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Macleod, Christopher. "John Stuart Mill and romanticism." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3097.
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This thesis is an examination of the philosophy of John Stuart Mill and its relation to the romantic movement. The Introduction outlines reasons to believe that such an inquiry is sensible: Mill's readings of the British and German romantics are outlined. I proceed to offer an argument for the application of an historical term such as ‘romanticism' in philosophy and suggest that the space opened up by the revisionist view of romanticism as an extension, rather than a denial, of the Enlightenment project creates room to take seriously Mill's relation to the romantic movement. Chapters 1-4 are concerned with Mill's metanormative theory. For Mill, the norms of acting and believing are founded on the assent given to our primitive dispositions under critical scrutiny. I investigate this foundation in the context of Mill's denial of normative validity to intuitions. The relation of Mill's metanormative theory to romanticism is taken up during the process of interpretation. The movement shows broad endorsement of what I term ‘romantic-cognitivism' – the post-Kantian view that we can arrive at truth through the process of ‘creative-discovery'. I hold that Mill's metanormative theory is not so far away from romantic-cognitivism in orientation as might be thought. I turn to Mill's macro-epistemology and conception of mind in Chapter 5. Mill's view of how we come to know, I suggest, moves towards a Coleridgean position – Mill sees the mind as active, and holds that we come to possess a deeper state of knowledge by engaging with propositions actively. In Chapter 6, I consider Mill's philosophy of history. Many have noted that Mill endorses a directional theory of historical progress. I argue that he also adopts ‘hermeneutical historicism' in his discussions of history. In Chapter 7, I consider Mill's theory of human nature. Mill believes that human nature is malleable: it is subject to change and emendation.
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Dejardin, Camille. "John Stuart Mill, libéral utopique." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020060/document.
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Comment rendre compte de la richesse syncrétique, souvent mésestimée, de la pensée politique de John Stuart Mill ? Nous soutenons que celle-ci est cohérente et que sa clé d'unification se trouve dans sa conception du Progrès, conçu à la fois comme nature et comme destination humaine, qui permet de subsumer la diversité de ses théories au sein d'une utopie d'un type nouveau, libérale et centrée sur les conditions de sa production et de son maintien. En ce sens, la Partie I s’attache à identifier les différents apports idéologiques qui nourrissent ses écrits, entre libéralisme, socialisme et conservatisme, ainsi que leurs limites respectives. La Partie II propose le concept de « libéralisme transcendantal » pour décrire la relation et la complémentarité de ces différentes influences au sein d’une doctrine unifiée sous l'hégémonie du libéralisme, promouvant avec exigence l’autonomie humaine à l’échelle individuelle comme à l'échelle collective en s'attachant toujours à ses conditions de possibilité, aux fins du Progrès. La Partie III s'intéresse alors aux ressorts matériels, moraux et politiques de ce Progrès : développement indéfini des individualités et de « l'art de vivre », c'est-à-dire bonheur dynamique, dans un état économique et démographique pourtant « stationnaire », et sous des institutions représentatives vouées à cultiver l'excellence dans le respect du pluralisme. Au terme de cette reconstitution théorique, les Perspectives proposent des éléments pour une refondation de la pensée progressiste, en particulier écologique et éducative, émancipée des clivages partisans contemporains, dans l'esprit de John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill's syncretic political thought is too often misestimated. My work aims to demonstrate that it is though consistent and that its pivotal point lies in Mill's vision of Progress: this one is conceived at the same time as the human nature and the human telos and as such, it unifies his views on education, happiness, social justice, economic stability and the aims and means of the representative government. All these elements build a new kind of utopia, a liberal utopia focused on the conditions of its own advent and preservation. In this perspective, my First Part will sort out which influences nourish Mill's writings, between liberalism, socialism and conservatism – none of these ideologies being completely accurate. Part Two will then theorize “transcendantal liberalism” so as to describe his approach as a unified doctrine polarized by liberalism but always keeping in mind what “liberty” relies on, i.e. the preconditions of individual and collective autonomy. Part Three will stress on which material, moral and political devices are required by such a goal: a steady-state economy and demography, moral growth and the culture of an “Art of Living” and a “religion of Humanity”, and finally the flourishing of a truly pluralist representative government. To conclude, the Perspectives will highlight a few elements inspired by Mill and likely to be useful for the renewal of nowadays ideology of Progress, particularly from an ecological standpoint
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Dejardin, Camille. "John Stuart Mill, libéral utopique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020060.
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Comment rendre compte de la richesse syncrétique, souvent mésestimée, de la pensée politique de John Stuart Mill ? Nous soutenons que celle-ci est cohérente et que sa clé d'unification se trouve dans sa conception du Progrès, conçu à la fois comme nature et comme destination humaine, qui permet de subsumer la diversité de ses théories au sein d'une utopie d'un type nouveau, libérale et centrée sur les conditions de sa production et de son maintien. En ce sens, la Partie I s’attache à identifier les différents apports idéologiques qui nourrissent ses écrits, entre libéralisme, socialisme et conservatisme, ainsi que leurs limites respectives. La Partie II propose le concept de « libéralisme transcendantal » pour décrire la relation et la complémentarité de ces différentes influences au sein d’une doctrine unifiée sous l'hégémonie du libéralisme, promouvant avec exigence l’autonomie humaine à l’échelle individuelle comme à l'échelle collective en s'attachant toujours à ses conditions de possibilité, aux fins du Progrès. La Partie III s'intéresse alors aux ressorts matériels, moraux et politiques de ce Progrès : développement indéfini des individualités et de « l'art de vivre », c'est-à-dire bonheur dynamique, dans un état économique et démographique pourtant « stationnaire », et sous des institutions représentatives vouées à cultiver l'excellence dans le respect du pluralisme. Au terme de cette reconstitution théorique, les Perspectives proposent des éléments pour une refondation de la pensée progressiste, en particulier écologique et éducative, émancipée des clivages partisans contemporains, dans l'esprit de John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill's syncretic political thought is too often misestimated. My work aims to demonstrate that it is though consistent and that its pivotal point lies in Mill's vision of Progress: this one is conceived at the same time as the human nature and the human telos and as such, it unifies his views on education, happiness, social justice, economic stability and the aims and means of the representative government. All these elements build a new kind of utopia, a liberal utopia focused on the conditions of its own advent and preservation. In this perspective, my First Part will sort out which influences nourish Mill's writings, between liberalism, socialism and conservatism – none of these ideologies being completely accurate. Part Two will then theorize “transcendantal liberalism” so as to describe his approach as a unified doctrine polarized by liberalism but always keeping in mind what “liberty” relies on, i.e. the preconditions of individual and collective autonomy. Part Three will stress on which material, moral and political devices are required by such a goal: a steady-state economy and demography, moral growth and the culture of an “Art of Living” and a “religion of Humanity”, and finally the flourishing of a truly pluralist representative government. To conclude, the Perspectives will highlight a few elements inspired by Mill and likely to be useful for the renewal of nowadays ideology of Progress, particularly from an ecological standpoint
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Waglay, Najma. "John Stuart Mill on representative government." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0003/MQ44799.pdf.
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Hookway, Demelza Jo. "'The John Millennium' : John Stuart Mill in Victorian culture." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/8343.
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As one of the most well-known figures of the nineteenth century, John Stuart Mill was depicted extensively in journalism, pictures, life-writing and fiction. This thesis draws on a selection from these diverse and underexplored sources to offer a new perspective on Mill’s presence in Victorian cultural and emotional life. It shows how Mill figured in fierce debates about science and culture in the mid- to late-nineteenth century, and how ideas of Mill’s ‘femininity’ were used to both attack and commend him philosophically, politically and personally. Mill’s ‘Saint of Rationalism’ label continues to belie the extent to which he was associated with ideas of passion, sensitivity, tenderness, feeling, and emotion in the nineteenth century. This project explores how such terms were invoked in relation to Mill as a philosopher and politician, but also how they related to readers’ encounters with his works. More than any previous study, this thesis pays close attention to the interaction between verbal and visual depictions, and considers official images and caricatures of Mill alongside written accounts. Though much scholarship emphasises that Mill’s reputation went into decline after his death in 1873 (to be recovered in the late twentieth century), this thesis demonstrates the vitality and diversity of literary engagements with Mill in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. It offers case studies of three authors – Thomas Hardy, Mona Caird and Olive Schreiner – and reads both the form and content of their fiction as involved in recognisably Millian experiments in living. Exploring the Millian concepts that figure in novels by Hardy, Caird and Schreiner not only expands the sense of the philosophical context to their writings, but underscores the continued relevance of Mill to discussions of self-development and education, free discussion and intellectual independence. Finally, this thesis suggests ways in which work on representations of Mill could be developed to gain further insight into the cultural history of the philosopher, into interactions between philosophy and literature, and into the nineteenth-century definitions of liberal culture that inform twenty-first century debates.
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O'Rourke, Kevin Charles. "John Stuart Mill and freedom of expression." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311962.
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Maciel, Everton Miguel Puhl. "Fato e valor em John Stuart Mill." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2018. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/7929.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The general aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that John Stuart Mill did not perpetrate a naturalistic fallacy. This argument can be applied to naturalism in gen-eral, but there seems to be a limitation for it to be used on Mill's utilitarianism. We think it is possible to demonstrate that he had, in his connection between justice and utility, a valuable method for the establishment of rules and principles that work like a standard for the normativity of laws; yet it does not offer a definition of ?good in natu-ral terms?. Facts and values need to be justified by a set of normative theories. Jus-tice is dependent of the coexistence between rules and principles, so it has a rela-tionship of value with the utilitarianism (as a fact). This shows us that justice?s protec-tive rules are worth making, if taking into account features that are required by many different social contexts, which provide valuable facts for the implementation and grounding of rules and principles. The letters between Mill and Comte show us to what degree the Londoner subscribed the naturalism to the positivism and the rea-sons why he chose an idea of stability, both from a qualitative and a quantitative point of view of a political theory. Therefore, he defined a very factual based democ-racy concept, a criteria of the modern liberalism, and the aim of ought-is for possible corrections. The unrestricted freedom of thought and discussion is another feature that triggers the prescriptive and descriptive elements of Mill's utilitarianism, intimate-ly connected to the representative democracy. The normative justification in this con-text, does not operate by the epistemological aspect, but by the political sense of public justification, addressed to the moral community, fallibilist and, therefore, adaptable. Let us suggest that Moore pointed out a special naturalistic fallacy de-manding a "proof" of the utilitarianism principle by the summum bonum analysis. We will try to demonstrate that such proof is not feasible and that Mill, who knew about it, chose the political way to establish a ground criterion for the normativity. Rawls, on the other hand, subscribed Mill's liberalism, because he thought it is valid theory to justify fair and free institutions. Both Mill and Rawls present compromising liberal el-ements in their theories, regarding fact-valuable features.
O objetivo geral desta tese ? demonstrar que John Stuart Mill n?o cometeu uma fal?cia naturalista. O argumento da quest?o em aberto pode ser aplicado ao naturalismo em geral, mas parece haver uma barreira para estend?-lo ao utilitarismo de Mill. Acreditamos ser poss?vel demonstrar que ele tinha na conex?o entre justi?a e utilidade um m?todo valioso para o estabelecimento de regras e princ?pios que operam como um crit?rio para a normatividade jur?dica, n?o sendo o caso de definir o ?bom em termos naturais?. Fatos e valores precisavam ser justificados em conjunto dentro de teorias normativas. A justi?a ? dependente de uma coexist?ncia entre re-gras e princ?pios e, assim, relaciona-se valorativamente com o utilitarismo (enquanto fato). Isso resulta em regras preventivas de justi?a que valem o empreendimento de serem confeccionadas, levando em conta as caracter?sticas exigidas pelos mais dife-rentes ambientes sociais, fatos valiosos para a implementa??o de regras e funda-menta??o de princ?pios. As cartas trocadas entre Mill e Comte mostram at? que pon-to o londrino subscreveu o naturalismo do positivismo e os motivos pelos quais op-tou por uma ideia de estabilidade, quantitativa e qualitativa do ponto de vista de uma teoria pol?tica. Ele abriu, assim, espa?o para uma concep??o de democracia tanto factual, crit?rio do liberalismo moderno, quanto objetivo de dever-ser para eventuais corre??es. A irrestrita liberdade de pensamento e discuss?o ? outra caracter?stica que aciona elementos prescritivos e descritivos do utilitarismo de Mill, intimamente vinculada com a democracia representativa. A justifica??o da normatividade nesse contexto, n?o opera pelo vi?s epistemol?gico, mas pelo sentido pol?tico de justifica-??o p?blica, endere?ada ? comunidade moral, falibilista e, portanto, pass?vel de eventuais ajustes. Vamos sugerir que Moore apontou uma fal?cia naturalista especi-al exigindo uma ?prova? do princ?pio da utilidade pela an?lise do summum bonum. Tentaremos mostrar que essa prova n?o ? vi?vel e Mill, reconhecendo isso, optou pelo caminho pol?tico para estabelecer um crit?rio de fundamenta??o da normativi-dade. Rawls, por sua vez, subscreveu o liberalismo de Mill por julg?-lo leg?timo para justificar institui??es livres e equitativas. Ambos apresentam elementos liberais com-prometedores em suas teorias, no que diz respeito ?s caracter?sticas fato-valorativas.
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Cornejo, Amoretti Leandro. "John Stuart Mill and the paternalism issue." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118423.
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The present investigations study the John Stuart Mill thinking and his position towards paternalism justification, taking into account the harm principle elaborated in his book “On Liberty”. Two are the objectives of this paper. In first place, the anti - paternalist tesis sustained by this autor will be analyzed to identify deficiencies and limitations. In second place, it is sought to determine to what extent they actually opposed such interventions, to verify the accuracy of that somewhat extended belief that sees Mill a strong opponent of paternalism. It is concluded that the defects of Mill’s theses are explained in good account due to an excess of optimism in the capacities of human beings for self-regulation, a strong skepticism about the capacity of the State to achieve effective paternalistic measures, granting From an excessively strong and unrealistic weight to individual autonomy, among other erroneous considerations. It is also concluded that it is not correct to say that John Stuart Mill has maintained an extremely broad or almost absolute antipaternalistic thesis. Although his famous principle of harm makes it impossible to validate many measures of this nature, a more detailed review of his entire work shows that Mill admitted the validity of many interventions in adults.La presente investigación estudia el pensamiento de John Stuart Mill y su posición alrededor de la justificación del paternalismo, tomando en consideración el principio de daño elaborado en su obra “Sobre la libertad”. Dos son los objetivos de este trabajo. En primer lugar, se analizarán las tesis anti-paternalistas sostenidas por este autor para identificar sus deficiencias y limitaciones. En segundo lugar, se busca determinar hasta qué punto dichas tesis realmente se opusieron a dichas intervenciones, para verificar la exactitud de aquella creencia algo extendida que considera a Mill como un fuerte opositor del paternalismo. Se concluye que los defectos de las tesis de Mill se explican en buena cuenta debido a un exceso de optimismo en las capacidades de los seres humanos para la auto-regulación, un fuerte escepticismo sobre la capacidad del Estado para lograr medidas paternalistas efectivas, el otorgamiento de un peso excesivamente fuerte e irrealista a la autonomía individual, entre otras consideraciones erróneas. Asimismo se concluye que no es correcto afirmar que John Stuart Mill haya sostenido una tesis anti-paternalista sumamente amplia o casi absoluta. Si bien su famoso principio de daño permite excluir de validez a muchas medidas de dicha naturaleza, una revisión más detallada de toda su obra permite mostrar que Mill admitió la validez de muchas intervenciones en adultos.
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Miller, John Joseph. "John Stuart Mill on quality and competence." Full text, Acrobat Reader required, 2001. http://viva.lib.virginia.edu/etd/diss/ArtsSci/Philosophy/2001/Miller/Mill2.PDF.
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Narewski, Ringo. "John Stuart Mill und Harriet Taylor Mill : Leben und Werk /." Wiesbaden : VS, Verl. für Sozialwiss, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016364452&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Ferreira, Nicholas Gabriel Minotti Lopes [UNESP]. "A liberdade em John Stuart Mill na contemporaneidade." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110538.
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000793551.pdf: 682010 bytes, checksum: e6192188b33ef5d277c6eced07ad173e (MD5)A proposta deste trabalho é realizar um estudo temático sobre o conceito de liberdade. O objeto em questão é muito caro para a filosofia, uma vez que é comum associálo com normas, padrões de condutas, investigações sobre regras morais e éticas, possibilidade de ações, escolhas, deliberações e etc. Assim, ao investigar a natureza da liberdade, muitos filósofos construíram argumentações de forma a projetar os aspectos acima mencionados somando-os com os planos sociais e individuais. Isto quer dizer que a liberdade teria regras ou limites referidos como fronteiras (no plano social) ou determinações (no caso individual) vinculados intimamente à liberdade em relação a um contexto ou particularidades de uma ação individual/coletiva. Este tipo de interpretação pressupõe o exame sobre liberdade em ações que serão executadas ou já finalizadas em um movimento de recortar a ação separando-a do indivíduo (e de tudo o que o constitui) e analisa metodicamente aquele fragmento de atividade em busca da liberdade. Esta forma de análise permite, por um lado, um ‘conforto intelectual’ assegurando que um indivíduo agiu livremente ou não; por outro, ignora diversos aspectos fundamentais que constituem a liberdade. Tais aspectos podem ser, por exemplo, o poder de mudar uma ação que já está em curso, costumes, opiniões, e, principalmente, falhas inerentes à natureza humana. Desta maneira, este trabalho tem como critério questionar (e por que não valorizar) estes aspectos com fim a observar a natureza da liberdade nas ações em curso ao passo que a argumentação a ser apresentada reforce a suspeita de que a liberdade é maior que sistemas ou conjunto de regras que orientem as ações. Neste sentido, John Stuart Mill, filósofo inglês do século XIX, pensa que a individualidade seria um elemento fundamental para o bem-estar social tal como expressa em sua...
The proposal of this work is manage a thematic study upon the concept of liberty. Such object is too dearly to the philosophy, since it is commonly associated it with norms, conduct patterns, inquiries upon moral and ethical rules, action possibilities, chooses, deliberations and etc. Therefore, to investigate the nature of the liberty, many philosophers has built with their arguments is the way to propel the aspects mentioned above adding with them the social and individual perspectives. This means that the liberty should have rules or limits treated as frontiers (in social perspective) or determinations (individual case) bounded tightly with liberty in relation to a context or particularities of an individual/social action. This kind of interpretation supposes the exam upon liberty in actions that will be or has already been done cutting off the action in a movement of separating it from the individual (and all of its aspects) and analyses carefully that fragment of activity seeking for liberty. This kind of analysis allows, in one hand, an ‘intellectual comfort’ assuring that the individual acted freely or not; in other hand, ignores many fundamental aspects that constitute the liberty. Such aspects can be, for example, the power to change an action which is already in course, customs, opinions and, mainly, fails inherent to the human nature. In this way, this work has as criteria questioning (and why not value) these aspects to observe the nature of liberty in actions within its course and it the meanwhile the arguments to be show here endorses the suspect that the liberty is larger in systems or group of rules that guide the actions. In this way, John Stuart Mill, English philosopher from 19th century, thinks that the individuality would be a fundamental element to the social well-being such as expressed in his book On liberty (1963). The individuality emerges through the opinions expressed in social context. Therefore, when...
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Lima, Rafael Lucas de. "John Stuart Mill e o cultivo da individualidade." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2015. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/20404.
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O desenvolvimento do indiv?duo humano foi objeto de investiga??o de muitos pensadores ao longo da hist?ria da filosofia. Os sentidos que esse desenvolvimento adquiriu, no entanto, foram muito variados, abrangendo aspectos morais, pol?ticos, epistemol?gicos, est?ticos, econ?micos, e mesmo religiosos. O objetivo desta tese ? investigar o sentido que esse desenvolvimento adquiriu para o fil?sofo utilitarista John Stuart Mill, partindo, para isso, de sua concep??o de individualidade.
The development of a human individual was a matter of investigation for many thinkers through the history of philosophy. The meanings that this development has taken were, nevertheless, very diversified, involving moral, political, epistemological, aesthetical and even religious aspects. The main agents in this process of development of human individuality are, on the one hand, each individual, who has to strive to improve himself the most, creating and resorting to the means available to that; on the other hand, the fomentalist State also have to take his part in this process, given that such a State has a direct interest in the development of his own citizens; it has to act in such a way that it can foment new and enhance the old existing means that can be used to accomplish the task of developing the human individuality. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the meaning that such development has acquired for the utilitarian philosopher John Stuart Mill, from his conception of individuality.
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Mendes, Ana Carolina Raposo Leandro. "O amor na teoria de John Stuart Mill." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM FILOSOFIA, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24733.
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Este trabalho tem por objetivo evidenciar o conceito e a fun??o do amor na teoria moral de John Stuart Mill. Veremos que nesse sistema moral, o amor ? sin?nimo de simpatia. A simpatia ? considerada um sentimento moral de ordem elevada e um prazer de qualidade superior que atende aos preceitos do princ?pio da utilidade. Referido princ?pio, que possui seu fundamento na tese hedonista, recomenda que os homens maximizem felicidade e se afastem da dor. O sentimento de simpatia (amor) ? a disposi??o que os homens possuem naturalmente para considerarem a felicidade dos outros como sendo parte da sua pr?pria felicidade. Esse sentimento funciona como uma poderosa san??o moral que efetivamente impele os indiv?duos a agirem de acordo com o padr?o da moralidade utilitarista. Para que consigamos compreender melhor as implica??es que giram em torno da discuss?o sobre o amor na teoria de Mill, iremos analisar os pilares do sistema filos?fico do autor que s?o: o empirismo, o hedonismo, o associacionismo, os c?nones da psicologia, da etologia e a no??o de aprimoramento da natureza humana e das institui??es sociais. Referidos pilares fazem surgir uma s?rie de complexifica??es na teoria da utilidade, quando comparamos o legado filos?fico de Mill com a tradi??o utilitarista anterior ao autor, tais como a no??o de princ?pios secund?rios da moral e de subteses da tese hedonista. Tamb?m analisaremos atrav?s dos relatos da Autobiografia como alguns eventos da trajet?ria da vida de Mill foram decisivos para a elabora??o do seu sistema moral mais complexo e para que o amor ganhasse destaque em sua teoria. Quest?es relacionadas ? justi?a e a liberdade tamb?m ser?o analisadas sob a luz do conceito do amor na teoria de Mill.
This paper aims to point the concept and function of love in John Stuart Mill's moral theory. We will see that in this moral system, love is synonymous with sympathy. Sympathy is considered a moral feeling of high order and a pleasure of superior quality that answer the precepts of the principle of utility. This principle, which has its foundation in the hedonist thesis, recommends that men maximize happiness and move away from pain. The feeling of sympathy (love) is the disposition that men naturally possess to consider the happiness of others as being part of their own happiness. This feeling functions as a powerful moral sanction that effectively impels individuals to act according to the standard of utilitarian morality. In order to better understand the implications that surround the discussion of love in Mill's theory, we will analyze the pillars of the author's philosophical system: empiricism, hedonism, associationism, the canons of psychology, ethology, and the notion of enhancement of human nature and social institutions. These pillars give rise to a series of complexities in the theory of utility, when we compare Mill's philosophical legacy with the utilitarian tradition before the author, such as the notion of secondary principles of morality and sub-theses of the hedonist thesis. We will also analyze through the Autobiography reports how some events in the trajectory of Mill's life were decisive for the elaboration of his more complex moral system and for the love to gain prominence in his theory. Issues related to justice and freedom will also be analyzed in the light of the concept of love in Mill's theory.
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Ferreira, Nicholas Gabriel Minotti Lopes. "A liberdade em John Stuart Mill na contemporaneidade /." Marília, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110538.
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Orientador: Antonio Trajano Menezes ArrudaResumo: A proposta deste trabalho é realizar um estudo temático sobre o conceito de liberdade. O objeto em questão é muito caro para a filosofia, uma vez que é comum associálo com normas, padrões de condutas, investigações sobre regras morais e éticas, possibilidade de ações, escolhas, deliberações e etc. Assim, ao investigar a natureza da liberdade, muitos filósofos construíram argumentações de forma a projetar os aspectos acima mencionados somando-os com os planos sociais e individuais. Isto quer dizer que a liberdade teria regras ou limites referidos como fronteiras (no plano social) ou determinações (no caso individual) vinculados intimamente à liberdade em relação a um contexto ou particularidades de uma ação individual/coletiva. Este tipo de interpretação pressupõe o exame sobre liberdade em ações que serão executadas ou já finalizadas em um movimento de recortar a ação separando-a do indivíduo (e de tudo o que o constitui) e analisa metodicamente aquele fragmento de atividade em busca da liberdade. Esta forma de análise permite, por um lado, um 'conforto intelectual' assegurando que um indivíduo agiu livremente ou não; por outro, ignora diversos aspectos fundamentais que constituem a liberdade. Tais aspectos podem ser, por exemplo, o poder de mudar uma ação que já está em curso, costumes, opiniões, e, principalmente, falhas inerentes à natureza humana. Desta maneira, este trabalho tem como critério questionar (e por que não valorizar) estes aspectos com fim a observar a natureza da liberdade nas ações em curso ao passo que a argumentação a ser apresentada reforce a suspeita de que a liberdade é maior que sistemas ou conjunto de regras que orientem as ações. Neste sentido, John Stuart Mill, filósofo inglês do século XIX, pensa que a individualidade seria um elemento fundamental para o bem-estar social tal como expressa em sua...
Abstract: The proposal of this work is manage a thematic study upon the concept of liberty. Such object is too dearly to the philosophy, since it is commonly associated it with norms, conduct patterns, inquiries upon moral and ethical rules, action possibilities, chooses, deliberations and etc. Therefore, to investigate the nature of the liberty, many philosophers has built with their arguments is the way to propel the aspects mentioned above adding with them the social and individual perspectives. This means that the liberty should have rules or limits treated as frontiers (in social perspective) or determinations (individual case) bounded tightly with liberty in relation to a context or particularities of an individual/social action. This kind of interpretation supposes the exam upon liberty in actions that will be or has already been done cutting off the action in a movement of separating it from the individual (and all of its aspects) and analyses carefully that fragment of activity seeking for liberty. This kind of analysis allows, in one hand, an 'intellectual comfort' assuring that the individual acted freely or not; in other hand, ignores many fundamental aspects that constitute the liberty. Such aspects can be, for example, the power to change an action which is already in course, customs, opinions and, mainly, fails inherent to the human nature. In this way, this work has as criteria questioning (and why not value) these aspects to observe the nature of liberty in actions within its course and it the meanwhile the arguments to be show here endorses the suspect that the liberty is larger in systems or group of rules that guide the actions. In this way, John Stuart Mill, English philosopher from 19th century, thinks that the individuality would be a fundamental element to the social well-being such as expressed in his book On liberty (1963). The individuality emerges through the opinions expressed in social context. Therefore, when...
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Coulombe, Pierre. "La question de l'État chez John Stuart Mill et John Rawls." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5311.
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Wright, John Samuel Flectcher, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Liberty in key works of John Locke and John Stuart Mill." Deakin University, 1995. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051201.154348.
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The ideas of liberty presented in the important works of John Locke and John Stuart Mill, The Second Treatise of Government (1689) and On Liberty (1859), are often viewed as belonging to the same conceptual tradition, that of English liberalism. This thesis is an articulation of the diversity between the theories of liberty expressed by Locke and Mill in the Second Treatise and On liberty. \ am aiming to provide a corrective to the tendency to ignore or to gloss over very significant differences between the two men. The work concentrates on the philosophical aspects of each theory of liberty, arguing that they differ in four respects. These are; definitions of liberty; justifications of liberty; how much liberty and for whom they recommend it, and finally, who they believe threatens liberty and how this threat is to be curbed. It is the purpose of this thesis to show that in terms of these areas Locke and Mill are pursuing different ends. I conclude that Locke and Mill present strikingly different theories of liberty and cannot be thought of as belonging to the one conceptual tradition in terms of the definition, the justification, the prescription and the threat to liberty. Ultimately, I question the value of including Locke and Mill in the one conceptual tradition of liberty solely on the basis that they argue freedom from.
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Majumdar, Debjani. "John Stuart Mill and the Existentialists a meeting point." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/24.
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Junta, Cristiano Moraes. "John Stuart Mill e a Filosofia das Ciências Sociais." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4862.
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Previous issue date: 2011-04-14Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
We analyzed John Stuart Mill s book System of Logic Inductive and Deductive. Our aim are present the philosophy of social science formulate by Mill in this book. The discussion empathize the millian interpretation of inductive methods. At last, we make the critical balance of those conceptions in relation of methodology of social science in confrontation with Emile Durkheim s opinions.
Discutimos a filosofia das ciências sociais de John Stuart Mill a partir das posições apresentadas em seu livro Sistema de Lógica Indutiva e Dedutiva. Baseamos essa discussão em sua interpretação dos métodos indutivos. Por fim, realizamos o balanço crítico dessa metodologia em relação às ciências sociais em comparação com as opiniões de Emile Durkheim.
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Reeves, Richard. "Thought imitates life : the case of John Stuart Mill." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59551/.
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In this essay, I relate material in the original published work – John Stuart Mill – Victorian Firebrand (Atlantic Books, 2007) to the claim that the central features of Mill’s thought can be seen more clearly through a biographical lens. The original contribution of the main work lies in the excavation and application of biographical material to the development of Mill’s philosophy. The poor development of Mill’s utilitarianism results in part from a lack of personal investment and aspiration. Mill’s motivation was to atone for earlier, premature assaults on Jeremy Bentham’s philosophy - rather than to develop it further. As a consequence, his mature utilitarianism is hard to integrate with his liberalism, which was where his primary interest lay. Elements of Mill’s liberalism also bear a biographical imprint. The central emphasis on self-creation in Mill’s liberal ethic results, in part, from his own ‘crisis’ and subsequent departure from the rationalist utilitarianism of his father and Bentham. Similarly, Mill’s focus on individuality stemmed in part from a concern to demonstrate he was not, himself, a ‘made man’. Openmindedness became a central liberal virtue, for Mill, following his criticism of Bentham’s (and his father’s) narrowness of thought. Character was also essential to liberty, since only those of strong character could create themselves and express their individuality, rather than succumbing to custom. Mill’s partner and later wife, Harriet Taylor Mill, had an influence on Mill’s thought. The experience of gossip and ostracism, in the years before their marriage, strengthened Mill’s opposition to the ‘despotism of custom’. More substantively, Harriet’s views on socialism, the ballot and feminism clearly influenced Mill’s own treatment. Without Harriet, he would have been a less committed socialist and feminist – and would have remained a supporter of the right to vote in secret.
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Mathon, Vincent-Emmanuel. "Logique et politique dans l'oeuvre de John Stuart Mill." Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUEL524.
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L'oeuvre de John Stuart Mill est à la fois politique et scientifique. Loin d'être antagonistes, ces deux aspects sont au contraire complémentaires. Dans l'ouvrage A System of Logic (Le Système de Logique), la logique est décrite comme une méthode permettant de valider les raisonnements en sciences ou dans d'autres domaines. La logique est un cheminement en trois étapes : le langage (avec la formation d'images mentales), l'induction et, enfin, la formation des lois. Ce cheminement peut s'exposer de manière abstraite comme il peut tout aussi bien s'appliquer aux sciences et à la politique. La logique, à travers son cheminement, est tout aussi bien façonnée pour les sciences que pour la politique. Stuart Mill s'inscrit pleinement dans l'héritage de la philosophie anglaise mais s'inspire également de la philosophie continentale, notamment de Fichte dont il partage la même conception de la cultureThe work of John Stuart Mill is both political and scientific. Both aspects – the political and the scientific ones – are connected with each other. In Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, logic is defined as the science as well as the art of reasoning. Logic is a three step progress. The first step is language (along with the creation of mental images), the second, induction and, finally, the third, the making of laws. This logical progress may be abstractly applied; it can also be applied to sciences and politics. Logic, throughout its progress, is equally shaped for sciences and politics. The works of Stuart Mill comply with the tradition of British philosophy. Yet he is also inspired by continental philosophy, notably Fichte's theories about culture
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Zelenko, Pierre. "La philosophie morale et politique de John Stuart Mill." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA040264.
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John Stuart est souvent cité comme l'un des archétypes de la pensée libérale ou de l'utilitarisme. Pourtant sa philosophie est beaucoup plus subtile et moins univoque que ne le laissent penser ces idées reçues. S'il s'appuie sur certains présupposés utilitaristes, Mill ne subordonne pas tout au plus grand bonheur du plus grand nombre. S'il fait de la liberté une valeur première, il envisage de nombreuses limites et de multiples contrôles qui définissent une relation plus équilibrée entre ordre et liberté. Toutefois, les modes de régulation de la vie sociale ne doivent pas être rigides et formels mais souples et évolutifs. C'est pourquoi cette philosophie morale consacre une large place aux expressions sociales spontanées telles le " naming and shaming ". De la même façon Mill croit que le progrès résulte du développement individuel de chacun, qui doit être le moins entravé possible et dont les moyens doivent être garantis par l'Etat, si besoin estJohn Stuart Mill is often referred to as one of the most typical exemples of liberalism or utilitarianism. However his philosophy is more subtle and less simple than those stereotypes suppose. If he bases his thought on certain utilitarist presuppositions, Mill does not consider the greatest happiness principle as the most important one. If Liberty can be regarded as the main value of his philosophy, several limits and controls are taken into account and a more balanced equilibrium between order and liberty is outlined. Nevetheless, regulation of social life must not be rigid or formal but soft and evolutive. For this reason, Mill takes seriously spontaneous regulations such as "naming and shaming". By the same token, he believes that progress stems from everybody's self-development, which must not be impeded as far as possible and whose means must be provided by the State if need be
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Knufer, Aurélie. "Intervention et libération d'Edmund Burke à John Stuart Mill." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010674.
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Ce travail examine le problème de l'intervention d'un État ou d'un peuple dans les affaires d'un autre tel qu'il fut formulé dans le libéralisme naissant et à partir de la conjoncture ouverte par la Révolution française de 1789. Après un détour par les auteurs du droit des gens, il examine les écrits de Burke et de Godwin afin de donner à voir la nature polémique et les origines révolutionnaires du concept d'intervention. Puis, prenant comme fil directeur l'œuvre de John Stuart Mill, qui s'est penché de manière récurrente sur ce problème, en lui apportant des réponses diverses et contradictoires, il s'efforce d'en montrer l'équivocité. Loin de pouvoir se ramener à un simple chapitre de la théorie de la guerre ou du droit international, la question de l'intervention militaire fut au contraire réfléchie en relation avec l'économie, la politique ou encore la morale - les penseurs libéraux, tels que John Stuart Mill, Benjamin Constant, ou encore Richard Cobden, s'efforçant, dans chacun de ces champs et en faisant circuler les concepts, les maximes et les raisons, d'élaborer un ou des principes de non-intervention. Il propose enfin une nouvelle traduction et une lecture des « Quelques mots sur la non-intervention » de John Stuart Mill, en exhumant la nature dialectique de cet article de 1859This study examines the issue of intervention from a State or a people within the affairs of another as formulated in the nascent Liberalism and from the situation brought about by the French Revolution of 1789. After considering the authors of the law of nations, the study examines the writings of Burke and Godwin in order to highlight the controversial nature and revolutionary origins of the concept of intervention. Then, following the work of John Stuart Mill as a guiding theme, a philosopher who has provided diverse and contradictory answers in his recurrent study of this issue, an attempt is made to demonstrate the equivocal nature of intervention. Far from being a simple matter of war theory or international law, the issue of military intervention has on the contrary been considered in relation to economies, politics, and even morals - liberal thinkers, such as John Stuart Mill, Benjamin Constant, and Richard Cobden, having endeavored, in each of these fields and by spreading concepts, maxims and reasons, to elaborate one or several principles of non-intervention. Lastly, a new translation and an interpretation of "A Few Words on Non-Intervention" by John Stuart Mill are proposed by highlighting the dialectical nature of this 1859 article
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Burnstone, Daniel. "Styles in argument : philosophy and writing in John Stuart Mill." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311306.
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Varouxakis, Georgios E. "John Stuart Mill on French thought, politics, and national character." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493825.
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Gamarra, Yáñez Paul Fritz. "Las limitaciones del utilitarismo y liberalismo de John Stuart Mill." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/6763.
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Investiga sobre la filosofía moral utilitaria de John Stuart Mill en su libro Utilitarism y de su teoría de la libertad en su texto On liberty. Indagación que tiene por objeto encontrar la contradicción que ambas posiciones, liberalismo y utilitarismo, conllevan una con otra. Sostiene que si uno optase por ser utilitario tendría limitaciones desde la perspectiva liberal del propio Mill, y si optara por su posición liberal se vería limitado a serlo desde la moral utilitaria de Mill. Por lo que su liberalismo es insuficientemente utilitario y su utilitarismo insuficientemente liberal. Aborda la teoría del conocimiento de David Hume para comprender el empirismo y los supuestos gnoseológicos del utilitarismo y liberalismo de Stuart Mill.Tesis
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Guimarães, Fernando Gavronski. "Direitos culturais e o utilitarismo liberal de John Stuart Mill." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/139207.
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A presente dissertação trata do problema dos direitos culturais sob a ótica do utilitarismo liberal de John Stuart Mill. Objetiva-se a inserção da filosofia política do autor nas discussões que vêm sendo travadas nas últimas décadas por liberais e comunitaristas a partir da colocação do problema filosófico da identidade. Para tanto, busca-se desfazer frequentes equívocos e apresentar uma leitura integrada da filosofia de Mill com base na análise criteriosa de seus escritos, auxiliada por seus mais eminentes intérpretes. Pretende-se demonstrar que é de uma fundamental e prévia compreensão utilitarista, bem como de uma particular posição acerca do modo de acesso à verdade, que decorrem as convicções liberais e a centralidade da autonomia individual em seu pensamento. Estabelecidas essas premissas, verifica-se que o estado milliano, ao dispensar a convicção na neutralidade da esfera pública que decorre do pensamento liberal contratualista usualmente professado, mostra-se compatível em tese com a tarefa de garantir direitos culturais. Ao mesmo tempo em que sua visão ampla acerca dos bens que contribuem para a felicidade é capaz de posicionar a cultura no cálculo hedonístico individual, com reflexos na quantificação da utilidade em vista da felicidade geral, a defesa de Mill da autonomia e da diversidade parece poder justificar uma especial atenção ao contexto social que sirva para a expressão máxima da individualidade.This dissertation deals with the problem of cultural rights from the viewpoint of the liberal utilitarianism of John Stuart Mill. It intends to include the author‘s political philosophy in the debates that have been held in recent decades between liberals and communitarians starting from the approach of the philosophical problem of identity. To this end, we try to undo common misconceptions and provide an integrated reading of Mill's philosophy based on careful analysis of his writings, aided by his most eminent interpreters. We attempt to demonstrate that it is based on a previous fundamental adhesion to utilitarianism, as well as from a particular position regarding the access to the truth, that arise the liberal convictions and the centrality of autonomy in his doctrine. Given these premises, we could find that the Millian state, exempting the assumption on the neutrality of public sphere derived from the liberal contractarian doctrine usually professed, reveals itself theoretically compatible with the task of guaranteeing cultural rights. Whilst Mill‘s broad view regarding goods that contribute to happiness is capable of dragging culture into the hedonistic calculus, which affects the measurement of utility over general happiness, his defense of autonomy and diversity seems to justify a special attention to social context which maximize the expression of individuality.
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Pelurson, Roland. "Individu société et etat chez John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)." Montpellier 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON30046.
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La demarche adoptee est dans une premiere etape chronologique : elle retrace, en en soulignant l'originalite et les exigences, un apprentissage qui devait faire de mill un serviteur de la cause utilitariste et du reformisme. Le chapitre 2, intitule "le disciple de bentham" apparait ainsi comme l'aboutissement logique et voulu par james mill, d'une formation qui devait amener mill a poursuivre et a concretiser les ambitions de progres social et politique affichees par bentham. Mais la crise mentale de 1826 marque, a defaut d'une rupture totale, une prise de distance par rapport a l'ideologie utilitariste en general et benthamienne en particulier. Dans sa douloureuse recherche de la verite, mill rejettera le caractere mecaniste et monolithique de son education, et chemin faisant, pretera une oreille de plus en plus attentive aux poetes (wordsworth) et aux conceptions organiques de la societe defendues par coleridge. Ce developpement apparait dans notre travail dans le chapitre 3 : "les annees de crise". Pour antant, une fois son equilibre retrouve, mill ne reniera pas les theses utilitaristes. Simplement, il adoptera une attitude eclectique ou l'individu et l'initiative personnelle, a l'interieur d'un etat servant de levier a la formation et a la responsabilisation, occuperont une place centrale. Cette conviction fonde l'attachement chez mill a un liberalisme economique qui est presente comme le ferment du progres social. Et ce souci de parvenir au bonheur pour le plus grand nolbre explique en partie l'indulgence (seulement) de mill pour les theses socialisantes. L'ensemble deAt first the approach adopted in this study is deliberately chronological : we describe the original and axacting education received by mill ans which aimed at making him into a faithful disciple of bentham. Part two, entited "the disciple of betham" looks very much like the logical achievement of wht should be called an educative experiment. During these years stuart mill adopted a one-sided attitude which took him to the confines of intolerance. But from 1826 onwards and up to 1836, mill went through a mental crisis that had him work out a new system of throught. He was more receptive to poetry and gradually became aware of the mechanistic and monolithic nature of his previous education. Electicism was now the center piece of his new intellectual stand and coleridge's tradition-bent vision of politics made a durable impression on him. Mill never rejected utilitarianism as a whole but took his distance with bentham and dogmatism in general. This period is developed in part iii of our work. It took mill several years to recover and have a more dispassionate attitude towards utilitarianism. At the same time he worked out a system of thought in which the individual stood as the corner-stone, and the state's role was reduced to making provision for individual exertion. This attachment to individual exertion precisely lays the foundations of mill's economic liberalism. "laisser-faire" was in mill's mind the. .
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Reinfeldt, Gustaf. "Militära interventioner och klassisk liberalism : En idéanalys av John Locke och John Stuart Mill." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445407.
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Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om det går att rättfärdiga militära interventioner med stöd i klassisk liberal politisk teori. För ändamålet har de klassiskt liberala filosoferna John Locke och John Stuart Mill analyserats. Undersökningen är utförd medelst en text- och idéanalys av några av filosofernas portalverk. Resultatet av studien visar ett tydligt stöd för vissa sorters militära interventioner och att det faktumet är djupt rotat i flera etiska och moraliska överväganden som Locke respektive Mill gör. Slutsatsen i uppsatsen är därav att det finns klassiskt liberala argument för att genomföra militära interventioner.
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Meyer, Michael. "Gibbon, Mill und Ruskin : Autobiographie und Intertextualität /." Heidelberg : C. Winter, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38996938h.
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Dulude, Pierre. "Le libéralisme et la notion de démocratie chez John Stuart Mill." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6034.
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Loizides, Antis. "Plato's influence on British utilitarianism : The case of John Stuart Mill." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535779.
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Dyer, Anton. "John Stuart Mill and male support for the Victorian women's movement." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294416.
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In examining male support for the Victorian women's movement, I decided to focus upon a number of men who gave active support across the wide range of causes championed by feminists. John Stuart Mill, Henry Fawcett, James Stansfeld, Jacob Bright, Richard Pankhurst and Francis Newman were selected as my main protagonists and their support for the Married Women's Property campaign, the higher education of women, the opening up of the professions to women, women's suffrage and the campaign to repeal the Contagious Diseases Acts was explored. I also examine the views of John Russell, Viscount Amberley, whose early death robbed the women's suffrage movement of his enthusiastic support, and also those of William Johnson Fox, a proponent of women's emancipation who gave his support to the Married Women's Property campaign, but who died when the women's movement had existed for only a decade. The ideas of an important male feminist of an earlier generation, William Thompson, are also explored. I discuss the views of my protagonists on sexual equality and sexual difference, marriage, sexuality, female education, the employment of women and women's suffrage. In seeking to account for the feminism of my protagonists I note the personal characteristics which they broadly shared: moral courage, a tendency to self-sacrifice, sensitivity and a strong sense of justice. Male feminists, especially Mill, were sometimes branded as effeminate, but it seems fairer to suggest that they generally combined the best of both 'masculine' and 'feminine' qualities; they possessed a sufficient degree of 'womanly' sensitivity to empathise with the wrongs of woman and a great deal of 'manly' courage which enabled them to endure the ridicule and abuse which standing up for women's rights frequently entailed. Most of my protagonists were advanced Liberals, and a belief in the need to cultivate altruism was a significant component of their creed; support for women's emancipation was an important aspect of their concern for the welfare of others. The fact that men and women worked closely together in the fight for women's emancipation is explored and especially their intellectual collaboration, notable in the cases of William Thompson and Anna Wheeler, John Mill and Harriet Taylor, and Henry and Millicent Fawcett.
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Martin, Luis Jonathan. "A matter of justice and humanity: John Stuart Mill on punishment." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324919.
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Pangle, Heather. "Alexis De Tocqueville and John Stuart Mill on Liberty and Empire." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108123.
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Thesis advisor: Christopher J. KellyThis dissertation investigates the liberal imperialism of Alexis de Tocqueville and John Stuart Mill, two of the most prominent defenders of liberalism in the 19th century. The principal question guiding the inquiry is whether their support for imperialism was compatible with their commitment to liberal politics as the best form of government possible in the modern world. The dissertation argues that both their liberalism and their imperialism ultimately spring from their respective understandings of human nature. What appear as incompatible strands of their thought are in fact deeply interwoven; both depend on theories of civilizational development and the malleability of human nature. Moreover, given the political exigencies of the 19th century, Tocqueville and Mill thought that liberalism was most likely to survive and spread if countries such as Britain and France that embodied it in customs, mores, and institutions maintained a prominent position on the international stage and a leading role in world affairs. When compared with previous liberal thinkers, Mill and Tocqueville have much in common. They conceive of their particular historical and civilizational moment as unprecedented, believing that its characteristics shape the possibilities for realizing a liberal political order. Yet their assessment of the challenges facing those who wish to spread liberalism depends on their divergent understandings of the prerequisites necessary for liberalism to be established and sustained. It is in light of their different understanding of the conditions and the purposes of a liberal regime that we can best understand their judgments about empire. Mill argued that the imperial rule of a liberal country could help less advanced peoples prepare themselves for political freedom. He did not regard the conquest of and undemocratic rule over “uncivilized” foreign peoples to be inconsistent with Britain’s commitment to liberalism because his understanding of liberal principles limited their application to “civilized” peoples. Mill’s ideas about liberty’s prerequisites guide his prescriptions for both rulers and ruled in empire: Britain will prepare “barbarian” peoples for the introduction of liberal ideas and she will maintain enough global security that liberty will have the opportunity to take root in foreign countries, enabling them eventually to take their place in a peaceful world order. Tocqueville’s concern for France’s international position was the most urgent reason for his imperialism. He argued that imperialism would advance France’s national interests, redounding to France’s glory, honor, and greatness. Tocqueville believed that French empire would foster strength in French politics and mores – strength which he thought was necessary for ensuring the longevity of democratic liberty in France. More broadly, Tocqueville’s understanding of the unfolding epochs of human civilization informs his thoughts about how greatness and liberty can be realized in a democratic age and about the role empire might play in advancing those aims
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Political Science
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Gutiérrez, Cabello Mario. "Utilidad, libertad y democracia en la doctrina de John Stuart Mill." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/142201.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en FilosofíaEn esta tesis, se indagará el enlace entre utilidad, libertad y democracia en la doctrina de John Stuart Mill. La hipótesis o juicio provisorio que guiará esta investigación es que una lectura rigurosa de “Utilitarismo”, “Sobre la libertad” y “Consideraciones sobre el Gobierno representativo”, permite apreciar la existencia de una teoría cualitativa del placer o, lo que es igual, un hedonismo ético (universal y solidario) que es inmune a las críticas que tradicionalmente se esgrimen contra toda teoría fundada en el placer. Esta investigación se desarrollará adoptando una perspectiva revisionista sobre la obra del autor, es decir, defendiendo la existencia de una tesis unívoca que enlaza de manera coherente los conceptos anteriormente mencionados. Tal tesis, en efecto, es la de los placeres superiores y se expresa en la declaración de ‘que es preferible ser un Sócrates insatisfecho que un necio satisfecho’. Esta imagen, postulo, se encuentra también en sus ideas sobre libertad y democracia y, es más, es la clave para comprender el sentido utilitarista de sus afirmaciones en estos ámbitos. En síntesis, la tesis a desarrollar postula que el hedonismo cualitativo, o tesis de los placeres superiores, enlaza la teoría ética y política de John Stuart Mill.
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Harrington, Katherine. "Art, science and social progress : a study of John Ruskin's engagement with positivism." Thesis, Keele University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246866.
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This thesis contributes to the understanding of Ruskin's relationship to nineteenthcentury science through the consideration of his specific engagement with British positivism. This engagement is analysed within the context of attempts to determine the importance of science and art for social progress. The first chapter reads Modern Painters (1843-1860) as a response to John Stuart Mill's System of Logic (1843) and shows that Ruskin's participation in the constitution of Victorian science is greater than previously recognized. The second chapter focuses on Ruskin's critique in Unto this Last (1862) of Mill's positivist view of political economy. The third chapter considers Frederic Harrison's positivist reading of the social significance of Ruskin's life in his biography, John Ruskin (1902). The thesis shows that Ruskin's engagement with positivism is more extensive and more diverse than previously acknowledged.
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Parlour, Stephen. "Paternalistic legislation : political theory and practice in road safety." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270331.
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Comas, Miralles Joan. "John St Mill: una lectura republicana." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2967.
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En el primer capítol - 1. El liberalisme peculiar de John Stuart Mill - es fa un recorregut per les interpretacions més significatives sobre l'obra de Mill subratllant la consternació i perplexitat que provoca en les files del liberalisme les suposades desviacions d'aquest pensador.El segon capítol - 2. Reforma i revolució: el paper de la història - està dedicat a l'estudi de la concepció milleana de la història a partir dels estereotips i prejudicis dels seus compatriotes contemporanis. En el capítol es segueix les mostres d'interès de Mill respecte les revolucions a França (XVIII i XIX). Aquestes demostracions es comparen amb les reaccions que les mateixes susciten entre els polítics i intel·lectuals anglesos.
En el tercer capítol -3. Mill: Politeia vs democràcia- s'argumenta la manera com Mill atribueix un paper fonamental a l'interès general en una línia totalment diferent a l'argumentada pels denominats, respectivament, liberalisme polític i liberalisme lliurecanvista (econòmic o de mercat). Mill es situa amb el seu "interès general" en l'àmbit de la tradició moderna republicana iniciada amb les repúbliques renaixentistes italianes, i s'argumentarà que actualitzades a les condicions sociològiques d'una societat industrial. També en aquest capítol, es dóna a conèixer la teoria de la democràcia de Mill anunciant els perills de la "falsa" democràcia representativa basada en el sufragi universal per elecció de majories numèriques com a fórmula per garantir la identificació d'interessos entre els ciutadans i els governants. Aquest apartat tracta, també, dels perills que poden resultar d'una cultura política negativa, la qual prepara l'escenari per a una confrontació ideologista basada en interessos de classe.
En el quart capítol - 4. La llibertat - es busca mostrar les diferencies de Mill respecte els tòpics del liberalisme ideològic emergent en el XIX. S'argumentarà que Mill defensa una teoria de la llibertat en la que la defensa d'igualtat n'és una part fonamental. La vinculació d'aquests dos valors presentats pel liberalisme jeràrquicament, primer la llibertat i després la igualtat, és revisada per Mill a partir de la seva teoria de la diversitat dels individus els quals es construeixen sempre socialment. La llibertat serà entesa a la manera republicana com procés d'alliberament de les constriccions i dominacions exercides des de la pròpia societat.
En el cinquè capítol - 5. Política i autoritat - es du l'argumentació de la interpretació republicana de Mill a l'àmbit de la noció d'autoritat. Es traça aquí el vincle entre la concepció de Maquivel de la virtut cívica que exerceix el lideratge patriòtic envers a una societat cohesionada i participativa amb la de Mill quan reclama la necessitat del lideratge d'una classe del coneixement, cívica, posant èmfasi en la convicció intel·lectual compartida abans mencionada. Aquest capítol serveix per tancar el recorregut iniciat amb la defensa de Mill de la necessitat d'una nova cultura política i el paper protagonista en les circumstàncies dictades per l'època moderna per a un grup social històric dirigent - el "príncep" o la classe del coneixement segons Mill. També, en aquest capítol, s'analitza el concepte de poder i el d'autoritat en Mill ubicant-lo dins de la tradició republicana.
Finalment, en el darrer capítol, - 6. Conclusions -, primer, es defensa la confirmació de les hipòtesis marcades en els objectius generals i construïdes capítol a capítol; segon, es contextualitza el "fracàs" milleà en els esdeveniments polítics històrics i debats ideològics del darrer segle en el marc de la hipòtesi general segons la qual segueix pendent encara avui, a) la progressió d'una nova cultura política de caràcter cívic i constitucionalista i, b) s'afirma la consolidació en termes culturals d'allò que Mill anunciava com la gran amenaça per a la democràcia que és "l'opinió pública".
The departing point of this thesis is to find out why Mill arouses so many suspicions and is subject to so many nuances, not only among traditional socialist thinkers and conservatives in all its variants, but especially among those who come from the liberal currents. The response will be to work on the assumption that Mill was not the representative of the renewal of liberalism in the nineteenth century as it has often been said but a continuator of the republican thought and one of the last political thinkers before the idealogisation of the social and political thought of modernity. In this thesis we will prove that only from this supposition we can re-interpret Mill's democratic theory. From this perspective, it has largely been discussed whether Mill was an elitist, a democratic participacionist, a democrat without convictions, an authoritarian or simply incoherent. Defending this thesis we will state that this discussion today has no more sense. Coherent thinker in the essential aspects of his political theory, it is argued that it is not possible to disassociate his notion of democracy from the historical facts (from the revolution, from the reforms and the social sciences they study) and the theory of culture inherent to his philosophy. Mill had a qualitative and not a quantitative conception of politics. Politics was, for Mill, "politeia" and not "leviathan". And therefore the name of republic thinker acquires in this case a clear democratic ingredient, more than that of a liberal. For Mill the view is that democracy has more to do with the general interest, and from this general interest, with freedom. In this text, we will argue that for Mill no human society can afford to dispense, in whatever degree, of the reflection on the power and realization of it, what we mean by "the exercise of authority", and we will provide reasons to bring out the differences between, on the one hand, the liberal conception of power and authority and, on the other, the concept Mill has of them.
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Cahill, John Patrick. "Virtue as a means to happiness in John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.
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Akdere, Çinla. "L' épistémologie économique appliquée de John Stuart Mill : Une étude de causalité." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010032.
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Le nom de John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) n'est habituellement associé à l'histoire de la pensée économique qu'à travers des jugements hésitants qui en arrivent même à sous-estimer sa pensée économique. L'auteur est souvent présenté soit comme un auteur transitoire qui n'a pas fourni de contribution propre à l'évolution de la théorie économique, soit comme un auteur dont l' œuvre est caractérisée par des confusions. L'objectif de la thèse est de proposer une réflexion singulière sur la place de l'auteur dans l'histoire de la pensée économique afin de définir son apport à l'évolution de la théorie économique. Mill est un philosophe des sciences qui a fondé son épistémologie économique sur une philosophie des sciences qui lui est propre. Parmi la connaissance des diverses disciplines et doctrines que son éducation lui procure l'apprentissage de la science lui permet de proposer un principe de causalité qui lui est propre aussi, le principe d'hétéropathie causale (PHC). Ce principe fournit à ses arguments, en morale, en politique et en économie une justification scientifique. Dans son étude il est possible d'identifier deux méta-méthodes (la pensée contrefactuelle et la pensée interdisciplinaire) qui seront utiles aux économistes pour réfléchir sur la nature des lois économiques que nous définirons comme hétéropathico-déductive et interdisciplinaire.
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Ouren, Dallas Lie. "A re-examination of Sir William Hamilton's philosophy : Mill on Hamilton /." San Francisco (Calif.) : Mellen research university press, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35695871w.
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Gillig, Philippe. "Mill et ses critiques : analyse d'une prétendue prétention à l'universalité de l'économie politique de John Stuart Mill." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAB006/document.
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J. S. Mill a été l’une des cibles privilégiées de toute une littérature critique dénonçant la prétention de l’économie à l’universalité, c’est-à-dire à établir des lois naturelles. Parmi ces critiques, on peut déceler deux angles d’attaque différents : celui d’auteurs qui, comme Durkheim, Veblen ou Schmoller, fustigent la prétention de l’économie à réduire l’homme à un homo œconomicus, et par suite à faire l’apologie du « laissez-faire » ; celui de Marx qui dénonce le caractère naturalisant de la propriété privée capitaliste dans le discours économique. Pourtant, en examinant de près les textes épistémologiques de Mill, nous montrons que ce dernier se trouve justement être l’avocat – et par anticipation – de ses critiques. Toutefois, rien ne garantit que Mill dise tout le vrai sur sa propre pratique d’économiste. Or, nous dévoilons que certains de ses écrits économiques présentent bien une forme d’universalité, n’étant pas uniquement valables dans les économies de marchés capitalistesJ. S. Mill was one of the main targets of a whole critical literature denouncing the pretention of economics to universality, that is to say, to establish natural laws. Among the criticisms one can detect two different angles of attack: that of authors such as Durkheim, Veblen or Schmoller who criticize the claim of political economy to reduce man to a mere homo œconomicus, and consequently to glorify “laissez-faire”; that of Marx who castigates the naturalizing character of capitalist private property in the economic discourse. However, by closely examining Mill’s epistemological texts, we show that this author just happens to be the advocate of his own critics. However, there is no guarantee that Mill says all the truth about his own practice as an economist. Now, we demonstrate that some of his economic writings present indeed a form of universality, in as much as they are not only valid in capitalist market economies
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Yu, R. M.-L. "George Eliot and John Stuart Mill : Liberal positivism and the handling of determinism." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383327.
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Gan, André Ricardo. "A concepção de liberdade civil utilitarista em John Stuart Mill e suas contribuições." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9106.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorA vida impõe decisões às pessoas o tempo todo, e as pessoas as tomam de acordo com seus valores considerando as particularidades de cada situação. Valo-res são quaisquer aspectos da decisão que sejam considerados desejáveis, indese-jáveis, relevantes e importantes como: ser preferido, desejável, agradável, promis-sor, seguro, emocionante, justo, bom, correto, fácil, incerto, etc. Com base nestes valores, entendemos que o fundamento último do utilitarismo é o princípio da maximização da felicidade. Segundo esta concepção, uma ação é considerada correta, logo válida, se ela promover maior felicidade dos implicados. A felicidade é entendida como o alcance do prazer e do bem-estar. Nesta corrente encontramos uma perspectiva eudamonista e hedonista, uma vez que tem em vista como objectivo final a felicidade que consiste no prazer. Qualquer utilitarista tem de se importar, sobretudo com a promoção da felicidade geral. A partir de Mill, a moralidade passa a ser realização de cada ser humano neste mundo, aqui e agora. O princípio de utilidade exige que cada um de nós faça o que for necessário e estiver ao seu alcançe para promover a felicidade e evitar a dor. Ao analisarmos as consequências previsíveis de uma ação, temos que considerar não apenas a quantidade, mas a qualidade de prazer que dela possa resultar. Para os utilitaristas o que importa são as consequências das ações, elas devem visar ao prazer, e somente isso permite avaliar se uma ação é correta ou não, logo é uma perspectiva consequencialista. O que importa são as consequências e não os motivos das nossas ações, desde que isso promova a felicidade ao maior número de pessoas possível. Mas, o ato só é permissível se, e apenas se, maximiza imparcialmente o bem. A filosofia Utilitarista costuma dividir seus leitores. É exaltada por alguns, que defendem o mérito de ser um ponto de vista que oferece melhores subsídios para melhor lidarmos com as questões éticas que realmente importam e estão associadas às condições que tornam possível uma vida feliz e se possível, isenta de sofrimentos. Por outro lado, há aqueles que apontam para o perigo de uma filosofia que estima a qualidade moral de ações levando em consideração apenas as suas consequências. Esta corrente não é uma escola filosófica, uma vez que se trata de uma filosofia que constantemente se reinventa e se adapta a fim de ir sempre ao encontro de novos desafios que uma ética não pode deixar de enfrentar.
Life requires decisions to people all the time and people take them according to their values, considering the particularities of each situation. Values are any aspects of the decision which are considered desirable, undesirable, relevant and important, as being preferred, desirable, pleasant, promising, safe, exciting, fair, good, correct, easy, uncertain, etc. Based on these values, we understand that the ultimate foundation of utilitarianism is the principle of utility. According to this concept, an action is considered correct, thus, valid, if it promotes greater happiness of those involved. Happiness, in turn, is understood as the achievement of pleasure and welfare. In this current we find a eudemonistic and hedonistic perspective, as it has as the ultimate goal happiness consisting in pleasure. Any utilitarian has to care mostly with the promotion of general happiness. From Mill, morality becomes the achievement of every human being in this world, here and now. The principle of utility requires that each one of us do whatever is necessary, and within our rich, to promote happiness and avoid pain. By analyzing the predictable consequences of an action, we must consider not only the quantity, but the quality of pleasure resulting from them. To utilitarians what really matters are the consequences of actions, as they should aim pleasure. Only this allows us to assess whether an action is right or not, leading to the idea of a consequentialist perspective. What matters are the consequences and not the reasons of our actions, as long as it promotes happiness to as many people as possible. However, the act is permissible only if, and only if, it impartially maximizes the good. The Utilitarian philosophy usually divides its readers. It is extolled by some, who defend the merit of its being a viewpoint that offers better benefits, so that important ethical issues the ones associated with conditions that can make life happier and free from suffering can be more easily dealt with. On the other hand, there are those that points to the danger of a philosophy that estimates the moral quality of actions, taking into account only its consequences. This current is not a philosophical school, since it is a philosophy that constantly reinvents itself and adapts, so that it can always meet new challenges that ethics cannot avoid facing.
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Variz, Paulo Eurico Alves. "Reflexões sobre a pobreza no pensamento liberal de Aristóteles a John Stuart Mill." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18129.
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Esta dissertação procura reconstruir os antecedentes da economia da pobreza desde a antiguidade clássica até John Stuart Mill, altura em que o quadro de liberal de pensamento, bem como as iniciativas de combate a pobreza definidas no seu quadro, são fortemente colocados em questão pelas doutrinas socialistas e comunistas. Dedicamo-nos sobretudo a identificar os elementos de coerência lógica interna que, no pensamento económico de cada fase histórica, caracterizam a modelação da pobreza e definem as políticas de alívio da mesma. Na obra dos pensadores que representam essas fases, procuramos averiguar o que esse olhar sobre o pobre nos revela em termos da sua liberdade, iniciativa, soberania e escolha; da inclusão e exclusão; do anonimato na accão que lhe e dirigida; do papel do mercado versus o do Estado; da relação com o mercado do trabalho; do papel da educação; e da configuração dos direitos e deveres do homem pobre; ABSTRACT: This thesis attempts to rebuild the pre-economics of poverty from ancient Greece until John Stuart Mi II, when the liberal framework of thought, and the initiatives guided towards fighting poverty conceived within it, are severely questioned by the socialist and communist doctrines. We concentrate mostly in exposing the elements of logical coherence that in each period of thought are implicit in the way poverty is modelled and the corresponding poverty relief measures are designed. In the works of the thinkers representing such periods, we aim at identifying what the approach to the poor tells us about his liberty, initiative, sovereignty and choice; about inclusion and exclusion; about anonymity in pro-poor action; the role of the market and that of Government; the relationship the poor establish with the labour market; the role of education; and the shape of rights and duties of the poor
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Pentucci, Pier Paolo. "Governo, rappresentanza, federalismo: un attraversamento critico della filosofia politica di John Stuart Mill." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, Dipartimento di filosofia, Dipartimento di studi storici e politici, Scuola di dottorato di ricerca in filosofia, indirizzo: filosofia politica e storia del pensiero politico, ciclo XXI, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10278/3711539.
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Il presente lavoro si propone un attraversamento critico del corpus degli scritti politici di John Stuart Mill al fine di indagarne all’interno alcuni dei più significativi concetti – chiave relativi al pensiero sulla politica e sull’organizzazione degli Stati che hanno caratterizzato l’opera del filosofo inglese. Gli assunti dei quali vogliamo rintracciare la tenuta filosofica, l’impianto formale, ma anche le eventuali aporie ed i parallelismi o i contrasti con i principali riferimenti teorici di cui Mill ci dà conto, sono quelli che, letti in successione, possono costituire una traccia per la ricostruzione di quella teoria politica generale sullo Stato o sugli Stati di cui non abbiamo, nel corpus milliano, una trattazione omogeneamente dedicata, ma che appunto è possibile ripercorrere nella grande mole di scritti politici che il filosofo inglese ci ha lasciato.
In particolare ci occuperemo del governo indagato nei suoi aspetti peculiari, di rappresentanza e partecipazione, intesi come elementi portanti dell’impianto del governo popolare, di centralizzazione e decentramento come ipotesi per giungere alla migliore forma di governo riferita all’hic et nunc di ogni singola situazione storica, politica e geografica.
Il primo capitolo è dedicato al problema del governo ed ha lo scopo di chiarire l’idea di good government che Mill elabora in maniera autonoma a partire dal parallelismo con le teorie di Bentham e di James Mill, ma anche di Hobbes e di Tocqueville; il secondo capitolo invece scende sul piano della problematizzazione e si occupa di rappresentanza e partecipazione, aprendo la questione fondamentale del rapporto tra governanti e governati.
L’analisi tende a mettere in luce alcune questioni nodali insite nell’idea di governo rappresentativo concepita da Mill: le condizioni essenziali della rappresentanza nelle diverse prassi politiche correlate all’ esigenza di garanzie e di potere di controllo da parte dei governati, la necessità di sottomettere l’allestimento del migliore governo rappresentativo possibile alle varie contingenze del popolo in oggetto, il problema del suffragio e dei suoi limiti ed infine la partecipazione, intesa come strumento di “confronto” con la prassi politica ed importante modalità di educazione e di emancipazione del “popolo”. Nel terzo capitolo viene enucleata da alcuni scritti milliani, in particolare dalle Considerations on Representative Government la dicotomia tra centralizzazione e decentramento e la relazione con la teoria federale, per mettere nella giusta luce la modernità del pensiero di Mill rispetto ad una forma di governo non federale tout – court, ma che lasci uno spazio ampio e ben delineato alle autonomie locali, a cui il filosofo auspica la delega di porzioni di competenza su questioni locali di carattere peculiare e contingente.
Il metodo seguito è quello dell’analisi di tipo filologico e concettuale, che mette al centro il testo, o meglio i testi, del filosofo. Per questo è stato essenziale e prodromico, al momento della concettualizzazione e della problematizzazione, il lavoro di traduzione delle opere di Mill, anche come forma di meta-comprensione degli assunti via via analizzati e la comparazione delle differenti versioni italiane effettuate da studiosi del pensiero politico dell’inglese, anche per rilevare, attraverso la resa semantica, eventuali diverse sfumature di interpretazione del pensiero politico sotteso a determinati concetti.
In questo modo è stato possibile, nel corso dell’attraversamento critico in questione, rendere conto di tutte le tracce utili per riscontrare o meno l’aderenza della costruzione milliana con quelle che sono le linee essenziali del pensiero politico moderno; senza ricercare presunte attestazioni di originalità o attualità specifiche, ma solo con il preciso scopo di non trascurare quello che comunque è stato un contributo fondamentale alla filosofia politica dell’800.
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Bisbal, Torres Marta. "La Libertad de expresión en el pensamiento liberal: John Stuart Mill y Oliver Wendell Holmes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8138.
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La llibertat d'expressió té els seus origens en el liberalisme de Gran Bretanya iels Estats Units. Les primeres reivindicacions a favor d'un intercanvi lliure d'idees
van començar al segle XVII, amb el discurs Areopagitica de John Milton, que
demanava al Parlament anglès l'abolició de la censura a la imprempta. El 1971
la llibertat d'expressió es va incorporar a la Constitució dels Estats Units; la seva
Primera Esmena declarava: "el Congrés no farà cap llei... per la que es limiti la
llibertat de paraula, o la de premsa". Aquest treball es centra en les aportacions a
la llibertat d'expressió realitzades per John Stuart Mill, utilitarista anglès, i Oliver
Wendell Holmes, realista americà, les quals es van introduir entre la segona
meitat del segle XIX i la primera meitat del segle XX. Les obres d'ambdós autors
s'estudien tenint en compte el moviment filosòfic al qual pertanyen. En primer
lloc, la teoria sobre llibertat de pensament i discussió de John Stuart Mill es
relaciona amb la seva filosofia moral i política. En segon lloc, s'analitzen les
opinions judicials d'Oliver Wendell Holmes en les que formula el test del "perill
clar i actual" i la teoria del "mercat obert de les idees". Aquesta aproximació
permet mostrar que ambdós autors van liberalitzar el concepte de llibertat
d'expressió imperant a la seva època, i van considerar que els seus fonaments
principals eren la recerca de la veritat i l'autorrealització individual.
La libertad de expresión tiene sus orígenes en el liberalismo de Gran Bretaña y
los Estados Unidos. Las primeras reivindicaciones a favor de un intercambio libre
de ideas empezaron en el siglo XVII, con el discurso Areopagitica de John
Milton, que pedía al Parlamento inglés la abolición de la censura en la imprenta.
En 1791 la libertad de expresión se incorporó a la Constitución de los Estados
Unidos, cuya Primera Enmienda declaraba: "el Congreso no hará ley alguna...
por la que se limite la libertad de palabra, o la de prensa". Este trabajo se centra
en las aportaciones a la libertad de expresión realizadas por John Stuart Mill,
utilitarista inglés, y Oliver Wendell Holmes, realista americano, las cuales se
introdujeron entre la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y la primera mitad del siglo XX.
Las obras de ambos autores se estudian teniendo en cuenta el movimiento
filosófico al cual pertenecen. En primer lugar, la teoría sobre libertad de
pensamiento y discusión de John Stuart Mill se relaciona con su filosofía moral y
política. En segundo lugar, se analizan las opiniones judiciales de Oliver Wendell
Holmes en las que se formula el test del "peligro claro y actual" y la teoría del
"mercado abierto de las ideas". Esta aproximación permite mostrar que ambos
autores liberalizaron el concepto de libertad de expresión imperante en su
época, y consideraron que sus fundamentos principales eran la búsqueda de la
verdad y la autorrealización individual.
Freedom of speech has its origins in liberalism from Great Britain and the United
States. The first claims for a free exchange of ideas started in the 17th century,
with John Milton's Areopagitica, in which the abolishing of printing censorship by
the English Parliament was demanded. In 1791, freedom of speech was included
in the Constitution of the United States, whose First Amendment declared:
"Congress shall make no law. abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press".
This study focuses on the specific contributions to freedom of speech made by
the English utilitarian John Stuart Mill and the American realist Oliver Wendell
Holmes, which were introduced throughout the second half of 19th century and
the first half of 20th century. The works of both authors are discussed bearing in
mind the philosophical movement to which they belong. Firstly, John Stuart Mill's
theory of thought and speech is related to his moral and political philosophy.
Secondly, Oliver Wendell Holmes' judicial opinions on both "clear and present
danger" test and the "free marketplace of ideas" are analysed. This approach
makes it possible to show both authors liberalize the concept of freedom of
speech and consider that its foundations are, basically, the discovery of truth
along with individual self-development.
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Dias, Maria Cristina Longo Cardoso. "A ampliação do espaço da moral no utilitarismo de John Stuart Mill: uma comparação com a moral do utilitarismo de Bentham." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-08012013-162854/.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho tem por objetivo provar que há mais espaço para elaboração de regras morais no utilitarismo de Mill quando comparado ao utilitarismo de Bentham. Para que esta tese seja provada é necessário comprovar que a concepção de natureza humana do indivíduo teórico de Mill é mais complexa do que a concepção de natureza humana de Bentham, pois é a ciência da natureza humana que constitui o fundamento das prescrições da moralidade. Esta tese provará que a natureza humana do indivíduo teórico de Bentham resume-se a uma natureza humana dotada, principalmente, de uma razão capaz de formular cálculos complexos entre prazer e dor (que inclui a intensidade, proximidade, longinquidade, etc) para decidir sobre a melhor ação (aquela que aponta para o prazer, no cômputo geral do balanço). Em outras palavras, um apelo ao primeiro princípio, ao princípio de utilidade é efetuado a cada ação, questionando as regras do costume e reduzindo o espaço da moral a apenas ao princípio de utilidade. Para Mill, ao contrário, a natureza humana é mais complexa. Ela é composta, de leis da mente ou leis psicológicas, da tese hedonista (que significa que os indivíduos buscam prazer e evitam a dor, assim como para Bentham) e subteses da tese hedonista, como o fato de que os indivíduos, por natureza, agem por hábito, possuem faculdades elevadas das quais derivam prazeres de qualidade superior e possuem a capacidade de se transformar ao longo do tempo. Essas características da natureza humana do indivíduo teórico de Mill permitem converter um princípio de utilidade mais complexo que prescreve que é correto buscar o prazer e fugir da dor como característica central, mas que ressalta que mais elementos precisam ser aventados para que se compreenda a busca do prazer ou a busca da felicidade. É precisamente quando a formulação do princípio de utilidade de Mill abre espaço para que mais elementos precisem ser expostos para que se entenda a busca do prazer ou a maximização da felicidade, que surge a possibilidade de elaboração de regras morais, preceitos ou princípios secundários que permitem que o agente guie-se no mundo prático. Em outras palavras, a natureza mais complexa do indivíduo teórico de Mill admite a elaboração de um princípio de utilidade mais complexo que dá margem à elaboração de uma moralidade também mais complexa, com mais regras morais (ainda que inicialmente embasadas em um cálculo de prazer) relativamente à moral de Bentham.This work aims to prove that there is more place for the elaboration of moral rules in Mills utilitarianism when compared to Benthams utilitarianism. To prove this thesis it is necessary that Mills conception of human nature be more complex than Benthams conception of human nature, given the fact that it is science of human nature which holds the foundation of morality. This thesis will prove that human nature of Benthams individuals is resumed to a human nature which main feature is an instrumental reason, able to formulate complex calculations between pleasure and pain (which includes intensity, proximity, duration, etc of the pleasures and pains) to decide about the best action (the one which decides for pleasure, once made the balance). In other words, an appeal to the first principle, to the principle of utility is done in each action, questioning customary rules and reducing morality to the principle of utility. For Mill, on the contrary, human nature is more complex. It consists of laws of mind or psychological laws, of hedonistic thesis (which means that individuals look for pleasure and avoid pain in the same sense as Benthams individuals) and sub-thesis of hedonistic thesis, such as the fact that individuals act by habit, they have elevated faculties which derive pleasures of higher qualities and they hold the capacity of transforming themselves through time. Those human nature features of Mills individuals permits to formulate a more complex principle of utility which determines that it is right to look for pleasure and right to avoid pain as the main feature, but many more elements need to be sustained in order to achieve a better understanding of happiness. It is precisely when the formulation of Mills principle of utility opens room for more elements to explain the search of pleasure and the avoidance of pain or the maximization of happiness, that the possibility of formulation of moral rules becomes plausible. Secondary principles are necessary in Mills system to be formulated, so the agent can guide himself in the practical world without an appeal to the first principle in each action. In other words, Mills more complex individuals nature permits the elaboration of a more complex principle of utility which opens place for the elaboration of a more complex morality with more moral rules (even if, initially, those moral rules are grounded on a calculation between pleasure and pain) when compared to Benthams morality.
49
Walker, Dale Henderson. "Individual development : a defence of the moral and political ideas of John Stuart Mill." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683321.
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Rocha, Mariele Carla. "A suprema alegria ética em Spinoza." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/38096.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Vieira NetoDissertaçao (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia. Defesa: Curitiba, 10/04/2015
Inclui referências
Área de concentração: Filosofia
Resumo: A pergunta pela felicidade é essencial na filosofia imanente de Spinoza, a qual é apresentada como o gozo de uma alegria eterna e estável com Deus, causa de todas as coisas. São três âmbitos que constituem a questão da felicidade nesta filosofia: afetivo, cognitivo e ético. Assim, é na vivência dos afetos e no conhecimento deles que o conatus de cada modo finito será capaz de afirmar-se como autônomo e potência plena de autoperseveração na existência. O percurso que conduz à conquista da felicidade envolve necessariamente a experiência da alegria, visto que a alegria favorece nossa potência pois é aumento de perfeição para a ação e o pensamento. O homem que regozija de alegria é forte e ativo, compreende a si próprio e aos seus afetos, assim como compreende os demais modos de maneira adequada; é sábio e sua atenção e cuidado são dirigidos à vida e tudo o que possa contribuir com a sua expansão. Filosofia da ação, a felicidade é, portanto, a atividade vital de fruição desta alegria concomitante ao conhecimento intuitivo de terceiro gênero, ou seja, o sentimento de eternidade e união com Deus. Palavras-chave: afetos, alegria, conatus, conhecimento, Deus, felicidade.
Abstract: The question of happiness is essential in the immanent philosophy of Spinoza. Happiness is therein presented as a kind of joy resulting from an eternal, stable joy with God, who is the cause of everything. There are three areas, which build the basis of this thought about the question of happiness: affective, cognitive and ethical. So, in the experience of the affects and with the understanding of such, the conatus of every single, finite mode will be able to affirm his autonomy as well as to assert himself as full potentiality of self-persistence. The way leading to conquest of happiness requires in any case the experience of joy, since it promotes our own potentiality by being the enhancement of the perfection of acting and thinking. The man exulting from joy is strong and active, he understands himself and his affects, as well as in an appropriate way he understands the further modes. He is wise and carefully pays attention to life and everything else that may contribute to the enhancement of life potentiality. As a result and practice of a philosophy of acting happiness namely is the essential action of this joy, which presents itself on occasion of the intuitive knowledge of the third kind, which means, with the feeling of eternity and unification with God. Key words: affects, joy, conatus, knowledge, God, happiness