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1
Rodríguez Pacios, Adelina. "La segregación docente en la Universidad de León = Teaching segregation at the University of León." FEMERIS: Revista Multidisciplinar de Estudios de Género 3, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/femeris.2018.4080.
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Resumen. Desde la Sociología del Trabajo, la Antropología, la Sociología de Género, la Sociología de la Educación, se viene denunciando los procesos de segregación laboral a los que están sometidas las mujeres: horizontal y vertical. Desde la década de los ochenta del siglo XX, las aulas universitarias españolas están feminizadas. Proporcionalmente, las alumnas son mayoría entre los egresados, pero siguen teniendo más dificultades que sus compañeros para encontrar un trabajo, salir de la precariedad laboral, recibir el mismo salario por el mismo trabajo, tener las mismas oportunidades de promoción, etc. Y nos preguntamos si una institución como la Universidad, formalmente igualitaria, sede de la ciencia, la objetividad, la racionalidad, mantiene mecanismos de cierre y exclusión social que dificultan el acceso de las mujeres a la docencia universitaria, y de las profesoras a la promoción, especialmente la promoción al cuerpo de catedráticos de universidad, produciendo y reproduciendo lo que conocemos como techos de cristal. Se comprueba, a la luz de los datos, que las profesoras universitarias se concentran en determinadas Ramas de Conocimiento (segregación horizontal) y en determinadas categorías docentes (segregación vertical). El acceso y la promoción en la Universidad se asientan en la meritocracia, de ahí, su imagen de objetividad, neutralidad, igualdad de oportunidades. Es difícil entender y hacer entender que la propia cultura universitaria tiene sesgos, códigos de género, que aplican mecanismos de discriminación hacia las docentes. Es importante conocer las situaciones concretas que se viven dentro de las universidades. Y esto es lo que nos hemos propuesto para la Universidad de León (ULE).Adoptando la perspectiva de género y realizando un análisis de datos secundarios, comprobamos la segregación horizontal y vertical a la que están sometidas las docentes. Asimismo, descubrimos la existencia del techo de cristal: la proporción de catedráticas en la ULE es inferior a la media nacional.Palabras clave: género, enseñanza superior, discriminación, igualdad de oportunidades, universidad.Abstract. From the Sociology of Labor, Anthropology, Gender Sociology, and Sociology of Education, the processes of labor segregation to which women are subjected (horizontal and vertical) are being denounced. Since the eighties of the 20th century, Spanish university classrooms have been feminized. Proportionally, female students are the majority of the graduates, but they still have more difficulties than their peers to find a job, get out of job insecurity, receive the same salary for the same job, have the same opportunities for promotion, etc. In addition, we ask ourselves if an institution such as the university, formally egalitarian, seat of science, objectivity, rationality, maintains mechanisms of closure and social exclusion that hinder women’s access to university teaching, and female professors to promotion, especially the promotion to the body of university full professors, producing and reproducing what we know as glass ceilings. In the light of the data, it is verified that female university professors concentrate on certain branches of knowledge (horizontal segregation) and on certain categories of professors (vertical segregation).Access and promotion in the University are based on meritocracy, hence its image of objectivity, neutrality, equal opportunities. It is difficult to understand and make understand that the university culture itself has biases, gender codes, which apply mechanisms of discrimination towards female professors. It is important to know the concrete situations that are lived within the universities. Moreover, this is what we have proposed for the University of León (ULE).By adopting a gender perspective and analyzing secondary data, we verify the horizontal and vertical segregation to which the female professors are subjected. Likewise, we discovered the existence of the glass ceiling: the proportion of female professors in the ULE is lower than the national average.Keywords: gender, higher education, discrimination, equal opportunities, university.
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Sobczak, Anna. "Ideology of Meritocracy in Education – Social Reconstructions of (In)equality." Studia Edukacyjne, no. 51 (December 15, 2018): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/se.2018.51.8.
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The aim of the article is to reconstruct the theory of meritocracy, according to which each individual has an equal opportunities, regardless of gender, race, and origin, to achieve social and professional success. The author has also attempted to answer the question whether in the current social reality, in which we deal with overeducation and academic diploma inflation, the meritocratic belief about the exclusive influence of individual talents and merits on social and professional success finds its confirmation in social practice. The genesis, essence and directions of criticism of the concept of meritocracy are presented. The article points out that the ideology of meritocracy, despite its egalitarian assumptions, which undoubtedly contributed to the democratization of education, especially at the higher level, confirms social inequalities.
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Albański, Łukasz. "HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE GROWTH OF MENIAL JOBS." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 70, no. 1 (April 25, 2016): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/16.70.08.
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Young people are confronting a world in which they may not achieve economic strides their parents did. Almost all will have been awarded university degree, worth far less (in the terms and conditions of their employment) than that of their parents, if they themselves graduated from university. In the article the author discusses the relationship between higher education and stratification. The concepts of meritocracy and credentialism are considered and a particular attention is paid to an equal/unequal access to education dilemma. Discussed is why a liberal arts education is losing ground and why it is being made a scapegoat for graduate unemployment. Does the nightmare of Weber’s “iron cage of rationalization” come true and is the contemporary university in the service of an economic order with all the related technical requirements of machine production? In the second part of the article the role of meritocratic discourse and educational credential inflation is considered as well as the growth of menial jobs for young people as a case in Poland. Key words: education at post-secondary level, liberal arts, youth unemployment, inequality, Poland.
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Deem, Rosemary. "Managing a meritocracy or an equitable organisation? Senior managers’ and employees’ views about equal opportunities policies in UK universities." Journal of Education Policy 22, no. 6 (November 2007): 615–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680930701625247.
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Sultanova, E. "Cooperation of the UN specialized agencies with the countries of the world (experience of the ILO in Uzbekistan)." Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2101-05.
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Based on the study of international experience in the development of the fundamental principles of the International Labor Organization, the specifi cs of its activities, the signifi cance for national states, in particular, Uzbekistan, are revealed. The article focuses in detail on the adopted legal norms aimed at ensuring full employment and improving the standard of living, creating jobs that provide the necessary protection of life and health, the well-being of mothers and children, equal opportunities for men and women to obtain the desired housing, opportunities for education, intellectual development, and career growth.
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Deb, Surajit. "Employment Opportunities Across Social Classes in Rural India." Social Change 49, no. 1 (March 2019): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085718821784.
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In the second part of the Social Change Indicator series, we provide information from government survey data on the work opportunities for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST) and non-SC-ST class in the rural India. 1 Our data refers to 18 states which covers more than 95 per cent of the SC or ST population in the country. The generation of employment continues to remain one of the key political economic challenges in India despite the achievements of its high economic growth rates in the past two decades. The problem remains complicated due to the nature of the country’s labour market that is characterised by skill shortages, dominance of low-paid jobs in the informal and unorganised sectors and vulnerable employments. The government has recently set up a task force to address deficiencies in the existing data on employment and plans to outline a National Employment Policy (NEP) for the creation of quality jobs through economic, social and labour policy interventions. The NEP claims that it will also provide a much-needed focus on equal access to employment opportunities for marginalised sections like the SCs and STs by identifying skill shortages, training needs and available employment opportunities. Given social class differences in India, it is sometimes hypothesised that social exclusion and discrimination remain a common phenomenon in the labour market of different states in India.
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Sultana, Rezina. "The incentive and efficiency effects of affirmative action: does envy matter?" Oxford Economic Papers 71, no. 4 (January 16, 2019): 930–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpy070.
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Abstract This paper introduces envy into the study of affirmative action (AA) policies. Envy is defined as occurring when people have the same income with different abilities or with equal abilities have different incomes because of unequal access to employment opportunities—which occurs both under adverse and compensatory-discrimination. I analyse how envy, when there is discrimination, interacts with incentive for individuals to make productivity-enhancing investment and thereby affects economic efficiency. A policymaker maximizes the expected utility of the population taking into account the trade-off between fairness or equity (no-envy) and efficiency. An exclusive equal opportunity policy (EOP) that forestalls envy would allocate skilled jobs in a manner skewed towards the historically advantaged group. I study the conditions under which AA is fairness-improving in access to ‘good’ jobs and the implications for efficiency in job allocation between ex ante advantaged and disadvantaged groups.
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Heinecken, Lindy. "Conceptualizing the Tensions Evoked by Gender Integration in the Military." Armed Forces & Society 43, no. 2 (November 17, 2016): 202–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x16670692.
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The South African military has adopted an assertive affirmative action campaign to ensure that women are represented across all ranks and branches. This has brought about new tensions in terms of gender integration, related to issues of equal opportunities and meritocracy as well as the accommodation of gender difference and alternative values. The argument is made that the management of gender integration from a gender-neutral perspective cannot bring about gender equality, as it obliges women to conform to and assimilate masculine traits. This affects women’s ability to function as equals, especially where feminine traits are not valued, where militarized masculinities are privileged and where women are othered in ways that contribute to their subordination. Under such conditions, it is exceedingly difficult for women to bring about a more androgynous military culture espoused by gender mainstreaming initiatives and necessary for the type of missions military personnel are engaged in today.
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Sinden, Elaine. "Exploring the Gap Between Male and Female Employment in the South African Workforce." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 6 (November 27, 2017): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mjss-2017-0040.
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AbstractWomen in South Africa have for decades, experienced discrimination in the workplace because certain positions such as top and senior management posts were predominately given to men. If women were employed, they were mostly offered positions at the lower levels of the organisation, or specific jobs such as secretaries or administrative jobs. To address such discrimination, to ensure gender equality is promoted and women are offered equal employment opportunities, the South African government has since 1994 adopted different anti- discriminatory laws to expedite equal employment to improve the position of women in the workplace. To explore the extent to which the position of women in the workplace has changed - if at all - since the dawn of democracy, this paper provides an analysis of women’s employment standing in 2014 in the South African workforce. The goal of this study is to identify employment gender gaps both in terms of employment numbers, as well as employment in different sectors. To explore this objective, the study first provides an overview of some of the anti - discriminatory laws that were put in place by the South African government to promote equal opportunities for all South Africans, especially women. Second, the study develops a conceptual framework based on an analysis of the literature on gender equality and its link to equal employment for women. Finally, the study provides an overview of the South African labour force as at 2014, showing the gap between male and female employment. The findings confirm that despite South Africa’s progressive legislative and policy measures, women remain underrepresented in the workplace, meaning that progress in redressing unfair discrimination has been slow and/or uneven. The findings also reveal that men continue to dominate the workforce, especially in top and senior management positions.
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Krošláková, Monika, and Radoslava Mečiar. "The Selected Aspects of Gender Equality in European Union." Studia commercialia Bratislavensia 5, no. 19 (December 1, 2012): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10151-012-0007-6.
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Abstract Despite the laws and regulations that should ensure equal gender treatment, women are still disadvantaged in all businesses and public sector. This discrimination is manifested particularly in the approach to jobs, financial evaluation, political nominations and opportunities of developing their abilities regardless of gender. The gender differences in work and public life remain even today the most visible evidence of inequality between men and women in our society. The gender equality is one of the fundamental principles of EU law and all its member countries committed to be in the compliance with it. This article reviews the current state of gender equality in EU.
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Antonucci, Maria Cristina. "Female presence in lobbying careers in Europe: A comparison of women in the lobbying workforce in three national political systems and the EU." GENDER – Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft 13, no. 1-2021 (March 15, 2021): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/gender.v13i1.05.
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This paper investigates women in lobbying careers in Italy, the UK and France in comparison with the EU Parliament to verify the hypothesis that in political systems with a gender mainstreaming approach, it is easier for women to have access to political, institutional and politics-related careers. Given the differences between national and supranational political systems, the collected data display a fairer gender balance in the stock of registered lobbyists at the EU Parliament than in the national registers for lobbyists. The explanatory factors are the EU institutional approach towards gender mainstreaming and a fairer gender balance in EU top-political and administrative jobs. The paper argues that there is a spillover effect from fair-gendered political careers to the lobbying professions. EU lobbyists need to reflect the diversity of EU politicians and administrative staff. In this sense, the EU institutionalization of the gender mainstreaming approach goes beyond issues such as the descriptive and substantive political representation of women in politics while creating a more inclusive environment for equal opportunities in traditionally male-dominated jobs.
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Urbaniak, Bogusława, and Justyna Wiktorowicz. "Support for Economic Activity of People Aged 50+ in Poland: The Best Solutions of the Government’s Programme "Solidarity Of Generations"." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 17, no. 1 (April 25, 2014): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2014-0005.
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The article aims to assess some selected solutions of the Polish government’s programme “Solidarity of generations” [SG] designed to support economic activity among people aged 50+. It presents the results of a national survey conducted in the first half of 2012, mainly the outcomes of questionnaire interviews carried out with representative samples of people aged 45+ and employers. Studies under the name ‘Diagnosis of the current situation of females and males 50+ on the labour market in Poland [D50+]’ were conducted within the project “Equal Opportunities in the Labour Market for People Aged 50+”. In addition to standard methods of descriptive analysis and the assessment of relations, factor analysis is also used to identify the main types of activities advancing opportunities for people aged 45+. Some solutions of the government’s programme, such as the protection of employees from dismissal during the last four years before their retirement, were sometimes evaluated very differently by employers and people aged 45+. At the same time, both employers and people aged 45+ were favourable about free training and public subsidies to set up jobs for an unemployed persons aged 50+. According to the factor analysis results, the most important activities for people aged 45+ to have equal opportunities in the labour market are those activities that directly improve their qualifications. Although this finding is endorsed by both employers and people aged 45+, the insufficient systemic support for life-long learning limits the number of opportunities they could use to increase their employment activity. The variety of evaluations presented by the beneficiaries of the government programme should be taken into account in planning its modification.
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Hemmati, Reza, and Rasoul Abbasi Taghidizaj. "A Boolean Analysis of Structural and Organizational Determinants of Equality and Efficiency Balance in Higher Education." Comparative Sociology 18, no. 5-6 (December 11, 2019): 791–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341510.
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Abstract Efficiency and equality are both important goals and values in higher education, and their concurrency (balance) has been one of the main concerns of higher education scholars and policy makers over the past decades. The aim of the present study is to discover the causal mechanism and contextual factors that are likely to result in concurrency of equality and efficiency in higher education. To this end, the combination of two explanatory theories of equality and efficiency were used. The theory of equality focused on three dimensions of equal opportunities, modernization, and cultural differences. Likewise, to explain efficiency, Chalabi’s three-level causal model of sustainable production of science was used. Methodologically, a multiple case study method was adopted, and the cases under study (nine countries) were selected based on purposive sampling. The findings showed that for the concurrency of equality and efficiency in higher education, a set of conditions must be present in the configurational and combinational causality. The preconditions for this concurrency is the presence of some social conditions such as productive economy, the rule of law, inter-societies competitiveness, social cohesion, democracy, universalism, egalitarianism (at macro level), meritocracy, academic autonomy, and organizational competitiveness (at the meso level) and the absence of some other conditions including fatalism (at the macro level).
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Hafeez, Malik M., Rais Nouman Ahmed, Muhammad Danyal Khan, and Muhammad Asif Safdar. "What are the Crisis and Issues of Governance in Pakistan? An Analysis." Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v3i1.24.
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Governance is quite distinguishable from the government that deals with executive, its mode of appointment or election, state institutions and their functioning powers that are documented in constitution and laws there under while governance deals with policy, decision-making and government's effectiveness. Government has constitutional and legal duties and limitations in dealing with civil society, media, press and private sector. Government owes responsibility of the development of undeveloped areas and facilitates the residents to have equal opportunity, rule of law, standardized education and health services, employment opportunities, maintain security, law and order of the country. Whereas, governance deals with principles of solutions to the problems of the public and private sector. Good governance ensures socio-economic stability, rule of law, meritocracy and welfare of citizens through social services and developments. Both government and governance work together to deal with political and administrative structures as well as establishment of cooperative network and connection between the different sectors of the state to resolve the shared public disorders, complications and problems however, good governance is the prerequisite for administrative, political, socio-economies solutions and human development. This paper will explore the elements of good governance and identify the issues of governance in Pakistan with conclusion of proposed solutions.
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Yeganehfar, Masomeh, Atefe Zarei, Ali Reza Isfandyari-Mogghadam, and AliAkbar Famil-Rouhani. "Justice in technology policy." Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 16, no. 2 (May 14, 2018): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jices-06-2017-0038.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic literature review of available research evidence on marginal participation of women in ICT-related jobs (ICT – information and communication technology). In this study, it has been attempted to identify gaps in these literature studies according to the Global Index of Gender dimensions and briefly has been explained guidelines for policymakers to improve the participation of women in this area. Design/methodology/approach The authors follow from the method of (Tranfield et al., 2003) for conducting a systematic literature review (a systematic review means that the research has specific and systematic steps). Then key words were searched and appropriate resources with this study were evaluated. Accidentally, 55 articles in the period 2000 to 2014 were investigated, and articles were reviewed according to the Global Index of Gender dimensions. Findings A review of previous studies indicated that despite considerable attention given to open access to information and women’s skills, role of women in ICT has been underestimated. Results indicated that to keep pace with today’s information society, we would have to reinforce knowledge and abilities of women and provide them employment grounds in jobs that require new skills in ICT. To reinforce participation of women in the jobs, we need to invest in education and design policies to increase the number of women in educational courses related to ICTs. Also, we need to promote equal educational opportunities. Libraries are suitable platforms to create bold employment of women in jobs related to ICTs. Because it seems that majority of professionals are women in these places. In current information communities, we have to raise the level of individual development for reaching total development. Thus, women’s progress at professional jobs is needed to remove barriers of creativity and entrepreneurship for women. Also, development of strategies for providing contribution of women in ICT jobs should not be neglected. Originality/value This study is the first comprehensive study on the systematic review of the literature in the field of Gender Gap to show marginal participation of women in the ICT-related jobs.
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Elahi, Noor. "Changing Dynamics Of Gendered Livelihoods Practices In Post Crises Of Swat Northwest Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (March 8, 2019): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v9i1.327.
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This research attempts to focus on the changing dynamics of livelihoods practices among gender, and how conflict and flood crises (2005-2010) effected the various needs of livelihoods of the social classes in Swat valley of northwest Pakistan. Qualitative methods; formal/informal interviews, focus groups discussion, key informant interviews and participant observation, were used to explore the dynamics of changes in occupations, household dependency and those factors which influenced the changes accessing livelihood resources. The paper revealed that those households depending agriculture, small business and labour in market have been highly affected during conflict and flood crises in comparison to those households who were depending on remittances, public and private jobs and skilled works. The study found that the livelihood dependency of the households in all villages was based on agricultural and natural resources, which has changed to market and jobs based oriented resources. The factors like economic development, migration, conflict and displacement, and post conflict development have created diverse opportunities of livelihood resources for men and women, which brought social and cultural changes in the livelihood practices between genders at household level. The research emphasizes on the long-term livelihoods strategies and gendered equal opportunity policies by government and NGOs after the crises, which may improve the social statuses of the men and women.
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Alarcón, Diana. "COMMENTS ON THE REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL PANEL ON SOCIAL PROGRESS, CHAPTER 7: THE FUTURE OF WORK, GOOD JOBS FOR ALL." Economics and Philosophy 34, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267118000251.
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The authors of Chapter 7, The Future of Work, have made a thorough review of recent labour market trends. In telling a global story, the authors provide a vision of the future of work that should guide policy initiatives for the creation of desirable jobs for all. This vision is one where economic growth is consistent with ecological sustainability; with full and fair employment and no discrimination; where workers control their time and tasks; and where there are inclusive labour market institutions. The policies that the authors put forward to advance this vision include flexibility in the rules related to employment protection to avoid deeper segmentation of the labour market; the creation of social protection systems to cover all workers; the provision of broad access to education and skill formation at different stages of life; the guarantee of equal opportunities and non-discrimination; and respect for collective bargaining.
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Sutherland, Susan. "The Simon/Tanger Outlet Mall Health Impact Assessment: Resulting in Active Transportation through Community Connectivity." Chronicles of Health Impact Assessment 3, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/22709.
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Background: One of the goals of the Health Impact Assessment (HIA), The Simon/Tanger Outlet Mall Health Impact Assessment was to assess potential health implications in providing opportunities for active transportation to the Simon/Tanger Outlet Mall in Berkshire Township, Delaware County, Ohio by community connectivity.
Methods: This case study was conducted by using the Health Impact Assessment model and incorporated community input through survey methodologies, assessment protocols, best practices, and peer-reviewed literature.
Results: Many of the risk factors for chronic diseases can be traced on how communities have been built. Several pathways have been identified in the research linking built environments with travel patterns, physical activity levels, body mass index, and associated health outcomes. Residential density, land use mix, and neighborhood connectivity have all been consistently associated with multiple outcomes related to good health. By making neighborhoods more walkable, we not only can create converging health benefits, but environmental benefits and more equal access to jobs and opportunities. Emerging research on the presence of sidewalks, cycling infrastructure, street design, and building placement and site design have been linked to various health and health-related travel behavior outcomes.[1]
Conclusions: Continuing modifications to the built environment provide opportunities, over time, to institute policies and practices that support the provision of more activity-conducive environments, which improve the community’s health.
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Morton, Jennifer M. "The non-cognitive challenge to a liberal egalitarian education." Theory and Research in Education 9, no. 3 (November 2011): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477878511419563.
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Political liberalism, conceived of as a response to the diversity of conceptions of the good in multicultural societies, aims to put forward a proposal for how to organize political institutions that is acceptable to a wide range of citizens. It does so by remaining neutral between reasonable conceptions of the good while giving all citizens a fair opportunity to access the offices and positions which enable them to pursue their own conception of the good. Public educational institutions are at the center of the state’s attempt to foster both of these commitments. I argue that recent empirical research on the role that non-cognitive dispositions (such as assertiveness) play in enabling students to have access to two important primary goods – opportunities for higher education and desirable jobs – creates a distinctive challenge for a liberal egalitarian education in remaining neutral with respect to conceptions of the good while promoting equal opportunity.
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Parakrama Badullahewage, Bharatha Prabath, and Shohani Upeksha Badullahewage. "Wage Difference Between Formal Sector and Informal Sector Jobs; With Special Reference to the Labour Market in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development 7, no. 3 (August 2021): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.73.2001.
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It is globally understood that wage-based employment structure and wages are a central aspects of the labour force at work. The informal sector is ranging to a broader concept that is difficult to define. The formal–informal wage gap is crucial to understand labour market informality, especially in developing countries with the large informal sectors. The basic model is taken from Mincer (1974), and the study is primarily based on secondary data. The new dummy variable of Job_type and an interactive term were incorporated into the Mincer earning function to analyse wage differences between formal sector and informal sector jobs. The study concludes that there is a wage gap between the a formal and informal sector. Moreover, if a person engages in formal sector job with good education qualification and good working experience, he will be entitled for a higher wage rate. Policies that promote education and equal opportunities for workers in both formal and informal sectors would improve earnings for many workers by increasing productivity and incomes.
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Jenkins, Andrew, and Jill Poulston. "Managers’ perceptions of older workers in British hotels." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 33, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-10-2012-0096.
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Purpose – The purpose of this research paper is to identify the perceptions and stereotypical views of hotel managers to older employees in the British hotel industry, with a focus on the north of England, and to determine the equal opportunities policies and practices of hotels in relation to older workers and the types of jobs deemed suitable or not suitable for older employees. Design/methodology/approach – The method used in this exploratory study was a survey incorporating a postal questionnaire. The questionnaire was sent to 144 hotel managers in hotels with a minimum of 20 bedrooms in the north of England. In all, 36 completed questionnaires were returned. Data were analysed using Predictive Analytics Software (PASW). Findings – The results of the survey clearly point to hotel managers having overwhelmingly positive views of older workers (confirming the findings of Magd's, 2003 survey), although some managers did age-stereotype certain jobs as being not suitable or suitable for older hotel workers. Research limitations/implications – The principal limitations concern the use of a questionnaire to measure the attitudes of hotel managers, the use of a non-probability sampling technique and the relatively small sample size. Practical implications – Given the UK's ageing population and labour shortages in the hotel industry, it is important that hotel managers address negative stereotypical views of older workers and the jobs deemed suitable for these workers. Originality/value – As the hotel industry is a major contributor to employment in the UK, a lack of empirical data on managers’ perceptions of older hotel workers is a significant omission that this paper seeks to redress.
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Caplan-Cotenoff, Scott A. "Parental Leave: The Need for a National Policy to Foster Sexual Equality." American Journal of Law & Medicine 13, no. 1 (1987): 71–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800006109.
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AbstractWorking women are without substantial protection from the ramifications of pregnancy discrimination, and the opportunities for working men to take leave from work to participate in child care are limited. Recently, private businesses have begun implementing maternity or parental leave policies to address these problems. These policies are inconsistent, however, and a national parental leave program is needed to help women attain equal access to jobs and to provide men with the opportunity to participate in child care.This Note examines the historical background of pregnancy discrimination litigation and legislation, and highlights the gaps in the protection currently afforded women. It suggests that a federal parental leave policy may expand the scope of this protection, and attempts to gain insight and draw conclusions from analogous parental leave programs in foreign countries which may be used as models for a national program in the U.S. Such a program would benefit parents, children, and society by removing some of the obstacles to sexual equality.
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Hina, Sehrish, Asghar Ullah Khan, and Muhammad Shabbir. "DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT OF TRANSGENDER COMMUNITY IN DISTRICT FAISALABAD, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN." JUNE 02, no. 01 (June 30, 2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53664/jsrd/02-01-2021-04-41-48.
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The diversity in religions, races, communities, and languages are more easily acceptable than diversity in sexual orientation. There is need of development in the area of the sexual identities globally and in Pakistan specifically. This marginalized group of individuals is facing social exclusion in the society, in terms of attaining equal social opportunities of the productive life. This study investigates societal challenges specifically in economical and geographical fields of life that are affecting transgender and their emerging issues. The study was quantitative in nature and use semi structured interview schedule as tool for data collection. The target population was transgender of urban area and researcher used a case study method to collect the data in person communication with them as per need of research. The transgender has risk of housing crisis and homelessness arising from rejection by family, neighbor force to left home, and members of local community. Government should offer them valuable jobs and secure residences.
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Skrentny, John D. "ARE AMERICA'S CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS STILL RELEVANT?" Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 4, no. 1 (2007): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x07070075.
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AbstractThe federal government created America's historic 1964 Civil Rights Act during a period of low immigration. The primary goal was to create equal opportunities for African Americans by ending Jim Crow discrimination in the South. Focusing on the issue of employment discrimination, and specifically employer preferences for immigrants, this article shows how the current period of high immigration from Latin America and Asia has created new challenges and dilemmas for Title VII, the employment discrimination title of the Civil Rights Act. Specifically, sociological evidence indicates that U.S. businesses are engaging in race-conscious employment focused on the perceived value of racial skills (special abilities of certain racial groups at particular jobs) and racial symbolism (organizational benefits from displaying certain races on the work force). Businesses hire Asians and Latinos, and especially immigrant Asians and Latinos, because of the perceived racial skills of these groups at low-status jobs that require strong work ethics and obedient attitudes. Corporate employers seeking skilled workers do not necessarily prefer immigrants. Instead, they seek minorities for the symbolic value of their diversity, for their general racial skills at bringing new ideas to the workplace, and for their racial marketing skills for growing non-White markets. I assess these developments from a legal perspective, showing that a combination of a lack of litigation and some key court decisions have prevented Title VII from regulating racial skills and racial symbolism and/or from offering protection for immigrants themselves.
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Boxil, Bernard R. "Global Equality of Opportunity and National Integrity." Social Philosophy and Policy 5, no. 1 (1987): 143–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001291.
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Philosophers have long distinguished various interpretations of the principle of equal opportunity and argued over their implications and justifications. But they have almost always tacitly assumed that the context was a national one. They have not, in particular, considered whether some interpretation of the principle could apply and be justified globally, that is, to all people without regard to their nationality or citizenship. Yet, such an investigation is clearly demanded. The leading moral theories seem to support a case for at least some interpretation of the equal opportunity principle, and it is not obvious that they can support it only domestically.Consider, first, those moral theories which place great value on negative liberty, for example, libertarianism. Libertarianism supports a standard interpretation of the equal opportunity principle – “formal” equality of opportunity; formal equality of opportunity requires that legal restrictions j on the taking of opportunities be lifted, and such restrictions diminish negative liberty. But libertarianism would also seem to support a global. version of formal equality of opportunity, for example, that laws be rescinded which require that candidates for jobs in a country be citizens of that country, or which restrict emigration or immigration. Such laws also diminish negative liberty.Or consider those moral theories which place great value on efficiency, for example, utilitarianism. Utilitarianism probably supports formal equality of opportunity because legal restrictions on the taking of opportunity not only diminish negative liberty, but also often prevent talent and skill from going where it can best be used and thus reduce efficiency.
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Boyd, William. "The Color of Work: The Struggle for Civil Rights in the Southern Paper Industry, 1945–1980. By Timothy J. Minchin. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. Pp. x, 277. $24.95, paper." Journal of Economic History 61, no. 4 (December 2001): 1143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050701005800.
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This book documents efforts to integrate the southern paper industry during the post–World War II period. It makes an important contribution not only to the vast and growing literature on the civil-rights movement but also to economic and legal history. In contrast to the traditional focus of civil-rights historians on voting rights, school desegregation, and public accommodations, Timothy Minchin takes up the issue of fair employment and access to jobs as components of the broader civil-rights struggle. Building on his earlier research on the textile industry (Hiring the Black Worker: The Racial Integration of the Southern Textile Industry, 1960–1980. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), Minchin focuses specifically on the role of black activists and civil-rights advocates in utilizing the legal machinery put in place by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (specifically, Title VII) as a vehicle for litigation against companies and unions seeking to deny black workers equal employment opportunities. Drawing on the vast record generated by Title VII litigation and oral interviews with key actors, Minchin provides considerable insight into the lived experiences and strategic thinking of those struggling to integrate the industry. The overall story provides powerful support for the efficacy of federal civil-rights legislation in opening up new opportunities for black workers.
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Jimoh, Richard Ajayi, Luqman Oyekunle Oyewobi, Amina Nna Adamu, and Paul Abayomi Bajere. "Women professionals’ participation in the nigerian construction industry: finding voice for the voiceless." Organization, Technology and Management in Construction: an International Journal 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 1429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/otmcj-2016-0005.
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Abstract The construction industry is a male-dominated industry globally, with poor women representation in every facet of the construction profession and the involved jobs. In this context, this study investigated the current level of women participation, challenges faced by professional women, factors that influence them in the course of developing careers in construction and the criteria that can be used to encourage women participation in the Nigerian construction industry. This was done through self-administration of 145 structured questionnaires to 93 women professionals in the built environment and 52 employers of built environment labour in Abuja, Nigeria. The analyses showed that the construction industry is largely dominated by men, with women having a lot of challenges ranging from lack of self-confidence to compete with their male counterparts to insecurity in the midst of men to execute their work as professionals. Therefore, the study recommends that making young women aware of construction industry opportunities is needed to encourage them to build their careers in construction from the school stage in order to increase the number of professional women participating in the future. In addition to this, professional women should be given equal job opportunities as their male counterparts to ensure better representation of women so that the impact of women professionals in the construction industry can be extended.
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Ahmad, Sairan Taha. "Civil society organizations and their role in promoting good governance." Journal of University of Human Development 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v3n1y2017.pp119-158.
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The good governance means having an integrated system of accounting and political and administrative accountability for officials in their public jobs, at the same time the ability of accountability for institutions of civil society and the private sector, so the good governance leads to sustainable human development and their application requires the rule of law, transparency and accountability, participation and decentralization. The Civil society organizations play a significant role in achieving comprehensive development and achieve democratic transition by working to instill values and promote appropriate democratic practices in the community and create an environment for the establishment of good governance and development. The development of good governance requires the participation of women in all levels of decision-making, and the equal opportunities should be available for them to participation in all peace processes and support the protection of women's rights in armed conflicts, as well as to enhance their participation in political life and to ensure their rights as citizens and participants in the decision-making process at the local level.
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Rensch, Carola, and Walter Bruchhausen. "Medical Science Meets ‘Development Aid’ Transfer and Adaptation of West German Microbiology to Togo, 1960–1980." Medical History 61, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2016.98.
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After losing the importance it had held around 1900 both as a colonial power and in the field of tropical medicine, Germany searched for a new place in international health care during decolonisation. Under the aegis of early government ‘development aid’, which started in 1956, medical academics from West German universities became involved in several Asian, African and South American countries. The example selected for closer study is the support for the national hygiene institute in Togo, a former German ‘model colony’ and now a stout ally of the West. Positioned between public health and scientific research, between ‘development aid’ and academia and between West German and West African interests, the project required multiple arrangements that are analysed for their impact on the co-operation between the two countries. In a country like Togo, where higher education had been neglected under colonial rule, having qualified national staff became the decisive factor for the project. While routine services soon worked well, research required more sustained ‘capacity building’ and did not lead to joint work on equal terms. In West Germany, the arrangement with the universities was a mutual benefit deal for government officials and medical academics. West German ‘development aid’ did not have to create permanent jobs at home for the consulting experts it needed; it improved its chances to find sufficiently qualified German staff to work abroad and it profited from the academic renown of its consultants. The medical scientists secured jobs and research opportunities for their postgraduates, received grants for foreign doctoral students, gained additional expertise and enjoyed international prestige. Independence from foreign politics was not an issue for most West German medical academics in the 1960s.
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Aly, Ezzeldin R., and Kathryn Breese. "The Representation of Women in USA Sports, Sports Administrative, and Team Sports Leadership." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 5 (February 28, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n5p55.
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Woods (2016, p. 311) stated “For centuries, sports participated in assigning a limited role to women by excluding them from participation and resisting efforts to include them.” Women have had to struggle when it comes to sport leadership positions. Women are not usually found in higher level jobs in sport, but they tend to have positions in lower management or lower profile positions. This study is a compilation of research into how people within collegiate athletics in the United States feel about women’s employment status in the field. A pilot interview was created and administered to three women: an athletic director, an athlete, and a professor at Florida A &M University. A surveywas created and administered to 30 subjects that have careers in sport leadership positions. The questions were divided into five categories consisting of representation, coaching, equal pay, and team sports. The survey showed that there are mixed feelings in the profession. Two-thirds of the subjects thought that there was a lack of female leadership within team sports. A little over half of the subjects thought that men were more successful in the areas of leadership, coaching, equal pay, representation, and team sports. By identifying the issues that women are facing when heading into this profession, the researchers identified what actions need to take place in order to resolve the problems discovered. In turn, this would create more opportunities and more qualified female candidates for positions in sports administration and team sports leadership in the United States.
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Saxena, Aditya, Vallary Gupta, and Bhavna Shrivastava. "An Assessment of Public Transport Accessibility Levels for Slums in Bhopal." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, no. 5 (June 30, 2021): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.e2786.0610521.
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Good connectivity and accessibility ensure inclusivity of public transport system which is an indicator of a fair society. The modal shift of commuters towards public transit services depends majorly on its accessibility levels. To ensure that commuters have equal opportunities to access jobs, education, and other services, PTAL (public transit accessibility level) is often evaluated. Public transport accessibility levels are a detailed and an accurate measure of accessibility of a point to the public transport network which considers walk access time and service availability. Public transportation is often referred to as an affordable model for every section of society due to its cheap fare price. The major question lies in the inclusivity of public transit services for the economically weaker section of society whether or not public transportation is available and accessible for those who need it or those who cannot afford other mobility services. The present study intends to focus on affordable and inclusive transportation for economically weaker sections. The study is an attempt to assess the issues with public transport services in the city of Bhopal, India for economically backward areas like slums. The research will help in understanding the accessibility level of currently available public transit services by evaluating the PTAL (public transit accessibility level) for socially backward.
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Nazifah, Nazifah, Dewa Gede Sudika Mangku, and Ni Putu Rai Yuliartini. "Fulfillment of Labor Rights for Persons with Disabilities in Indonesia." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (December 31, 2020): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.33.
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The purpose of this research is to fulfill the rights of persons with disabilities to obtain jobs following their fields without reducing their rights. The research method used is normative juridical with literature study. Decent work is a right for every human being without exception. Various racial, ethnic, and religious backgrounds that are part of a human's identity do not become a barrier for him to get his right. Likewise with the physical or non-physical conditions that underlie a human being. Every human being who has a certain physical or non-physical background also has the same rights to get decent work, including persons with disabilities. The State of Indonesia ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities into Law Number 19 of 2011. In the preamble of the law, it was explained that the countries that signed the convention had the obligation to promote and protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities and promote their participation in the civil, political, economic, social, and cultural spheres is based on equal opportunities, meaning that the Indonesian Government is obliged by law to fulfill the rights of persons with disabilities, especially about the right to work in Indonesia.
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Redzepagic, Srdjan. "European social model vs directive Bolkestein." Panoeconomicus 53, no. 1 (2006): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0601065r.
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In this article is elaborated the actually question which is developed and discussed it the European Union is the European Social Model (ESM). It is a vision of society that combines sustainable economic growth with ever-improving living and working conditions. This implies full employment good quality jobs, equal opportunities, social protection for all, social inclusion, and involving citizens in the decisions that affect them. As the Euro-zone is struggling to move away from a dramatic slump in its economy and while the Lisbon Strategy and its potential for economic growth, strongly needs reactivation, the debates over the Europe have raised again the issue of a sustainable social agenda for the European Union. Recently, Europe's political leaders defined the ESM, specifying that it "is based on good economic performance, a high level of social protection and education and social dialogue". An important topic of the discussion nowadays is the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on services in the internal market so called "Bolkestein directive". The importance of this article is to give us the answer to the following question: would we have French goods available in French supermarkets all over Poland and no Polish services allowed in France? The EU would be unthinkable without the full implementation of the four freedoms. This is a good directive, going in the good direction.
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Ayupova, Z. K., D. U. Kussainov, S. S. Dzhankadyrov, Winston Nagan, and N. L. Seitakhmetova. "PECULIARITIES OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE LABOR OF SOME CATEGORIES OF EMPLOYEES." BULLETIN 5, no. 387 (October 15, 2020): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1467.150.
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Research on the specifics of the legal regulation of certain categories of employees is conducted by leading foreign research centers and international organizations. In particular, the work of women, children, disabled people, homeworkers, seasonal workers and migrants is one of the most active research topics within the UN, ILO, OSCE, and CIS. For example, the topics are “Labor Market Trends and Outlook”, “Labor, Income and Equity”, “Changing World of Work”, “Macroeconomic Policies and Jobs”, “Globalization and Labor Market”, “Policy evaluation”, “Youth and Gender Issues” (Special issues of youth and gender are also covered) are recognized as one of the main topics studied by the ILO Research Department in The direction of labor market trends and prospects. The following results were obtained in scientific studies conducted in the field of determining the features of legal regulation of labor of certain categories of workers in foreign countries: proposals were developed and implemented to ensure gender equality in labor relations (University of Sterling, Scotland), eliminate discrimination by introducing rules of differentiation (Rand Afrikaans University, South Africa), and provide additional opportunities in the field of labor for women and persons employed in family responsibilities (University of Essex, UK), increasing the role of contracts in regulating the work of home workers (Middlesex University, UK), providing equal rights in the use of migrant labor (University of Oxford, UK).
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Ndjouma Wedjou, Maurice, and Alain Villard Ndi Isoh. "Inclusive Education and the Causes of School Dropout: The Case of the Kadey Division of Batouri; East Region of Cameroon." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 8, no. 03 (March 14, 2020): 1238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i03.el01.
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The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Agenda for inclusive education has pushed governments in several countries to sign international treaties and conventions to adopt policies and promote equal access to education by every child as a basic human right. Providing all people with education represents a fundamental part of the essential and ultimate aim of enhancing individual happiness and well-being. Nonetheless, for some reasons the objectives for inclusive education have been inhibited by variety of factors resulting to high rate of illiteracy and unprecedented school drop outs most especially in developing countries. It is on this premise that this study is aimed at exploring factors influencing school dropout in the Kadey Division of Batouri; East region of Cameroon. The study is supported by the philosophical underpins of subjectivism ontology and interpretivism epistemology and data was sourced using in-depth interview involving four (4) focus groups consisting of twenty (20) education stakeholders in the Kadey division of Batouri. The analysis was concluded using grounded theory approach and the principle of theoretical saturation was observed to justify the appropriateness of the sample size. The study revealed that school dropout in the Kadey division is influenced principally by economic factors consisting of employment opportunities and financial constraint. The availability of mining activities create opportunities for unskilled jobs for pupils and students whereas, extreme poverty prevents parents to cover school expenses. Other factors such as inadequate infrastructure social, cultural, political and pedagogy constrains were equally identified. This study recommends that academic stakeholders through the Parent-Teachers Association should work closely with the parents to encourage their children of the necessities of quality and sustainable education. It is essential for parents to be aware of the importance of education and to take appropriate measures to keep sending their children to school and fulfil their goals. The government on their part should provide assistance such as infrastructure and teachers to support school administrators achieve academic objectives in the Kadey Division of Batouri East Cameroon
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Handayani, Titik. "RELEVANSI LULUSAN PERGURUAN TINGGI DI INDONESIA DENGAN KEBUTUHAN TENAGA KERJA DI ERA GLOBAL." Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia 10, no. 1 (June 23, 2015): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jki.v10i1.57.
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Global labor market that is marked by the integration of labor between countries is also accompanied by the emergence of variety - the kind of new jobs in line with the science-technology innovation and increased creativity to answer the increasingly fierce competition. To that higher education increasingly demanded able to respond to the needs of the workforce that is more dynamic and complex. On the other hand in Indonesia currently is the tendency of many new universities be opened a massive, and more profit-oriented without being followed by the provision of adequate infrastructure, resulting in an increasing number of graduates but has not been matched by an increase in quality. Meanwhile productive employment in Indonesia is also limited, so that the educated unemployed is relatively high.Another problem , the prediction of the McKinsey Global Institute ( MGI ) shows that in the global labor market , in 2030 Indonesia is expected to experience a labor shortage of educated and skilled, but excess workers non-skilled.. Meanwhile , at the same time between the years 2010-2035 Indonesia also is undergoing a period in which the population dependency ratio reached its lowest point is equal to 46.9 in 2028 . This gives the possibility of a demographic bonus that is an economic benefit to the welfare of the population , in terms of which the qualified human resources and decent work opportunities. Various predictions and these opportunities will be a tough challenge because Indonesia still faced with the reality of the poor quality of human resources and lack of decent employment opportunities.Based on these issues this paper will examine the relevance of university graduates in Indonesia and requirement labor in the global era. The approach used is a quantitative approach using secondary data from various sources such as the Directorate General of Higher Education of the Ministry of Education, the Central Bureau of Statistics, ILO and the World Bank and several studies are relevant
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Parnell, John A., Zhang Long, and Don Lester. "Competitive strategy, capabilities and uncertainty in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in China and the United States." Management Decision 53, no. 2 (March 16, 2015): 402–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-04-2014-0222.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate linkages among competitive strategy, strategic capabilities, environmental uncertainty, and organizational performance in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in China and the USA. Design/methodology/approach – In China, a survey was administered to managers of SMEs in Shanghai and Guangzhou. In the USA, a survey was administered to managers of SMEs in three major cities. Competitive strategy, capabilities, uncertainty, and performance were measured by previously validated scales. Findings – Findings support the integrity Miles and Snow generic strategic typology. Performance satisfaction was significantly lower in firms employing a reactor strategy as opposed to those employing prospector, defender, or analyzer strategies. Additional support was found for the concept of strategic clarity, as businesses reporting moderate strategic clarity had lower levels of satisfaction with performance than those reporting either a single strategy or a combination emphasis on three equal strategies. Practical implications – Chinese SMEs tend to prefer cost-based approaches to their local markets. A differentiation market approach is challenging in most local Chinese economies due to the low wages of most jobs in an economy that is still largely centrally planned. In the USA, more disposable income leads to more market opportunities. While this situation is gradually changing in China, it is not at a point where SMEs feel comfortable pursuing totally differentiated strategies. Originality/value – Several distinctions in competitive strategy, capabilities, and environmental uncertainty between China and the USA are recognized by analysis. Analyzers and defenders in Chinese SMEs tend to follow industry prospectors with lower prices and/or superior service. They might change strategies after gaining a foothold in the market. Performance for SMEs with low strategic clarity often depends on established guanxi with governmental agencies or stated-owned enterprises, a situation very different from that in the USA.
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Da Silva, Paulo Gustavo, Arnoldo Jose De Hoyos Guevara, Nilson Gonçalves Pereira Baptista, and Lilian Cordeiro Praes. "SECURITY AND PEACE IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability. RISUS ISSN 2179-3565 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.24212/2179-3565.2017v8i3p129-138.
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This work aims to analyze the relationship between security and peace and their present conditions in Latin America, based on the research of these issues in international publications in various media and data collection indicators available in studies with statistical reliability. There is also the goal of obtaining a set of indicators in the light of existing jobs and new contributions that may show the “state” of present Security and Peace conditions in Latin America and infer about the future of such conditions, with a view to proposing actions between and within countries of the region. The Security-Peace binomial presents us with a fundamental question regarding the relationship of cause and effect - the safety results from the peace or peace is a consequence of security? Independent-minded succeed or not answer this question we have to consider that the two factors have impacts on the wellness of the human being. Equal opportunities and valuing life are fundamental principles that pave the road to full citizenship in Latin America, and without which it won´t make sense any attempt to try to achieve security and peace. The Security Commission Hemispheric of the Organization of American States Permanent Council emphasizes in a recent meeting (March 2000) that among the premises for reformulation of the hemisphere’s security concept are “the need to recognize the close links between security, development and consolidation of democracy as well as the historical relationship between peace and democracy”. We are hence at a very special moment of our historical trajectory, where notorious disrespect for human rights are a frequent threat to populations of Latin American countries. Initiatives to education, focusing on children and youth, with heavy use of art and science, may make all the difference and create today a future of peace and security, based on fraternity among all peoples.
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Nazir, Humaira. "Impact Assessment of Gwadar Port on China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: A Case Study." Journal of Art, Architecture and Built Environment 4, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jaabe.41.04.
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China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is based on a broad development strategy that not only has a strong impact on the economy of both countries but also has the potential of inclusion with other regions of Asia. The improvement of trade and infrastructure, and the linking of different regions are the main objectives of CPEC. In this regard, Gwadar’s deep-sea port serves as a hub that offers potential economic benefits not only to Pakistan but also to its surrounding regions. It offers an efficient track to conduct the trade of the Central Asian natural resources with the other regions of the world along with an easy approach to developing Asia’s customer markets. This paper tries to identify the importance of the Gwadar port using the qualitative research approach. It also intends to ensure access to those opportunities that could resuscitate Pakistan’s economic development under CPEC. Moreover, it aims to analyze the strengths and weaknesses associated with the Gwadar project. The findings revealed that the Gwadar port will be a keystone in the economic revival of Pakistan as well as Baluchistan. It will change the fate of the country by decreasing poverty and generating employment for the educated and skilled young people by providing them with the opportunity to seek jobs in their home country. However, the current study suggests that it is only possible when the Pakistani government will address all the concerns of the local inhabitants and regional bodies in order to make Gwadar not only a national but also a regional economic hub. Political parties and the Pakistani government should develop consensus on all CPEC strategies and development plans. Additionally, the governments of Pakistan and China must make an equal opportunity-based policy and plan to address the reservations and concerns of the local parties.
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Nazir, Humaira. "Impact Assessment of Gwadar Port on China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: A Case Study." Journal of Art, Architecture and Built Environment 4, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/https://doi.org/10.32350/jaabe.41.04.
Full textAbstract:
China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is based on a broad development strategy that not only has a strong impact on the economy of both countries but also has the potential of inclusion with other regions of Asia. The improvement of trade and infrastructure, and the linking of different regions are the main objectives of CPEC. In this regard, Gwadar’s deep-sea port serves as a hub that offers potential economic benefits not only to Pakistan but also to its surrounding regions. It offers an efficient track to conduct the trade of the Central Asian natural resources with the other regions of the world along with an easy approach to developing Asia’s customer markets. This paper tries to identify the importance of the Gwadar port using the qualitative research approach. It also intends to ensure access to those opportunities that could resuscitate Pakistan’s economic development under CPEC. Moreover, it aims to analyze the strengths and weaknesses associated with the Gwadar project. The findings revealed that the Gwadar port will be a keystone in the economic revival of Pakistan as well as Baluchistan. It will change the fate of the country by decreasing poverty and generating employment for the educated and skilled young people by providing them with the opportunity to seek jobs in their home country. However, the current study suggests that it is only possible when the Pakistani government will address all the concerns of the local inhabitants and regional bodies in order to make Gwadar not only a national but also a regional economic hub. Political parties and the Pakistani government should develop consensus on all CPEC strategies and development plans. Additionally, the governments of Pakistan and China must make an equal opportunity-based policy and plan to address the reservations and concerns of the local parties.
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Tewari, Shweta, Rajshree Chouhan, and Sanjeev. "GENDER GAP INDEX FOR EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 4, no. 9 (February 1, 2020): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v4.i9.2017.98.
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Women account for nearly half of the human resources of a nation and play an important role in the socio-economic development of a country. In India, in spite of focus on women empowerment, condition of women at the work place is not very encouraging. Women often face greater barriers than men in terms of securing a decent jobs, wages and conducive working conditions. Provisions relating to women’s work were introduced in 1891, with amendment of the Factories Act, 1881. After independence, number of provisions has been made in the constitutions to protect the welfare of women workers. Number of protective legislations have also been made and implemented by the government for the interest of women workers. The basic objective behind implementation of these legislation are to provide equal and a decent level of remuneration, proper child care center , maternity relief and decent working conditions to women workers. Despite these constitutional and legislative arrangements to reduce gender gap, women in India are facing discrimination at work place and suffer from harassment. The present paper critically reviewed the effectiveness of government policies and legislations framed and enacted for the welfare of women workers. It also examines the gender dimensions of the trends in various aspects of labour market viz. labour force participation rate, workforce participation rate, unemployment rate and wage rate. An attempt has been made to capture the discrimination at work by computing Gender Gap Index using major indicators of labour market. For computing the index, data for the last four decades has been used. The analysis shows that there are gaps in effective enforcement of relevant laws and implementation of women responsive policies. The gender gap index for employment opportunities and the analysis of major employment indicators showed that gender gap is increasing in many aspects. Major indicators of employment such as Labour Force participation rate, Worker population ratio, Unemployment rate and wages now have larger gender gaps than before.
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Winata, Koko Adya. "MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOLABORATIF DAN KREATIF UNTUK MENGHADAPI TUNTUTAN ERA REVOLUSI INDUSTRI 4.0." SCAFFOLDING: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37680/scaffolding.v2i1.193.
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This paper examines how learning models should be applied in schools to respond to the demands of the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 which has become a necessity. The industrial revolution 4.0 is an era that shows the rapid development of technology and has caused many jobs in the past to be distorted. The role of humans is taken over step by step by automatic machines, as a result the number of unemployment is increasing. In order to avoid the negative impact of the industrial revolution 4.0, educational institutions must be able to answer these challenges by selecting and applying learning models in schools that provide the skills or skills needed. The demand for skills that can answer the challenges of the 4.0 revolution era, must be prepared through a directed and comprehensive learning plan. This means that the learning process does not only think and move towards the academic dimension. In the learning process, often students are only prepared to have intellectual intelligence and very little learning gives equal opportunities to students to hone other intelligence. At the same time the learning method is more dominated by the authority of the teacher which is very central and rigid, while the students are positioned as objects that must accept what is presented by the teacher. As a result, students do not have the ability to develop their creativity and potential. Learning models that can answer the challenges of the revolution era 4.0 are collaborative and creative learning models. Through collaborative and creative learning, students are directed to be able to develop their potential and hone their creative thinking skills. The collaborative and creative learning model makes it easy for students to learn and work together and learn to solve problems together. Creative thinking to solve existing problems is a learning process needed to answer the challenges of the industrial revolution 4.0.
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Kumaran, Maha, and Heather Cai. "Identifying the Visible Minority Librarians in Canada: A National Survey." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 10, no. 2 (June 14, 2015): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8zc88.
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Abstract
Objective – This paper is based on a national survey conducted in late 2013 by the authors, then co-moderators of the Visible Minority Librarians of Canada (ViMLoC) Network of the Canadian Library Association (CLA). It is a first survey of its kind, aiming to capture a snapshot of the demographics of the visible minority librarians working in Canadian institutions. The authors hoped that the data collected from the survey and the analysis presented in this paper would help identify the needs, challenges and barriers of this group of librarians and set future directions for ViMLoC. The authors also hoped that the findings would be useful to library administrators, librarians, and researchers working on multicultural issues, diversity, recruitment and retention, leadership, library management, and other related areas.
Methods – An online survey questionnaire was created and the survey invitation was sent to visible minority librarians through relevant library association electronic mail lists and posted on ViMLoC’s electronic mail list and website. The survey consisted of 12 questions: multiple-choice, yes/no questions, and open-ended. The survey asked if the participants were visible minority librarians. If they responded “No,” the survey closed for them. Respondents who did not identify themselves as minority librarians were excluded from completing the survey.
Results – Of the 192 individuals that attempted, 120 who identified themselves as visible minority librarians completed the survey. Of these, 36% identified themselves as Chinese, followed by South Asian (20%) and Black (12%). There were 63% who identified themselves as first generation visible minorities and 28% who identified themselves as second generation. A total of 84% completed their library degree in Canada. Equal numbers (38% each) identified themselves as working in public and academic libraries, followed by 15% in special libraries. Although they are spread out all over Canada and beyond, a vast majority of them are in British Columbia (40%) and Ontario (26%). There were 38% who identified themselves as reference/information services librarians, followed by “other” (18%) and “liaison librarian” (17%). A total of 82% responded that they worked full time. The open-ended question at the end of the survey was answered by 42.5% of the respondents, with responses falling within the following broad themes: jobs, mentorship, professional development courses, workplace issues, general barriers, and success stories.
Conclusions – There are at least 120 first, second, and other generation minority librarians working in (or for) Canadian institutions across the country and beyond. They work in different kinds of libraries, are spread out all over Canada, and have had their library education in various countries or in Canada. They need a forum to discuss their issues and to have networking opportunities, and a mentorship program to seek advice from other librarians with similar backgrounds who have been in similar situations to themselves when finding jobs or re-pursuing their professional library degrees. Getting support from and working collaboratively with CLA, ViMLoC can be proactive in helping this group of visible minority librarians.
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Rosicki, Remigiusz. "Rzecz o nepotyzmie i kumoterstwie." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2012.17.2.10.
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The paper comprises an introduction, four parts, and conclusions. The introduction char- acterizes the fundamental notions discussed in the paper, namely kin selection, nepotism, cronyism and political capitalism. The first part of the paper concerns kin selection and reciprocal altruism, which are deemed to be the fundamental mechanisms of socialization. This part indicates that nepotism has a biological justification (and in R. Dawkins’ interpretation – a genetic justification). The mechanisms of kin selection and reciprocal altruism raise the question of whether nepotism is not a natural phenomenon in humans. If so, this means that the negative assessment of these phenomena of public life goes against natural human inclinations. The second part of the paper refers to the origins of the notion of nepotism and to a particu- lar understanding of the public realm in modern democracies. The development of democracy has been related to the transformation of the mechanisms of governance which consisted in concessions made by the authorities to those demanding changes. Political struggle has been minimized as it was directed at competition among citizens. The struggle for the change of power has been replaced by the struggle for access to positions and goods in the public realm. Axiological justification has been provided by social justice as a claim for equal access to goods by virtue of principles of transparency. The third part of the paper discusses the issue of nepotism and cronyism in public opinion. It refers to the results of public opinion surveys concerning, among other things, favoritism, ways of looking for jobs, unequal opportunities on account of social status, and the social sta- tus of the family. Additionally, selected examples of nepotism and favoritism in political life are presented. The fourth part deals with the issue of political capitalism both in the interpretation of M. Weber and as a phenomenon of the transition of the Polish socio-political system. Political capitalism can be defined in a nutshell as using state structures or political positions for an un- fair distribution of goods and is expressed by muddy links between the representatives of state with the private business sphere.
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Widiastini, Ni Made Ary, I. Wayan Ardika, and I. Gede Mudana. "A Defense of Local People Working as Souvenir Vendors and Its Relation with the Female Identity in Kintamani Tourism Area, Bali." Jurnal Humaniora 30, no. 2 (June 8, 2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.32196.
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Souvenir vending is one of the jobs done by poor people in tourist areas such as Batur Tengah Village or better known as Penelokan, Kintamani, Bangli Regency, Bali to make their family survive. However, the souvenir vendors’ existence is not only considered by tourism businesses as unacceptable, but it is also regarded as a major factor that hampers the development of tourism in Kintamani. In fact, the Bali Local Regulation No. 2 of 2012 on Cultural Tourism explicitly emphasizes that the development of Bali’s tourism is aimed to encourage an equal distribution of business opportunities and to obtain maximum benefits for the welfare of the community. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the reasons why the informal sector (souvenir vending) is used as the basis of the family economy, what is the practice of souvenir vending which has become the basis of the family economy, and also what is the struggle for vendor space in the Kintamani tourism area and its relation with the female identity. In this study, several techniques were used such as observations, interviews, and literature study to collect data. Research results show that the people in the Batur Tengah village choose to work as souvenir vendors because of their limited economic capital, education, skills, and time due to other life burdens, especially for those who are already married. In the Kintamani tourism area, souvenir vendors have to interact with various parties which certainly involves a capital struggle because each party has a different interest. As a famous international tourism area which has become a global Geopark, this area is highly contested for its economic, social, cultural, political, and environmental values. Researchers found a new paradigm that shows souvenir vending to be one form of entrepreneurship in a tourism field which is responded to by the people as a multi-purpose industry. The utilization of the informal sector is considered a family economic base by women in the village of Batur Tengah. Married woman are obligated to provide for their families hence they struggle as souvenir vendors in the middle of the tourism competition which has become more strict and less accommodative due to the new government policy. In practice, the community is very obedient to the elite community leaders who are considered as patrons, both by the men and women vendors. Other options to support their families are now very few and becoming less as the tourism areas are becoming more popular.
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Widiastini, Ni Made Ary, I. Wayan Ardika, and I. Gede Mudana. "A Defense of Local People Working as Souvenir Vendors and Its Relation with the Female Identity in Kintamani Tourism Area, Bali." Jurnal Humaniora 30, no. 2 (June 8, 2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.v30i2.32196.
Full textAbstract:
Souvenir vending is one of the jobs done by poor people in tourist areas such as Batur Tengah Village or better known as Penelokan, Kintamani, Bangli Regency, Bali to make their family survive. However, the souvenir vendors’ existence is not only considered by tourism businesses as unacceptable, but it is also regarded as a major factor that hampers the development of tourism in Kintamani. In fact, the Bali Local Regulation No. 2 of 2012 on Cultural Tourism explicitly emphasizes that the development of Bali’s tourism is aimed to encourage an equal distribution of business opportunities and to obtain maximum benefits for the welfare of the community. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the reasons why the informal sector (souvenir vending) is used as the basis of the family economy, what is the practice of souvenir vending which has become the basis of the family economy, and also what is the struggle for vendor space in the Kintamani tourism area and its relation with the female identity. In this study, several techniques were used such as observations, interviews, and literature study to collect data. Research results show that the people in the Batur Tengah village choose to work as souvenir vendors because of their limited economic capital, education, skills, and time due to other life burdens, especially for those who are already married. In the Kintamani tourism area, souvenir vendors have to interact with various parties which certainly involves a capital struggle because each party has a different interest. As a famous international tourism area which has become a global Geopark, this area is highly contested for its economic, social, cultural, political, and environmental values. Researchers found a new paradigm that shows souvenir vending to be one form of entrepreneurship in a tourism field which is responded to by the people as a multi-purpose industry. The utilization of the informal sector is considered a family economic base by women in the village of Batur Tengah. Married woman are obligated to provide for their families hence they struggle as souvenir vendors in the middle of the tourism competition which has become more strict and less accommodative due to the new government policy. In practice, the community is very obedient to the elite community leaders who are considered as patrons, both by the men and women vendors. Other options to support their families are now very few and becoming less as the tourism areas are becoming more popular.
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Njeri, Ngacha, Prof Christopher Gakuu, and Prof Harriet Kidombo. "LEGAL FRAMEWORKS INFLUENCE ON BIOSOCIAL PROJECTS IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IN NAIROBI COUNTY ,KENYA." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 10 (October 28, 2020): 218–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.710.9202.
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This study sought to establish Legal frameworks influence on performance of biosocial projects in informal settlements in Nairobi County, Kenya. The objective of this study was to establish the extent to which legal frameworks influence performance of biosocial projects in informal settlements. The variable indicators were: Existence of international legislations, compliance of national legislations, enforcement of County legislations and lastly inclusivity of Non-state actor’s policies. The study was premised on classical communication theory and theory of constraint. This study adopted pragmatism and mixed research approach to examine the legal frameworks influence on performance of biosocial projects while descriptive and correlational research designs were adopted. Quantitative data was collected through structured self-administered questionnaires while qualitative data was collected through interview guides after the research instruments were pilot tested for validity through content related method and reliability through test-retest criterion. A sample size of 183 individuals from 61 biosocial projects were selected from a target sample of 70 biosocial projects in Nairobi County through Gakuu, Kidombo and Keiyoro, 2016 sampling formula (s= (z/e)2). Quantitative data was computed from structured questionnaires administered to 61 staff members working in the selected biosocial projects and 61 beneficiaries of the biosocial projects besides qualitative in- depth interviews with 61 State and non-state actors through purposive sampling technique. The statistical tools of analysis that were used for descriptive data were the arithmetic mean and the standard deviation while the statistical tools of analysis that were used for inferential statistics were Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation (r) and Stepwise Regression (R2). F-tests were used to test hypotheses in the study. Tests of statistical assumptions were carried out before data analysis to avoid invalidation of statistical analysis. From the data analysis the null hypothesis that stated there is no significance relationship between legal frameworks and performance of biosocial projects in informal settlements in Nairobi County was rejected with r = 0.382, F = 15.207 at p = 0.000<0.01 and concluded that there is moderate relationship between Legal frameworks and performance of biosocial projects in informal settlements. In conclusion, there were noted key legislations supporting biosocial projects and biosocial community among them being constitution of Kenya 2010 that prohibits discrimination, The Persons with Disabilities Act, 2003, the act being an all-inclusive law encompassing rehabilitation rights and equal opportunities for people with disabilities. It creates the National Council of Persons with Disabilities as a statutory organ to oversee the welfare of persons with disabilities. The Law also obliges that both public and private sector employer’s reserve five percent of jobs for disabled persons. Conversely, there is correspondingly the National Security Act, chapter 258, Laws of Kenya, the law alludes to the benefit for worker incapacitated before the established retirement age and National Social Security Fund Act, 1965 (sessional paper number 5 of 1997), amended in 2001, the subject contains a provision which states that mental and physical disabilities shall not be considered as leading to work incapacity.
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Manning, Tony, and Bob Robertson. "Explorations into sex, gender and leadership in the UK Civil Service Part 3. Implications and research findings on leadership." Industrial and Commercial Training 47, no. 7 (October 5, 2015): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-01-2015-0009.
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Purpose – This is the third part of a three-part paper on the intersection between sex, gender and leadership in the UK Civil Service. The first part of this paper provided an introduction to the research, a literature review and some conjectures derived from it. The second part formulated specific null hypotheses, outlined the research methodology and presented research findings. The purpose of this paper is to explore the practical implications of the research findings, presents an evidence-based framework for understanding the transition into leadership, with prescriptions for its use and ends with a concluding discussion on the overall research findings. Design/methodology/approach – Information was collected from a wide cross-section of UK Civil Servants between 1993 and 2013. Individuals were participants on training and development activities carried out by the authors. Individuals completed psychometric instruments, including self-assessments and 360 degree assessments and provided information on their sex, work role and work situation. Statistical analysis was carried out to identify behaviours associated with effective leadership, taking account of behaviours used, behaviours valued and behaviours valued more highly than in those in follower roles and situations. Comparisons were made between the effective leader behaviour profile and those for sex differences and gender stereotypes. Findings – A very strong statistical relationship was found between the frequency with which individuals use a range of behaviours and the extent of their leadership role and situation. Moreover, particular behaviours were found to be more valued in leadership roles/situations, with clear differences between those valued in follower roles/situations. A combined leadership effectiveness profile had little in common with either the male/masculine or female/feminine profile. Research limitations/implications – The research was a by-product of the authors’ training and development work. It was not part of a purpose-built and wide-ranging research programme into sex, gender and leadership. It also relates to one context, the UK Civil Service, and may not generalise to other contexts. Nonetheless, there are clear parallels between these findings and previous research. Practical implications – Gender stereotypes were best tackled by ensuring that all jobs are properly described and all assessments involved the use of relevant information against agreed job criteria, with appropriate training and development essential to maintaining best practice. Moreover, training and development activities should concentrate on actual individual differences, rather than stereotypical generalisations about such differences. Finally, an evidence-based, gender-neutral leadership framework was proposed. The leadership framework is relevant to would-be leaders, line managers and human resource professionals, including training and development specialists. Social implications – The research findings are relevant to understanding the intersection between sex, gender and leadership in the UK Civil Service. They relate to wider social issues concerning equal opportunities and diversity. Originality/value – There is an extensive body of theory and research on the intersection between sex, gender and leadership. However, very little focuses specifically on the UK Civil Service. These research findings and the subsequent analysis are, therefore, original. The gender-neutral, evidence-based leadership framework is an original contribution to both theory and practice.
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Wills, Jeanie, and Krystl Raven. "The founding five: transformational leadership in the New York League of Advertising Women’s club, 1912–1926." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 12, no. 3 (May 20, 2020): 377–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-04-2019-0015.
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Purpose This paper uses archival documents to begin to recover a history of women’s leadership in the advertising industry. In particular, this paper aims to identify the leadership styles of the first five presidents of the New York League of Advertising Women’s (NYLAW) club. Their leadership from 1912 to 1926 set the course for and influenced the culture of the New York League. These five women laid the foundations of a social club that would also contribute to the professionalization of women in advertising, building industry networks for women, forging leadership and mentorship links among women, providing advertising education exclusively for women and, finally, bolstering women’s status in all avenues of advertising. The first five presidents were, of course, different characters, but each exhibited the traits associated with “transformational leaders,” leaders who prepare the “demos” for their own leadership roles. The women’s styles converged with their situational context to give birth to a women’s advertising club that, like most clubs, did charity work and hosted social events, but which was developed by the first five presidents to give women the same kinds of professional opportunities as the advertising men’s clubs provided their membership. The first five presidents of the Advertising League had strong prior professional credibility because of the careers they had constructed for themselves among the men who dominated the advertising field in the first decade of the 20th century. As presidents of the NYLAW, they advocated for better jobs, equal rights at work and better pay for women working in the advertising industry. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on women’s advertising archival material from the Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe and Wisconsin Historical Society to argue that the five founding mothers of the NYLAW provided what can best be described as transformational feminist leadership, which resulted in building an effective club for their members and setting it on a trajectory of advocacy and education that would benefit women in the advertising industry for the next several decades. These women did not refer to themselves as “leaders,” they probably would not have considered their work in organizing the New York club an exercise in leadership, nor might they have called themselves feminists or seen their club as a haven for feminist work. However, by using modern leadership theories, the study can gain insight into how these women instantiated feminist ideals through a transformational leadership paradigm. Thus, the historical documents provide insight into the leadership roles and styles of some of the first women working in American advertising in the early parts of the 20th century. Findings Archival documents from the women’s advertising clubs can help us to understand women’s leadership practices and to reconstruct a history of women’s leadership in the advertising industry. Eight years before women in America could vote, the first five presidents shared with the club their wealth of collective experience – over two decades worth – as advertising managers, copywriters and space buyers. The first league presidents oversaw the growth of an organization would benefit both women and the advertising industry when they proclaimed that the women’s clubs would “improve the level of taste, ethics and knowledge throughout the communications industry by example, education and dissemination of information” (Dignam, 1952, p. 9). In addition, the club structure gave ad-women a collective voice which emerged through its members’ participation in building the club and through the rallying efforts of transformational leaders. Social implications Historically, the advertising industry in the USA has been “pioneered” by male industry leaders such as Claude Hopkins, Albert Lasker and David Ogilvy. However, when the authors look to archival documents, it was found that women have played leadership roles in the industry too. Drawing on historical methodology, this study reconstructs a history of women’s leadership in the advertising and marketing industries. Originality/value This paper helps to understand how women participated in leadership roles in the advertising industry, which, in turn, enabled other women to build careers in the industry.
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Andersen, Ditte, Malene Lue Kessing, and Jeanette Østergaard. "‘We Have Equal Opportunities – in Theory’: Lay Perceptions of Privilege, Meritocracy and Inequality in Denmark." Sociology, April 20, 2021, 003803852199920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038521999203.
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This article reports on the findings from a qualitative, longitudinal study on lay perceptions of opportunity structures among young adults in Denmark. Previous research suggests that people often underestimate the extent of inequality and that rising inequality aggravates misperceptions. Our study deepens the understanding of the multi-layered processes that form meritocratic beliefs, and it identifies key factors at the macro-, meso- and micro-level. A macro-level factor that proved influential was a cultural script revolving around the Danish lay concept, social arv [social inheritance]. At the meso level, the factor of reference groups in socio-economic heterogeneous schools was instrumental for formations of inequality perceptions, but in dissimilar ways depending on micro-level subjective factors. Overall, the participants viewed the free educational system in Denmark as part of a welfare system that equalises opportunity structures in principle, while the majority simultaneously exhibited a nuanced awareness of social forces negating meritocracy in practice.