Relevant bibliographies by topics / Joint power law

Academic literature on the topic 'Joint power law'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Joint power law"

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Renshaw, Carl E. "Connectivity of joint networks with power law length distributions." Water Resources Research 35, no. 9 (September 1999): 2661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900170.

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Sun, Delin, and Minggao Zhu. "Effect of Pressure Distribution on the Energy Dissipation of Lap Joints under Equal Pre-tension Force." Open Physics 17, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0034.

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Abstract In this paper, the energy dissipation in a bolted lap joint is studied using a continuum microslip model. Five contact pressure distributions compliant with the power law are considered, and all of them have equal pretension forces. The effects of different pressure distributions on the interface stick-slip transitions and hysteretic characteristics are presented. The calculation formulation of the energy dissipation is introduced. The energy dissipation results are plotted on linear and log-log coordinates to investigate the effect of the pressure distribution on the energy distribution. It is shown that the energy dissipations of the lap joints are related to the minimum pressure in the overlapped area, the size of the contact area and the value of the power exponent. The work provides a theoretical basis for further effective use of the joint energy dissipation.
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Shim, Dong-Jin, S. Mark Spearing, and Qingda Yang. "Crack Initiation and Growth in Solder Joints Under Cyclic Shear Deformation Using Piezomechanical Actuation." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 129, no. 1 (December 6, 2005): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2400257.

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Crack initiation and growth behavior in solder joints under cyclic shear deformation using piezomechanical actuation have been investigated. Experiments were conducted on specimens that consist of piezo–ceramic plates and eutectic Sn–Pb solder bonded in a double-lap shear configuration. Specimens were tested under various frequencies and ranges of applied electric field at room temperature, and a shear-lag model using elastic–perfectly plastic solder properties was developed to characterize the mechanical response of the solder joint. Nominal plastic shear strain ranges from 0.182% to 2.69% were considered. The applied shear strains measured using digital image correlation showed agreement with shear strains from analyses. The Coffin–Manson relationship was used to characterize crack initiation, and a power law was employed for crack growth. This work shows that the fatigue characteristics of solder joints using piezomechanical actuation exhibit reasonable agreement with those using other types of testing methods and provides the framework for a new accelerated testing methodology for solder joint reliability.
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Hazri, Tengku Ahmad. "Interpreting Islam in the Constitution: Question of Fact or of Law?" ICR Journal 7, no. 2 (April 15, 2016): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v7i2.269.

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Under Malaysia’s federalism, the legislative powers of the Federation are distributed between the federal and state governments by the Federal Constitution, classified under Federal List, State List and Joint List. Thus state legislature is authorised to legislate on matters involving, among others, Islamic law. This power includes to create “offences against the precepts of Islam”.1 So two questions then arise.
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Sauber, J., and J. Seyyedi. "Predicting Thermal Fatigue Lifetimes for SMT Solder Joints." Journal of Electronic Packaging 114, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 472–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905484.

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A power-law type creep equation has been added to finite element models to calculate solder joint response to time, temperature, and stress level. The ability of the models to predict solder joint behavior was verified by running a series of creep tests. The models were then solved to determine the solder joint creep strains which occur during thermal cycling. These creep strains were used to predict the degradation of pull strength resulting from thermal cycling. More than 8,600 solder joints were thermally cycled and then individually pull tested to verify the accuracy of the method.
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Paddy Ireland. "Efficiency or Power? The Rise of the Shareholder-oriented Joint Stock Corporation." Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 25, no. 1 (2018): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/indjglolegstu.25.1.0291.

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7

Sims, Peter H., and Jonathan C. Pober. "Joint estimation of the Epoch of Reionization power spectrum and foregrounds." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 488, no. 2 (July 25, 2019): 2904–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1888.

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ABSTRACT The power spectrum of redshifted 21 cm emission brightness temperature fluctuations is a powerful probe of the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). However, bright foreground emission presents a significant impediment to its unbiased recovery from interferometric data. We estimate the power spectrum within a Bayesian framework and demonstrate that incorporating a priori knowledge of the spectral structure of foregrounds in the large spectral scale component of the data model enables significantly improved modelling of the foregrounds without increasing the model complexity. We explore two astrophysically motivated parametrizations of the large spectral scale model: (i) a constant plus power-law model of the form $q_{0}+q_{1}(\nu /\nu _{0})^{b_{1}}$ for two values of b1: b1 = 〈β〉GDSE and b1 = 〈β〉EGS, the mean spectral indices of the Galactic diffuse synchrotron emission and extragalactic source foreground emission, respectively; and (ii) a constant plus double power-law model of the form $q_{0}+q_{1}(\nu /\nu _{0})^{b_{1}}+q_{2}(\nu /\nu _{0})^{b_{2}}$ with b1 = 〈β〉GDSE and b2 = 〈β〉EGS. We estimate the EoR power spectrum from simulated interferometric data consisting of an EoR signal, Galactic diffuse synchrotron emission, extragalactic sources, and diffuse free–free emission from the Galaxy. We show that, by jointly estimating a model of the EoR signal with the constant plus double power-law parametrization of the large spectral scale model, unbiased estimates of the EoR power spectrum are recoverable on all spatial scales accessible in the data set, including on the large spatial scales that were found to be contaminated in earlier work.
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Zuhri, Basrial. "PERANAN DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT DALAM PEMBENTUKAN UNDANG-UNDANG MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG DASAR NEGARA RI TAHUN 1945 SETELAH AMANDEMEN." Ensiklopedia of Journal 4, no. 3 (February 13, 2022): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33559/eoj.v4i3.793.

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The power to form laws after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, there has been a very significant change. This change makes the DPR's power stronger than the President. The power to make laws after the amendments rests with the House of Representatives. However, in joint discussions, the draft law requires the approval of the President. If the draft law does not get the President's approval, the draft law will be invalid. Thus, the power to make laws that is given to the DPR is canceled by the constitution or in other words, the constitution cancels itself. The DPD is also considered a legislative body, with a view to creating a two-chamber system in representative institutions. But in reality, the DPD in exercising its power is very weak. The weaknesses can be seen as follows: 1) DPD can only submit proposals for draft laws to the DPR, 2) The draft laws that can be proposed are limited to matters related to regional government as regulated by the constitution, 3) DPD participation in joint discussions at the DPR , if the draft law has not yet entered the stage of discussion with the President, 4) DPD cannot submit a draft law outside the national legislation program.Keywords: DPR, Law, 1945 Constitution, Amendment.
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Qi, Kai Cheng, Peng Shang, Wei Liu, Jian Jun Zhang, and Feng Gao. "Modular Design Concept of a Humanoid Robot Platform." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 1736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.1736.

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Most of the biped robots or humanoid robots developed so far have been designed with serialactuated mechanism. the ratio between power and weight has not been very good. Some abilities of the humanoid robot are dependent on the weakest motor just like the cannikin law. Most of the human joints are not serial-actuated but parallel-actuated except the knee joint which is a one DOF joint. In the study, two kinds of module are put forward: basic module and composite module, and the configurations of the joints and limbs are designed by these modules. Based on logic diagram, many kinds of the humanoid robot are structured with these joints and limbs. As an applicable example, the humanoid robot SJTU-HR1 is presented.
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Campolieti, Michele. "Power Law Distributions and the Size Distribution of Strikes." Sociological Methods & Research 48, no. 3 (October 10, 2017): 561–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124117729709.

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Using Canadian data from 1976 to 2014, I study the size distribution of strikes with three alternative measures of strike size: the number of workers on strike, strike duration in calendar days, and the number of person calendar days lost to a strike. I use a maximum likelihood framework that provides a way to estimate distributions, evaluate model fit, and also test against alternative distributions. I consider a few theories that can create power law distributions in strike size, such as the joint costs model that posits strike size is inversely proportional to dispute costs. I find that the power law distribution fits the data for the number of lost person calendar days relatively well and is also more appropriate than the lognormal distribution. I also discuss the implications of my findings from a methodological, research, and policy perspective.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Joint power law"

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Simões, Carla Costa. "A joint venture contratual e o direito concorrencial." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2012. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1066.

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The contractual joint venture comes from an association of interests synthesized in a contract, which will determine all wills and goals of co-venturers. The connection between contractual joint venture and competition law occurs when a non corporate joint venture s creation, being a contractual legal instrument as is, can be adjusted by the parties as best fit them. Such a contractual association may aim to infringe freedom of competition, which affects the economic power, and, as a result of the relationship merely contractual, it is difficult for the State to monitor this conduct.
A joint venture contratual advém de uma associação de interesses sintetizada em um contrato, que determinará todas as vontades e objetivos dos coventurers. A ligação do instituto da joint venture contratual com o direito da concorrência ocorre na medida em que a criação de uma non corporate joint venture, sendo um instrumento jurídico contratual como é, pode ser ajustada pelas partes como melhor lhes aprouverem. Tal associação contratual poderá ter como objetivo infringir a livre concorrência, o que afeta o Poder Econômico, e, em razão da relação meramente contratual, é difícil para o Estado fiscalizar este tipo de conduta.
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Guo, Se. "Decision Making From Chinese Partners' Perspective In Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-106683.

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As the Chinese rate of growth has accelerated, China is increasingly considered as an important market for a diverse range of goods and services, including the advancedand complex. This has caught the attention of foreign firms in general and Swedish multinational companies in particular (Demir & Söderman 2007). This thesis focuses on a Chinese perspective of Chinese partners' decision making in SFJV, which is lacking in previous research. Six variables which are related to Chinese partners'decision making in SFJV are founded on a theoretical background. Then these six variables are compiled into a Chinese partners' decision making model. Each of these six variables is further divided into several factors. Data is then collect by a case study in which several SFJVs and their Chinese parents-Chinese partners are interviewed.This data is later used to verify and improve the original model which is founded on theoretical background. Finally an updated Chinese partners' decision making modelis created. The thesis concludes with the important findings and a discussion of the applicability of this model, contribution of the research, and future possible research orientation.

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Zeger, Arthur. "Conflito de interesses nas sociedades por ações." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2011. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1023.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In this paper we addressed the theme of the conflict of interest within the Brazilian corporations. It was also covered, reflexively, the discipline of the particular benefit . To address the systemic study of the chosen theme, we started the studies analyzing its proximity with the line of research economic power and legal limitations, starting from he notion of the economic analysis of law. In structuring this paper it were also addressed other topics such as the importance of voting rights (including the absenteism, the abuse of voting rights, the restrictions on voting rights, the difference between abuse and the conflict of interest). It was also explored the legal treatment given to conflicts of interest according to the comparative law; in this regard, we made an approach of the German, Spanish, French, Italian and Portuguese legal systems. Finally, we make use of decisions from the CVM (Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission), CRSFN (Appeals Council of the National Financial System) and the Brazilian courts to illustrate the current stage of the administrative jurisprudential understanding on the subject hereof. In essence, this paper intends to contribute with the systematic study of the conflict of interests of shareholders and officers of Brazilian corporations, identifying assumptions that are underlying the existing doctrines and contrasting the treatment given to the conflicts of interest that shareholders and officers have against the companies and between themselves.
Nesta dissertação desenvolvemos o tema do conflito de interesses nas sociedades por ações. Também, abordamos, de maneira reflexa, a disciplina do "benefício particular". Para desenvolver o estudo sistêmico do tema escolhido, iniciamos os estudos verificando sua proximidade com a linha de pesquisa poder econômico e limites jurídicos, valendo-nos, para tanto, das noções da análise econômica do direito. Na estruturação deste trabalho, também aproveitamos de outros temas relacionados como, por exemplo, a importância dos direitos de voto (no que se inclui o absenteísmo, o voto abusivo, as restrições ao voto, a diferença entre abuso de voto e conflito de interesses). Também buscamos demonstrar a disciplina do conflito de interesses no direito comparado; nesse sentido, fizemos uma abordagem dos ordenamentos jurídicos alemão, espanhol, francês, italiano e português. Por fim, relacionamos as decisões da CVM, do CRSFN e dos tribunais brasileiros para ilustrar o atual estágio da compreensão jurisprudencial e administrativa acerca do tema tratado. Em suma, esta dissertação visa contribuir com o estudo sistemático da disciplina do conflito de interesses de acionistas e administradores de companhias brasileiras, identificando as premissas que fundamentam os posicionamentos existentes e contrapondo o tratamento conferido ao conflito de interesses entre a companhia e os acionistas e/ou administradores, bem como o conflito de interesses entre os próprios acionistas e administradores.
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Grava, Guilherme Saraiva. "Direito, desenvolvimento e transformações institucionais: como o Congresso Nacional regulou a Comissão Mista de Orçamento entre 1988 e 2015?" reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18234.

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When the new Brazilian Constitution of 1988 was ratified, the National Congress regained several of its prerogatives related to the budgetary process that had been limited during the previous regime (of 1969). One, in particular, was the restauration of the legislative power to modify the budget laws through the adoption of amendments on the original bill, offering congressmen the ability to increase or to create new expenditures for the Federal Government. This arrangement was similar to the system that prevailed under the Constitution of 1946, but with a series of new restrictions that did not exist at that time. The main distinctive feature was the promotion of a unicameral procedure for the approval of budgetary laws, convened through a permanent joint committee specifically dedicated to this purpose – the Joint Budget Committee (Comissão Mista de Orçamento or CMO). This body, considered one of the most powerful in the Brazilian National Congress, accumulates attributes regarding the examination of the budget laws, of the amendments presented to those bills during the approval phase, and also for the control phase of the budget cycle. However, despite its relevance, the legal literature has dedicated little attention to the study of the CMO and its regulation, which is mostly established by the congressmen themselves through internal rules. With this perception in mind, the present research aims to study the so-called Joint Resolutions of the National Congress, approved between 1988 and 2015, which, through the legal framework created for the CMO, regulated the legislative role in the approval phase of the budget laws in Brazil. In this sense, the research seeks to answer three questions: (1) What is the content of the provisions in the Federal Constitution of 1988 that determine the powers and responsibilities of the Joint Budget Committee? (2) What were the procedural provisions governing the operation of the Joint Budget Committee between 1988 and 2015? (3) Which of these regimental regulations could make the process more "rational" and in what way would they do it? In order to deal with these issues, the work intends to describe the institutional transformations of the Committee through the methodological strategy of a case study, articulating the regulation created during this period with the context that involved its elaboration. Moreover, the thesis intends to contribute to the literature that studies the relationship between Law and Development, as it seeks to provide a deeper understanding of some of the budgetary institutions in Brazil – a subject of great relevance to the national development process.
Com o advento da Constituição de 1988, o Congresso Nacional recuperou diversas prerrogativas no campo orçamentário que haviam sido limitadas no regime anterior. Em particular, restaurou-se a sua competência de modificar as leis do Orçamento através da aprovação de emendas, inclusive para aumentar e criar novas despesas – à semelhança do que ocorria sob a Constituição de 1946, porém com uma série de delimitações e restrições então inexistentes. O principal traço distintivo foi a manutenção da tramitação unicameral das leis orçamentárias, reunida por meio de uma comissão mista permanente dedicada especificamente para este fim – a Comissão Mista de Orçamento (CMO). O Órgão, considerado um dos mais poderosos do Congresso Nacional, acumula competências relativas ao exame e à emissão de pareceres sobre os projetos de leis orçamentárias, às emendas apresentadas a referidos projetos e, por fim, ao acompanhamento e fiscalização da Lei Orçamentária Anual, uma vez aprovada. Entretanto, apesar de sua relevância, são poucos os trabalhos na literatura jurídica que se dedicam ao estudo da CMO e de sua regulação específica, majoritariamente estabelecida pelos próprios congressistas através de normas internas. Diante dessa percepção, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo das denominadas Resoluções Conjuntas do Congresso Nacional, aprovadas entre os anos de 1988 e 2015, com destaque para a disciplina, através do regime jurídico criado para a CMO, da atuação dos parlamentares na fase de aprovação das leis orçamentárias da União. A pesquisa procura, assim, responder a três perguntas principais: (1) Qual é o conteúdo das disposições presentes na Constituição Federal de 1988 que determinam as competências e as atribuições para a atuação da Comissão Mista de Orçamento? (2) Quais foram e de que modo se sucederam as disposições regimentais que regularam o funcionamento da Comissão Mista de Orçamento entre os anos de 1988 e 2015? (3) Quais dessas regulações regimentais seriam aptas a tornar o processo mais 'racional' e de que maneira o fariam? Para tratar dessas questões, pretende-se descrever as transformações institucionais da Comissão através da estratégia metodológica do estudo de caso, articulando-se o regramento existente no período com o contexto que envolveu sua elaboração. O trabalho pretende, ao final, contribuir à literatura que estuda as relações entre Direito e Desenvolvimento por buscar compreender, de forma mais aprofundada, algumas das instituições orçamentárias no Brasil – tema de grande relevância ao processo de desenvolvimento nacional.
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Books on the topic "Joint power law"

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Institute, Alberta Law Reform. Advance directives and substitute decision-making in personal healthcare: A joint report of the Alberta Law Reform Institute and the Health Law Institute. Edmonton, Alta: Alberta Law Reform Institute, 1993.

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US GOVERNMENT. An Act to Amend the Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act to Provide for Sales of Electricity by the Bonneville Power Administration to Joint Operating Entities. [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Subcommittee on Mining and Natural Resources. To amend the Geothermal Steam Act of 1970: Joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Mining and Natural Resources and the Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, on H.R. 3359, to amend the Geothermal Steam Act of 1970 (30 U.S.C. 1001-1027) and for other purposes, hearing held in Washington, DC, October 31, 1991. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development., ed. Nuclear power industry: Joint hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and the Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session to conduct oversight on the state of the nuclear power industry and the future of the industry in a comprehensive energy strategy, May 3, 2001. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2001.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Power. Renewable energy technologies: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, on H.R. 4226 ... April 27, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Power. Renewable energy technologies: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on H.R. 1216 ... April 26, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources., ed. Secretarial powers under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976: Excessive use of Section 204 withdrawal authority by the Clinton administration : joint oversight hearing before the Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands and Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources of the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, March 23, 1999, Washington, DC. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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Power, United States Congress House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Energy and. Renewable energy technologies: Joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Subcommittee on Environment of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, January 29, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Power. Elwha River ecosystem and fisheries restoration: Joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries and the Subcommittee on Water, Power, and Offshore Energy Resources of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, on H.R. 4844 ... July 9, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Power. Low-level radioactive waste: Joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on H.R. 2642 ... August 1, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Joint power law"

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Deakin, Simon, and Zoe Adams. "25. Other Remedies and Multiple Liabilities." In Markesinis & Deakin's Tort Law, 871–88. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198747963.003.0025.

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This chapter discusses continues from the preliminary discussion of remedies in chapter 24, to discuss the following: injunctions, damages in lieu of an injunction, and joint and concurrent liability. An action for damages lies after a tort has been committed. An injunction is sought to prevent the continuance of a tort or in anticipation of a threatened tort. It is an order commanding the discontinuance of some activity or forbidding the causing of damage. Where a court could issue an injunction, but decides against doing so, it may award damages in lieu. This power was originally conferred by section 2 of the Chancery Amendment Act 1858 (Lord Cairns’ Act) and has been continued by later legislation. The chapter discusses when it might be appropriate for a court to make an award of damages in lieu of an injunction, particularly in light of recent case law in the context of the law of nuisance. The issue of joint and concurrent liability is also of interest, and should be understood against the back-drop of the discussion about causation in chapter five.
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Marco Colino, Sandra. "20. The UK merger control regime and the treatment of joint ventures." In Competition Law of the EU and UK, 468–94. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198725053.003.0020.

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This chapter discusses the application of competition law to mergers, focusing on the UK system. Where a relevant merger situation is created, the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) has the power to review the merger. Unlike in the EU, notification is not compulsory. The CMA may clear the merger, clear it subject to conditions, or refer it for further consideration to an independent Inquiry Group made up of members of the CMA Panel. The Inquiry Group may clear the merger, clear it subject to conditions, or block it. The test of a merger’s acceptance is that of whether it substantially lessens competition. UK merger decisions may be appealed to the Competition Appeals Tribunal.
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"Historical Introduction To The Law Relating To The Duties And Liabilities Of Directors." In Company Directors: Duties, Liabilities, and Remedies, edited by Simon Mortimore. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754398.003.0002.

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Directors of a company are identified by their functions, rather than their descriptive title. The Joint Stock Companies Act 1844, the first of the Victorian statutes on company law, defined directors as ‘the persons having the direction, conduct, management, or superintendence of the affairs of the company’. The Companies Act 1862 did not provide definitions, but since 1908 the Companies Acts have provided that in those Acts a director ‘includes any person occupying the position of director, by whatever name called’, so including de facto directors. Whereas the 1844 Act made it clear that the directors, not the shareholders, had the conduct of the ordinary management of the company, with power to make contracts, execute documents, and hire employees and agents, subsequent Companies Acts have imposed duties on directors, but left it to the company’s constitution to provide for the directors’ functions and powers.
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Ezrachi, Ariel. "10. Mergers and acquisitions." In Competition and Antitrust Law: A Very Short Introduction, 106–17. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198860303.003.0011.

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‘Mergers and acquisitions’ discusses mergers and acquisitions. While of potential benefit to society, mergers, takeovers, share acquisitions, and joint ventures also affect the market structure, and at times may reduce competition. When markets become more concentrated following a merger, we move further away from a competitive market structure to a structure in which market power might undermine the competitive process. To address this risk, the competition agency must assess the impact of the transaction. There are important procedural differences between the European administrative system and the US system in terms of the appraisal of mergers and acquisitions. Other types of mergers include: horizontal mergers, vertical mergers, and conglomerate transactions.
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Christian, Bumke, and Voßkuhle Andreas. "30 Arts. 83 et seq. GG: The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration." In German Constitutional Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808091.003.0030.

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This chapter discusses the relevant provisions of Art. 83 et seq. of the Grundgesetz (GG) with regard to the execution of federal laws by the federal state and the states. In the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal state and the states are each assigned their own separate administrative powers by the Grundgesetz. The question that arises is how strict the separation of state administration vs federal administration of federal laws is required by the constitution, and whether it always makes sense. To answer this question, the chapter examines the Federal Constitutional Court's jurisprudence concerning the presumption of state responsibility and joint administration (joint execution of federal laws) between federal and state governments. It also considers the states' autonomous execution of federal laws as well as their execution of federal laws on federal commission before concluding with an analysis of the federal administration/execution of federal laws.
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Ilias, Bantekas. "Art.40 Conference of States Parties." In The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198810667.003.0041.

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This chapter examines Article 40 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which deals with the Conference of States Parties (COSP). The COSP is part of an established tradition whose principal aim is to keep the Convention alive by stimulating actions, collaborations, enforcement, capacity building, and others. The enforcement powers of the COSP are severely limited, if any, and should not therefore be compared to those enjoyed by entities with enforcement powers, such as the UN Security Council or the Council of the European Union. Although the powers and functions of the COSP could be achieved outside the legal person of the COSP on the basis of joint action by CRPD member states, the formal collectivization of member states ensures annual discussions on important and emerging issues affecting disability rights and contributes towards a consistency among a group of equal partners undertaking the same obligations.
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Adkison, Danny M., and Lisa McNair Palmer. "Constitutional Amendments." In The Oklahoma State Constitution, 329–32. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197514818.003.0032.

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This chapter studies Article XXIV of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns constitutional amendments. Section 1 gives the legislature power to submit constitutional amendments to a vote of the citizens of Oklahoma and sets forth legislative direction in the first paragraph. Subject to the requirements that a legislative joint resolution proposing an amendment to the constitution set forth the test of the amendment and a ballot title for the election ballot, the precise form and content of the resolution is a matter for the legislature to decide. Under Section 2, which is routinely ignored, a law providing for a constitutional convention must be submitted to the people for their approval, passed by the legislature, and approved by the governor, and it must contain the makeup and procedure of the convention. Section 3 deals with the power of the initiative amendment.
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Folch, Christine. "Ecoterritorial Turns." In Hydropolitics, 185–200. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691186603.003.0007.

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This chapter explores how water creates community. It explains how citizenship is constructed in relation to transboundary water, which is distinct from patterns of governance based on fixed territorial boundaries in relation to connections between legal priorities, climate change, and the durability of capitalism. In liberal democracies, communal hopes and fears get fought over in law. However, this chapter takes law as a site of values enforcement through the signed Joint Declaration and a proposed region-wide South American Energy Integration Treaty, which rescripted sovereignty and state power under new hydraulic pressures. The chapter also describes how rights get attached to water-as-energy and how rights are generated by water-as-energy. Because of the quality of movement, water's ecoterritorial attributes exceed the boundaries of the national state, implying a larger region as the basis of an ecocitizenship. It discusses how ethics are expressed through renewable energy as law is produced and circulated through Itaipú.
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Benz, Arthur. "The Federal System and the Länder." In The Oxford Handbook of German Politics, 179–95. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198817307.013.12.

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Abstract The federal system of Germany is unique in several respects. Governments of the Länder mainly implement federal law and depend to a considerable extent on shared taxes determined by federal legislation. In return, Länder governments participate in federal legislation. This sharing of powers has historical roots and is difficult to change. Efforts to reform the federal constitution or the Länder territories ended with limited amendments. Legal scholars and political scientists have criticized the overlapping responsibilities of federal and Länder governments and the ineffective outcomes of joint decisions, compelling governments aligned to competing parties to find agreements. However, research has also revealed that actors found ways to adjust power sharing and patterns of governance to changing societal and political conditions. The federal system has remained stable, but constitutional amendments of the last two decades have increased its rigidity. This chapter summarizes the historical legacies, the institutions and their operation, and the evolution of the federal system and the role of the Länder. This outline also illustrates different research perspectives on German federalism.
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MacIntyre, Craig. "Bermuda." In International Succession, 101–14. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870463.003.0007.

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This chapter tackles the legal system of Bermuda, noting that Bermuda is a common law system and not a federal system. In the context of wills, the chapter reveals that a person of 18 years and over and of ‘sound disposing mind’ may make a will. A will includes a testament, a codicil, an appointment by will, an exercise of a power in writing in the nature of a will, and any other testamentary disposition. This chapter then shifts to illustrate the intestate succession—governed by the Succession Act 1974. It argues that there is no recognition of common law spouses or cohabitants, whether of the same or opposite sex. The statute makes no distinction between a husband and wife who are living together and spouses living apart. The chapter also looks at the system of forced heirship or statutory allocation of compulsory shares to the spouse, issue, ascendants, or collaterals of the deceased in Bermuda. It then reviews the and community property and joint property.
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Conference papers on the topic "Joint power law"

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Wang, Xiao, Ziwei Zhang, Jing Wang, Peng Cui, and Shiqiang Yang. "Power-law Distribution Aware Trust Prediction." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/495.

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Trust prediction, aiming to predict the trust relations between users in a social network, is a key to helping users discover the reliable information. Many trust prediction methods are proposed based on the low-rank assumption of a trust network. However, one typical property of the trust network is that the trust relations follow the power-law distribution, i.e., few users are trusted by many other users, while most tail users have few trustors. Due to these tail users, the fundamental low-rank assumption made by existing methods is seriously violated and becomes unrealistic. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective method to address the problem of the violated low-rank assumption. Instead of discovering the low-rank component of the trust network alone, we learn a sparse component of the trust network to describe the tail users simultaneously. With both of the learned low-rank and sparse components, the trust relations in the whole network can be better captured. Moreover, the transitive closure structure of the trust relations is also integrated into our model. We then derive an effective iterative algorithm to infer the parameters of our model, along with the proof of correctness. Extensive experimental results on real-world trust networks demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed method over the state-of-the-arts.
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Laury, John, Lars Abrahamsson, and Math Bollen. "Modified Voltage Control Law for Low Frequency Railway Power Systems." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2224.

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In today’s Swedish and Norwegian low frequency railway power system the voltage at a converter is controlled such that its voltage will drop with increased reactive power output. However, for low frequency railways the influence of active power on voltage is larger compared to public power systems and alternative methods are interesting to investigate. This paper presents a modified voltage control law for increased load sharing between converter stations and reduce the risk for converter overload in low frequency railways power systems. The modified voltage control law is derived mathematically and tested with different droops for two case studies. The results confirms the increased load sharing between the converter stations. The results are analysed and discussed; ideas are presented to counteract some of the negative impacts of the modified voltage control law.
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Qiao, Maoying, Jun Yu, Wei Bian, Qiang Li, and Dacheng Tao. "Improving Stochastic Block Models by Incorporating Power-Law Degree Characteristic." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/365.

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Stochastic block models (SBMs) provide a statistical way modeling network data, especially in representing clusters or community structures. However, most block models do not consider complex characteristics of networks such as scale-free feature, making them incapable of handling degree variation of vertices, which is ubiquitous in real networks. To address this issue, we introduce degree decay variables into SBM, termed power-law degree SBM (PLD-SBM), to model the varying probability of connections between node pairs. The scale-free feature is approximated by a power-law degree characteristic. Such a property allows PLD-SBM to correct the distortion of degree distribution in SBM, and thus improves the performance of cluster prediction. Experiments on both simulated networks and two real-world networks including the Adolescent Health Data and the political blogs network demonstrate the validity of the motivation of PLD-SBM, and its practical superiority.
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Wang, Zhuwei, Senfan Jin, Lihan Liu, Chao Fang, Yang Sun, and Zhidu Li. "Joint Optimization of Control Law and Power Consumption for Cruise Control System." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccworkshops49005.2020.9145185.

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Farina, Francesco, and Franco Donatini. "Second Law Approach to the Analysis of Blade Cooling Effects on Gas Turbine Performance." In 1993 Joint Power Generation Conference: GT Papers. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-jpgc-gt-7.

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A preliminary procedure has been developed to analyse the cooling of both nozzle and rotor blades in a gas turbine, evaluating the influence of the system on the performance of the machine. The developed method, which is based on a second law approach, defines the effects of the thermodynamic losses due to the forced convection air blade cooling on the performance of a typical heavy duty gas turbine in terms of lost exergy as function of the turbine inlet temperature.
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GRAY, ROBERT. "Similarity solution for a power-law injection distribution in a flat-plate thermal boundary layer." In 26th Joint Propulsion Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-2265.

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Sabean, John, and Mark Lewis. "Optimization of a hypersonic streamtraced power law inlet with a rectangular to circular transition." In 35th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1999-2666.

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Murakami, Nao, and Robert Winglee. "Downstream Plasma Velocity Measurement and Scaling Law of High-Power Helicon Double Gun Thruster." In 51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-3722.

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Haque, Ainul, Ameeya Kumar Nayak, and Bernhard Weigand. "Electrokinetic Transport of Power Law Fluid Through a Micro-Channel With Hydrodynamic Slippage." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-4848.

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Abstract A pressure driven electroosmotic flow (EOF) is numerically studied in a slit micro-channel with alternating hydrodynamic slip patches. The coupled Poisson-Boltzman-Navier Stokes equations dealt with external electric potential are solved for the flow enhancement of non-Newtonian fluids in microfluidic domain, which is a big challenge in the transportation and mixing of fluids in BioMEMS devices as the drag effect is very strong along the walls. This effect can be minimized with the use of slip boundary conditions by the coupling effects of liquid-liquid or gas-liquid interface positioning. In the present article, the fluid is considered to be a power-law fluids which is driven due to the coupling effects of two superimposed electric fields: the externally imposed electric field and the induced potential. An additional pressure gradient is created by the electrokinetic pumping to generate a higher velocity gradient in the presence of viscous dissipation and Joule heating effects. The analytical quantification of the electroosmotic flow velocity and temperature distribution is made and compared with the numerical results due to the staggered grid based finite volume method. The results are presented in terms of flow enhancement factor (Ef) (provides maximum species transport) and the average entropy generation due to fluid friction, viscous dissipation and Joule heating effect. The advantages and disadvantages of utilizing slip conditions are discussed which has large scale applications on drug delivery, DNA analysis and sequencing and especially biomedical applications, since cell damage due to pumping will be minimized compared to the micro pumps with moving valves, blades and pistons.
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Chen, Yuchun, Siyuan Xu, Yuanhu Cai, and Qiuye Tu. "Virtual Power Extraction Method of Designing Acceleration and Deceleration Control Law of Turbofan." In 45th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-5214.

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Reports on the topic "Joint power law"

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Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.

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Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke & Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries
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Microbiology in the 21st Century: Where Are We and Where Are We Going? American Society for Microbiology, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aamcol.5sept.2003.

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The American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium September 5–7, 2003, in Charleston, South Carolina to discuss the central importance of microbes to life on earth, directions microbiology research will take in the 21st century, and ways to foster public literacy in this important field. Discussions centered on: the impact of microbes on the health of the planet and its inhabitants; the fundamental significance of microbiology to the study of all life forms; research challenges faced by microbiologists and the barriers to meeting those challenges; the need to integrate microbiology into school and university curricula; and public microbial literacy. This is an exciting time for microbiology. We are becoming increasingly aware that microbes are the basis of the biosphere. They are the ancestors of all living things and the support system for all other forms of life. Paradoxically, certain microbes pose a threat to human health and to the health of plants and animals. As the foundation of the biosphere and major determinants of human health, microbes claim a primary, fundamental role in life on earth. Hence, the study of microbes is pivotal to the study of all living things, and microbiology is essential for the study and understanding of all life on this planet. Microbiology research is changing rapidly. The field has been impacted by events that shape public perceptions of microbes, such as the emergence of globally significant diseases, threats of bioterrorism, increasing failure of formerly effective antibiotics and therapies to treat microbial diseases, and events that contaminate food on a large scale. Microbial research is taking advantage of the technological advancements that have opened new fields of inquiry, particularly in genomics. Basic areas of biological complexity, such as infectious diseases and the engineering of designer microbes for the benefit of society, are especially ripe areas for significant advancement. Overall, emphasis has increased in recent years on the evolution and ecology of microorganisms. Studies are focusing on the linkages between microbes and their phylogenetic origins and between microbes and their habitats. Increasingly, researchers are striving to join together the results of their work, moving to an integration of biological phenomena at all levels. While many areas of the microbiological sciences are ripe for exploration, microbiology must overcome a number of technological hurdles before it can fully accomplish its potential. We are at a unique time when the confluence of technological advances and the explosion of knowledge of microbial diversity will enable significant advances in microbiology, and in biology in general, over the next decade. To make the best progress, microbiology must reach across traditional departmental boundaries and integrate the expertise of scientists in other disciplines. Microbiologists are becoming increasingly aware of the need to harness the vast computing power available and apply it to better advantage in research. Current methods for curating research materials and data should be rethought and revamped. Finally, new facilities should be developed to house powerful research equipment and make it available, on a regional basis, to scientists who might otherwise lack access to the expensive tools of modern biology. It is not enough to accomplish cutting-edge research. We must also educate the children and college students of today, as they will be the researchers of tomorrow. Since microbiology provides exceptional teaching tools and is of pivotal importance to understanding biology, science education in schools should be refocused to include microbiology lessons and lab exercises. At the undergraduate level, a thorough knowledge of microbiology should be made a part of the core curriculum for life science majors. Since issues that deal with microbes have a direct bearing on the human condition, it is critical that the public-at-large become better grounded in the basics of microbiology. Public literacy campaigns must identify the issues to be conveyed and the best avenues for communicating those messages. Decision-makers at federal, state, local, and community levels should be made more aware of the ways that microbiology impacts human life and the ways school curricula could be improved to include valuable lessons in microbial science.
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