport tabloids Sportbladet och SPORT-Expressen during three international championships: Euro 2012 in football, WC 2013 in ice hockey and Euro 2014 in handball. We have studied the coverage of the national coaches Erik Hamrén, Pär Mårts and Ola Lindgren/Staffan Olsson in contrast to the coverage of their teams in total. The main results are that the national coaches are mentioned in every second article that is written about the national teams during the championships. They are mainly portrayed in a neutral way, even though the coverage of them is affected by the results in the matches. In the absolute majority of the articles, the national coaches are described without any personal attributes.

The purpose of our thesis was to examine how children think about violence on TV news. We also wanted to find out what children think about violence, both in other TV programmes and in reality. Adults often speak for children, we wanted to hear the children’s own opinions. This study was based on theories of socialization and reception research. We showed violent news clips for 12 eleven and twelve year olds. In the meantime, we recorded the children’s reactions on film. Afterward, we interviewed them about their thoughts and feelings related to the clips. Our study is based on interviews and observations. We came to the conclusion that the children in our study think violence are very unnecessary. Most of the children did not find the clips particularly scary, but many mentioned that they think blood is disgusting to watch.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the meaning of responsible news coverage of the HIV/Aids epidemic with references to Die Burger en The Star. Even though the numbers of HIV positive people are escalating in our country, the media still persist in addressing HIV/Aids news in exactly the same way as any other news, which means that journalists are still detached observers who simply reflect the news of the day. This study emphasizes that the limited success of HIV prevention campaigns should urge the South African society to re-evaluate our approach to addressing HIV/Aids. It is also important to convince the media of its responsibility towards more ethical practices and especially towards greater involvement in this subject. Greater involvement will necessitate the press to re-evaluating some conventional practices as detachment and objectivity. Within this context greater involvement and activism do not have to be synonyms. With greater involvement one would like to emphasize the need for the media to take a few steps closer to the realities of HIV/Aids in order to be able to have a deeper understanding of the complexities of this disease. If one would like to see a difference in the spreading and impact of HIV/Aids on the South African community it is very important that the media will be included in the efforts against HIV/Aids. The media are a powerful and influential institution, which shape the minds and ideas of the society. The majority of South Africans are dependent on the media for most of their information - including HIV/Aids information. The greater involvement and responsibility requires pro-activity of the media and could facilitate the establishment of a better informed, well empowered and involved civil society who would themselves also be prepared to take ownership of HIVand Aids in the South African community.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word ondersoek ingestel na wat verantwoordelike mediadekking met betrekking tot MIVNigs sou beteken met spesifieke verwysings na enkele uitgawes van Die Burger en The Star. Onafhanklik van die groeiende epidemie in Suid-Afrika kies die meeste publikasies om MIVNigs nuusdekking steeds soos enige ander nuus te hanteer. Dit beteken dat joernaliste die oogmerk van objektiwiteit nastreef en dus as onbetrokke waarnemers die gebeure van die dag aan die publiek weergee. Hierdie studie beklemtoon die omvang van die MIVNigs krisis en die beperkte sukses van voorkomingsinisiatiewe in Suid-Afrika wat gevolglik ook die media noodsaak om konvensionele joernalistiek praktyke in heroënskou te neem. Indien 'n mens 'n verandering in die verspreiding en impak van MIVNigs op die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing wil sien, is dit veral nodig om ook die media in die stryd teen MIVNigs te betrek. Die media is 'n invloedryke instelling en die grootste deel van die publiek se inligting - ook oor MIVNigs - word op die inhoud van dagblaaie gebaseer. Dit beklemtoon die verantwoordelikheid wat op die media rus om verantwoordelike en etiese nuusdekking aan die kwessie te gee. Vir die media om optimaal tot die stryd teen MIVNigs by te dra, is dit egter nodig dat die media self betrokke raak en proaktiewe nuusdekking sal nastreef. Met 'n meer betrokke media word nie noodwendig aktivisme bedoel nie, maar dit vra eerder dat die media 'n paar tree nader aan MIVNigs sal gee sodat die epidemie in sy totaliteit beter verstaan kan word. Met so 'n benadering kan die media bydrae tot die vestiging van 'n ingeligte, bemagtige en betrokke gemeenskap wat self ook eienaarskap van MIVNigs begin neem.

The goal with our research has been to describe how often and in what way female athletes are represented in the sport section in Sweden’s biggest evening newspaper Aftonbladet. The material we’ve used are the newspapers that we collected during two weeks in 2008, the 3^rd of November to the 9^th of November and the 11^th of November to the 17^th of November. We’ve conduced two qualitative researches – a text analysis and an image analysis – and one quantitative analysis on our material. We’ve based our analysis on, among others, theories on the sportmediacomplex, critique feministic analysis and normative theory.

       In these articles women are designed into four different stereotypes. We’ve chosen to call them the star, the victim, the sensation and the absent. On the basis on our theories we believe that these four stereotypes are creating more sexism and in that way they are contributing to the suppressing of women as a whole.

       Our quantitative analysis shows that men occur more frequent on the sport pages than women. Almost nine of ten of the articles in Sportbladet are about men and male athletes. We believe that in this way Sportbladet contributes to the invisibilisation of female athletes and further more to the discrimination of women.

This theises aims to extend the understanding of how representation of gender is produced and reproduced in the young women’s magazine Frida. We examine this through analyzing pictures of male and female celebrities in a selected number of magazines from the year of 2013. We use a quantitative analysis of the pictures, as well as a supplementary quantitative analysis of ajectives used to describe male and female celebrities in captions. We research what types of patterns we can find in these analyses that construct representations of gender, also surveying how the celebrities in the magazine look. Our analysis shows us that the context of Frida contains several recurring visual patterns that preserves a representation of men being superior to women. We also find that for both men and women in the magazine- their attractive exterior is their most prominent attribute. That is not only perceived visually, but also reinforced by the editorial text. The result also shows us that the celebrities shown in the Frida is a very homogeneous group, with very similar attributes.