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1
Gabrisch, Hubert. "Difficulties in Establishing Joint Ventures in Eastern Europe." Eastern European Economics 31, no. 4 (June 1993): 19–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00128775.1993.11648510.
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Scott, Norman. "Establishing and Financing of a Joint Venture." Revue générale de droit 19, no. 4 (April 5, 2019): 787–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058497ar.
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This article deals with a Guide prepared by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe concerning east-west joint ventures. The publication focusses on the issues arising in the establishment and operation of east-west joint ventures in those European members countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) which now allow this form of industrial co-operation in their respective territories — namely, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Soviet Union. In parallel with that Guide, the author exposes the importance and the contents of the contract itself with its main provisions.
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Salavrakos, Ioannis-Dionysios, and Chris Stewart. "Partner Selection Criteria as Determinants of Firm Performance in Joint Ventures: Evidence from Greek Joint Ventures in Eastern Europe." Eastern European Economics 44, no. 3 (May 2006): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/eee0012-8755440303.
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Molnár, Oec. "Joint ventures in Hungary and potential markets for Central Europe after '92." Strategic Change 1, no. 3 (May 1992): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsc.4240010305.
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Michalak, W. Z. "Foreign Direct Investment and Joint Ventures in East-Central Europe: A Geographical Perspective." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 11 (November 1993): 1573–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a251573.
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Capital flows in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI) are becoming one of the major mechanisms of interaction between Western and East-Central Europe. The major objective in this paper is to assess the extent and distribution of FDI between Czechoslovakia (before its breakup), Hungary, and Poland at the beginning of 1992. A detailed examination of the new investment patterns is followed by an analysis of the capital flows by geographical origin of investors and sector of the economy. In addition, the political and economic reasons for emerging regional differences in terms of FDI are discussed. The conclusions are focused on possible scenarios for future FDI in the region and its importance in the European integration process. It is clear that the benefits of direct Western investment in the former Eastern Europe stretch well beyond narrowly defined economic interests.
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Watkins-Mathys, Lorraine, and Malcolm R. Hill. "A Retrospective Study of Joint Ventures in Eastern Europe and the Former USSR." Journal of East-West Business 1, no. 2 (June 3, 1994): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j097v01n02_05.
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Poindl, Adolf, and Herbert Reiter. "Joint Ventures with Europe and its Neighbours: Tax Planning Aspects with Regard to Austria." Intertax 25, Issue 2 (February 1, 1997): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi1997011.
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Paliwoda, Stanley J., and Marilyn L. Liebrenz. "Expectations and results of contractual joint ventures by U.S. and U.K. mncs in estern europe." International Executive 27, no. 2 (1985): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tie.5060270201.
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Ghilès, Francis. "Escalating rivalry between Algeria and Morocco closes the Maghreb-Europe pipeline." Notes Internacionals CIDOB, no. 260 (November 3, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24241/notesint.2021/260/en.
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With the price of gas, oil and coal climbing in the international markets, the Maghreb-Europe Gas Pipeline (MGE) closed on November 1st 2021, after a 25-year transit deal expired without renewal. Hopes were high, when it was inaugurated in 1996, that Algerian gas transiting through Morocco to the Iberian Peninsula would encourage joint ventures in chemicals and fertilisers and insert the Maghreb into the world economy. Today, the empty pipeline also speaks an EU unable to think strategically about a region which is important for its security because its member states are divided. The closure of the Maghreb-Europe pipeline will further encourage the economic decoupling of countries on the two shores of the Western Mediterranean.
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Lansbury, Melanie, Nigel Pain, and Katerina Smidkova. "Foreign Direct Investment in Central Europe Since 1990: An Econometric Study." National Institute Economic Review 156 (May 1996): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019615600109.
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It is widely recognised that foreign direct investment (FDI) may have an important role to play in the transformation of the formerly centrally planned economies of Central and Eastern Europe. FDI provides a vital source of investment for modernising the industrial structure of these countries and for improving the quality and reliability of infrastructure. In addition new investments may also bring badly needed skills and technologies into the host economy. Evidence from joint ventures in Hungary (Lane, 1994) shows that such firms had a higher propensity to trade and invest than purely indigenous firms. Total FDI inflows into Hungary between 1991–93 were equivalent to 25 per cent of total fixed domestic capital formation (UINDTCI, 1995).
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de Feijter, Ronald, and Leo Tas. "Invloed invoering IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 89, no. 12 (December 17, 2015): 491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.89.31218.
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Vrijwel alle EU beursfondsen in de top van de FT Europe 500 maken gebruik van joint arrangements (JA’s). Bij de onderzochte 75 ondernemingen blijkt het overgrote deel van de JA’s te zijn geclassiHceerd als joint ventures (JV’s) hetgeen betekent dat de ondernemingen slechts hun aandeel in het netto-actief/passief van de JV op de balans zetten en hun aandeel in het resultaat in de winst-en-verliesrekening opnemen. Bij de overgang op de nieuwe standaard IFRS 11 heeft dit geleid tot een signi- Hcante balansverkorting en vermindering van gerapporteerde omzet van enkele grote ondernemingen in sectoren die voorheen dit type deelnemingen proportioneel consolideerden. Voorts blijkt dat hoewel de toelichtingseisen zijn toegenomen bij de overgang op IFRS 11, deze toelichting, met name de samengevatte Hnanciële informatie over individueel materiële JV’s, in veel gevallen ruimte voor verbetering kent. Ten slotte valt op dat in de communicatie naar aandeelhouders in het bestuursverslag de nieuwe term JA nauwelijks wordt gehanteerd en blijkbaar als te technisch en niet aansluitend bij het spraakgebruik wordt beschouwd.
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Ali, Tahir, and Saba Khalid. "Trust-performance relationship in international joint ventures: the moderating roles of structural mechanisms." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 32, no. 7 (August 7, 2017): 962–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-02-2017-0025.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate the relationship between trust and performance in international joint ventures (IJVs) with the moderating effects of the structural mechanisms from transaction cost approach. Design/methodology/approach Using web-survey, data are collected from 89 IJVs of Northern European firms in Asia, Europe and America. Empirical data are analyzed with structural equation modeling and estimates moderating effects of symmetric dependence, symmetric equity share and resource complementarity. Findings The findings offer some interesting insights for transaction cost and the social exchange theory. This study demonstrates that a symmetric equity share between IJV partners does not moderate the trust–performance relationship, while a symmetric dependence and resource complementarity between partners effect positively. Therefore, trust takes on greater importance in enhancing IJV performance under symmetric dependence and resource complementarity and symmetric equity share between IJV partners deprecates the importance of equity distribution. Practical implications A symmetric dependence prevents the deceit from either partner in trusting relationships. Further, a trustful relationship enhances IJV performance regardless of the equity share in IJVs. IJVs with asymmetric equity share can also be successful, provided that IJV partners develop inter-partner trust. Originality/value The extant research has not examined how the trust–performance relationship is contingent on structural mechanisms of IJVs that transaction cost economics deem necessary to prevent opportunistic behavior. Three structural mechanisms of symmetric dependence, symmetric equity share and resource complementarity moderate the trust–performance relationship in IJVs.
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Youssef, Kais Ben, and Yasuo HOSHINO. "The Choice between Joint Ventures and Wholly Owned Subsidiaries: the Case of Japanese Direct Investment in Europe." Japanese Journal of Administrative Science 17, no. 1 (2003): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5651/jaas.17.31.
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Materna, Matúš, Benedikt Badánik, Alena Novák Sedláčková, and Andrea Maternová. "Commercialisation of Air Navigation Service Providers – Evidence from Europe." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 33, no. 5 (October 8, 2021): 647–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v33i5.3868.
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This paper deals with the on-going process of commercialisation of air navigation service providers (ANSPs) with specific focus on Europe. First part offers overview of conducted research on their commercialisation and identifies two main external drivers for the emergence of commercialisation – liberalisation of national markets and demand for other ANS related services. Our research also proposes methodology for numerical assessment of the degree of commercialisation based on the ANSP’s Commercialisation Index (ACI) and presents numerical evaluation of the ACI index of 35 European providers and proposes six different categories of providers reflecting different degree of their commercialisation. Results reveal that 63% of the European ANSPs show signs of commercialisation. On top of that, our outcomes prove that corporatisation cannot be considered a direct manifestation of commercialisation. Despite the most widely accepted view that corporatised providers are commercially active, the findings show that almost 40% of corporatised European ANSPs are not commercially active. The paper also claims that ownership of subsidiaries and joint ventures is the most dominant demonstration of commercialisation. At the same time, our outcomes show that the provision and development of commercial services and products related to ANS are the most common commercial activities of the European ANSPs.
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Wooldridge, F. "Mergers and Joint Ventures in Europe: The Law and Policy of the EEC (Second Edition) by Frank L. Fine." Arbitration International 11, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbitration/11.4.463.
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Tóth, Árpád, and Cecília Szigeti. "Example of a German Free-Float Car-Sharing Company Expansion in East-Central Europe." Resources 8, no. 4 (November 8, 2019): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8040172.
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This study examines the expansion of a German free-float car-sharing company in Hungary from financial and sustainability perspectives. BMW and Daimler recently created the joint ventures ShareNow, ChargeNow, ReachNow, FreeNow, and ParkNow, which are having a significant global impact, as their services are now available in 14 different countries. We also expect further market development, since ShareNow started to operate in Hungary in May 2019. The whole EU market is just one step away from being covered by the same professional service, and the future might bring a real globally available free-float car-sharing service provider. Our review used a combination of two methodologies: financial statement-based business analysis and sustainability analysis. On the basis of this study, we concluded that these companies are primarily operated for profit and not on a sustainable operation basis. Additionally, it was also found that the current statistical data collection method does not measure precisely these activities. Financial reporting and sustainability reporting are connected, but they cover different areas. As a subject of further research, we suggest examining whether it is possible to establish a clear connection between these methodologies in the foreseeable future.
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Ozira, Vitaly J. "Crisis of corporate social responsibility and its status in Russia." Pecvnia : Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de León, no. 9 (December 1, 2009): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pec.v0i9.667.
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This paper picked a topic - the global financial crisis- to highlight several related problems. The current crisis was not caused by failed economic policies. The root cause is failed leadership. People sometimes forget that business ethics at its core is about excellence and high attainment rather than misdeeds and malfeasance.<br />In recent years, however, more attention has been paid to the positive side of ethics. More managers in Russia are waking up to the ways in which positive values contribute to a company's effective day-to-day functioning, as well as its reputation and long-term sustainability.<br />Contrary to Western Europe and Scandinavia, Corporate Social Responsibility is a relatively new concept in Central and Eastern Europe and Russia. Cultural gaps between Westerners and Locals have gradually been narrowing and becoming less divisive. Improved knowledge by foreign investors on how to operate successfully in a post-communist region, on "how to bridge the gap", greatly decreases the risk of the East-West joint venture.<br />The views expressed in the paper are the author's own responsibility and should not be interpreted as presenting the official position paper on Corporate Governance.<br /><br />En este trabajo se enfoca la crisis financiera global con el fin de destacar los problemas más importantes relacionados con ésta. La presente crisis no fue provocada por causas meramente económicas. La causa fundamental radica en el liderazgo. A veces, la gente olvida que la ética de las relaciones juega un papel importante a la hora de llevar a cabo un negocio. Últimamente, no obstante, se presta más atención al aspecto positivo de la ética profesional. Un número creciente de gestores rusos emprenden el camino en el que los valores positivos conducen a un eficaz funcionamiento diario así como su prestigio y sostenibilidad a largo plazo. A diferencia de la concepción de la Europa occidental y escandinava de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa, en la Europa Central, del Este y en Rusia, es un concepto relativamente nuevo. Sin embargo, las divergencias culturales que constituían un obstáculo serio entre los inversores occidentales y locales en los últimos años se han reducido. Los inversores extranjeros van mejorando su conocimiento de como actuar con éxito en una región postcomunista. Los puentes que se han tendido entre el Este y el Oeste han reducido los riesgos de joint ventures.<br />Las opiniones expresadas en el articulo son responsabilidad del autor y no deben interpretarse como la postura oficial rusa sobre la Gobernanza Corporativa.<br />
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Larimo, Jorma Antero, and Huu Le Nguyen. "International joint venture strategies and performance in the Baltic States." Baltic Journal of Management 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bjm-12-2013-0189.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse investment strategies and performance of Finnish firms in their international joint ventures (IJVs) established in Baltic States. Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyse performance of IJVs in Baltic States based on the IJV theory, international business literature, and foreign direct investments in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) literature. The analysed factors include firm, investment, and inter-partner relationship-specific factors. To examine the propositions the paper used ten IJVs established by Finnish firms in various Baltic States between the period 1991 and 2005. Findings – The results show that the level of uncertainties in the countries and the differences between partners are not related to firms’ commitments and the entry mode choice. Several Finnish firms preferred cost leadership to compete with other firms in the local markets. In most cases there was a positive relationship between the level of partners’ equity share, commitment to the IJV, and the level of trust between partners. The results indicated differences in the IJV performance depending on parent firms’ objectives, their competitive strategies, mode of entry, age of IJVs, control strategies, level of trust, and commitment between partners, as well as depending on the performance measures used. Practical implications – This study suggests four observations that managers may need to take into consideration to improve IJV performance in the Baltic States. First, cost leadership strategy help to increase IJV performance in terms of sales. Second, social control mechanisms and narrow control leaded to better performance than formal and wide control. Third, minority ownership by Finnish firms in IJVs leaded to better performance based on sales, productivity and total performance whereas majority ownership had leaded to better performance in terms of total costs. Finally, the results confirmed that commitment to the IJV operation and trust on the other partner are very essential factors to IJV performance. Originality/value – The study is the first one to analyse in more detail based on several cases the IJV strategies and performance of Finnish firms in the Baltic States. The analysed factors include several such factors which have not been analysed related to IJV operations in Baltic States (some also limitedly in the CEE context).
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Knapp, Michael C., and Carol A. Knapp. "Europe's Enron: Royal Ahold, N.V." Issues in Accounting Education 22, no. 4 (November 1, 2007): 641–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.2007.22.4.641.
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Royal Ahold, N.V., is a large multinational company based in The Netherlands that was founded in 1887 by Albert Heijn. Three generations of the Heijn family oversaw the company's retail grocery business. In 1989, the company hired a professional management team. The new management team expanded Royal Ahold's operations by purchasing grocery chains around the globe, resulting in the company becoming the third largest food retailer in the world. In 2000, the company diversified into the wholesaling segment of the huge food industry when it purchased U.S. Foodservice, a large food wholesaler based in Columbia, Maryland. Royal Ahold's professional management team established aggressive earnings and revenue goals for the company each year and pressured their subordinates to achieve those goals. An incentive compensation plan awarded large year-end bonuses to managers of operating units that met or surpassed their financial goals. Royal Ahold's decentralized operations, when coupled with the strong incentives to achieve unrealistic earnings and revenue goals, created an environment in which fraud often flourishes. In early 2003, Royal Ahold's independent auditors suspended their fiscal 2002 audit of the company when they discovered numerous potential irregularities in the company's accounting records. Subsequent investigations documented that the company had improperly included the operating results of foreign joint ventures in its consolidated financial statements, had accounted improperly for initial acquisition costs related to several of those joint ventures, and had materially overstated “promotional allowances” due from company vendors. The disclosure of the massive accounting fraud resulted in criminal and civil lawsuits being filed against the company and its top executives in both Europe and the United States. This case examines accounting, auditing, and control issues pertinent to multinational companies. In addition, the case examines recent controversies arising between and among international regulatory agencies and rule-making bodies within the accounting and auditing disciplines. Finally, the case illustrates important risk factors commonly associated with financial statement fraud.
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Chakraborty, Prabal. "Indian Pharmaceuticals Industry in Global Scenario: An Appraisal." Journal of Health Management 22, no. 3 (August 6, 2020): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063420937939.
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Today, the Indian pharmaceuticals industry is recognised the world over due to the quality and cost-effectiveness of its products. At present, globally it is one of the fastest-growing industries and contributes 2.4 per cent value wise and 10 per cent volume wise globally. India alone accounts for 20 per cent of global exports in generics. In 2016, the Indian pharma industry exported USD16.89 billion and is expected to touch USD40 billion by 2020. The present generics market has immense potentiality for foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, and worth USD14.53 billion of FDI inflows came in between April 2000 and December 2016. We have witnessed that Indian pharma companies go for joint ventures with multinational companies, make strategic alliances and co-promotions, contract research and manufacturing services, export, acquisitions and mergers, focus on new markets other than the USA and Europe, buy offshore plants and increase stakes in other companies. India is also becoming an attractive investment for the clinical trials market. The objective of this paper is to analyse the Indian pharmaceuticals industry—opportunity and threats, strategies of the Indian companies particularly after trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS).
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Quejada-Pérez, Raúl. "Joint - Ventures: Una estrategia básica de internacionalización económica." Panorama Económico 3 (January 1, 1995): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32997/2463-0470-vol.3-num.3-1995-442.
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Los acontecimientos históricos ocurridos en el ámbito comercial, financiero y político a principios de los años 90, impactaron significativamente las relaciones económicas internacionales. Entre los principales hechos podemos destacar: Acuerdo de libre comercio entre Estados Unidos y Canadá, proceso privatizador de Europa del Este, eliminación de las últimas barreras a la libre circulación de bienes y personas por parte de la Unión Europea y la reapertura de procesos de negociación con Austria, Noruega, Suecia y muy posiblemente con Suiza y Turquía.
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Coleman, John. "The Role of The European Bank in The Energy Sector." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 12, no. 5 (October 1994): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879401200502.
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The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development was established in 1991 and is owned by the western industrialized countries, including Canada, and the former communist countries of Europe and Central Asia. Its purpose is to assist the latter countries to make the transition from command to market economies in a democratic framework. The Bank, with an initial capital of approximately US$1.2 billion, directs 60 per cent of its resources towards private enterprises and state-owned enterprises which are being privatized. The remainder of the EBRD's lending is directed to governments for infrastructure development. The EBRD's lending, now at US$1.5 to 2 billion a year, is small in relation to the investment needs of its countries of operation. As a result, the Bank tries to maximize its leverage by limiting its share in total project financing to 35 per cent and encouraging co-financing by other lenders and investors. Through its lending it tries to create a demonstration effect and to encourage institutional reforms which increase private investment flows. In the energy sector, most of the EBRD's lending has been in the oil and gas sector in Russia, but it is open for business in other sectors and in all countries of operation. Unlike other development banks, the EBRD is prepared to finance nuclear power projects, especially for improving the safety and extending the operating life of nuclear power stations built before the fall of communism. In this connection, it operates a Nuclear Safety Account established by the G-7 countries after the 1992 Munich Summit. The Bank also is prepared to finance conventional power plants where these would permit the closure of obsolete or unsafe nuclear plants. In the oil and gas sector, most of the EBRD's lending has related to private sector, joint venture projects in Russia, aimed at oilfield rehabilitation and development. Three of the eight projects done so far have involved Canadian firms, reflecting their expertise in secondary and tertiary recovery, and cold weather operations. The private sector ventures supported by the Bank normally involve joint stock companies owned 50 per cent by western partners and 50 per cent by Russian state oil companies, which are being privatized or are operating according to private sector principles. The joint stock companies make up the difference between the EBRD's financing and total project cost through equity contributions in cash and kind, and through debt financing. The EBRD adds value not simply through its own financing. Its involvement in a project promotes co-financing by other investors. Its influence on behalf of foreign and local investors can help overcome administrative and regulatory difficulties affecting projects. Furthermore, the EBRD can give potential clients the benefit of its accumulated knowledge on how to structure the deal to meet host country priorities and regulations and to benefit from the greatest possible financing from the EBRD and from other lenders and investors.
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Zuyeu, Ilya. "Bilateral Relations between Switzerland and Belarus." European Historical Studies, no. 15 (2020): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.15.8.
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The article deals with the Swiss-Belarusian bilateral relations in the political, economic, humanitarian and cultural area from 1991 until nowadays. It provides a brief overview of the studies on this topic published in both countries as well as official reports by the Federal Council, where Belarus was mentioned. The article focuses on the former and current issues of intergovernmental relations between Switzerland and Belarus. It analyses the periods of deterioration caused by divergence of views on democracy and human rights, and the periods of improvement, when sanctions were lifted, the number of high-level visits increased, and new diplomatic and consular representations were established. The article traces the dynamics and structure of foreign trade between the two countries and notes its rapid growth since the mid-2000s, which was facilitated by major Swiss investors, joint ventures and other entities as well as business forums. It also gives data on the financial assistance and humanitarian aid that the Confederation has provided to Belarus, especially to the areas most affected by the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, within its programmes of cooperation with Eastern Europe and via the Swiss Cooperation Office in Minsk (now the Embassy of Switzerland in Belarus). The article also describes the activities of the Belarusian diaspora in Switzerland as well as the cooperation between the educational, scientific and cultural institutions of the two countries. The author concludes that while Belarus is not one of Switzerland’s priority partners, in recent years the bilateral relations between them have been gradually improving.
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Lazarevic, Zarko. "Foreign Investments and Socialist Enterprise in Slovenia (Yugoslavia): The Case of the Kolektor Company." Hungarian Historical Review 10, no. 3 (2021): 556–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.38145/2021.3.556.
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In this article, I examine foreign investment in the socialist enterprise in the former Yugoslavia based on the case study of Kolektor in the context of the liberalized communist social and economic order. Foreign investments were allowed in the form of joint ventures. I present these investments from the viewpoint of economic reforms, the concept of socialist enterprise, and the concept of economic development, which enabled foreign investments and shaped regulation and the structure of foreign investments in Yugoslavia. The history of the case of Kolektor began at a time when Slovenia still belonged to the former Yugoslavia, which was arguably a liberalized type of communist economic system. This was during the Cold War, when both Europe and the rest of the world were divided essentially along the lines of the communist east and the capitalist west. The Kolektor Company was established in 1963 as a state socialist enterprise for the manufacture of the rotary electrical switches known as commutators. From the outset, the company tried to establish international cooperation to acquire modern technology. In 1968, it reached an agreement with the West German Company Kautt & Bux, which at the time was the technological and market leader in the production of commutators. Kautt & Bux invested in Kolektor and became an owner of 49 percent of the company. The investment proved very profitable for both partners. The Slovenian side got access to modern technology and expertise, and the German side got additional production facilities, skilled workers, and low-cost production, which increased its competitiveness on international markets.
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Goldenberg, Susan. "Europe and the joint venture frenzy." International Executive 31, no. 2 (September 1989): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tie.5060310207.
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Marshall, William. "LDC Infrastructure Development in the Era of 'Nationalistic Rhetoric': Do International Investments Agreements Still Mitigate Sovereign Risk and If Not, Does It Matter?" Journal of Politics and Law 11, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v11n4p62.
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Less Developed Countries (LDCs) provide enormous opportunities for companies involved in the development of infrastructure. LDCs couple significant need with often insufficient 'in country' capability or expertise, meaning that foreign companies willing to expand operations into LDCs can find interesting and profitable opportunities. International infrastructure development naturally brings with it the sovereign risks associated with contracting with the government of a LDC. During the last thirty years, governments of LDCs have actively sought the execution of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) with other nations in an attempt to mitigate the appearance of sovereign risk and encourage greater international investment. This has included encouraging foreign companies in the delivery of infrastructure projects.
In the last five years, however, worldwide political support for IIAs seems to be waning, as nationalism and populism threatens to replace globalism and multiculturalism as the dominant economic and political theories in the USA, Europe and Great Britain. In a global political landscape dominated by nationalistic rhetoric, we are unlikely to see continued popular support for the protection of foreign companies against national interests by way of IIAs. We are likely to see not only fewer new IIAs, but conceivably governments revoking their agreement to existing IIAs coupled with waning support for ICSID arbitrations. The author submits, however, that there will not necessarily be a marked increase in sovereign risk as a direct result, and that LDCs will continue to provide worthwhile markets and opportunities for infrastructure development.
The author submits that IIAs never in any event provided complete protection, and that protection against sovereign risk remains available through the underlying contract and in many cases, through political risk insurance. Further, international participants should look at projects with shorter timeframes to secure the return on investment, and avoiding taking sole risk on project by operating in joint ventures.
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Baxter, Glenn. "Capturing and Delivering Competitive Advantage in the Japan to Europe and Europe to Japan Air Cargo Markets: The Case of the ANA Cargo and Lufthansa Cargo A.G. Strategic Joint Venture." MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 7, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2019.02.01.
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<p class="keywords">This paper presents a case study of the ANA Cargo and Lufthansa Cargo strategic joint venture, the global air cargo industry’s first strategic joint venture between two of the world’s major air cargo-carrying airlines. The data gathered for the study was examined by document analysis. The strategic analysis of the joint venture was underpinned by the use of Porter’s Five Forces Model. The study found that the joint venture has provided synergistic benefits to both partners and has allowed the partners to access new markets and to participate in the evolution of the air cargo industry. The joint venture has also enabled both joint venture partners to enhance their competitive position in the Europe to Japan and Japan to Europe air cargo markets through strengthened service offerings and has provided the partners with increased cargo capacities, a larger route network, and greater frequencies within their own route networks. A limitation of the study was that ANA Cargo and Lufthansa Cargo revenues, or freight traffic data was not available. It was, therefore, not possible to analyse the business performance of the joint venture.</p>
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Rijke, Robert. "Nationality Requirements for EU Airlines: The Lufthansa/Swiss/Austrian Mergers as a Case Study." Air and Space Law 37, Issue 6 (November 1, 2012): 431–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2012034.
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The Lufthansa Group, in its acquisition strategy over the past decennium, has been building up a conglomerate of 'independent' airlines within Europe. These cross-border acquisitions have been facilitated by the applicable EU common air transport regulations and the creation of a single EU aviation market. Historically however, such international airline mergers or acquisitions have not been easy to realize, due to regulatory barriers regarding foreign ownership restrictions, in both air service agreements and national laws. This so-called nationality rule prevents airlines from merging across-borders. These regulatory barriers for cross-border mergers and acquisitions are also the main reason for the emergence of transatlantic airline alliances. Transatlantic alliances or joint ventures merely exist because airlines cannot merge cross-border. In the absence of such transatlantic regulatory barriers it would be more efficient to merge, instead of forming an alliance. Desai describes this, using a romantic metaphor: 'If an alliance is like an engagement and a merger is like a marriage, for the majority of airlines the best they can do is get engaged because marriage is not an option. This is because of the restrictions on airline ownership and control that has been in place since the Chicago Convention over 60 years ago.' This article will show that marriage for intra-EU airline partners is now an option. Even marriage between an EU and a Swiss carrier is now an option. Transnational airline mergers and acquisitions in the single EU aviation market have become easier to establish due to regulatory developments. The internal EU regulatory regime at present facilitates intra-EU airline mergers and acquisitions. This article will focus on two acquisitions as done by The Lufthansa Group in the past decennium: the takeover of Swiss International Air Lines in 2005 and the takeover of Austrian Airlines in 2009, and will analyse the aviation legal aspects surrounding both transactions, in particular focussing on the 'nationality rule' and competition law aspects.
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Larimo, Jorma. "International Joint Venture Performance in Central and Eastern Europe." Journal of Euromarketing 19, no. 1 (January 2010): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.9768/0019.01.067.
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Reynolds, T. "Joint Venture Strengthens U.S.--Europe Cooperation On New Cancer Drugs." JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 88, no. 2 (January 17, 1996): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/88.2.76.
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Grayvoronskiy, Vladimir. "TRANSPORT SECTOR IN MONGOLIA." Eastern Analytics, no. 3 (2020): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2020-03-061-070.
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A general review of the Mongolia’s transport sector’s development in 2000– 2019, including road, railway, civil air, water transport sub-sectors, main indicators of transport by types, new big projects are described. Mongolia’s transit transport facilities between Russia and China, as well as between East Asia and Europe are increasing. An economic corridor Russia- Mongolia- China is under construction. A Russian- Mongolian special purpose joint venture to be established for feasibility study of main gas pipeline from Russia to China across Mongolia.
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Crump, Laurien. "Forty-five Years of Dialogue Facilitation (1972–2017)." Security and Human Rights 27, no. 3-4 (September 16, 2016): 498–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02703017.
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The aim of this article is to investigate how the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (csce) succeeded in channelling the Cold War in a peaceful direction by facilitating a Pan-European dialogue during the second half of the Cold War (1972–1990), and what lessons we can learn from it today in terms of dialogue facilitation, so as to raise the profile of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and reduce international tensions. It is based on the hypothesis that the csce facilitated the ‘multilateralisation of European security’ through dialogue, and stabilised European relations by turning security into a joint venture. This article concludes with ten recommendations for facilitating dialogue through the osce so as to multilateralise European security again today.
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Aiginger, Karl. "Europe Dwarfed by Media and Low Self-confidence." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 6, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): p125. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v6n3p125.
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This article rejects the dominant assertion that the world will become bipolar, with the sole remaining superpower USA as the retreating pole and China as the upcoming power on the road to leading in the new world order. We counter that forecasters should not forget Europe. In its geographical borders, it is currently leading in several quantitative and qualitative dimensions such as exports, quality manufacturing, life quality, and life expectancy. If the EU joins forces with countries already affiliated or looking for closer ties, and acts in a more coordinated manner across its members, it can be a partner of the US and China on a level playing field. This fact is currently ignored by international media and analysts. The article ventures to carve out some policy changes, which could increase Europe’s leverage. The new world order will not arise in a linear way and new middle powers will exist alongside the strongest actors: China, Europe, and the US.
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Brouthers, Keith D., and Gary J. Bamossy. "The Role of Key Stakeholders in the International Joint Venture Negotiations: Case Studies from Eastern Europe." Journal of International Business Studies 28, no. 2 (June 1997): 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490102.
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Fernández Pérez, Paloma. "Acerinox: a successful Japanese joint-venture in Southern Europe in the second half of the twentieth century." Entreprises et histoire 80, no. 3 (2015): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/eh.080.0057.
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Pérez Mesa, Juan Carlos, and Emilio Galdeano-Gómez. "Collaborative firms managing perishable products in a complex supply network: an empirical analysis of performance." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 20, no. 2 (March 9, 2015): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-06-2014-0185.
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Purpose – This purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence of how cooperation is related to suppliers’ performance, a relationship that is thought to be affected by the type of customer and the extent to which the market is diversified. It analyzes horticultural exporting firms in southeastern Spain, which are the main suppliers of European markets. Together with their primary customers (large-scale retail companies such as Carrefour, Tesco and Aldi), these firms constitute a complex supply network composed of a variety of agents and sales channels. This network will be studied from the perspective of the supplier–supplier relationship that is critical to their survival. Design/methodology/approach – Starting with a detailed description of Europe’s vegetable supply chain, a hierarchical regression is used with an index of cooperation intensity, moderated by retail sales and market concentration. The authors test the hypotheses using panel data on a set of 118 horticultural marketing firms in southeast Spain for the period 2009-2011. Findings – Cooperation strategies are shown to have positive effects on performance (market creation, promotion, quality, training, joint supply purchases and research ventures). Moreover, the retail channel and market diversification are observed to have a positive effect on the relationship between cooperation and the supplier’s performance. They demonstrate that active cooperation strategies have a greater bearing on performance in those firms whose primary customers are retailers. This circumstance provides evidence of the synergies and benefits that may arise when the supplier integrates the retailer in the supply chain, but which do not arise with other types of customers. Research limitations/implications – Although this study refers to a specific sector (fruits and vegetables) and the statistical results are limited, they provide insights that may assist in understanding how other perishable produce-related industries work: such industries share many common features. Practical implications – A more stable relationship between suppliers and retailers in the perishable produce market will render the supply firm more cooperative, competitive and profitable. Increased performance does not arise from the better conditions and improved sales power offered by the customer but instead from the adaptability of the supplier. Likewise, market diversification drives the supply firm toward a cooperative strategy, making it more profitable and competitive. As a practical norm, market diversification alone will not have positive results on performance unless the firm proves capable of enhancing its capacity for cooperation. Social implications – Proper management of the agricultural produce supply chain has repercussions on all of the members of that chain, although special emphasis should be placed on producers and consumers. The availability of food, its quality and its safety depend on management during the production phase. Along these lines, and more specifically for the consumer, this work is relevant because the sector analyzed accounts for 40 per cent of the vegetables consumed in Europe. Originality/value – This article defends the supplier–supplier relationship as the starting point for the analysis of a supply network. In certain sectors, the suppliers’ ability both to solve their clients’ problems and to be profitable is conditioned on maintaining the network and, therefore, the basic focus must center on analyzing their relationships, always including the customer, who has a direct or indirect influence on those relationships. Previous research has not comprehensively addressed this issue, let alone that of a sector with agile and perishable products in which, due to its nature, decision-making about market destinations and sales channels is the order of the day.
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Schmalzl, Lilia, Gerald Hartmann, Michael Jungmeier, Darja Komar, and Rahel M. Schomaker. "Transnational water resource management in the Karawanken/Karavanke UNESCO Global Geopark." Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation 18, no. 3 (2022): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7341/20221831.
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PURPOSE: The management of cross-border natural resources has been the focus of research in different disciplines. Nonetheless, beyond theoretical insights, empirical evidence of successful cross-border management or governance of natural resources is still limited, even in the European Union (EU), where a range of instruments are provided to foster cross-border cooperation between its Member States. This is where our paper departs, providing evidence from an example of cross-border cooperation between two Member States of the EU, Austria, and Slovenia, adding to the analytical framework to identify the drivers of successful cross-border cooperation. METHODOLOGY: Drawing from the example of the European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC) Geopark Karawanken we evaluate the success factors and limits for transboundary cooperation encompassing different forms of cooperation. Furthermore, based on empirical evidence of workshops with local, regional, and national stakeholders, we investigate the potential of the EGTC organizational framework to provide for the successful cross-border management of water resources within the Geopark area. FINDINGS: Our analysis of project bundles, joint ventures/consortia, and EGTCs as possible forms of transboundary cooperation indicates that EGTCs have various advantages over looser forms of cooperation. Higher operational costs for the organization are contrasted by enhanced governance of transboundary activities, in accordance with legal frameworks and representation on both sides of the border. This increases acceptance and facilitates decision-making. Furthermore, it increases the potential for receiving funds in accordance with planned activities and regional requirements, while decreasing the individual financial risk for partners. The genesis of the Karawanken/Karavanke UNESCO Global Geopark (Geopark Karawanken) indicates that looser forms of organization, for instance, project bundles, enable stakeholders to get to know each other without great institutional effort. In the course of increasing integration, the organizational form can be more complex. The experience in developing transboundary, water management instruments shows that even in a more sophisticated form of cooperation like an EGTC, there are remaining obstacles in managing transboundary natural resources. Obstacles result from e.g., national laws and regulations, data standards, monitoring techniques, and soft factors such as language barriers. IMPLICATIONS: The example of the Geopark Karawanken shows that cross-border public authorities can be significantly supported with the introduction of an EGTC. Still, an EGTC tends to exclude private companies or societal actors because they cannot be active members of the Board. Exploring further options for closer integration of the private sector in Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) models may be useful to maintain the opportunity to include much-needed private skills and resources. The experience of the Geopark Karawanken suggests that EGTCs can and will be a significant form of organization in Europe for a number of activities, for example, in the field of cross-border resources, cross-border protected areas, or cross-border predicate regions. This will support the achievement of the goals of EU programs to face the climate and biodiversity crises through transnational agreements, e.g., the Green Deal or the Biodiversity Strategy. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: This article provides a concise overview on transnational water resource management in the European Union in the context of an EGTC, and raises points for practitioners about potential challenges for the successful introduction of an EGTC. While the analysis of common experiences of various EGTCs could lead to the development of a European standard and guideline for the successful foundation of this territorial cohesion tool, this paper provides the first step, paving the road for future research.
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Bartley, Douglas L., and Michael S. Minor. "Why Would a Company Want to Enter a Joint Venture in the Former Soviet Union or Eastern Europe?" Journal of Product & Brand Management 3, no. 2 (June 1994): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429410061924.
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Dutheil de la Rochère, Jacqueline, Stefan Grundmann, and John Phillips. "The European Law School (Network)." European Review of Private Law 17, Issue 2 (April 1, 2009): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2009013.
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The European Law School (Network) opened its doors at the end of the 2007/2008 academic year. For the first time, three universities have come together to create a comprehensive European legal education. The initial project will be to create a program of study, with both national and international components. This joint venture is not simply to create another Master’s program but an understanding of Europe that emphasizes and promotes both unity and diversity. We develop this theme in sections 4 and 5 of this paper. At the same time the program endeavours to provide the essential features of a modern legal education (as set out in section 5), albeit, at the present time, for only a limited number of students.
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Pfaff, Christina. "The 1st Frankfurt Investment Arbitration Moot Court." German Law Journal 9, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000158.
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In April 2006, the Wilhelm Merton Centre for European Integration and International Economic Order of Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt organised a symposium in celebration of the 40th anniversary of the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). At the symposium, young and up-and-coming scholars, together with experienced experts from both the profession and academia, discussed a broad range of issues relating to investment protection before a substantial audience. Frankfurt is also home to the Frankfurt International Arbitration Center (FIAC), founded in 2005 as a joint venture between the Frankfurt Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Frankfurt CCI) and the Deutsche Institution für Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit (DIS). Under an agreement between ICSID and DIS, the FIAC serves as a cooperation facility for ICSID arbitrations. It is one of only two cooperation facilities in Europe.
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Bogdanowicz, R., J. Drwal, Z. Maksymiuk, and A. Osinski. "Water quality management in the coastal city in the period of considerable water consumption decrease." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 2-3 (July 1, 2001): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0787.
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Gdansk water supply system belongs among the oldest in Continental Europe. In 1992 one of the first joint-venture water companies was established in the city. Under a contract concluded between the firm and the municipality, the company was obliged to secure quick and considerable improvement of drinking water quality. At the same time a considerable water consumption decrease was observed. The drop entails new environmental, technical and economic problems. The biggest threat to the supplies of safe and good quality water is the phenomenon of secondary pollution of water resulting from the overdimensioning of the water supply network. Positive aspects of water consumption decrease are related to the opportunity of more rational and sustainable water resources management. The solutions adopted in Gdansk can serve as a starting point for working out the best model for water quality management in the coastal cities.
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DYBA, Mykhailo, and Iuliia GERNEGO. "VENTURE BUSINESS IN UKRAINE AND DIGITAL INNOVATION HUBS AS AN INSTITUTION OF ITS DEVELOPMENT." Economy of Ukraine 2021, no. 6 (June 22, 2021): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2021.06.036.
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Expert research shows that the strengthening of digitalization trends, in particular, the use of digital technologies in the process of developing innovative businesses in Europe, will allow to receive an additional 110 billion euros annually over the next five years. Specialists note that such digital transformations should be implemented on the basis of specialized ecosystems: hubs, which include a wide range of startups, small and medium-sized businesses, scientists and researchers, consultants on digitalization and digital business management, big business, accelerators and investors. The joint activities of all these actors form a synergistic effect for innovative development. The development of venture business is based on attracting the appropriate amount of financial resources, as well as a number of other consulting and mentoring services. However, the peculiarities of such support depend on the stage at which the venture business is. The seed round of financing is characterized by a strong financial risk for direct investors, which is due to the return on investment and profit only in the long run. Instead, it is at the initial stage of creating a venture business that organizational problems often arise, related to the preparation of business plans and the final selection of the team, in particular, the establishment of digital competencies. Rounds A and B support the venture business, which already has a ready-made innovative product and a certain audience of enthusiastic users. However, there is an urgent need to commercialize innovation. The venture startup still has problems with monetizing the results of its activities, developing the concept of an innovative product-leader. Scaling the production of innovative products requires significant improvements associated with additional marketing research on the priorities of the target audience at the global level, the need for business planning. The digital innovation hub serves as a platform for the formation of synergistic cross-sectoral partnerships that creates the foundation for the development of innovative business.
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Taborda, Ashley. "Airline Alliances: Justifying the Bureaus Intervention." Air and Space Law 41, Issue 6 (November 1, 2016): 475–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2016036.
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In Airline Alliances: Justifying the Bureau’s Intervention, the Canadian Competition Bureau’s 2011 challenge of the proposed joint venture between Air Canada and United Continental Holdings is analysed from a Competition Law perspective, through the lens of the nuanced environment in which airlines operate in Canada. Despite the multitude of arguments supporting the pro-competitive effects of airline alliances, particularly with regards to airlines operating in the United States, Europe and Australia, this paper concludes that airline alliances are not necessarily pro-competitive within the Canadian context. Although airline alliances are theoretically well-aligned with the purposes of the Canadian Competition Act, the markets in which such alliances are permitted to operate must contain mechanisms to constrain the excessive use of market power. With current Canadian policies fostering protectionism, the Competition Bureau is arguably justified in taking a more aggressive approach with regards to airline alliances than its global peers.
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Blaszczyk, Regina Lee. "Synthetics for the Shah: DuPont and the Challenges to Multinationals in 1970s Iran." Enterprise & Society 9, no. 4 (December 2008): 670–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146722270000759x.
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In the 1960s and 1970s, the largest U.S. chemical firm, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, established an international presence in synthetic fibers by building plants to make nylon, polyester, and acrylic in Latin America and Europe. DuPont managers also looked to the Middle East, specifically to Iran, which was fast industrializing under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The Shah's pro-Western stance and his country's rich oil fields made Iran appealing to a petrochemical giant like DuPont, which used petroleum feed stocks to make fibers and other products. In the 1970s, DuPont partnered with the Behshahr Industrial Group, a conglomerate run by the Ledjavardi clan, one of Iran's leading families, to build a high-tech fiber facility that would help modernize the Iranian textile industry. The story of this short-lived joint venture, a victim of the Islamic Revolution, demonstrates the challenges to multinationals operating in imperial Iran, and shows how the daily experience of dealing with cultural differences often masked larger political and economic troubles.
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Staicu, Daniela. "Financial sustainability of social enterprise in Central and Eastern Europe." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 907–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2018-0081.
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Abstract Recent years have seen a burgeoning interest in social enterprise across Europe. In Central and Eastern European countries, the transition to a market economy stimulated civil society initiatives, and opened new pathways for entrepreneurial initiatives, including the pioneering establishment of the first social enterprises. Eight of the Central and Eastern European countries studied acknowledge the functioning of approximately 24000 social enterprises ‘hidden’ among a variety of existing legal forms, out of which 15172 associations and foundations undertaking some economic activity. Relatively little consideration has been given to the longer-term growth and performance of these hybrid organizational forms. To succeed, these ventures must adhere to both social goals and financial constraints. It implies that common forces from multiple actors - government and other public bodies, banks, corporations, investment funds as well as individuals join efforts. Business failure among social enterprises has been attributed to various difficulties related to size, a lack of resources, and finance and funding issues. It is essential to understand which revenue streams ensure financial sustainability in the case of the social enterprise. This paper analyzes the entrepreneurial dimension of social enterprise activity in eight Central and East European countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia, addressing the question of social enterprise revenue streams. Most social enterprises examined are aware of the need to insure financial stability to their social mission and are actively securing and combining a blend of income streams, in order to avoid overdependence on one source of income and insure sustainability. None of the countries are solely depending on market sources. Research limitations were encountered when analyzing the variety of revenue streams due to the fact that some country reports presented also the dimension of a specific revenue, whereas others do not comprise specific numbers.
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Brandmeier, Rupert A., Sebastian Hain, and Florian Rupp. "Market entry of a western company in the Middle East." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20450621111129663.
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Subject area Entry of a service sector company based in Europe into the Middle East market with focus on Saudi Arabia. Study level/applicability The students should have some familiarity with case studies and should be able to successfully solve easy cases. This case can be used in all courses of general economics and management. It is best suited for courses on market entries, risk management in international business, intercultural management or developing and emerging markets. Case overview Two market entry options are discussed: joint venture set-up with partner and independent direct investment without local partner. A tangible real life experience of the Middle East market will enhance the theoretical presentation and help students to gain practical solutions. Expected learning outcomes The students should be aware of risks and opportunities in the Middle East and Saudi Arabian markets for western companies from the service sector. He/She should be able to prioritize relevant economic data and simultaneously discuss several different options by dealing with complex situations. Supplementary materials Teaching note.
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Kozár, László, and György Iván Neszmélyi. "Hungarian endeavours for the enhancement of economic relations in Southeast Asia focusing on a new partnership with Vietnam." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 11, no. 3-4 (May 12, 2020): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2017/3-4/1.
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Beyond a brief review of the economic integration process among the states of the ASEAN region, the authors of the present study aimed to examine and analyze the main economic, social and political characteristics of the Hungaro-ASEAN relations. The importance of the topic of this research is underlined by the fact that the Hungarian government considers big importance to the improvement of the foreign economic relations with Asian economies. This intention was expressed by a new foreign economic strategy „Eastern opening” announced by the government in 2012, even though the foreign trade statistical figures did not justify its success by now.The authors believe that increasing opening towards Asia serves Hungarian economic interests. Therefore, it is a right and desirable direction to proceed, they consider that in the background of the modest results there might be the insufficient knowledge of the market mechanisms, the actors of the local supply chains and the potential partners. They believe that in order to make the Hungarian foreign economic endeavours in this direction more successful a more thorough examination of the local characteristics – including the actual demand arising at the targeted markets - is necessary. This opinion is prevalent to not only the Asian „Giants”, like China, India and Japan, but also to smaller states, like the ASEAN members, which – together - in terms of population and economic performance – reach the dimensions of an economic great power as well.Furthermore, the integration of the ten Southeast Asian countries develops rapidly, which is coupled by their increasing weight in the world trade. The dynamic economic and social development in the ASEAN region – and in parallel with this the growing demands and purchasing power - may encourage the Hungarian ventures in theory. However, there are still very few Hungarian entrepreneurs, who are ready to enter the market in the region and able in long run to operate there successfully. It is a well-known fact that the since the regime has changed in Hungary, foreign trade became strongly concentrated towards the EU members.The ASEAN countries – because of the geographic distance and by other reasons - definitely cannot mean an alternative of the EU market, however in a certain extent they can relieve this one-sided concentration and may provide additional opportunities for the Hungarian export of goods, and rather to the export of Hungarian services and know-how. The ratio of the ASEAN region within the entire Hungarian foreign trade turnover is small nowadays, furthermore – according to the statistical figures – this region is rather an import resource for Hungary than being an export market. This fact – just itself – is should not be considered as problem. When the amount of the import exceeds the amount of exports, that means that it is more worthwhile to do business with suppliers from there countries than with others. By and large all this is prevalent to the field of the agricultural trade as well: Hungary imports a range of commodities which cannot be produced by domestic farmers or in Europe (spices, tropical fruits, etc.). It is obvious that the ASEAN region cannot be the major market for the Hungarian agricultural export, not even in long run. However, there are still a lot of opportunities to enlarge the turnover of goods and services and enhance the co-operation in this geographic region. In the last chapter, the authors outlined an example in case of Vietnam – co-operation of joint public warehousing of agricultural commodities – which may be a good example for the promising potential opportunities. In contrast with the majority of the ASEAN countries, the Hungaro-Vietnamese political and economic relations had started much earlier than the regime was changed in Hungary. However, the potential advantages arose from this fact – the network of connections and the sympathy of Vietnamese professionals graduated in Hungary, the reputation and popularity of Hungarian agricultural products and technologies, the achievements of R&D in the field of agriculture – could not be utilized from Hungarian side. Vietnam, however still preserved its socialist political establishment, but in terms of its economic development strategy and economic policy has gradually been standing on the basis of market orientation. Vietnam, with its population of ninety million shows a rapid and successful development and it means good opportunities even for Hungarian entrepreneurs. It would be a mistake to leave these potentials unused.
JEL Classification: F14, Q17, R11, N75
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Grubbauer, Monika, and Nebojša Čamprag. "Urban megaprojects, nation-state politics and regulatory capitalism in Central and Eastern Europe: The Belgrade Waterfront project." Urban Studies 56, no. 4 (March 27, 2018): 649–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018757663.
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In this paper, we explore how state-led regulatory planning is utilised to push for delivery of an urban megaproject (UMP) in the specific context of post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe. Our focus is on the large-scale brownfield redevelopment project ‘Belgrade Waterfront’ under implementation in the Serbian capital, a joint venture between the Republic of Serbia and Abu Dhabi-based investor Eagle Hills. We show this UMP to be an extreme example of state-led regulatory intervention, characterised by lack of transparency and haste in decision-making processes, all of which serve to prioritise private investors’ interests in project delivery above the principles of representative democracy. Through analysis of legislative and planning documents, expert reports and media coverage from the period between 2012 and 2017, we explore the legislative mechanisms, contractual strategies and modes of governance involved in the project’s delivery. This provides two insights: first, it reveals that, in contrast with the active role of local governments in conceiving entrepreneurial strategies that is often assumed today, in the case of Belgrade Waterfront, the national government has instead played the decisive role; second, it shows how modifications to national law were instrumental in defining public interest, in enabling certain types of contracts to become technically legal, and in minimising risks for the private investor. We conclude by highlighting the need to further conceptualise nation-state politics and autocratic rule as driving forces of urban development processes.
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Raats, Tim, and Tom Evens. "‘If you can’t beat them, be them’." MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research 37, no. 70 (June 16, 2021): 050–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v37i70.122208.
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Faced with heavy competition of global subscription-video-on-demand (SVOD) streaming services, along with increased pressure on fi nancing and distribution of domestic content, legacy media players are increasingly exploring the potential of local SVOD services as domestic alternatives to global platforms such as Netflix and Disney+, often in collaboration with other European broadcasters and/or distributors.This article presents an in-depth case study of Streamz, a domestic SVOD alternative launched in Belgium in September 2020. Building on scholarly work on media disruption and platform power, the case study examines the political and market context that shaped the existence of the platform, and critically analyses the strategies pursued by legacy media players in attempting to develop and emulate key competitive advantages of global SVOD players. The article demonstrates how a persistent policy push to collaborate in a small market resulted in an unusual joint venture and, at the same time, how diff erent market factors, most of them characteristic for small media markets, pose signifi cant challenges for domestic players to develop a profi table platform in Europe, let alone be able to stand achance in a highly competitive streaming market.
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Kapusevska-Drakulevska, Lidija. "The Presence of Portuguese Contemporary Poetry at the Struga Poetry Evenings." e-Letras com Vida: Revista de Estudos Globais — Humanidades, Ciências e Artes 02 (2019): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53943/elcv.0119_11.
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The idea of political union of a democratic Europe must be founded upon its cultural dimension. Poetry is a very important dimension of European civilization and an essential exercise of creative freedom for approximating individual human beings and countries. The topic of this paper will be the presence of Portuguese contemporary poetry at the Struga Poetry Evenings (SPE), an international poetry festival started in 1962. The SPE has a very significant role in reception and promoting the other literatures and cultures to the Macedonian authors and readership. The selection of Portuguese contemporary poetry at the SPE included several books: 1. The poetry of Vasco Graça Moura, the «Golden Wreath» Winner at the SPE (2004); 2. The selected poems of Casimiro de Brito (2006); 3. One anthology of the Portuguese contemporary poetry (2001). The literary translation has a very important mission: every Encounter with the Other creates a dialogue, but it also means Self-knowledge. This poetic «joint-venture» of Macedonia and Portugal (both with republican traditions in constructing the collective memory and history) through the SPE could be a good symbol: it does contribute to a long tradition of uniting the world through the word of the poets.