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Merchant, Diana Denisse. "Agentes, no víctimas. Estrategias de periodistas para evadir las agresiones no físicas en Baja California." Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo 7, no. 1 (June 15, 2018): 80–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/slj.v7.n1.2018.342.
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The nuances and consequences of the structural precariousness of Mexican journalism vary with the region. Attacks on journalists by power groups (in- cluding public officials, politicians, and business and media owners) in the northwest of the country appear to be one of the many problems linked to its economic, socio-cultural and political instability. In Baja California, journalists practice their profession under constant threat of economic, ethical and psychological attack, obliging them to regard the phenomenon in one of two ways: as a naturalized aspect of their profession and there- fore inherent to it; or as a trigger for creating strategies to circumvent it, including adapting aspects of their professional journalistic lives. The topic is relevant because the classifica- tion and differentiation of attacks has not been explored by Mexican studies on the press and power, apart from identifying and defining the structural violence and investigating physical attacks against journalists (murders, assaults and “express kidnappings”). By way of a four-month ethnographic study of the union of journalists from the five municipalities of Baja California and 25 interviews with journalists, editors, heads of information, public officials, politicians and business owners, this paper analyzes the strategies employed by print journalists to cope with abuses. Having another job concurrently (within or without journalism); publicly proving who is trying to influence them; and maintaining union and solidarity among colleagues when publishing sensitive news are all strategies employed to counter attacks. In this journalistic world, those who employ these strategies become agents and not victims of the structural precariousness that has developed in Baja California over the better part of a century.
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Majstorović, Dunja, and Dina Vozab. "The transformation of normative approaches to journalism in Croatian academic literature from socialism to post-socialism." Politička misao 58, no. 2 (May 5, 2021): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20901/pm.58.2.01.
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This paper shows changes in the normative expectations of journalism through an analysis of articles published in Croatian scientific journals about journalism in three time periods: socialism, the transition period, and the period of democratic consolidation. Using qualitative content analysis we identify a total of fifteen themes related to journalism (journalistic norms, regulation, sensationalism, investigative journalism, journalism and PR, organizational aspects, war reporting, technological aspects, gender and journalism, media freedom, democratic aspects, economic aspects, journalism education, the function of journalism in a political system, and the history of journalism) and nine normative roles for journalists ( gatekeeper, social-political worker, public sphere promoter, watchdog, commercial role, emancipatory role, neutral disseminator, advocacy role, defender of democracy). We used quantitative content analysis to analyze the distribution of themes and roles. The results show no unambiguous perception of journalism in academic papers during the different time periods as is generally assumed in the literature on media democratization and the media in transitional countries in general.
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Sanderson, Steven E., Clark W. Reynolds, and Carlos Tello. "U.S.-Mexico Relations: Economic and Social Aspects." Hispanic American Historical Review 68, no. 3 (August 1988): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2516563.
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Sanderson, Steven E. "U.S.-Mexico Relations: Economic and Social Aspects." Hispanic American Historical Review 68, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 627–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-68.3.627.
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Harro-Loit, Halliki. "Cost effectiveness of journalism education in a small nation state." Žurnalistikos Tyrimai 2 (January 1, 2009): 138–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/zt/jr.2009.2.78.
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The article discusses the role of journalism as a discipline in a small nation state and provides analysis of the economic factors that influence the journalism programs. The article discusses some of the economic aspects of journalism education at the academic university and provides a case study on the basis of the two programs provided by the University of Tartu: Bachelor (BA) and Master’s (MA) programs. The curricula are held by the Institute of Journalism and Communication. Keywords: journalism curriculum, education, cost, small market. p>
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Madolimov, Hasanboy Shuhratovich. "FUNCTION OF INFORMATIONAL PUBLICIISTICS AND IMAGE (INFORMATION)." Journal of Central Asian Social Studies 02, no. 03 (May 31, 2021): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/jcass/volume02issue03-a12.
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It is well known that journalism is a unique way of covering social life and is widely used in the press. Journalism is divided into a number of types to cover all aspects of public life. These include socio-political journalism, economic-industrial journalism, journalism reflecting the cultural and spiritual life (there are a number of subtypes, such as scientific journalism, literary journalism, sports journalism, art journalism). There is also a peculiar way of social life, albeit from a socio-political point of view - comic journalism, which illuminates it in a humorous way. In terms of its structure, journalism is divided into informational, analytical and artistic journalism, which depends on how it covers life.
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Skliarova, Olena. "Social and Economic Aspects of National Liberation in the Early 20th Century Ukrainian Journalism." Ukrainian Studies, no. 3(56) (August 26, 2015): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.3(56).2015.245178.
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The article reviews the early 20th century Ukrainian political journalism which considered socio-economic factors of liberation movement, economic basis of independence of Ukraine, protection of economic interests of the Ukrainian state and also activities in social and economic spheres.
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Kronick, David A. "Economic aspects of scientific journalism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries." Publishing Research Quarterly 11, no. 2 (June 1995): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02680427.
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Flinchpaugh, Steven G. "Economic Aspects of the Viceregal Entrance in Mexico City." Americas 52, no. 3 (January 1996): 345–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008005.
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On November 4, 1640, a ship two months out of Cádiz entered the harbor of Veracruz and dropped anchor opposite the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa. On board was the new Viceroy of the Kingdom of New Spain, the Duque de Escalona, Diego López Pacheco. The viceroy’s arrival in Veracruz was but the first act in the elaborate drama of colonial government. Escalona and his party tarried in the port, passing the time inspecting the king’s troops and fortifications while they recuperated from the crossing and prepared for the journey to Mexico City. Accompanied by a mounted escort, gentlemen from the towns and cities of New Spain, a retinue of priests, servants and relatives, a herd of sheep, cattle, and other livestock, and by a baggage train carrying the stores of food and wines he brought with him from Spain, the viceroy would climb from sea level to the central meseta of New Spain, an ascent of nearly 8000 feet. The trip to Mexico City was a time for introductions, feasts, toasts, and pageants; but, it was also a time for politics, as the local notables, merchants, and government officials who accompanied the viceroy’s party vied for a favorable processional position and attempted to arrange a place at court for themselves, their relatives, and clients. Each village or town through which the viceroy passed would welcome him according to local custom and means. In larger towns like Puebla, this meant sumptuous entertainment, a procession to the cathedral followed by a reception and banquet. The viceroy could expect a more humble, but no less colorful reception when he passed through one of the dozens of smaller Indian communities along the route.
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Arnold, Philip J. "Economic Aspects of Prehispanic Highland Mexico. Barry L. Isaac." Journal of Anthropological Research 43, no. 3 (October 1987): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.43.3.3630528.
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Hirth, Kenneth G., and Barry L. Isaac. "Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 2, Economic Aspects of Prehispanic Highland Mexico." Man 22, no. 4 (December 1987): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803375.
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Demina, Irina. "Mediatization of the Economy: Aspects of Optimizing Economic Media Communications in the Digital Environment." Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism 10, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2021.10(2).253-269.
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Mediatization is a relatively new approach to understanding the processes that take place in various spheres of human life. In media research, when studying this topic, politics, culture, and social practices are most often examined, but the sphere of economics is only mentioned and has rarely been explored. The purpose of the article is to determine new areas of research in the field of mediatization of the economy. The article examined traditional types of economic mass communication, provided an overview of modern economic communication practices (e-commerce, social networks, co-sharing companies, crowdfunding platforms, mobile applications, block chain and cryptocurrencies) that have arisen as a result of the digitalization of the economy. The author argues that the concept of economic communications in a digital society becomes expansive, and the digital economy can be called an economy via communications. In the digital world, there are economic interactions between the audience members themselves. It is proved that mediatization is not only a process that accompanies the functioning of the economy but the media themselves become a business environment. The mediatization of the economy triggers new and actualizes the existing threats to the livelihood of the audience ("economic power" of monopolies, "social engineering", scams on the Web, deception, etc.). We need a legal mechanism for regulating the digital economy, ethical codes. The intellectual potential of society created online should develop not only in the direction of the accumulation of new economic information and technologies for running online business, but also in the development of moral rules considering axiological and deontological aspects. In the context of mediatization the role of economic journalism is increasing, going beyond the scope of business journalism. The study of economic communications in the digital environment should become one of the current issues of modern journalism theory.
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Gerli, Matteo, Marco Mazzoni, and Roberto Mincigrucci. "Constraints and limitations of investigative journalism in Hungary, Italy, Latvia and Romania." European Journal of Communication 33, no. 1 (January 3, 2018): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323117750672.
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The article provides evidences about mechanisms and practices that undermine the effectiveness of investigative journalism through the analysis of selected case studies of corruptive phenomena in Italy, Hungary, Romania and Latvia. In particular, the article shows that the idea of watchdog journalism does not work actually in the observed countries. Indeed, investigative journalism requires certain socio-economic conditions, such as a low degree of influence of the political and economic spheres and a high level of journalistic professionalism, which are not (always) present in the aforementioned countries. More specifically, the article focuses on three aspects that may distort investigative journalists’ work: a certain proximity (sometimes overlapping) of publishers (often rich oligarchs or prominent businessmen) and politicians, the ‘blackmail’ exercised through advertising investments and the interferences of secret services, which may dissuade newsrooms from performing their role as the watchdog.
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Allern, Sigurd, and Ester Pollack. "Journalism as a public good: A Scandinavian perspective." Journalism 20, no. 11 (October 9, 2017): 1423–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884917730945.
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The democratic importance of journalism is related to public good aspects of media products, as well as news media’s positive externalities. Journalism of high quality helps ensure we are all better informed and thus benefits democracy. Lack of investigative journalism may incur large social costs. However, journalism as a public good is difficult to fund on a commercial basis. Historically, an economic solution for media companies has been advertising subsidies, plus different types of public and private support. Today, the long-time marriage between news organisations and advertisers is severely weakened, and nothing so far suggests that digital revenues alone can finance a varied, broad and original news production. In the eyes of capitalist investors, news organisations represent the past, not the future. This article discusses, on the basis of Scandinavian media experiences and recent policy reforms, the necessity of a media policy and a funding system that acknowledges quality journalism as societal knowledge production and a public good.
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Semenov, Victor L. "A difficult start for the President of Mexico. Economic and social aspects." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 2 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0013153-7.
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Díaz-Trujillo, Luis Alberto, and Fabricio Nápoles-Rivera. "Optimization of biogas supply chain in Mexico considering economic and environmental aspects." Renewable Energy 139 (August 2019): 1227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.03.027.
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López Arévalo, Jorge Alberto. "The economic policy of the self-proclaimed 4th transformation in Mexico." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 7 (2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0015305-4.
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The government of Andrés Manuel López Obrador set off many expectations in Mexico and in Latin America about a change of course for Mexico, it was thought that the ne-oliberal economic policy that had characterized Mexico since 1983 would be left be-hind. In 1983 Mexico undertook a structural change in its economy, characterized by three basic aspects: the consolidation of public finances; privatization of public compa-nies; trade liberalization. This economic policy remains on its basic foundations and the results are being aggravated by the Covid-19 pandemic. Currently a roadmap that leads to dismantling the neoliberal model in Mexico is nowhere to be seen, even though it is lashed out and held responsible for the country's economic, political and social problems almost every day.
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Hanusch, Folker. "Transformative Times: Australian Journalists' Perceptions of Changes in Their Work." Media International Australia 155, no. 1 (May 2015): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1515500106.
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Numerous studies have pointed to the fact that journalism in most industrialised societies is undergoing a particularly intensive period of transformation. Yet, while many scholars have studied how news organisations are changing, comparatively few studies have inquired into how journalists themselves are experiencing the changes in their work brought on by the technological, economic and cultural transformations. Based on a representative study of Australian journalists, this article reports on their perceptions of changes in a variety of influences on and aspects of their work over the past five years. It finds that journalists say change has been most notable in audience interactions and technological innovation, while economic changes are somewhat less strong. Importantly, they are also very concerned about an increase in sensationalism and a drop in journalistic standards and the credibility of journalism. Results are also compared across different organisational contexts.
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Viktorovich, Matvienko Valentin. "The status of journalism and journalist education in india." Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2019-0019.
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Abstract Journalistic education in India in the context of booming media sector is a relatively new topic of scientific interest in the Russian Federation. The object of scientific research is vast: it includes a numerous list of problems and specific circumstances of the Indian national level concerning the freedom of journalism as a social institution and consists of fragmentary issues such as the rights of journalists, peculiar properties of journalistic trainings in India and their practical realization. It should be mentioned that journalistic education in India is a peculiar system with its specific structure, concrete goals and traditional objectives.The article is devoted to the analysis of the Indian national system of journalists training and its role in the social and partly “ political environment of the country. As the topic is rather complicated, the author researches different aspects of journalistic education in India: the process of forming the professional ethics, working on the qualification upgrade, communication with the audience and other media workers. After the conducted research the author concludes that despite the improving economic policy of the country and growing role of social responsibility, the Indian journalists are in their mass still poorly qualified on the one hand and the editorial policy doesn’t objectively reflect the kaleidoscopically changing economic and social conjuncture of the country” on the other hand.
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Toledo-Aceves, Tarin, Manuel R. Guariguata, Sven Günter, Luciana Porter-Bolland, and Leticia Merino. "Overcoming Key Barriers for Secondary Cloud Forest Management in Mexico." Land 10, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101078.
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Secondary cloud forests (SCFs), those that regenerate naturally following abandonment of human activities in previously deforested land, are of great value as refuges of high species diversity and for their critical role in hydrological regulation. This opinion paper analyzes the main environmental, socio-economic, and regulatory aspects that currently hamper the sustainable use and conservation of SCFs in Mexico for the provision of timber and ecosystem services. The main constraints identified include contradictory norms and policies and the marginalization of smallholders in timber production activities. Developing economic incentives for forest product harvesting and provision of ecosystem services derived from SCFs, while also addressing legal and normative aspects related to their sustainable use, is paramount. Given the high heterogeneity in floristic composition and stand structure of SCFs among localities, technical and social norms for sustainable use should be sufficiently flexible to allow adaptive management approaches. Future research areas should be focused on monitoring the response of SCFs to silvicultural interventions, documenting existing traditional practices as well as conducting socio-economic analyses of timber production and associated ecosystem services. This is essential for developing sound policies and approaches for the sustainable use and long-term management of SCFs in Mexico.
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Mireles, Luis Ramon. "Occupational Safety and Health on the U.S.-Mexico Border." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 13, no. 1 (May 2003): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5cdm-pmer-6jd9-952r.
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A number of trade agreements were adopted in the 1990s that promised economic growth for Mexico. The most significant was the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which promotes open trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. Like WTO, NAFTA focuses on the economic aspects of trade. Occupational safety and health issues were not specifically addressed by NAFTA. Despite the presence of domestic regulatory systems, concerns over working conditions persist on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border and the workforces face similar health problems. The upsurge in trade between the United States and Mexico must be accompanied by an international commitment to occupational safety and health in border areas. If government agencies cannot or will not intervene to reduce rates of workplace injuries and illnesses, civil coalitions must assume this role.
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Zemlyanskiy, Aleksander V. "Journalism in 2020–2021: development trends and forecasts." Science and School, no. 3, 2020 (2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/1819-463x-2020-3-11-21.
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The article analyzes the current state of media in its various aspects: communicative, economic, functional, informative and others. Modern media reality is fixed on the basis of data from leading domestic and foreign media analysts and media groups and is considered in the context of the processes occurring in business, politics and society. Among the factors influencing the state of modern media, the following are considered: a decrease in the number of local news and demand for news of an international scale; pressure on journalists from politicians, businessmen, famous cultural and sports figures; changes in the ratio of demand for entertainment and news content; various ways of monetizing content used by modern media and media groups, as well as the audience’s reaction to these methods; implementation of the latest technologies in the processes of creating and promoting media. The article also considers the effects of various factors on the modern media environment. Based on the study of these data, the article provides forecasts of future media development trends. The situation with the coronavirus pandemic, its role in the news agenda, and the impact on content producers and the audience are considered as a separate factor of influence on the media environment.
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RIGUZZI, PAOLO. "From Globalisation to Revolution? The Porfirian Political Economy: An Essay on Issues and Interpretations." Journal of Latin American Studies 41, no. 2 (May 2009): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x09005598.
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AbstractThis essay evaluates the political economy of Mexico during the Porfirian period (1876–1911), with the aim of discussing advances in scholarship and presenting an outline of the elements for a future research agenda. To this end, the essay examines the current state of knowledge on four crucial aspects of the Mexican economy: growth and its dimensions; the state, finance and economic strategies; the construction and functioning of the internal market; and the international economic relations of Mexico during the first period of globalisation. In particular, it assesses the arguments that link features of Porfirian economic organisation with the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910.
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Łapaj-Kucharska, Justyna. "Selected Aspects of Polish-Mexican Relations on the Political, Economic and Cultural-Scientific Level in the 21st Century." Ad Americam 19 (February 8, 2019): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/adamericam.19.2018.19.05.
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Polish-Mexican relations on the political, economic, cultural and scientific levels have developed over the decades. The first political contacts between our two countries, after Poland regained its independence, were established in the 1920s. However, interstate contacts have not been developed on a larger scale. This was due, among others, to the fact that the Latin American countries did not occupy a priority position in Polish foreign policy neither before or after World War II. After 1990, Mexico became one of Poland’s most important Latin American partners. The Polish-Mexican trade exchange has been growing systematically. In 2015, it exceeded USD 1 billion for the first time in history. In April 2017 the first, historic visit at the highest level of the President of the Republic of Poland, Andrzej Duda, took place in Mexico. It was a positive manifestation of the need to strengthen relations at the highest level and to testify the political will to intensify Poland’s relations with Mexico. In the second decade of the 21st century, we can talk about a “new opening” in Polish-Mexican relations. This manifests itself in both political and economic as well as cultural and scientific contacts. This article shows the most important manifestations of Poland’s relations with Mexico in the first and second decade of the 21st century with some references to previous years.
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Domaradzki, Mikolaj. "Conceptualizing conflict in Arab economic news reporting." Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 1, no. 1 (June 18, 2013): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlac.1.1.06dom.
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The present article is a corpus-based study that aims to shed some light on the use of conflict metaphors in Arab economic news reporting. When examining the conventionality and functions of various metaphors for conflict, the paper offers the following empirical findings. First, conflict metaphors are highly entrenched in Arab economic journalism. Second and relatedly, the different linguistic conceptualizations of these metaphors can be used interchangeably. Finally, the analyses described herein show that Arabic and English have a great deal in common as far as the cognitive and pragmatic aspects of conflict metaphors are concerned. Thus, these metaphors (1) provide the users of both languages with a very useful frame for understanding and evaluating various social phenomena, (2) are frequently used for highly comparable reasons of persuasion, and — finally — (3) create very similar networks of entailments which, in both languages, structure the readers’ interpretation accordingly. Having discussed the commonalities between Arabic and English, the paper goes on to hypothesize that they might reflect certain fundamental and presumably universal human experiences.
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Stojanović Prelević, Ivana. "BLOG ETHICS - ETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND CODES." MEDIA STUDIES AND APPLIED ETHICS 3, no. 2 (November 29, 2022): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/msae.2.2022.05.
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Abstract. Technology development facilitates numerous changes in different areas - social, economic, scientific, etc. New kinds of journalism have appeared, along with numerous questions and ethical problems. Citizens become prosumers, and the need for media literacy is growing. The author explores ethical aspects of media literacy. This research primarily focuses on the ethical regulation of blogs as one of the most widespread forms of expressing opinions among people. Blogging is a tool of citizen journalism which impacts the public sphere; it requires a critical reflection and ethical regulation. The pioneer of blogging, Tim Dunlop (2003), points out that blogs revive the art of argumentation and the idea of public debates. By using descriptive methods, the author analyzes ethical values - credibility, authenticity, justice and objectivity. At the end of the paper, the author compares the ethical Codes for Bloggers with the ethical Codes for Journalism in Norway with the aim of finding commonalities and differences among principles. The conclusion is that it is useful to the welfare of societies to ethically regulate blogs, which has already been done in certain countries. It is important to disseminate knowledge about the importance of ethics for bloggers to young people and journalists because they belong to public spheres. The Blogging Codes are akin to Codes for Journalists, since in both Codes basic ethical values prevail. Keywords: media literacy, weblog, citizen journalism, ethical values, ethical codes
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Mellado-Ruiz, Claudia. "Latin American Journalism: A Review of Five Decades and a Proposal for a Model of Analysis." Comunicar 17, no. 33 (October 1, 2009): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c33-2009-01-011.
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Based on an historical analysis of the last five decades of research, this article analyzes the elements that define the journalism in Latin America. The work is based on the common social structures and the fact that journalism mediates in the construction of reality throughout the region, proposing a model that describes the individual, organizational and social aspects that have influenced the development of the profession. The results indicate that the educational problems linked to both the identity and the autonomy of the profession, the cultural value associated to professional practice, the existence and reach of the Teachers Associations, political and economic peculiarities, and the considerable influence exercised by Europe and the United States, are all aspects that make Latin American journalism different journalism in the rest of the world. Still, despite these similarities, neither a shared conceptualization nor a homologated operationalization of the profession exists in Latin America.En base a un recorrido histórico de las últimas cinco décadas, este artículo analiza los elementos que hoy definen a la profesión periodística en Latinoamérica. El trabajo se sostiene en las estructuras sociales compartidas por la región, así como en la función de mediación que el periodismo cumple en la construcción de la realidad, proponiendo un modelo que describe los aspectos individuales, organizacionales y sociales que han influido en su desarrollo. Se concluye que los problemas de formación vinculados a la identidad y a la autonomía de la profesión, el valor cultural dado a la carrera profesional, la existencia y alcance de los colegios profesionales, las peculiaridades políticas y económicas, y la gran influencia extranjera ejercida por Europa y EEUU, son los aspectos que diferencian al periodismo latinoamericano del resto del mundo. Sin embargo, se plantea la inexistencia de una conceptualización y operacionalización homologada de la profesión en el sub-continente.
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Evans, Susan T. ": Research in Economic Anthropology, A Research Annual, Supplement 2-1986: Economic Aspects of Prehispanic Highland Mexico . Barry L. Isaac." American Anthropologist 89, no. 4 (December 1987): 1004–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1987.89.4.02a00770.
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Correa García, Luis Ángel. "The Cultural Aspects and Economic Performance of Small Wixarica Artisan Businesses." Equidad y Desarrollo 1, no. 38 (June 17, 2022): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/eq.vol1.iss38.5.
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The Huichol or Wixarika culture is one of the most important in Mexico. They are carriers of traditions transmitted from generation to generation. Their customs have been present since ancient times. They have values that are fundamental for the union of their community. From the theoretical approach of Resources and Capabilities, this empirical study aims to analyze how the cultural aspects influence the economic performance of small wixarika artisan businesses. The methodology used was multiple regression analysis. The construct “cultural aspects” was elaborated based on the literature review. The results show that the customs variable, measured through “making of handcrafted pieces as his parents taught him,” influences the income from the business. The variables tradition inherited from generation to generation and the values that parents instill in the business do not influence their economic performance. It concludes with the need to dignify and value the work of the artisans.
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Piatakov, A. N. "The relations between Turkey and Mexico: a comparative analysis, history and modernity." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 8, no. 1 (August 23, 2020): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-1-97-107.
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The author analyzes the history of formation and current state of Turkey-Mexico political and economic relations in the context of Ankara intercontinental relations with the Latin American region. Comparative analysis of the two powers in their geo-economic ‘weight’, international activity, and other aspects is carried out. Evaluation of historical aspect of bilateral relations is specially emphasized. For the first time in Russian Latin American studies the evolution of Turkey-Mexico diplomatic relations in the 20th century is studied in their phases, including political contacts dynamics at the turn of the 20th and 21st century. The author also analyzes current state of countries’ trade and economic relations, as well as their interaction at the international arena.
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BAGRAM, MUHAMMAD MAJID MAHMOOD, AKBAR ABBAS BANGASH, and ZARA KIRAN. "Aspects of Corporate Governance in Developing Countries." International Review of Management and Business Research 10, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30543/10-1(2021)-1.
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This research article throws light on the impacts of Corporate Governance in the developing countries particularly to Pakistan, Mexico, Brazil and Bangladesh. The paper starts with discussions on how and when there is an alteration in different features of company administration during the practice of financial advancing in Mexico. It encompasses ultimately the impact of transforms in the replica of business control regarding the expansion of the state e.g. enlargement in purchaser commodities in favour of central group buyers, growth revelation through home firms, fewer help in favour of community public schemes etc. The authors of this research article assert that problems of governance in Bangladesh are at the helm of affairs of its economy. We observed the data regarding governance of Bangladesh of period 1996-2004 and analysed these various governance dimensions out of the aforesaid economic progress analysis the key dimensions have been divulged. These are political governance, institution dimensions and technology dimensions. The political governance in Bangladesh has been paralysed from 1998 to 2004. When the performance of governance in Bangladesh become functional it had positively affected the economy. We cannot say the importance of company authority within growing kingdoms. The commercial domination might include a slightly different system than prevalent in the European countries and North America due to insufficient infrastructure and destroy governmental policy interventionism. We also throw light on important features of Brazilian firm’s changes after the application for communal power exercises. After making a deliberation on the implementation of joint supremacy in Brazil, Mexico, and Bangladesh and subsequently we have emphasized the impact of Corporate Governance and proper growth in Pakistan. The relationship between good governance and proper growth is proportional generally. Having studied different scenarios of the countries under remonstration, the writers have reached the conclusion that good governance is an essential component for upgrading the economies of developing countries because of these reasons it may be said that high-quality control leads towards a country obtain sky-scraping and frequent monetary increase through establishment of congenial environment for savings and investment, entrepreneurship, yielding implement upon manufacturers, generating constancy among marketplace, expansion in souks though elimination of hurdles/barriers towards inner job and progress over the competitors. Keywords: Business Control, Economic Development and Proper Growth.
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Su-Hernández, Lilia, Antonio Abascal-Macías, Francisco Javier Méndez-Bueno, Ramon Paniagua, and Dante Amato. "Epidemiologic and Demographic Aspects of Peritoneal Dialysis in Mexico." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 16, no. 4 (July 1996): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686089601600407.
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Objective To assess some epidemiological and demographic aspects of peritoneal dialysis (PD) at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), the major institution of social security in Mexico, that provides health care services for 57% of the Mexican population at the time of the study. Study Design A cross-sectional analysis of data about patients under peritoneal dialysis in 1992. Data Sources A national survey containing demographic data, dialysis modality, type of catheter, peritonitis and death rates, and questions on costs, medical staff, and physical facilities for PD in all of the hospitals of the IMSS. Results All hospitals returned the information re quested. Intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) was performed in 19 hospitals, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in 11, and both modalities in 90. In 61 hospitals, a special area was designed for PD; in the rest of them, beds from general internal medicine departments were used. All hospitals had a head for the PD programs; overall, teams had 240 physicians and 765 nurses for IPD, and 182 physicians and 313 nurses for CAPD. CAPD prescription was four 2-L bags/day. For IPD, patients were hospitalized once a week and received 28 manually performed exchanges of 2– L bags; the mean time of hospitalization was 2.7 days, and 878 beds were used. The number of patients receiving PD was 7785, with a prevalence of 199.6 per million population. Ofthem, 4011 were on IPD and 3774 on CAPD; 54% of the patients were males. IPD patients’ mean age was 49 ± 17 yr, and that of CAPD patients’ was 42 ± 17 yr (NS). Diabetic nephropathy was the most frequent cause of ESRD (44%). Infection was the most important complication detected. Rates of peritonitis were 0.5/patient/yr on IPD and 0.8/patient/yr on CAPD. Annual mortality rates without stratification for specific causes were 34% in IPD and 17% in CAPD. Mortality rates may have been influenced by malnutrition and cardiovascular complications of diabetes, but specific causes of death were not investigated. All of the PD programs costs were covered by the institution. The cost per patient was not calculated, but IPD is known to be more expensive, due to its higher hospitalization rate. Conclusion In spite of its higher cost and mortality, the institutions still use IPD, notso much on medical basis, but as the only alternative available for patients with adverse environmental, social, educational, and economic conditions for CAPD or HD.
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Makarova, M. V. "Overcoming Social Inequality in Mexico." Economics and Management 26, no. 4 (June 10, 2020): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-4-392-396.
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The presented study examines certain aspects of Mexico’s social policy from the 19th century to the implementation of the key programs of the 2019-2024 National Development Plan.Aim. The study aims to identify the major causes and find solutions to one of the main problems of social development in Mexico - social stratification.Tasks. The authors determine the sequence of historical, political, and economic actions that have influenced social inequality; examine the factors that have led to social stratification; analyzestatistics pertaining to reforms; examine the programs of Mexico’s 2019-2024 National Development Plan.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to identify social development trends in Mexico’s socio-economic policy and the underlying internal and external factors, and to analyze the directions of the programs of Mexico’s 2019-2024 National Development Plan.Results. Social inequality in Mexico can be traced back to medieval times. Since the 19th century, oppressed people have been openly asserting their social standing. Significant social stratification and an overwhelming number of poor people with little education cannot resist the country’s political system. There is constant pressure from foreign countries, particularly from the United States, on the political order of Mexico through the promotion of foreign standards aimed at deriving profit for other countries and the Mexican elite. The country’s domestic regulation is carried out in the context of limited wage growth, lack of a progressive taxation system, and disparate accessibility of social benefits for different population groups. Since the beginning of the 21st century, introduction of socially oriented programs has reduced social inequality, but it remains too high in comparison with developed and developing countries.Conclusions. A study of the country’s socio-economic policy since the 19th century reveals features that are specific to Mexico: a very high level of corruption and criminality, social stratification with an overwhelming number of low-income people and general marginalization hinder the country’s social development and economic growth. The middle class is poorly developed and cannot provide the domestic consumption necessary for the stable development of Mexico and reduction of the country’s dependence on its trading partners. Population support measures are ineffective in the context of the established way of life.
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Serrano Ruíz, José Jesús, and Antonia Y. Iglesias Hermegildo. "Bio-Psycho-Social Overview of Mexican older people in the post-confinement stage by COVID-19: Bioethical Aspects." Mexican Bioethics Review ICSA 4, no. 7 (July 5, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/mbr.v4i7.9043.
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In Mexico and the world, the COVID 19 pandemic took us by surprise, however, under the socioeconomic and health conditions that exist in the Mexican population, it makes the treatment of older adults even more complex. In general terms, the Pandemic should be considered a Syndemic since it encompasses both biological and social and economic aspects that complicate the care of the elderly. The economic condition of older adults is not favorable since sometimes they have to prioritize between health or eating, resulting in a poor state of health due to the lack of health care, coupled with this the number of insured older adults is minimal . These conditions result in a complicated panorama, since statistics show that the population at greatest risk in Mexico is the elderly, due to their comorbidities.
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Sidorenko, T. V. "European Union — Mexico: The Conclusion of a “New Generation” Trade Agreement." World of new economy 13, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2019-13-4-72-78.
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The article analyses the main innovations of the modernised free trade agreement between the European Union and Mexico, signed in April 2018. The author examined such aspects of the agreement as the liberalisation of trade in food, telecommunications, financial services, as well as e-commerce, providing access to the market of government procurement, protection of intellectual property rights, investment facilitation and other. Members of the EU emphasised that the conclusion of a “new generation” trade agreement with Mexico is in line with the updated foreign economic strategy of this integration association, aimed at promoting the commercial interests of the European business outside the EU. They also argue that Mexico is a desirable market for the European companies, given the size of its economy, its population, and its membership in NAFTA. Therefore, the entry into force of the modernised agreement will allow the intensification of the trade and investment relations between the partners. The latter should provide an additional incentive for their economic development, especially for Mexico.
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Hamza Mohammed Saleh, Dr Naheed. "The Electronic Press Dealt with The Issue of Poverty in Sudan." علوم الاتصال 2, no. 7 (June 27, 2021): 277–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/cs.v2i7.785.
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The increase in poverty rates from ancient times to the present day is considered one of the most complex, measured and read issues. Poverty directly affects the individual and society in all economic, psychological, educational, health, cultural and political aspects as well, and it is one of the main reasons for the eruption of major political revolutions in Sudan and other regions. All this made the Sudanese electronic press deal with the issue of poverty extensively, as it is an extremely complex social phenomenon that exhausts nations and peoples.
This study dealt with how the Sudanese electronic press deals with the issue of poverty and its contributions to address this phenomenon that affects all aspects of human life, through two main chapters: Chapter One: Electronic Journalism and the Issue of Poverty and Social Change. This chapter discusses writing and editing poverty issues in electronic journalism. As well as the electronic press explanations of the causes of poverty in Sudan.
The second chapter deals with fieldwork, methodological aspects and content analysis. Where an applied study was presented on the Sudanese newspaper Akhbar Al-Youm website, then the conclusion comes with the results and recommendations that concluded on the importance of making media and technical efforts in the Sudanese electronic press, and working on highlighting the press material that deals with poverty issues, in addition to the need to adopt programs that help in addressing these issues.
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Rutenbeck, Jeffrey B. "Newspaper Trends in the 1870s: Proliferation, Popularization, and Political Independence." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72, no. 2 (June 1995): 361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909507200209.
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The 1870s was a decade of dramatic growth and change for American journalism. This article examines several specific aspects of those changes, including changes in newspaper size, cost, and political affiliation. In general, newspapers were expanding in size (from four to eight pages), decreasing in cost, and moving away from the long-standing tradition of party identification toward political independence and nonaffiliation. By the end of the 1870s, partisan papers were smaller, fewer, and more expensive than their independent and nonaffiliated counterparts, suggesting a transformation in the social, political, and economic relationships embodied in American newspapers.
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Yu, Xu. "Professionalization without guarantees: Changes of the Chinese press in post-1989 years." Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands) 53, no. 1-2 (February 1994): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001654929405300103.
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Intended to stimulate interest in probing the interrelationship between the press and social change in China, this paper investigates some salient aspects of the changes of the Chinese press in post-1989 years and their implications for journalistic professionalization. It is argued that under the hybrid system of economic freedom and political repression, journalism as a profession, while benefiting from the changing information environment, suffers from persistence in the Maoist press theory and the nation-wide commercialization. It is further argued that press professionalization can hardly be guaranteed unless a more democratic and freer political climate emerges in China.
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Flores, Horacio, Jorge Luis Morales, Jesús Mora-Rodríguez, Gilberto Carreño, and Xitlali Delgado-Galván. "Management priorities for aquifers in El Bajío in Guanajuato state, Mexico." Water Policy 20, no. 6 (September 28, 2018): 1161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.202.
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Abstract The arrival of new industries in some municipalities of ‘El Bajío’ in Guanajuato state, Mexico, has brought about appreciable economic development and human impacts, but has also caused changes in the management of the aquifers from which they get water for their operations. In some cases, the aquifers are overexploited and contaminated at different levels. A number of agencies have the main responsibility for managing, protecting and conducting studies on water use in both municipalities and the state and, in this context, experts from these agencies were consulted as part of this study about what environmental, social, economic and hydrological aspects had the highest priority when considering the establishment of a new industry in the zone. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methodology was used. Results show that hydrological aspects were the most important and, within them, treatment and reuse of water had the highest priority. It was concluded, therefore, that for the experts to reuse water in some activities and productive processes must be an option to decrease the water extraction from aquifers, supposing that the treatment process complied with the required regulations. Given the present conditions in the region, we can affirm that these results are applicable to the whole of El Bajío.
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Saraví, Gonzalo A., Pedro Abrantes, and María Bertely Busquets. "Rights and Indigenous Adolescence in Mexico." International Journal of Children’s Rights 22, no. 2 (June 5, 2014): 313–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02202004.
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This article aims to discuss the advances and challenges related to the fulfilment of the rights of Mexican indigenous children, especially during their adolescent years (ages 12-18). The article has two main sections. First, we review a selection of qualitative and statistical literature that provides a broad overview of the rights of indigenous youth in Mexico and of issues pertaining to their identities and living conditions. Secondly, we present a synopsis of the results of a collaborative research project recently undertaken in 13 indigenous communities located in different regions of Mexico, and one in theus. The results of the study shed light on the varied circumstances of youth living in diverse rural and urban socio-economic contexts. Drawing upon the study’s findings, we discuss three critical aspects of indigenous youth rights: growing indigenous youth awareness of their rights; the evolving and differentiated identities of indigenous adolescents; and the connection between indigenous youth identity and rights.
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Lorence, David H., and Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez. "La familia Rubiaceae en la región de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México." Botanical Sciences, no. 50 (April 10, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1376.
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In this work a key is presented to assist in the identification of the 96 species (comprising 36 genera) of Rubiaceae occurring in the "Los Tuxtlas" region of Veracruz, Mexico. Some basic aspects of the geographic distribution and economic importance of the Rubiaceae are presented together with a bibliographic revision of the main taxonomic and floristic works dealing with the family in the area of southern Mexico. Genera with the greatest number of species are: Hoffinannia (8), Psychotria (27), Randia (10), and Rondeletia (7).
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Escobar-López, Sttefanie Yenitza, Angélica Espinoza-Ortega, Ivonne Vizcarra-Bordi, and Humberto Thomé-Ortiz. "The consumer of food products in organic markets of central Mexico." British Food Journal 119, no. 3 (March 6, 2017): 558–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-07-2016-0321.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the characteristics of consumers of organic food, based on their motivations. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire based on the Food Choice Questionnaire was applied to a 656 consumers. A multivariate factor analysis and cluster analysis was performed to the data. Findings Seven factors were identified: ecological concern; nutritional content; availability of natural products; sensory aspects; certifications, health and confidence; and economic aspects. Resulting clusters were named as: conscious and interested in certification; conscious with no interest in certification; opportunist in transition; unconscious opportunist. There are signs of different consumers. The consumers of these products are characterised by an interaction between hedonic and ethical motivations, where the most important motivation is environmental concern and the least important are the economic aspects. Research limitations/implications The reduced number of alternative markets in Mexico limits the amplitude of the research. Practical implications The work herein reported is pioneer and contributes to reduce the lack of studies on the motivations and characteristics of consumers of organic foods in Mexico. Findings may set a path for new research in other cultural contexts; as well as for more specific work in Mexico as of consumers of industrialised organic products. Social implications Characterising consumers of organic foods will enable the development of these markets. Originality/value Social studies of eating habits have taken place in European countries; and several works have been developed in other areas of the world to determine the way in which consumers build their preferences and food choice patterns. In Mexico, specifically in organic foods, studies have focussed in agrarian economics, but the analysis of motivations for choice has not been addressed. Therefore, it is important to research this issue given the relevance for consumers.
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Summers, Kevin, Linda Harwell, Andrea Lamper, Courtney McMillon, Kyle Buck, and Lisa Smith. "Gulf of Mexico Coastal County Resilience to Natural Hazards." Gulf and Caribbean Research 32 (2021): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18785/gcr.3201.10.
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Using a Cumulative Resilience Screening Index (CRSI) that was developed to represent resilience to natural hazards at multiple scales for the United States, the U.S. coastal counties of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) region of the United States are compared for resilience for these types of natural hazards. The assessment compares the domains, indicators and metrics of CRSI, addressing environmental, economic and societal aspects of resilience to natural hazards at county scales. The index was applied at the county scale and aggregated to represent states and two regions of the U.S. GOM coastline. Assessments showed county—level resilience in all GOM counties was low, generally below the U.S. average. Comparisons showed higher levels of resilience in the western GOM region while select counties in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama exhibited the lowest resilience (<2.0) to natural hazards. Some coastal counties in Florida and Texas represented the highest levels of resilience seen along the GOM coast. Much of this increased resilience appears to be due to higher levels of governance and broader levels of social, economic and ecological services.
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Cummins, Victoria Hennessey. "The Church and Business Practices in Late Sixteenth Century Mexico." Americas 44, no. 4 (April 1988): 421–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006968.
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Historians have long been interested in shedding light on the numerous, habitual transactions that constitute economic life at its basic level. Yet, questions about how men transact business as individuals, and how they feel about it are largely unanswered by traditional political and bureaucratic records, perhaps because these activities were so commonplace to the society, so well-known and unremarkable to contemporaries as to obviate remark in the records. A study of the extensive records of the Roman Catholic Church, however, can shed light on this, and many other aspects of Spanish colonial society in Mexico.
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Rojas, Patricia, Helgi Jung-Cook, Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez, Irma Susana Rojas-Tomé, Carolina Rojas, Arely M. López-Ramírez, and Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor. "Historical Aspects of Herbal Use and Comparison of Current Regulations of Herbal Products between Mexico, Canada and the United States of America." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 15690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315690.
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Increased life expectancy and high costs of medicines and medical care have led to the use of herbal products. However, these items may contain toxic compounds that have an impact on public health. We will focus on the regulatory aspects and differences of these products marketed in the North American region (USA-Mexico-Canada) from government websites and selected literature. Mexico has an ancestral tradition of using plants for the treatment, improvement, and maintenance of human health as compared with Canada and the USA Currently, the use of herbal products in this region has a regulatory framework. The legal framework in these three countries is related to their history, idiosyncrasies, socio-economic and cultural aspects. Therefore, there are different public policies for herbal products consumed in the region. Mexico has a more specific classification of these products. In Canada, all herbal products are classified as natural health products and the safety and efficacy must be scientifically proven. In the USA, the development of botanical drugs is very recent. In particular, both herbal products classified as food supplements in Mexico and dietary supplements in the USA may have risks in both safety and efficacy.
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Alvarez, Pavel, Manuel Muñoz-Palma, Luz Eva Miranda-Espinoza, Pavel Lopez-Parra, and Ernesto León-Castro. "Multiple criteria hierarchy approach for analyzing competitiveness of States in Mexico." Inquietud Empresarial 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01211048.11408.
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Competitiveness is related to welfare, economic progress and prosperity and has been an important topic for countries, enterprises, investors and citizens alike. This paper presents a new Multiple Criteria Hierarchy Process (MCHP) for rank the competitiveness of States in Mexico through the analysis of multiple criteria such as legality, economic, social, politic, governmental and environmental, precursors and international relations aspects. An important aspect of the new MCHP proposed is that considers the interaction between criteria and measure the performance of a large number of criteria. The study presents a competitiveness analysis of Mexican regions, regarding the interaction in different level of criteria hierarchy and evaluating the performance of 100 criteria to establish the competitiveness level of States in Mexico.
Keywords: Multicriteria, hierarchy approach, competitiveness
JEL Codes: C69, C81, D81
Received: 10/07/2020. Accepted: 05/11/2020. Published: 01/12/2020
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Jacobo-Hernandez, Carlos, Melissa Barrón-Borquez, and Sergio Ochoajiménez. "Sustainability and Performance in Agribusinesses: The Case of Vegetable Export Businesses in Mexico." Management of Sustainable Development 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msd-2016-0002.
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Abstract The study of sustainability has become an increasingly relevant topic for governments, companies, and researchers. As a result, the number of studies in this field has increased substantially, with a special focus on agribusiness. This study aims to analyze the performance of vegetable export enterprises in Mexico, taking into account the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainability. To achieve this objective, a survey was designed and administered to vegetable exporters in the northwest of Mexico, and indicators were created that allowed each of the dimensions of sustainability to be evaluated. Additionally, a semi-structured interview was designed and conducted in a specific export company. The results indicate that performance is strongly oriented towards economic goals and that the social and environmental aspects of sustainability are not prioritized. In conclusion, one can claim that there is an imbalance among the three dimensions of sustainability within the companies studied, with performance primarily focusing on financial and economic indicators.
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Makarova, Mariya V. "The Role of Mexico in Global Value Chains: Prospects and Obstacles." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 4 (January 3, 2020): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-4-85-101.
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The article describes the impact of global value chains on the economic development of countries. Trade liberalization has made Mexico one of the leading countries in the world with a production economy and an attractive market for FDI. Nevertheless, Mexico has difficulties due to the uneven development of economic sectors, the low level of R & D expenditures, the lack of sufficient coordination in the preparation and application of skilled labor, and the level of remuneration. The key aspects of Mexico’s current export orientation and its strong link to regional international supply chains are industrial development and job creation programs on the northern border of the country, the so-called maquiladoras industry. The close integration of the dynamically developing sectors of the Mexican economy into the global value chains of North America made it difficult to increase domestic exports. Mexican companies integrated into these chains, as a rule, are highly dependent on imported resources, which limits their contribution to the development of a dynamic and properly structured domestic industry. The article analyzes the main economic indicators of Mexico, which determine the country's involvement in global value chains, and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the country to further expand its international trading activities.
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Rey, Wilmer, Miranda Martínez-Amador, Paulo Salles, E. Tonatiuh Mendoza, Miguel A. Trejo-Rangel, Gemma L. Franklin, Pablo Ruiz-Salcines, Christian M. Appendini, and Julián Quintero-Ibáñez. "Assessing Different Flood Risk and Damage Approaches: A Case of Study in Progreso, Yucatan, Mexico." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020137.
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This study applies three different methods to assess the flood risk and damage from the strongest high-pressure cold front (locally known as ‘Norte’) event in terms of the residual tide from 30 years (1979–2008) of data for Progreso, Yucatan. The most important difference between the three methods is the estimation of flood vulnerability for Progreso. The first method, proposed by Mexico’s National Center for the Prevention of Disasters (CENAPRED) and used by the Mexican government is based mostly on economic asset (household goods) values and flood impacts. The second (CENAPREDv2) and third (FRI) methods are proposals for assessing risk that include 17 socioeconomic indicators. The former includes economic asset values, as is the case for CENAPRED, while the latter does not. The main results of this study show that the modeled ‘Norte’ event flooded 25% of Progreso’s city blocks, with an estimated economic flood risk of $USD 16,266 (CENAPRED) and $USD 223,779 (CENAPREDv2), and flood damage of $USD 48,848 and $USD 671,918, respectively. When calculating flood risk (FRI) and flood damage (FRI_FD) without monetary terms, the risk categories along the back-barrier behind Progreso varied spatially from ‘very low’ to ‘high’, while areas along the coastal side presented a ‘low’ and ‘very low’ risk. These categories increased for the flood damage because the exceedance probability of the flood was not considered as it was for flood risk in the three methodologies. Therefore, flood damage provides the losses caused by a given flood event without considering how probable that loss may be. In conclusion, this study proposes that the selection of the applied method depends on the main objectives and specific interests when assessing flood risk. For instance, if economic damage is the main concern, then the CENAPRED method should be used as it identifies where the larger economic impacts could occur; when a socioeconomic approach is needed then the FRI should be applied, but if both economic damage and socioeconomic aspects are needed, the CENAPREDv2 is recommended. Besides considering economic aspects, the FRI method also includes social variables that can help to map the most vulnerable population in terms of mobility, education, communication access and others. Therefore, the proposed FRI method is very relevant for disaster risk managers and other stakeholders interested in disaster risk reduction.
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Nigh, Ronald. "Organic Agriculture and Globalization: A Maya Associative Corporation in Chiapas, Mexico." Human Organization 56, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.56.4.w761q3q1h4h8m247.
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Indigenas de la Sierra Madre de Motozintla (ISMAM), the world's foremost producer of organic gourmet coffee, is a prominent example of an associative corporation, an organizational form combining aspects of traditional Indian social organization and modern capitalist enterprises. The development of ISMAM's organic strategy is analyzed as acheiving multiple goals, including improving soils and improving marketing conditions by permitting greater value-added to growers through direct access to high-value markets. The role of external brokers and the impact of organic marketing on organizational structure are analyzed. Though not typical, ISMAM is an encouraging example of a viable small-farmer strategy for meeting the economic and political challenge of globalization.