Relevant bibliographies by topics / Job reduction

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Job reduction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Job reduction"

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Kramer, Michael W. "Uncertainty Reduction During Job Transitions." Management Communication Quarterly 7, no. 4 (May 1994): 384–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0893318994007004002.

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Kammeyer-Mueller, John, and Hui Liao. "Workforce reduction and job-seeker attraction: Examining job seekers' reactions to firm workforce-reduction policies." Human Resource Management 45, no. 4 (2006): 585–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20133.

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Rakhra, Manik. "Optimizing Job distribution for load reduction." IOSR Journal of Engineering 4, no. 1 (January 2014): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-04123841.

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Lally, Martin. "Optimal exit dates for members of the GSF." Pacific Accounting Review 28, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-07-2015-0028.

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Purpose This paper aims to determine the optimal date for an employee to initiate the pension payments from the New Zealand Government Superannuation Fund (GSF), through retirement or job shifting. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses discounted cash flow methods in conjunction with mortality tables, inflation estimates and a range of values for the yield on inflation-adjusted bonds in New Zealand. Findings The paper finds that, if job shifting is costless, then the optimal exit date is between 60 and 65. If job switching is costly, then this paper determines the effective salary reduction arising from continuing to work at the GSF-associated job beyond the optimal job switching age under costless job switching, arising from the adverse impact on the present value of the pension benefits, so as to assist in deciding when to switch jobs or retire. These effective salary reductions are small below 65 but rapidly rise after that, thereby significantly discouraging work much beyond age 65. Originality/value This paper assists GSF members to determine when to switch jobs or retire.
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Sudrajad, Eka Yudha, Dyah Sawitri, and Djuni Farhan. "The Effect of Job Fair on Unemployment Reduction Mediated by Job Opportunity." Management and Economic Journal (MEC-J) 5, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/mec-j.v5i2.12016.

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Bank plays an important role for Indonesian economy. Service quality and employee performance have become a priority for human development in Malang City. This study will examine the effect of job fair on job opportunities, and unemployment reduction becomes a priority for human development in Malang City. Therefore, this study will examine the effect of a job fair on unemployment reduction moderated by job opportunities. These study purposes are as follow: 1) Knowing the effect of a job fair on job opportunities in Malang City, 2) Knowing the effect of a job fair on unemployment reduction in Malang City, 3) Knowing the effect of job opportunities on unemployment reduction in Malang City, 4) Knowing the effect of a job fair on unemployment reduction mediated by job opportunities in Malang City. This is a survey research using explanatory research. This research was conducted in Malang City. This study used samples of 96 respondents. Data was collected using a questionnaire and filled in by respondents. From the data obtained, a moderation analysis is done to examine the effect of each variable. This research has four findings. First, job fair has positive and significant effect on job opportunities. Second, job fair has positive and significant effect on unemployment reduction. Third, job opportunities have positive and significant effect on unemployment reduction. Job opportunities mediated the effect of a job fair on unemployment reduction
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von Wachter, Till. "Long-Term Employment Effects from Job Losses during the COVID-19 Crisis? A Comparison to the Great Recession and Its Slow Recovery." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211091.

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This paper compares predictions for the long-term reductions in the employment-to-population (EPOP) ratio based on estimates of the overall job-loss rate and the long-term effects of job loss with the actual evolution of the EPOP ratio. It took about ten years after the end of the Great Recession for the EPOP ratio to recover from substantial reductions partly implied by job-loss effects. Based on job loss during the COVID-19 crisis through July, the prediction is that 15-37 percent of the reduction of the EPOP ratio in December 2020 is permanent.
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Wang, Senhu, Daiga Kamerāde, Brendan Burchell, Adam Coutts, and Sarah Ursula Balderson. "What matters more for employees’ mental health: job quality or job quantity?" Cambridge Journal of Economics 46, no. 2 (December 10, 2021): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/beab054.

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Abstract Recent debates about whether the standard full-time working week (35–40 h) can be replaced by a shorter working week have received extensive attention. Using 2015 European Working Conditions Survey data, this study contributes to these debates by exploring the relationships between job quantity, job quality and employees’ mental health. Overall, we find that a job’s quality matters more than its quantity as measured in hours per week. The results show that actual working hours are hardly related to employees’ mental health but job quality, especially intrinsically meaningful work, less intensified work and having a favourable social environment, has positive effects on employee mental health, even in jobs with short working hours. Moreover, although working less than one prefers (under-employment) has negative effects, these negative effects become much smaller in size and non-significant in good quality jobs, especially in jobs with skill discretion and good job prospects. These findings develop the debates about a shorter standard working week by emphasising the continued and crucial importance of job quality in debates on the future of work. These results also suggest that policymakers should pay particular attention to job quality when addressing the dramatic reduction in total hours of employment in Europe following the COVID-19 crisis.
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CHAPMAN, JOANN. "Collegial Support Linked to Reduction of Job Stress." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 24, no. 5 (May 1993): 52???57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-199305000-00011.

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Reichert, Arndt R., and Harald Tauchmann. "Workforce reduction, subjective job insecurity, and mental health." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 133 (January 2017): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2016.10.018.

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Tetrick, Lois E., and Yitzhak Fried. "Industrial relations: Stress induction or stress reduction?" Journal of Organizational Behavior 14, no. 5 (September 1993): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140511.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Job reduction"

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Marcus, Justin. "AGEIST PERCEPTIONS IN PERSONNEL SELECTION DECISIONS: A PREJUDICE-REDUCTION INTERVENTION." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2082.

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The purpose of the current study was to examine whether older job applicants are discriminated against relative to younger job applicants when changing careers, and to investigate whether an intervention designed to reduce stereotyping and prejudice could alleviate such unfair discrimination, if it was found. A between-subjects laboratory experiment with three factors was conducted, including age (young vs. old job applicant), career-transition type (within- vs. between-career transition), and a dual-identity based recategorization intervention (control vs. intervention), totaling 8 experimental conditions. Data were collected and analyzed from 157 undergraduate student participants. Participants were informed that they would be evaluating the viability of using video-resumes as a potential organizational selection tool, and were randomly assigned to watch a video-resume depicting a White male job applicant applying for the job of mechanical engineer. The job applicant was either younger or older and was either making a career change that was more similar to his previous career (i.e., naval architect) or less similar to his previous career (i.e., chiropractor). In the intervention conditions, the job applicant emphasized his age and the fact that he graduated from UCF; in the control conditions, he only emphasized his age and his educational background from a generic university. An actor in his early twenties played the role of the job applicant. Make-up was applied to age his face, and computer software was used to age his voice. After viewing the video-resumes, participants judged his suitability for hire, competence, warmth, loyalty, and suitability for training. A Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was conducted and a significant 3-way interaction was found between age, career-transition type, and intervention on both ratings of suitability for hire and on competence ratings. Counter to theory, the older job applicant was negatively impacted relative to the younger applicant when attempting to build a common ingroup identity with the younger decision-maker. These findings were discussed within the context of theories on attribution and impression management, and discussed relative to prior research utilizing the dual-identity based recategorization intervention method. Implications for older workers making career transitions are discussed.
Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
Sciences
Psychology PhD
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Armstrong-Stassen, Marjorie Augusta. "The impact of work-force reduction on retained employees : how well do job survivors survive?" The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1277406310.

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Coulson, Jesse E. "The Effectiveness of a Stress Reduction Program for Police Officers." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331940/.

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A group of veteran police officers was studied in relation to the effectiveness of a stress reduction program which utilized a cognitive-behavioral approachto training. A new instrument, the Coulson Police Job Stress Discussionaire, (CPJSD), was field tested. Two control groups, a veteran group who received no stress reduction training and an academy group which received standard basic training but not the stress reduction program, were compared on pre—test and post-test Profile of Mood States (POMS) mood disturbance cores. Contrary to the main hypothesis formulated, there were no significant differences found between the three groups on post-test POMS measures of mood disturbance when compared with pre-test measures. The construct validity of the POMS for use with police officers is challenged. The specific format utilized is discussed and suggestions are offered for future study design. Specific difficulties inherent in the study of police groups are examined. The usefulness of the CPJSD for police job stress reduction program is suggested, as is the need for further field testing of this instrument.
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Inchausti, Mary Elizabeth. "Class size reduction: Effects on teacher attitudes toward students, training, and teaching methods." Scholarly Commons, 1999. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2571.

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In the 1996–1997 school year, California instituted one of the most costly and far-reaching educational reforms in the nation, reducing class size to 20 to 1 in first grade classes. The following year the California legislature authorized the expansion of class size reduction up to four grades (Kindergarten through third grade). This study investigated teacher attitudes toward students, training, and teaching methods when working in reduced class size settings (20 to 1). The study used survey and in-depth interview data. In the 1996–1997 school year several questions on teaching in a reduced class size setting were included in a survey sent to all teachers in the Sacramento City Unified School District. In the 1997–1998 school year all teachers working in reduced class size settings were surveyed for this study. Over two hundred teachers (46.6%) returned the survey. Follow-up interviews were conducted with sixteen teachers. The survey data indicated that teachers felt that they were using individualized instruction, providing feedback, and monitoring student progress more because of smaller class size. Teachers were more willing to attend training in specific areas. Teachers also communicated higher expectations to students. Interview data strongly indicated that teachers were experiencing higher job satisfaction, and that they felt they had a higher level of effectiveness because of class size reduction. The results of this study confirmed the results of prior research that size reduction has a very positive effect on teacher attitudes.
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Giluk, Tamara L. "Mindfulness-based stress reduction: facilitating work outcomes through experienced affect and high-quality relationships." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/674.

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Mindfulness is a quality of consciousness that consists of purposeful attention to and awareness of the present moment, approached with an attitude of openness, acceptance, and nonjudgment. Research evidence shows that mindfulness has positive effects on mental health and psychological well-being, physical health, and quality of intimate relationships. However, few researchers have studied the effects of mindfulness in a work setting. In this project, I expanded previous research by exploring how mindfulness, as developed in a mindfulness-based training program, affects the workplace outcomes of performance and citizenship behavior. I proposed that these effects are mediated through the positive effects of mindfulness on one's experienced affect and one's work relationships. I also examined interdependence as a moderator of the relationship quality-work outcomes relationship. The research study employed an experimental group of participants in a mindfulness-based program and a nonequivalent control group to test the specific hypotheses. Data were provided by multiple sources: mindfulness, affect, and role interdependence by study participants; relationship quality by coworkers; performance and citizenship behavior by supervisors. Analytic strategy was comprised of correlational analysis and regression as well as analytical procedures for moderated mediation. The mindfulness-based programs were effective in increasing mindfulness, particularly for those participants who were lower in mindfulness prior to program participation. Participants also experienced improved affect. However, the proposed model relating mindfulness to work outcomes was not supported. Mindfulness was significantly related to positive and negative affect as predicted; however, mindfulness was not significantly correlated with relationship quality or job performance. Its significant relationship with citizenship behavior was in the opposite direction as hypothesized. In the full model, coefficients for mindfulness, experienced affect, relationship quality, and role interdependence in the prediction of job performance and citizenship behavior were not significant. Additionally, interdependence did not interact with relationship quality to predict work outcomes. Implications of the study for mindfulness-based programs in work settings and for future research are discussed.
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Hurtado, Eduardo. "Job Transitioning Experiences of Blue-Collar Employees After Federal Downsizing." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7014.

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Downsizing, realignment, and closure of military bases have forced many low-skilled, blue-collar federal employees into involuntary job loss and job transition. The impact of involuntary job loss on blue-collar workers has been linked to stress and other adverse psychological effects. There is gap in the literature regarding the lived experiences of federal blue-collar employees following downsizing of military bases. The purpose of this qualitative, interpretive phenomenological study was to examine lived experiences of job loss and job transition for federal blue-collar employees following downsizing of military bases. Schlossberg's transition theory provided a conceptual framework for the study. Ten ex-federal blue-collar employees were recruited through purposeful sampling and interviewed using a semistructured interview strategy. The modified Moustakas and Stevick-Coliazzi-Keen method of analysis was used to analyze the data and report emergent themes. The following 7 themes emerged from the data: transition was associated with negative feelings, employer was unprepared for transition process, support provided by employer, emotional support from family and significant others, engaged in other activities, accepted the transition process, and drew motivation from family. The findings from this study may contribute to positive social change by providing important information that human resource managers, industrial/organizational psychologists, and government agencies can use to advocate for the need for developing programs that support civilian job transition services to individuals who are affected by federal downsizing.
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Choles, Jaiya Rae. "Impacts of Mindfulness Training on Mechanisms Underlying Stress Reduction in Teachers: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4468.

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A teacher's ability to foster and sustain high quality learning environments for their students relies largely on their own coping abilities and mental health. However, due to the emotionally taxing nature of their profession, teachers are at increased risk for developing elevated levels of occupational stress and burnout. To help teachers cope with their occupational stress and other negative emotions related to their occupation, mindfulness-based stress reduction programs for teachers have been introduced through schools. Evidence for the effectiveness of such programs is promising, however few studies have considered underlying mechanisms that may be driving these effects. Using data collected as part of a randomized controlled trial, this thesis examines the impact of mindfulness training on three coping resources, namely, somatic body awareness, executive function, and emotion regulation. Additionally, this thesis examines whether development of these resources translate into improvements in teachers' occupational well-being--specifically indicated through reductions in their anxiety, depression, stress, and burnout. Results suggest that the mindfulness training significantly improves teachers' somatic body awareness, with evidence for improvements in teachers' emotion regulation reappraisal as well. Additionally, some mediation results were promising, however, no significant mediations were found for any of the coping resources on any of the well-being outcomes for teachers. By addressing these topics, the results of this thesis contribute to the current field's understanding of how mindfulness training works to improve well-being in teachers.
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Aluko, Timothy Olaniyi. "The effectiveness of microfinance program on job creation and poverty reduction : the case of South Africa Microfinance Apex Fund (SAMAF)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95676.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
The efforts of government in creating jobs and eradicating poverty in developing countries have received major attention among policy makers and operators of microfinance in the last one decade. One of such efforts is the establishment of a microfinance program known as South Africa Microfinance Apex fund (samaf) by South African government. Samaf was established in 2006 with the aims and objective to provide micro loan and credit to poor people living in peri-uban and rural areas of South Africa. This was brought about as a result of a gap created by major financial institutions that are neither available nor operating in such rural and remote areas. This research attempts to explore the effectiveness of samaf on job creation and poverty reduction as mandated by its aims and objective. The study was a case study, and data analysis mainly used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics to analyze the quantitative data that was collected in the research field. Findings from the study reveal that samaf was effective in terms of number of jobs creation. Also, it was found that there was an improvement in the life styles of beneficiaries than before they took samaf loan. However, samaf itself do have its shortcoming in term of quick delivery of funds to the MFIs. The study further discovered that, majority of samaf MFIs are not willing to expand their operations into informal settlement areas because of two reasons. First, majority of people living in such areas are considered vulnerable because due to the possibility non repayment of loans as they live in abject poverty. Secondly, majority do not have a fixed or permanent address which makes it difficult for MFIs to trace them. Based on the observation above, samaf will need a guiding and better strategy in terms of its delivery as there is none currently. This is necessary if it plans to achieve its aims and objectives and delivers on its mandate.
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Ceccolini, Enrico. "A Machine Learning and Constraint Programming Approach to Power-Aware Job Dispatching in HPC Systems." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20585/.

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The demand for more powerful supercomputers continues to increase along with the types of applications submitted by researchers. Recent developments in the analysis of big data and new paradigms of programming as the map-reduce, put further emphasis on short jobs. Hence, HPC job dispatcher have to rapidly process a large number of short jobs in real time taking into account their energy needs. Since these can be similar, it is effective to exploit past executions information quickly. The existing Machine Learning methods need to be trained on new data, so we build a very simple data-driven model of power consumption that can be updated online. Using data from the Eurora’s monitoring framework we built a data set to develop our ML-based model. We integrated our job power predictor in an existing CP-based dispatcher to obtain a power-aware job dispatcher. We achieved excellent results without affect the HPC systems' quality-of-Service (QoS).
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White, Tiffany N. "Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: Effects of Skin Tone and Cross-Platform Self-Presentation on Evaluations of Black Job Applicants." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500574106470159.

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Books on the topic "Job reduction"

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Greenston, Peter M. The optimal job-person match case for attrition reduction. Alexandria, Va: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1997.

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Greenston, Peter. The optimal job-person match case for attrition reduction. Alexandria, Va: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1997.

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Greenston, Peter M. The optimal job-person match case for attrition reduction. Alexandria, Va: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1997.

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Peace, Institute of Research and Dialogue for. Job creation as a factor which contributes to sustainable poverty reduction in Rwanda. [Kigali]: Institute of Research and Dialogue for Peace, 2008.

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Sadiq, Ahmed, ed. Job creation and poverty reduction in India: Towards rapid and sustained growth. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2007.

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Development, Canada Human Resources. Effects of reduction and changes in entitlement (Bill C-113) on unemployment, job search behavior and new job quality. Ottawa: Human Resources Development, 1995.

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Gebre-Egziabher, Tegegne, and Yared Amare. Micro and small enterprises as vehicles for poverty reduction, employment creation, and business development: The Ethiopian experience. Addis Ababa: Forum for Social Studies, 2010.

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Jones, Stephen R. G. Effects of benefit rate reduction and changes in entitlement (Bill C-113) on unemployment, job search behaviour and new job quality. [Ottawa]: Human Resources Development Canada, 1995.

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Āyoga, Nepal Rāshṭriya Yojanā, ed. Decent work for poverty reduction: An ILO contribution to the PRSP in Nepal. Geneva: Employment Strategy Dept., International Labour Organization, 2003.

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Golden, Miriam. Heroic defeats: The politics of job loss. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Job reduction"

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Whiting, Edwin. "Improving the job finding process." In A Guide to Unemployment Reduction Measures, 194–200. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08621-4_18.

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Hipsher, Scott. "Tourism: Job Creation, Entrepreneurship, and Quality of Life." In Poverty Reduction, the Private Sector, and Tourism in Mainland Southeast Asia, 231–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5948-3_11.

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Schlumpf, Jürg. "Job Site Experience with Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) and Shrinkage Reduction." In Materials for Buildings and Structures, 1–7. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527606211.ch1.

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Kemmoe Tchomte, Sylverin, and Nikolay Tchernev. "A GRASPxELS for Scheduling of Job-Shop Like Manufacturing Systems and CO2 Emission Reduction." In Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications, 130–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44736-9_16.

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Whiting, Edwin. "Bringing jobs to depressed areas." In A Guide to Unemployment Reduction Measures, 167–81. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08621-4_16.

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Whiting, Edwin. "Helping people in depressed areas to take jobs elsewhere." In A Guide to Unemployment Reduction Measures, 182–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08621-4_17.

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Whiting, Edwin. "Employing people directly in jobs in the public sector." In A Guide to Unemployment Reduction Measures, 278–84. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08621-4_25.

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Trigo, Eduardo, Hugo Chavarria, Carl Pray, Stuart J. Smyth, Agustin Torroba, Justus Wesseler, David Zilberman, and Juan F. Martinez. "The Bioeconomy and Food System Transformation." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 849–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_45.

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AbstractThis chapter identifies opportunities around bioeconomic concepts for the transformation of food systems. Bioeconomy is a multi-dimensional concept and blends well with the food systems concept. Its goals include the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; the efficient use of energy and material; responsible consumption; and social inclusion through innovation, with a focus on the transformation of the structure of production. Bioeconomy makes important contributions to sustainable economic growth from the environmental and social points of view, offering direct jobs and employment and higher value addition. Bioeconomy offers support for the transformation of food systems by increasing crop and livestock yields through sustainable intensification activities. It can strengthen local value chains, promoting the reuse and recycling of food resources. These strategies at the local level contribute to poverty reduction through the creation of new rural jobs. Food system resilience can be strengthened based on the diversification of agricultural commodity production, the increased use of bio-based inputs in agriculture and the diversification of rural incomes through the rural production of bioenergy, bio-based industry and environmental services. Bioeconomy can be effectively used for the upscaling of biotechnology innovations, improved environmental sustainability and climate resilience, and improved nutrition and health. Links between the bioeconomy and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are demonstrated by using the indicators of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for monitoring and evaluating the bioeconomy.
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Bishnoi, Tanmay, and Deepak Kumar Rai. "Case Study: India. The Role of the Skill Council for Green Jobs (SCGJ) in Recognising Green Skills and Upskilling Workers in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises." In Education for Sustainability, 129–52. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2072-1_7.

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AbstractThis chapter focuses on the recognition of green skills and upskilling of employees in micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) dealing with waste management and renewable energy. In case of India, government pays a special attention to establishing and supporting a renewable energy (RE) sector, thus to contextualise this case study, RE is included in the analysis. It argues that recycling and reduction of waste, reuse of waste water, as well as the reduction of the negative impacts of climate change through renewable energy and energy-efficient devices, are key to all sectors—including catering, automotive and PVC manufacturing. India is one of the youngest nations in the world with more than 62% of its population in the working age group (15–59 years), therefore, to benefit from this demographic dividend, India needs to equip its workforce with employable skills and knowledge for sustainable growth. For the micro-level analysis, the study reported in this chapter was carried out with 47 enterprises. The results demonstrate a potential for recognizing ‘green skills’ that employees acquire non-formally and informally. The reported study was carried out by the Skill Council for Green Jobs (SCGJ), an autonomous body under the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE). SCGJ acts as a bridge between the Government of India and industry sectors in the implementation of skills development programmes considering industry needs and standards and relating them to the National Skill Qualification Framework (NSQF) levels.
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Momodu, A. S., E. F. Aransiola, T. D. Adepoju, and I. D. Okunade. "Global Strategy, Local Action with Biogas Production for Rural Energy Climate Change Impact Reduction." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1381–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_198.

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AbstractGlobal climate change impact is predicted to affect various sectors including the energy demand and supply sectors respectively. Combating this impact will require adoption of both global strategy and localized actions. The use of low carbon strategy based on renewables is a global strategy, while waste management of biodegradable materials through the use anaerobic technology to meet energy demand is a local action. Nigeria is among the vulnerable countries to global climate change impact; this is even more aggravated by its dependence on fossil fuel usage as well as poor waste management, which two, contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. This chapter presents analysis of purified compressed biogas production, a waste conversion option, as a local action to meet rural household energy demand and contribute to global strategy of reducing climate change impact. It discusses both technical and business model approaches to upscale a laboratory experimental procedure for biogas production through anaerobic digestion using vegetal wastes. It shows that using anaerobic technology can achieve efficient waste management and at the same time generate energy that can be used to achieve avoided emissions for climate change impact reduction. The study also concludes that upscaling the project will be sustainable for rural energy augmentation as it produces clean and renewable energy, reduces the use of fossil fuels, provides jobs for skilled and unskilled labor, and generates new return streams.
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Conference papers on the topic "Job reduction"

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Liu, Shaobo, Meikang Qiu, Wenzhong Gao, Xiao-jun Tang, and Bin Guo. "Hybrid of Job Sequencing and DVFS for Peak Temperature Reduction with Nondeterministic Applications." In 2010 IEEE 10th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cit.2010.309.

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Terbrack, Hajo, Thorsten Claus, and Frank Herrmann. "Emission reduction through production scheduling by priority rules and energy onsite generation." In 36th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2022-0114.

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This article describes primary findings of various simulation runs on job shop scheduling dealing with energy consumption and emission pollution. By two combinations of priority rules, production is linked to the generation output of a renewable energy source installed onsite. The resulting schedules show a reduction of energy-related emissions and makespan compared to several conventional priority rules often used in industrial practice.
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Fernandes, Antonio C., Fabio M. Coelho, Ricardo Franciss, and Severino F. S. Neto. "VIV Control and Drag Reduction Using the Guided Porosity Concept." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57471.

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This paper aims to discuss the effectiveness of a new passive kind of VIV (Vortex Induced Vibrations) suppression. Moreover, the proposed solutions leads to a significant drag reduction when compared with conventional proposals (strakes for instance). The concept of guided porosity is applied in experimental tests conducted with low mass ratio cylindrical models. The works also shows that the job (VIV control and drag reduction) is achieved without moving parts, in contrast with segmented fairings. It also advances in terms of the omnidirectional solution. Initially, the concept is discussed in terms of the potential theory. Then experimental results are presented in terms of displacements and forces.
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Rosiani, Dewi, and Arief Lubis. "The Effect of Absenteeism, Workload and Job Satisfaction on Cost Reduction: Case Study at IFRC - CCST." In 1st International Conference on Sustainable Management and Innovation, ICoSMI 2020, 14-16 September 2020, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.14-9-2020.2304379.

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Thanaa, Mohamed, Anwar Almihdawi, Ezequias Lopez, Ashish Fadtare, Mohammed Fauzan Ansari, Altaf Al-Shammari, Khaled Al-Failkawi, et al. "First Implementation of Ultra High Compressive Strength 12.5 ppg Cement Slurry in Production String in Kuwait Oilfields." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23104-ea.

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Abstract Quality Cementation across production sections consisting of depleted/weaker formations is the main challenge in Kuwait. Usage of conventional cement slurry over 15.8 ppg will lead to losses and poor zonal isolation. Newly designed 12.5 ppg enhanced compressive strength cement slurry was proposed to achieve desired zonal isolation and well integrity while avoiding losses and unnecessary remedial jobs. Strategy was formulated to minimize exposure of weaker formations for higher ECDs during cementation. Conventional 15.8PPG tail slurry was replaced with 12.5PPG Ultra high compressive strength (4000psi) cement slurry. New slurry design helped to carry out cementation job without any losses while achieving rapid compressive strength and excellent cement bond across production casing. The technology is based on three radical changes in the conventional way of designing cement Slurry of Substitution of part of the cement volume with inert agents of low specific weight, High packing density using solids of different sizes, and Reduction of water volume required. The job was performed safely and successfully, no losses was observed during and after the cementing job while getting pure cement returns at surface during both stages of cement job. CBL/VDL was performed 24 hrs after the cement job; and the results were excellent. The main advantages of this technology are: Ø High resistance to compression: Once the slurry has set, it is capable of developing compressive strength values ​​similar to heavier conventional slurry. Ø Low reactivity: Most of the elements used are chemically inert, this facilitates the design of the slurry by reducing adverse chemical reactions. Ø Low Shrinkage of Cement: Due to the reduction of the volume of the Portland cement in the slurry, the shrinkage of the set cement is reduced, which allows a better adherence of this to the formation and to the Casing. Ø Mix-ability: Does not require special equipment for its preparation, as if foamed cements require it. Three case histories will be presented with all data and evidence, showing design phase, planning phase, execution phase and results obtained with all logs were showing the excellent results were achieved. This technology has several applications in the industry, which can be executed satisfactorily.
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Karazincir, Oya, Yan Li, Karim Zaki, Andrew Johnson, Wade Williams, Peggy Rijken, Allan Rickards, and Lori Hathon. "Experimental Investigation of Acid Job Limit in Fractured Sandstone Formations." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210491-ms.

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Abstract The goal of this study was to assign an operational limit to the number of acid jobs applied to a given well considering the effects of remedial acid treatments on propped fracture conductivity and near-frac face formation permeability, parameters that impact the skin factor. The Frac Face Damage (FFD) conductivity test unit introduced in previous publications was used to assess the change in formation permeability near the fracture face, as well as proppant pack conductivity. First, a test with field core without acid treatment was conducted as a control experiment to display the impact of closure stress on proppant embedment, fines generation, proppant pack compaction. This test showed stable proppant conductivity with slight permeability reduction at the formation face towards the end of the stress hold. Test duration and flow step lengths were kept identical to the acid tests for comparison purposes. Tests with eight acid cycles resulted in permeability gain at the fracture face with the early acid cycles followed by an accelerated drop in frac face permeability and proppant conductivity. Acid tests were conducted using fresh core and pre-damaged core and test results were compared to the control test. Skin value was calculated using a semi-analytical numerical model and the productivity index was estimated following each brine or acid injection cycle. The results clearly display benefit from acid stimulation during the initial acid cycles, followed by a sharp decline in the uplift with increased embedment that marks the acid limit. Post-test analysis of core material support formation of a deeper proppant embedment zone at the fracture face for the system that was acidized eight times, compared to the unacidized propped formation/proppant assembly.
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Harrasi, Ameera, Gerardo Urdaneta, Ali Al-Jumah, Mohammed Nasif, and Hajir Qassabi. "Cheaper and More Effective Stimulation of Horizontal Polymer Injectors in South Sultanate of Oman." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200203-ms.

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Abstract The multidisciplinary Authors summarize the lessons learned from stimulating a long horizontal Polymer Injection well with a Hoisting Unit; the main objective was to reduce the associated cost as compared to a Coiled Conventional Tubing (CCT) Unit, but achieving the same or even improved results. The details procedures for conducting this type of job is summarized in this paper. The well was completed with a smart completion, creating four distinguished zones, Earlier, bullheading approach was carried out, but later on when the smart completion failed, it was necessary to stimulate with a CCT to cover all the different zones in the long well section. This has caused a sharp increase in the price of the job. Hence, a trial has been carried out utilizing a Hoist, with improved acid recipe that is cheaper and better in performance as compared to earlier. The detailed procedure for conducting this type of job is summarized in this paper The tables show the injectivity test result in three stages, in the Hoist and the CCT approach the result shows a good improvement after main treatment and a success of the trial with Hoist as compared to CCT. This has proven to be economically viable and unlocked huge cost savings for all future stimulation jobs. A 50% reduction in the total cost is observed. This work has concluded a successful methodology in the utilization of a hoist in performing multi-stage stimulation in long horizontal wells. Very encouraging results have been observed and the suggested method is highly recommended, further trials will continue to be done with other wells The authors believe the learnings from these trials are of great benefit and will add to the state of knowledge of the industry relating to stimulating long horizontal wells
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Cocorullo, Augusto, Stefano Boffo, and Francesco Gagliardi. "Entrepreneurship and University Spin-offs for (Academic) Employment?" In Sixth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head20.2020.11145.

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In the new Millennium Italian universities have lived many changes deeply reshaping academic institutions. A relevant aspect was the more and more significant need to answer the demand of society and respond the social pressure to accountability through the transfer of knowledge, innovation and technology to economy. It led to an extension of the so-called university Fourth Mission, an instrument dedicated to create spin-offs to share scientific research results with society. The paper investigates the present reality of university spin-offs in Italy by considering their growing number also in the light of their role ofinstrument for academic job substitution. In particular, a tool to respond to the current condition of young Italian academic researchers increasingly affected by job offer reduction due to budget constraints, consequent university policies and new management issues.
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Gadallah, Mohamed H. "Tolerance Optimization: A Decomposition Scheme, Variance Reduction and Fractional Approximation." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/ied-21222.

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Abstract Development of involved optimization algorithms is not an easy task for several reasons: First, every analyst is interested in a specific problem; Second, the capabilities of these methods may not be fully understood a priori; Third, coding of multi-purpose and more involved algorithms is not an easy job. In this paper, the optimization problem employing the near to global optimum algorithm is studied (Gadallah, M.H., 2000). The focus is to exploit 2 ideas: First, the algorithm can be modified to act as a variance reduction technique; Second, the algorithm can be modified to tackle the problem of system decomposition. Both ideas are novel within the context of statistical design of experiments. The first, if fully proved experimentally could yield the simultaneous integration of nominal and variance optimization possible. The second, can be extended to deal with multi-dimensional highly constrained systems with ease. These two ideas are explained wife the use of a simple example to illustrate the idea. An algorithm is developed that deal with the problem in several stages according to a predetermined decomposition scheme. The original objective and constraint functions are dealt with to suit each stage. Accordingly, all NP hard problems can ideally be transformed into NP complete ones with a consequence on the number of stages resulting from decomposition. Several decomposition scenarios are used and their results are compared numerically. Two orthogonal arrays and four composite arrays are used to plan experimentation; these are L27OA and L54OA and their subfamilies. These arrays are compared with respect to their statistical measures. The algorithm as such, is very promising optimization tool, especially for coupling system decomposition and variance reduction. Past work focused on either decomposition or statistical optimization. This work offers both capabilities. Several studies are reviewed and conclusions are drawn.
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Spagnolo, Salvatore, Pasquale Pollio, Pasquale Cappuccio, Gianni Baldassarri, Gabriele Carpineta, Marco Colombo, Alfonso De Clemente, and Alessandro Picciani. "Successful Through Tubing Perforation in Dual String Completion." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211580-ms.

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Abstract In a dual completed well, a through tubing perforation experience from geologic and reservoir study to job execution, is presented. Job targets have been the maximization of the production gain from one production string and the reduction of possible issues associated to charges detonation for the second string. The success of this job has been crucial for the life of a mature naturally fractured carbonate oil reservoir by opening new production opportunities. The experience has started with a reservoir study followed by a log acquisition to confirm the geological hypotheses about the lack of production contribution from a level. Once the level potential was confirmed, a review of all the possible technologies available in the market, with related benefits and disadvantages, has been carried out in order to obtain the maximum result in terms of perforation efficiency and minimize the risk to lose integrity or accessibility in the well due to charges detonation. A complete explanation of the overall work flow is provided to clarify all the decision making process. The first need to find an indication about the production contribution of a cased and cemented level through the hydraulic communication with a second perforated level open to production, can come from noise signals generated from a vertical flow path in formation. In fact, the vertical primary permeability or the natural system of fractures in a carbonate reservoir may represent a likely road to flow. The most suitable technology available to detect this phenomenon is the spectral noise log, which is a precise mean to discriminate about fluid movements in well or near wellbore according to its noise frequency. The second need to increase perforation efficiency and preserve one of the two strings from charges detonation in the second string, can be achieved by identifying a preferential direction at bottom hole and aligning the perforation guns to it. The analysis of real time data acquired through electric wireline from the "Magnetic Orientation Tool" coupled with a downhole electric motor controlled from surface, has allowed to fulfill this task. The study presented offers a valid workflow to follow for through tubing perforation jobs to restore uneconomic wells life and provides a base for spectral noise log possible uses and innovative tools to add in perforation bottom hole assemblies to have more reliable information for improved job results.
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Reports on the topic "Job reduction"

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Flórez, Luz Adriana, Didier Hermida, and Leonardo Fabio Morales. The Heterogeneous Effect of Minimum Wage on Labor Market Flows in Colombia. Banco de la República Colombia, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1213.

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We provide evidence of the negative effect of the minimum wage on labor market flows, such as job creation, job destruction, hiring, and separations in Colombia. Depicting firms' minimum wage (MW) compliance cost, we find evidence of an adverse effect of increases on MW compliance cost on employment. This negative effect is explained mainly by a reduction in job creation and hiring rate and the rise in job destruction and separations. In contrast to the evidence for developed economies, our results are in line with the predictions of the standard search model. We also explore this differential effect by firm size and age. We found that an increase in the MW compliance cost has relatively critical negative impacts on small and medium-sized firms (with less than 250 employees); and new and young firms (lower than six years old).
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Hartle, Jennifer C., Ossama (Sam) A. Elrahman, Cara Wang, Daniel A. Rodriguez, Yue Ding, and Matt McGahan. Assessing Public Health Benefits of Replacing Freight Trucks with Cargo Cycles in Last Leg Delivery Trips in Urban Centers. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.1952.

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Increased urbanization, population growth, and demand for time-sensitive deliveries means increased freight movement in cities, which contributes to emissions, noise, and safety concerns. One innovative mode gaining widespread attention for urban deliveries is cargo cycles—bicycles adapted for freight delivery. Despite the recognized potential and possible success of transporting at least 25% of freight via cycle, research remains limited. This research investigates the potential of cargo cycle delivery for last mile freight in Oakland, California, with a focus on the West Oakland neighborhood. The data collection included interviews, focus groups, vehicle field observation and counts, and traffic simulation modeling. The traffic simulation examined scenarios where businesses converted different percentages of current deliveries to cargo cycles using a transfer hub as the starting point for their cargo cycle delivery. The best-case scenario—where the maximum percentage of deliveries were made with cargo cycle instead of motorized vehicles—resulted in reductions of 2600 vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per day. In that case scenario, the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) reduction is equivalent to a reduction in emissions of PM2.5, PM10, NOx, and reactive organic gas (ROG) of taking about 1000 Class 4 box trucks off the roads of West Oakland per day. In the worst-case scenario, with a significantly smaller percentage of motorized package deliveries converted to cargo cycles, there is a reduction of 160 VMT, equivalent to the removal of approximately 80 Class 4 box trucks off the roads of West Oakland per day. This potential reduction in air pollution and traffic congestion, as well as job creation, would benefit West Oakland residents.
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Rokhideh, Maryam. Leveraging the Peacebuilding Potential of Cross-border Trader Networks in Sub-Saharan Africa. RESOLVE Network, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2021.17.lpbi.

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Cross-border trade plays a prominent role in economic, social, and political life in Sub-Saharan Africa, contributing significantly to development, poverty reduction, and job creation. Across the continent, cross-border trade accounts for 43 percent of the entire population’s income. As actors embedded in licit and illicit networks at local and regional levels, cross-border traders have the potential to fuel conflict or mitigate it. They can act as spoilers, supporting armed groups and war economies, or as peace intermediaries, negotiating peace deals and bridging conflict divides across communities. Given that most armed conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa are shaped by cross-border dynamics, cross-border traders present an underexamined yet critical point of entry for analyzing and addressing conflicts and should be included in new and ongoing peacebuilding programming. This policy note provides recommendations on how policymakers can leverage the untapped peacebuilding potential of cross-border traders and decrease their spoiling power.
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Farber, Henry, and Kevin Hallock. Have Employment Reductions Become Good News for Shareholders? The Effect of Job Loss Announcements on Stock Prices, 1970-97. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7295.

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Enfield, Sue. Covid-19 Impact on Employment and Skills for the Labour Market. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.081.

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This literature review draws from academic and grey literature, published largely as institutional reports and blogs. Most information found considered global impacts on employment and the labour market with the particular impact for the very high numbers of youth, women, migrant workers, and people with disabilities who are more likely to be employed in the informal sector. There has been a high negative impact on the informal sector and for precariously employed groups. The informal labour market is largest in low and middle-income countries and engages 2 billion workers (62 percent) of the global workforce (currently around 3.3 billion). Particularly in low- and middle-income countries, hard-hit sectors have a high proportion of workers in informal employment and workers with limited access to health services and social protection. Economic contractions are particularly challenging for micro, small, and medium enterprises to weather. Reduced working hours and staff reductions both increase worker poverty and hardship. Women, migrant workers, and youth form a major part of the workforce in the informal economy since they are more likely to work in these vulnerable, low-paying informal jobs where there are few protections, and they are not reached by government support measures. Young people have been affected in two ways as many have had their education interrupted; those in work these early years of employment (with its continued important learning on the job) have been interrupted or in some cases ended.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.

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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.
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Islam, Muhammad Azizul, Pamela Abbott, Shamima Haque, and Fiona Gooch. Impact of Global Clothing Retailers' Unfair Practices on Bangladeshi Suppliers During Covid-19. University of Aberdeen, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57064/2164/19814.

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Based on a survey of 1,000 Bangladeshi factories/suppliers1 producing clothes for global fashion brands and retailers, this research highlights reports of unfair trading practices encountered by manufacturers during Covid-19. Suppliers reported that retailers/brands cancelled orders, refused to pay for goods dispatched/in-process and demanded a reduction in price for orders already placed before March 2020. Since then, they further pressured the suppliers to reduce prices. Suppliers reported that in December 2021, despite the rising costs of inputs and the additional costs of Covid-19 mitigation measures, 70% of brands/retailers were still buying garments at similar prices to those in March 2020 from at least some of their suppliers. More than 50% of factories reported at least one of the following four unfair practices by brands/ retailers: cancellation of orders, price reduction, refusal to pay for goods dispatched/in production and delaying payment of invoices. Such unfair trading practices impacted suppliers’ employment practices resulting in worker turnover, loss of jobs and lower wages. Importantly, one in five factories reported that they had struggled to pay the Bangladeshi legal minimum wages since the factories had reopened following the March and April 2020 lockdown. We recommend countries with large consumer markets where global retailers and brands sell their clothes legislate to curb unfair purchasing practices by outlawing them and appointing an adjudicator or a fashion watchdog. This would ensure that buyers/retailers cannot dump disproportionate and inappropriate risks onto their suppliers and that retailers and brands conform to the norms of fair commercial practices.
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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.
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Achakulwisut, Ploy, and Peter Erickson. Trends in fossil fuel extraction. Stockholm Environment Institute, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.001.

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At present, most global GHG emissions – over 75% – are from fossil fuels. By necessity, reaching net zero emissions therefore requires dramatic reductions in fossil fuel demand and supply. Though fossil fuels have not been explicitly addressed by the UN Framework on Climate Change, a conversation has emerged about possible “supply-side” agreements on fossil fuels and climate change. For example, a number of countries, including Denmark, France, and New Zealand, have started taking measures to phase out their oil and gas production. In the United States, President Joe Biden has put a pause on new oil and gas leasing on federal lands and waters, while Vice President Kamala Harris has previously proposed a “first-ever global negotiation of the cooperative managed decline of fossil fuel production”. This paper aims to contribute to this emerging discussion. The authors present a simple analysis on where fossil fuel extraction has happened historically, and where it will continue to occur and expand if current economic trends continue without new policy interventions. By employing some simple scenario analysis, the authors also demonstrate how the phase-out of fossil fuel production is likely to be inequitable among countries, if not actively and internationally managed.
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Carrasquilla-Barrera, Alberto, Arturo José Galindo-Andrade, Gerardo Hernández-Correa, Ana Fernanda Maiguashca-Olano, Carolina Soto, Roberto Steiner-Sampedro, and Juan José Echavarría-Soto. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia - July 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.07-2020.

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In Colombia, as well as in the rest of the world, the Covid-19 pandemic has seriously damaged the health and well-being of the people. In order to limit the damage, local and national authorities have had to order large sectors of the population to be confined at their homes for long periods of time. An inevitable consequence of isolation has been the collapse of economic activity, expenditure, and employment, a phenomenon that has hit many countries of the world affected by the disease. It is an unprecedented crisis in modern times, not so much for its intensity (which is undoubtedly immense), but because its origin is not economic. That is what makes it so unpredictable and difficult to manage. Naturally, its economic consequences are enormous. Governments and central banks from all over the world are struggling to mitigate them, but the final solution is not in the hands of the economic authorities. Only science can provide a way out. In the meantime, the economic indicators in Colombia and in the rest of the world cause concern. The output falls, the massive loss of jobs, and the closure of businesses of all sizes have become daily news. Added to this, there is the deterioration in global financial conditions and the increase in the risk indicators. Financial volatility has increased and stock indexes have fallen. In the face of the lower global demand, export prices of raw materials have fallen, affecting the terms of trade for producing countries. Workers’ remittances have declined due to the increase of unemployment in developed countries. This crisis has also generated a strong reduction of global trade of goods and services, and effects on the global value chains. Central banks around the world have reacted decisively and quickly with strong liquidity injections and significant cuts to their interest rates. By mid-July, such determined response had succeeded to revert much of the initial deterioration in global financial conditions. The stock exchanges stopped their fall, and showed significant recovery in several countries. Risk premia, which at the beginning of the crisis took an unusual leap, recorded substantial corrections. Something similar happened with the volatility indexes of global financial markets, which exhibited significant improvement. Flexibilization of confinement measures in some economies, broad global liquidity, and fiscal policy measures have also contributed to improve global external financial conditions, albeit with indicators that still do not return to their pre-Covid levels.
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