Journal articles on the topic 'Jews Russia History 19th century'
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1
Veidlinger, Jeffrey. "From Shtetl to Society: Jews in 19th-Century Russia." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2, no. 4 (2001): 823–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2008.0093.
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Litvinenko, Pavel V. "Baptism of Adepts of Judaism in the Turkestan Krai in the Second Half of the 19th - Early 20th Century: Scope and Motivation." RUDN Journal of Russian History 21, no. 3 (August 31, 2022): 404–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-3-404-416.
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The author considers the study of the issue of the Jewish population conversion to Christianity in the Turkestan Krai. The article reveals the religious situation in tsarist Russia related to the problems of Jews’ conversion, provides reliable facts of the conversion with regard to the most important Islamic outskirts of the empire - Turkestan, where the overwhelming majority of the population belonged to Islam - over 95%. The author examines the reasons for the conversion of regional Jews to Christianity and the real consequences of this process. The peculiarity of Turkestan made a significant impact on the spiritual life of Jews, on the nature and motives for the adoption of Christianity. In the Central Asian region, Jews were not a homogeneous group; they often had different features of culture and traditions. There were several Jewish communities there: the so-called “European” Jews (who arrived from Russia) led by their own chief rabbi; besides, in Central Asia there lived “native” Jews who got the status of Russian citizens and had their own rabbi. In this regard, it seems interesting to trace the conditions of the conversion of these different groups of Jews to Christianity, their motives and the attitude of official authorities towards them. It is important to note that the Jews of the Turkestan Krai converted not only to Orthodoxy, but also Catholicism, Lutheranism, Armenian-Gregorianism, and other faiths. However, the tsarist authorities believed that the conversion of Jews to non-Orthodox confessions was not enough to free them from the imposed legislative restrictions. In general, the example of the situation in Turkestan allows us to see that the features of the adoption of Christianity and the change in the legal status of Jews often depended on the region in which they were baptized. In addition, it was the factor of belonging to a certain Jewish community that played an important role.
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Nadezhda, Aleksandrova. ""Jewish Myths" in the National History: Jews in Ancient Russia." TECHNOLOGOS, no. 1 (2021): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.kipf/2021.1.05.
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This article is devoted to the consideration, formation and development of two historical myths in Russian Jewish studies: the "Khazar myth" and the "Kenaanites myth." The key works of A.Ya. Garkavi devoted to the statement of "Jewish myths" in Jewish studies have been discussed in the article. The author reveals the background of this problem appearance in Jewish studies and prerequisites which determined its father’s interest in this topic. The need to turn to the consideration of "Jewish myths" in the historiography of the problem "the history of Jews of Ancient Russia" is dictated primarily by the actualization of scientific interest in the beginning of the history of Jewish diasporas in Russia. Discussions between historians and researchers of Jewish studies have obtained the characteristic of the "modern historical paradox," as far modern researchers turn to the long-forgotten hypotheses of historians of the 19th century with the aim of proving them today on the basis of relevant material. The purpose of this article is to consider two forms of historical representation on the example of studies of two Jewish myths (the Khazar myth and the later Kenaanites myth). We pose a problem to analyze the process of myth formation, its interpretation during this formation and the growth of its thematic content. The theoretical basis of the article is P. Ricoeur's ideas about the "historiographic process." Although the philosopher recognizes strict methodological operations and methods he nevertheless attributes the decisive importance to the historical intentionality of the researcher and the skill of representing the historical narrative. At the end of the article the author makes a conclusion about the difference between the forms of representation of the Khazar myth and the myth of Kenaanites in the works of modern Russian researchers in Jewish studies.
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Zyskina, Esther. "From Ally to Enemy: the Ottoman Empire in Publicistic Works by Ephraim Deinard." Tirosh. Jewish, Slavic & Oriental Studies 18 (2018): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3380.2018.18.2.2.
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The paper considers is the transformation of the image of the Ottoman Empire in the publicistic texts by Ephraim Deinard, outstand ing Jewish writer and journalist of the turn of the 19th and 20th centu ries. The research was based on two Deinard’s works, “Atidot Israel” (“The Future of Israel”, 1892) and “Tzion be’ad mi?” (“Zion for Whom?”, 1918), which deal with a variety of topics, including Deinard’s opinion on the Ottoman Empire. In particular, the radical change of his position from the statements in “Atidot Israel” to those in “Tzion be’ad mi?” is observed. Deinard discusses the following three aspects, each case being a vivid example of this controversy: 1. The Ottoman government’s attitude towards Jews and the pros pects of the collaboration of the Jewish community with the government; 2. The economic situation in the Ottoman Empire and its foreign policy; 3. The culture and cultural policy in the Ottoman Empire. Deinard’s interest in Turkey was initially caused by his Zionist views, as the Land of Israel was part of the Ottoman Empire. Later, after World War I and especially after the Balfour Declaration in 1917, the Zionists placed their expectations on Britain, while Turkey, after losing the war and the territory so important for Jews, could no more be praised by Dei nard. In addition, Deinard had lived in the USA for more than 30 years by 1918, and it is merely logical that his publicistic works were aimed against the USA’s enemy in World War I. This shift looks especially interesting when looked at through the context of the history of the Russian Jewish Enlightenment. A very simi lar process occurred in the ideology of the Russian maskilim in the 19th century. Throughout the 19th century, they believed that the Jews should be integrated in the Russian society and viewed the Russian government as their ally. The Russian authorities, correspondingly, tried to assimilate the Jews and to make them an integral part of the society. However, af ter the pogroms of 1880s, the authorities’ attitude towards Jews changed dramatically, and so did that of the maskilim towards the government. Laws regarding Jews were tightened and became openly anti-Semitic, and the maskilim started to criticize the state instead of hoping for col laboration with it. Deinard’s works used for this research date to a later period. More over, the aforementioned events influenced his positive attitude towards the Ottoman Empire: concerning the status of Jews in the both countries, Deinard opposed Turkey to Russia. Eventually, however, Turkey took the same place for Deinard as Russia did for his predecessors, the maskilim. His hopes for collaboration with the state were just as replaced by disap pointment and criticism. To conclude, the above similarity may suggest that the shift in Dein ard’s views might have correlated with the change in the ideology of the Russian maskilim.
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Bilousova, Liliia. "Emigration of Jews from Odessa to Argentina in the Late 19th - Early 20th century." Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, no. 29 (November 10, 2020): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2020.29.036.
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The article deals with the history of emigration of Jews from the south of Ukraine to Argentina in the late 19th - early 20th century and the role of Odessa in the organizational, economic and educational support of the resettlement process. An analysis of the transformation of the idea of the Argentine project from the beginning of compact settlements to the possibility of creating a Jewish state in Patagonia is given. There are provided such aspects as reasons, preconditions and motives of emigration, its stages and results, the exceptional contribution of the businessman and philanthropist Maurice de Hirsch to the foundation of Jewish settlements in Argentina. There are reflected a legislative aspect, in particular, the first attempt of Russian government to regulate migration abroad with the Regulations for activity in Russia of the Jewish Colonization Association founded in Great Britain; various forms and directions of the work of Odessa JCA committee; the activities of the Argentine Vice-Consulate (1906-1909) and the Consul General of Argentina in Odessa (1909-1917). There are also presented some valuable archival genealogical documents from the State Archives of the Odessa Region, namely the lists of immigrants on the steamer "Bosfor" in April 30, 1894. The article highlights the conditions in which the emigrants started their activities in Argentina in 1888, establishment of the first Jewish colony of Moisesville, the difficulties in economic arrangement and social adaptation, and the process of settlement development from the first unsuccessful attempts to cultivate virgin lands to the numerous farms and ranches with effective economic activities. An interesting social phenomenon of interethnic diffusion of indigenous and jewish cultures and the formation of a unique "Gaucho Jews" group of population is covered. It is provided information on the current state of Jewish settlements in Argentina and fixing their history in literature, music, cinema, documentary. It is emphasized that using historical research and direct contacts with the descendants of emigrants to Argentina could be very useful and actual for increasing the efficiency and development of Ukrainian-Argentine economic and cultural ties
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Goldenweiser, Rachel. "The Bukharian Jews Through the Lenses of the 19th Century Russian Photographers." Iran and the Caucasus 9, no. 2 (2005): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338405774829322.
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Dvorkin, Ihor. "JEWISH POGROMS OF THE LATE 19th – EARLY 20th CENTURY IN CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 29 (2021): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2021.29.9.
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The article analyzes modern tendencies in Ukrainian historiography of XIX – and early XX century Jewish pogroms. General works on the history of Ukraine, special works devoted to anti-Jewish violence, and the study of the similar problems, that has been published in the last two decades, are considered. The general context of works, their sources, previous researches influence, conclusions of which the authors came, etc. are analyzed. Reading the intelligence on the pogroms, we can see, that the pogroms were largely the result of modernization, internal migration, the relocation to Ukraine of workers from the Russian provinces of the Romanov Empire and so on. Pogroms are also viewed in the context of social and revolutionary movements. That is, the violence, according to researchers, led to the emergence of Zionism. Also, Jews were actively involved to the left movement, while falling victim to extreme Russian nationalists and chauvinists - the Black Hundreds. We have special works dedicated to the pogroms of the first and second waves, which, however, are not so many. Their authors find out the causes and consequences of the pogroms, the significance of violence for the Jewish community and Ukrainian-Jewish relations, the attitude of the authorities and society to these acts of violence, and so on. Some Ukrainian historians research the problem of pogroms on various issues. Among them are works on the history of Jews from different regions of Ukraine, communities of individual cities, Ukraine as a whole; the history of the Ukrainian peasantry, the monarchical and Black Hundred movement in Ukraine, the revolutionary events of 1905-1907, migration processes in Ukrainian lands, the formation of modern nations, the life and work of prominent figures and more. The authors conduct full-fledged research using a wide source base, including archival materials, which, however, are often factual in nature. This is a disadvantage, because historians are "captured" by the sources on which they rely. We also have conceptual research that refers to a broad historiography of the problem, including foreign. These works often draw the reader's attention to a broader - the imperial, modernization or migration context. It is important, that researchers see actors of Ukrainian history in the Jewish population. Because of this, they are much less interested in the future of the Jews who left the Ukrainian lands than in the researchers of Jewish history.
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Verniaev, I. I. "Ethnic Factor in Urban Governance, Economy and Employment: Chișinău in the Late 19th Century." Rusin, no. 62 (2020): 50–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/62/4.
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The ethno-confessional dimension of the urban economics, employment, and management in the late imperial period of Russia has been obviously understudied, with there being no generalized data. The cities of Bessarabia, particularly Chișinău, have not been investigated in this aspect either. The adequate comparative assessment of the ethnic factor in various spheres of management and economics of Chișinău is based on the indices of ethnic representation and diversity used to precess the data of the 1897 census. The analysis has shown that the factor of multiethnic urban population of Chișinău clearly manifested itself in governance, economics, and employment. Ethnicity, the corresponding cultural capital, skills, communication resources, ethno-confessional ties (within the city, region, on the intercity and the interregional level), as well as the legal conditions for certain ethno-confessional groups (mainly, Jews) remained an important factor for modernizing urban governance, economics, and employment. The comparison of ethnic representation indices has shown that the three major ethnic groups – Jews, Great Russians, and Moldovans – have debeloped a kind of mutual complementarity in the distribution of employments. The Chișinău urban minorities (Little Russians, Poles, Bulgarians, Germans, and Armenians) occupied separate niches, complementing the basic sectoral distribution of the major groups. A more detailed sectoral analysishas shown a significant number of niches with primary specialization of all – major and minor – ethnic groups in the city.
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Bezarov, Oleksandr. "Participation of Jews in the processes of Russian social-democratic movement." History Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 53 (June 21, 2022): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2021.53.131-142.
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The formation of social democracy in the Russian Empire was another stage in the «Russian reception» of the Western models of the socialist movement, the result of certain ideological contradictions on the Russian ground. Given the semi-feudal society of the Russian Empire, the paternalism of autocratic power, the absence of deep traditions of liberal culture, the Russian social democratic movement could hardly count on obvious success without a deep revolutionary renewal of the entire socio-economic and political system of the Russian state. Since Jews were an urban ethnic group, it is not surprising that the provinces of the Jewish Pale in the late 19th century proved to be the epicentre of the revolutionary energy concentration.Thus, in the late 19th century the processes of formation and development of not the Russian, but the Jewish social-democratic movement continued on the territory of the Jewish Pale, the prominent centres of which were the Belarusian and Ukrainian cities of the Russian Empire. Despite the low level of the industrial development in the north-western part of the Russian Empire, as well as police persecution, imprisonment, and exile of many activists, the Jewish Social Democratic movement grew qualitatively and quantitatively, got loyal supporters, and spread to other cities such as Minsk, Grodno, Bialystok and Warsaw. The Bund (the Union of Jewish Workers in Lithuania, Poland, and Russia) played a key role in organizing the Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) on March 1-3, 1898, at which the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) was founded which was supposed to unite revolutionary Marxist groups of the empire, regardless of their ethnicity. The processes of formation of the organizational and personnel structure of the Russian Social-Democracy continued during the First Russian Revolution. Jews took an active part in these processes. Their role in the organization of Russian social-democratic movement and in its staffing is difficult to overestimate. In particular, S. Dikstein, H.S. Khurgin, E.A. Abramovich, I.A. Gurvich, E.A. Gurvich, O. Belakh, L. Berkovich and many other Jewish activists found themselves at the origins of Russian social-democratic movement, and such distinguished Jewish figures of Russian social democracy as P. Axelrod and Yu. Martov in the early 19th century headed the Menshevik wing of the RSDLP.The author noted that until 1917 the model for the development of the social democratic movement in the Russian Empire was the European Social Democracy, among the recognized authorities of which were also Jews (F. Lassall, E. Bernstein, V. Adler, O. Bauer). Eventually, the Jewish origin of Marx, the founder of «scientific» socialism, canonized his doctrine in the mass consciousness of the urban Jewry of the Russian Empire, which awaited a new messiah who would «bring» them out of the ghetto of the Jewish Pale.At the same time, the theory of self-liberation of the Jewish proletariat, adopted by the Jewish Social Democrats of Vilno, Minsk, and Kyiv as opposed to the seemingly utopian ideas of the Zionists from Basel, Switzerland, became the leading ideology of the Russia’s first political organization of Jewish proletarian – the Bund, which emerged in the same 1897, when the First World Congress of Zionists took place.Thus, the intensification of state anti-Semitism, the Jewish pogroms, and the escalation of the political crisis in the Russian Empire on the eve of the First Russian Revolution pushed Russian and Jewish Social-Democracy to develop a common position on the proletariat’s participation in future revolutionary events, optimized the search for overcoming the internal party crisis that arose after the withdrawal of the Bund from the RSDLP. For the first time in its history, the Jewish Social Democrats tried to ignite the fire of the Russian revolution on the «Jewish street» and prove the political significance of the powerful revolutionary potential of the Jewish masses in the Jewish Pale for the all-Russian social democratic movement.
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Shaidurov, Vladimir. "Jews and Gypsies of Siberia: on the Question of the Military Cantonists of the 1830s — 1850s." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 03 (March 1, 2021): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202103statyi16.
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In the first third of the 19th century, the ethnic composition of Siberia underwent significant changes due to the emergence of new ethno dispersed groups. Among these ethno dispersed groups, Jews and Gypsies stood out in particular. The national policy of Emperor Nicholas I was oriented towards the homogenization of society. This policy of the Russian emperor was reflected in the duty of citizens to serve in the army. The obligation to send children to cantonists was extended to Jews and Gypsies of Siberia. Some of the so-called “soldiers of the era of Emperor Nicholas I” in the 1860s - 1880s. played an important role in the history of their ethnic groups. In this article, we consider the issues of the relationship between the Jewish society and the Gypsy society of the Siberian region during service in the Russian army. We will consider these issues using the example of the military cantonists of the 1830s - 1850s. This article was written mainly using archival materials that are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
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Bogumil, Tatiana. "Biblical Plots in the Siberian Text." Проблемы исторической поэтики 18, no. 4 (November 2020): 331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/j9.art.2020.8742.
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The article describes and systematizes biblical plots characteristic of the Siberian text in Russian culture. The colonization of Siberia was accompanied by the Christianization of its autochthons. The influence of the church on the formation of the local literary tradition was very strong. The regional specifics of Siberia (nature, history, ethnos) influenced the selection of biblical motifs and plots in the works about this space. The comparative approach made it possible to identify and chronologically organize the following biblical themes paradigmatic for the Siberian text: apostolic / missionary. Christological initiation, exodus, the prodigal son. Biblical stories related to Siberia were inverted over time, and religious semantics were supplanted by other topics. The single core that allows to amalgamate these plots and motives is the idea of transformation (of oneself, another person, space). Hypothetically, each plot has its own period of maximum productivity, followed by a recession. The missionary plot and the plot of Christological initiation were revised in the 17th century and remained productive until the end of the 19th century. The narrative of the search for Belovodye, isomorphic to the exodus of Jews from Egypt, arose at the end of the 18th century. It was active until the end of the 20th century. The motive of the prodigal son was relevant in the middle of the 19th century in the work of the regionalists and, later, their heirs. Globalization and informatization processes and the blurring of spatial and cultural boundaries gradually make this plot irrelevant. It is possible to expand the “canonical” spectrum of biblical images, motifs, and plots for the Siberian text by engaging new material.
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Glavatskaya, Elena, Julia Borovik, and Gunnar Thorvaldsen. "The Ural Population Project. Demography and Culture From Microdata in a European-Asian Border Region." Historical Life Course Studies 12 (July 7, 2022): 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs12320.
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The Ural Population Project (URAPP) is built from individual level data transcriptions of 19th- to early 20th-century parish records and mid-19th-century census-like tax revisions manuscripts. This article discusses the source material, the contents, the history of creation and the strategy of the URAPP database and the outcome of the main research topics so far, including historical demography, Jewish studies, indigenous studies and studies of religious minorities in the Urals and Siberia. Our studies of the ethno-religious cultural landscape of the Urals and northwestern Siberia as well as participation in population history projects was more vital backgrounds than the traditional focus on aggregates. The over 65,000 vital events transcribed from parish records of Russian Orthodox Churches and minority religions in and around Ekaterinburg have been the basis for studies of mortality, nuptiality, religion and other characteristics. We found that the Jewish population kept their traditions and connections with relatives in the Pale of Settlement. Prisoners of WWI usually marrying within their own religious group. Infant mortality in Ekaterinburg was lower among Jews and the Catholics, minorities with higher education and western background, while the Orthodox majority exposed their newborn to extremely tough baptism. The burial records show cases of the Spanish flu in 1918–1919, but on a lower level than in the West, supporting recent theories that estimates of flu mortality may be too high. Based on the tax revisions, polygyny was officially recognized among the indigenous Siberian people. The strategy of the URAPP project has evolved from transcribing microdata about minorities towards covering the whole population.
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Selihey, P. O. "Failed language predictions: history giving lessons." Movoznavstvo 313, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-313-2020-4-001.
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The external history of individual languages shows attempts to predict their future. Time has shown that these predictions were both true and false. The article on the material of some languages analyzes what exactly predicted them in the past and what happened to them later. For example, in 16–17th centuries English was perceived as «backward» and «peasant», which should give way to a more perfect Latin. In the middle of the 20th century the Russian language was foretold the status of a world language after the victory of communism throughout the world. Quite often predictions about the near death of languages experiencing linguicide turned out to be false. Fr. Engels predicted the disappearance of «small» Slavic peoples and their languages (Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes). In the 18th century, the Swedish administration predicted the rapid disappearance of the «hopeless» Finnish language. Sometimes optimistic forecasts were not confirmed either. At one time, nobody could foresee the rapid decline of Yiddish. As a result of the Nazi Holocaust and the subsequent assimilation of the Jews, the demographic power of this language decreased by more than 20 times. At the same time, Hebrew has unexpectedly overcome the opposite path during the incomplete century: from a half dead book language to a universal means of communication in all communicative spheres. The history of the Ukrainian language abounds with predictions of its imminent decline. The respective forecasts were given not only by assimilators, but also by native speakers. Thus, in the 19th century one of the motives for compiling grammar and dictionaries was the fear that in the future it would be impossible to do so, as the language is doomed to death. From chauvinistic point of view the Ukrainian language was perceived as unviable, which served as a basis for administrative oppressions and prohibitions. The misconceptions about its futility and near death existed in fact until the end of the 20th century. Unfulfilled predictions about the decline of languages give reason to formulate a recommendation: even if the language is subject to linguicide, it is not necessary to be pessimistic and to lose heart. The belief in a better future, the position «not to give up under any circumstances», the guide to an uncompromising fight for the language is practically expedient and psychologically advantageous. The second conclusion: there are still no reliable forecasting methods in linguistics. This is a big gap, because, apart from cognitive function, science must also have a predictive function. Prediction of the future of the language should become a topical task of modern linguistics.
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Krutulys, Titas. "Cultural memory in Lithuanian periodical press during World War II." Lietuvos istorijos studijos 45 (July 21, 2020): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lis.2020.45.8.
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During World War II Lithuania was ruled by three completely different political regimes. In the first year Lithuania was authoritarian state ruled by group of nationalists, in 1940 Lithuania was occupied by Soviet Union and in 1941 State was occupied by Nazi Germany. All these political powers was undemocratic and propagated their ideologies. One of the most important aspect of every ideology is to suggest new concept of time. This change of perception of time could be seen in the change of cultural memory. Article try to analyze this change using the most popular Lithuanian periodical press of the period. This research analyzed main historical periods and the most popular themes represented in the main newspapers. Using theories of Anthony D. Smith and Raoul Girardet research showed what historical periods was seen positively and what negatively, what was main historical heroes and enemies; also how foreign history was represented in the periodical press. The quantitative content analysis showed that while representations of history in the so called independent Lithuania and in Lithuania occupied by Nazis was quite similar, historical representations during first Soviet occupation was unique. Qualitative content analysis showed that there was three very different paradigms of cultural memories, represented in periodical press. Lithuanian nationalist mostly tried to promote Lithuanian medieval times and especially Lithuanian dukes and historical capital Vilnius, also they tried to justify their politics creating myth of great welfare during their rule. They praised Soviet history, criticized Poland and poles, but wrote about most of the countries quite neutral. During Soviet occupation all Lithuanian history was harshly criticized and showed as negative times, this regime promoted only few Lithuanian heroes who died young or was known for their left wing politics. Main historical past represented in the newspapers was history of Soviet Union, other countries was ignored. Main enemies of Soviets was Lithuanian gentry, and Lithuanian rulers of the past. During Nazi occupation there was more Lithuanian national history than German history, but the main appreciable historical periods was Lithuanian prehistory and the 19th Century. Regime promoted history of Lithuanian culture and language, but tried to ignore Lithuanian state. Foreign history was mostly binary – propaganda criticized Soviet Union as well as Tsarist Russia, USA and United Kingdom, but appreciated history of Italy, Japan, Finland, Turkey, Spain etc. Main historical enemies were of course Bolsheviks and Jews.
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Mikhailov, Sergei Sergeevich. "The Moscow Karaite Community of the Twentieth Century (According to the Memoirs Recorded in the 1990S From the Old-Time Karaites of Moscow)." Ethnic Culture 4, no. 4 (December 27, 2022): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-103022.
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The Karaites are one of the very small, but at the same time the most interesting ethno-confessional groups that appeared in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. in a number of large cities of Central Russia, including Moscow. The purpose of the article is to acquaint readers and the scientific community with the results of a study of the Moscow diaspora of Karaites. When writing this article, the author primarily relied on field materials collected by him since 1993, by recording the memoirs of Moscow Karaites-old-timers. This ethnic group, whose representatives began to move from the middle of the XIX century. from the Crimea and, partly, Lithuania, professes a heretical stream of Judaism, founded in the 8th century. Babylonian Jew Anan ben David. Initially, the Russian (Crimean and Lithuanian) Karaites considered themselves part of the Jewish world, however, due to certain political reasons, they began to move away from Jewish identity, presenting themselves as a separate ethnic group professing an independent religion. The history of the Moscow Karaite diaspora is a very vivid example of such an evolution. Based on the method of field research, it was revealed that within the Karaite society, which numbered only a few hundred people, there were contradictions that did not contribute to unanimity in the diaspora and its religious parish. After 1989 there were no attempts to revive religious life. The activists of the community continued to develop new (in the author’s opinion – incorrect) assumptions regarding the origin of the Karaite people and their faith. At present, the Karaite diaspora, which never exceeded several hundred people in Moscow, is in the final stage of assimilation.
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Dementev, Ilya. "In The Search of Lost Albertina: the University of Königsbergin Contemporary Historiography." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 2(50) (July 2, 2020): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-50-2-203-218.
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The article explores contemporary historiography of the history of Königsberg University (Albertina), which had existed in East Prussia since 1544 until 1944. Over the course of four centuries there was an official narrative on the history of the university as a stronghold of German culture in the east of the country.
After World War II the university history was mainly investigated by German historians, but after the end of the Cold War the interest in this topic increased not only in Germany, but also in other countries. The researchers are primarily focused on
two periods – the early modern one (mid-16th – 17th centuries) and the end of the 19th – the first half of the 20th century. A considerable number of topics on the history of Königsberg University, which earlier were taboo or ignored for other reasons, have become a subject of academic interest in recent decades. Discussions arose about the degree of responsibility of university intellectuals for the Nazis’ crimes. New biographies of historians such as Hans Rothfels or Werner Conze force a reader to form a more realistic image of Albertina in the 1930s. The material ofthe university history makes it possible to reconsider the
contradictory relations between the German state and Jewish communities as well as to expand understanding of the circumstances of the Jews’ persecution at the beginning of the National Socialistera. The analysis of contemporary historiography shows that, with all its achievements, it retains some stereotypes dating back to the traditional narrative, primarily a lack of attention to the role of women in the university history and the importance of the university as an institution strengtheninga gender order. The paper introduces a number of examples of women scholars that are not fully represented in the history of the university (Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Sophie Brutzer, Elise Jenny Baumgartel). Moreover, the article gives a brief description of Russian historiography. Taking into account the development trends of contemporary historiography, the author considers the prospects of the research devoted to Königsberg University history.
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Orbach, Alexander, and Erich Haberer. "Jews and Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Russia." American Historical Review 101, no. 5 (December 1996): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170273.
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Kalinina, Elena A. "Libraries of Educations Institutions in Russia in the First Half of 19th Century." Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)], no. 4 (August 12, 2010): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2010-0-4-96-101.
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Libraries are the integral part of cultural history of Russia. Widespread opening of school libraries in the Russian Empire began in the early 19th century. They began opening school libraries across Russia in the beginning of the 19th century. The paper aims to show the formation and development of libraries in educational institutions of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. The research is based on legislative documents regulating the functions of activity of school libraries and archival materials on the Russian history of the 19th century.
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Grebennikova, Tatiana G. "The History of Museum Specialisation in Russia." Observatory of Culture, no. 6 (December 28, 2014): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2014-0-6-60-65.
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Deals with the Russian museum practices mainly of the 18th and the 19th century. The author analyses a gradual specialisation in private collection building and museums' development, reveals the role of the highly specialised collections and analyses the trend of establishing museums of the complex character exemplified by the Kunstkammer, the Imperial Hermitage Museum, the Fine Arts Academy Museum, the Rumyantsev Museum, and the Russian Museum. In the 19th century, a trend of gradual differentiation and specialisation became obvious which led to establishing dedicated museums and developing a more focused approach to collection building in Russia.
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Patyk, Lynn Ellen. "Reading, Writing, and Realism in 19th-Century Russia." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 20, no. 2 (2019): 377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2019.0025.
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Markowski, Artur. "Polish Jews, Russian Jews and the Transfer of the Social Imagery: the Polish Kingdom and Russia in the 19th Century." Judaic-Slavic Journal, no. 1 (3) (2020): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3364.2020.1.05.
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The article analyzes the process of making and the evolution of the terms „Polish Jew” and “Russian Jew”in the 19th century in the Polish Kingdom and the Russian Empire. The article shows how social imageries were transferred from the Polish Kingdom to Russia and in the opposite direction and how they were mutually influencing the defining of new Jewish identities created in relation to the countries in which the Jews lived. Finally, the article shows, on the bases of few biographical cases, how practically the transfers of social image ries we retaking place.
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Mendelsohn, Ezra, and Erich E. Haberer. "Jews and Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Russia." Russian Review 56, no. 1 (January 1997): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/131498.
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Alexander M. Martin. "History, Memory, and the Modernization of 19th-Century Urban Russia." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 11, no. 4 (2010): 837–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2010.0003.
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Mamkina, I. N. "Organizational Foundations of Jewish Education in the Russian Empire in the First Half of the 19th Century." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series History 42 (2022): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2222-9124.2022.42.58.
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This article deals with the problem of reforming Jewish education in the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century. It is noted that for a long time the Jewish community in Russia maintained the traditional education system. The attempt to destroy the traditional Jewish school provoked opposition from Jews. It is noted that the reform of Jewish education laid the foundation for the development of secular education, contributed to the teaching staff establishment.
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Stampfer, Shaul. "Empire Jews: Jewish Nationalism and Acculturation in 19th and Early 20th Century Russia - By Brian Horowitz." Religious Studies Review 37, no. 1 (March 2011): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0922.2011.01493_5.x.
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Iakovlev, Matvey. "Historism: to the History of the Concept." ISTORIYA 13, no. 7 (117) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022367-2.
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This paper is devoted to the genesis of the historism (contextualism). Historism was created by professional historians as a research practice and in the 19th century became the answer to a variety of “philosophies of history”. Now in Russia it is a main principle of historical studies — to explore the past by using the historical context. It is also used in western historical studies, but usually named “contextualism”. However, author comes to conclusion, that in the middle of the 19th century, historism is not totally professional phenomenon — but also philosophical.
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Mironov, Boris. "Saint Petersburg at the Forefront of Demographic Transition in Russia." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 3 (2022): 709–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.303.
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In post-reform Russia, a demographic transition began — a replacement of the traditional type of population reproduction with the modern one. A significant part of the population had rationalized demographic behavior; demographic indicators had improved; the efficiency of population reproduction had increased; intra-family relations had been humanized; and individual birth control had been developed — mainly in cities. The demographic transition began earlier than is commonly thought — among the townspeople of the Saint Petersburg province, where obvious signs of birth control and a decrease in mortality and marriage were already revealed in the first half of the 19th century. The province was in the lead because it was the most urbanized and one of the most cosmopolitan, and Saint Petersburg was the most cosmopolitan city in Russia, which had intensive economic and cultural ties with the West, where demographic transition had already begun at the end of the 18th century in France. In the second half of the 19th century, it spread among the entire urban population, and at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries — among the entire rural population of Russia, but to varying degrees in individual provinces. Demographic indicators had improved because of the progress of medicine and sanitation, the expansion of free medical care, an increase in the cultural level of the population, a change in demographic mentality, and the beginning of birth control, as well as due to an increase in the standard of living of the general population.
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Kolstø, Pål. "Competing with entrepreneurial diasporians: origins of anti-Semitism in nineteenth-century Russia." Nationalities Papers 42, no. 4 (July 2014): 691–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.879290.
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The popular, stereotype perception of Russian anti-Semitism is marred by a number of misconceptions. It is generally believed that it originated among the peasants, partly as a result of religious bigotry and partly as a reaction against an alleged Jewish exploitation. In actual fact, pogroms almost invariably started in towns and cities, and the main instigators were artisans and merchants and other people who plied the same trade as the Jews, later also professionals such as lawyers. Hence, economic competition rather than exploitation was the most important driving force. This is reflected in the writings of Russian anti-Semites and is also how most contemporary Jews understood their causes behind their ordeals. The Jews could be targeted for persecution because they were a diaspora group and did not enjoy the same protection as the indigenous population. Thus, even though the tsarist regime can be cleared of any suspicion that they deliberately whipped up the pogroms, they contributed to them by failing to give the Jews the same rights as other subjects of the empire.
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Vishnevskaya, Evgenia E. "V. Odoevsky and Almanac “Mnemozina” in the History of Russian Book Culture of the 19th Century." Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)], no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2009-0-2-64-71.
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The article deals with the questions related to the impact of the remarkable person of V.F. Odoevsky on the book culture of Russia in the 19th century. He is known to be a brilliant writer, enlightener and book collector. In the beginning of 19th century he started to publish the almanac “Mnemosina” which is still actual today and considers as a still not explored event of book culture.
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Hong, Cheng, and Wang Xu. "Chinese emigration to Russia from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202101statyi27.
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The article examines the key problems of the history of Chinese emigration to Russia from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. It is shown, that, for a number of reasons, the Russian Empire became one of the important channels of emigration from the late Qing Empire. The conclusion is substantiated, that, in the presence of political migrants, for example, from among the Dungan rebels, the main reason for attracting a large number of Chinese to Russia was purely economic, not political factors.
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Plieva, Zalina T. "Migration History of Iranians in the North Caucasus." Vestnik of North-Ossetian State University, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2021-4-49-56.
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The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of mass migration of the Persian population to the Russian Empire in the 19th-early 20th centuries, its North Caucasian features. Iranians who migrated to Russia, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. constituted an important part of the entire society in the North Caucasus. They participated in the development of industry and business life, in the revolutionary movement, preserving their own community, and interacted with Russian realities. The article analyzes the stages and characteristic features of the migration of the Persian population to the North Caucasus in the 19th century. after the conclusion of international treaties between Russia and Persia (Gulistan 1813, Turkmanchay 1828, Convention on the movement of subjects of both states in 1844). Taking into account the general determinants of migration, for the first time, the existing explanations for the emergence of migrant workers from Persia to the South of the Russian Empire in the English-language literature have been investigated. The origin of labor and social migration in Iran in the 19th century, its orientation towards the Caucasus and its broad consequences are considered in connection with social factors that arose under the influence of political events in Iran, which determined the historical conjuncture. In the study of the characteristics of the Persian resettlement and long-term residence in the settlements of the North Caucasus, the starting points, routes and accommodation of Iranian migrants in the Terek region are of great importance. The Terek region got into the migration history of Iranians as a result of the migration policy of Russia, its geographical location and the peculiarities of the developing economy, which provided more favorable and sparing working conditions. about a large number of Iranians who received passports at the consulates in Urmia and Tabriz. Unlike other movements of the Iranian population in the 19th century, the migration of Persians to Russia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries had its own differences: it was characterized by regularity, the involvement of a significant number of people of different ages and genders, and was mainly caused by economic reasons. Developing trade relations, economic decline in Persia became the reasons for the ever-increasing migration of the Persians to the Russian borders.
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Gerd, Lora A. "The Greek Monasteries of the Pontus and Russia in Modern Times." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 1 (2021): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.106.
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The article concentrates on one of the aspects of the Eastern question, the Russian struggle for penetration in the Eastern part of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th and early 20th century. This region of Turkey was an object of special attention for the Russian foreign policy. The ecclesiastical aspect of the Russian influence was of special importance: the preservation of Orthodoxy was an important task of the Russian representatives. The traditional method of material aid for the Orthodox monasteries and churches was widely used. They regularly received permissions for gathering donations in Russia. Another method used in the 19th century was the open support of the Orthodox population by the Russian consuls. During the reforms (Tanzimat) in the Ottoman Empire many secret Christians from the eastern regions proclaimed themselves Orthodox. The Russian diplomats after the Crimean war intermediated the conversion of the Crypto-Christians into Orthodoxy. The study of Trapezund and its monasteries by the Russian Byzantologists at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century also contributed to the penetration into the region. In addition to the explicit scholarly results, their research helped to strengthen the Russian authority among the local population. The relationship and cooperation between the Russian commandment and the local clergy during the Russian occupation in 1916–1917 and the scientific expedition of Feodor Uspenskii were the last page of this history. Based on previously unknown archive sources, the article traces how different means of church policy served to strengthen the Russian influence in Eastern Turkey.
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Ilyina, Ol’ga N., and Natal’ya G. Patrusheva. "XIX Pavlenkov Readings: Book Publishing in Russia in the 19th - early 20th century." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 6 (December 8, 2015): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2015-0-6-118-122.
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The article presents information on the International scientific conference XIX Pavlenkov Readings held on 13-15 October, 2015 in the National Library of Russia, traditionally considering the history of book publishing in pre-revolutionary Russia of the 19th - early 20th century. The conference was devoted to I. Frolova - the historian-bibliognost, a quarter of century having led the Sector of bibliology of the National Library of Russia. At the plenary session and three sections (“History of publishing, History of book collections and rare books”, “History of censorship”) there were highlighted various aspects of book culture history of the Russian Empire: issues of publishing, bookselling, history of censorship, libraries, readership, bibliophilism, and book publishing in the province. Conference
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Rabin, Shari. "Judges and Jews: congregational conflict and the Protestant secular in 19th-century America." Religion 48, no. 4 (September 26, 2018): 659–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0048721x.2018.1520751.
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Khizhaya, Tatiana. "From Orthodox Christianity to “Jewish Law”: Unusual Conversion in the Russian Empire of the Early 19th Century." Religions 13, no. 8 (August 8, 2022): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13080717.
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This article is a piece of microhistorical research of a court case investigating religious conversion in Russia in the 1820s. It presents the story of an Orthodox Christian girl who adopted ”Jewish law” and married a Jewish man. The article attempts to define the background and peculiarities of the conversion and clarify the context in which this was taking place. The work uses various methods: narrative, comparative, contextual analysis, text interpretation, etc. Analysis of the court case establishes that the girl’s change of faith was the result of: (1) close contacts with the Jews and lack of social ties within the Christian community; (2) poverty and extremely low social status; (3) lack of “religious capital”. Jewish social assistance practices, ways to legalize a new status, finding a job, and personal freedom turned out to be attractive to the serf woman. The novelty of this study involves the introduction of a previously unknown archival source representing a very rare phenomenon of conversion to Judaism in imperial Russia. In addition, the article presents the paradoxical case of an attempt at re-socialization by transitioning from the dominant confession to the faith of a religious minority and integration into a community whose rights in Russia were heavily curtailed.
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Engel, B. A. "Peasant Morality and Pre-Marital Relations in Late 19th Century Russia." Journal of Social History 23, no. 4 (June 1, 1990): 695–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/23.4.695.
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Anisimov, Aleksander. "The Far East in the 19th Century." ISTORIYA, E21 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017580-7.
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The 19th century is perhaps the most fateful period in the history of the Asian part of the Russian state. It was by the end of this century that the development and consolidation of Siberia required the separation of a separate part from it — the Far East. During the same period, we can talk about the design of the so-called Far Eastern policy of Russia, which manifested itself in the expansion of the territory of the state, the definition and strengthening of its eastern borders; the acquisition of access to Asian markets; settlement and involvement in the turnover of land suitable for agriculture and industrial development, etc. The growing importance of the eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire led to the incessant development of the administrative management system, the gradual inclusion of acquired territories in the all-Russian economic, political, legal and cultural space.
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Sergeyev, Tikhon, Vitaly Orlov, and Valery Andreev. "Chuvash Nikita Bichurin (Iakinf) and Buryat Dorzhi Banzarov — famous researchers of ethnic culture of Mongols in the 19th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-3 (December 1, 2020): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi61.
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The article shows the contribution of two representatives of multinational Russia of the 19th century to the study of the ethnic culture of the Mongols: the first corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences from the Chuvash, the founder of Sinology, an outstanding scientist-monk N. Ya. Bichurin (Fr. Iakinfa) (1777-1853) and the first Buryat scientist, the Buryat “Lomonosov”, Dorzhi Banzarov (1822-1855). Coming from the lower classes of the people, they became prominent representatives of the Russian democratic intelligentsia of the 19th century.
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Marten, Michael. "Imperialism and Evangelisation: Scottish Missionary Methods in Late 19th and Early 20th Century Palestine." Holy Land Studies 5, no. 2 (November 2006): 155–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hls.2007.0006.
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The article examines Scottish missionary methods in Palestine from the 1880s until World War One. Missionary activity in this context was aimed primarily at the conversion of Jews to (Protestant) Christianity. The methods employed consisted primarily of direct confrontation, provision of education, and the off ering of medical facilities. The article looks at how and why these approaches were taken and the general ineff ectiveness of each method in producing converts. The article also outlines the reaction of local populations and concludes by describing some of the consequences of the Scots' missionary efforts.
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Drozdova, Daria. "The History of Early Modern Philosophy in Russia. The Case of Archimandrite Gabriel." Philosophy. Journal of the Higher School of Economics VI, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 151–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2587-8719-2022-1-151-183.
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This article is the first part of a study analyzing the formation and transformation of the canon of Early modern philosophy in Russian-language philosophical literature. The canon of Early modern philosophy was fixed in European and American textbooks on the history of philosophy at the end of the 19th century. It is based on the standard narrative about two main rival epistemological traditions, i.e. rationalism, represented by Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz, and empiricism, represented by Locke, Berkeley and Hume. However, this account of the history of Early modern philosophy emerged in a confrontation of different historiographical traditions (Kantian, Hegelian, positivist, etc.), each of which offered its own schemes for classifying and ordering the philosophical systems. Signs of this struggle can be found in the emerging 19th century Russian-language literature on the history of philosophy. This article aims to examine and analyze the narrative on Early Modern philosophy in Russian academic literature of the first half of the 19th century in order to identify prominent trends in the formation of the canon of Early Modern philosophy both from the point of view of its main representatives and from the point of view of the narrative. The focus of this paper is the “History of Philosophy” (1839–40) of Archimandrite Gavriil (Voskresensky), which turns out to be a transmitter of the French historiographical tradition of Victor Cousin to the Russian historiography of philosophy.
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Belyakov, S. S. "The history of Ural literature. 19th century. In 2 vols." Voprosy literatury, no. 4 (September 23, 2022): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2022-4-288-293.
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The review deals with a monograph co-authored by 61 scholars from 19 research centres located in Russia and across the world. The authors chose to follow a geographical approach, counting all writers who had ever resided in the Urals and surrounding area (Western Siberia) as belonging to the region’s literature, irrespective of their ethnicity. The book discusses the history of Russian literature in the Urals in the first and second halves of the 19th c., as well as literatures created by the Bashkir, the Udmurt, and the Komi — the peoples inhabiting the Urals alongside Russians. The authors of the monograph also examine the work of exiles to the Urals, travellers’ impressions of the region, the origins and evolution of the region’s journalism, bookselling, and libraries, as well as the Urals’ most prominent writers, with the figure of D. MaminSibiryak looming large. The approach feels completely justified: we are presented with a glorious patchwork of a literary world created by Russian, Bashkir, Ukrainian and even Polish writers, whose fate brought them to the Urals.
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Schainker, Ellie R. "Banning Jewish “Extremist” Literature in Russia: Conversion and Toleration in Historical Perspective." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 46, no. 2 (April 23, 2019): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763324-04602005.
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In 2017, Russia’s Ministry of Justice banned a nineteenth-century book written by the German rabbi Markus Lehmann, labeling it extremist literature. This article places current Russian efforts to stamp out religious extremism in a broader historical context of imperial productions of tolerance and intolerance and the impact on religious minorities. It examines the case of Jews in the Russian Empire and post-Soviet Russia through the lens of religious conversion, forced baptisms, and freedom of conscience in the realm of apostasy. Lehmann’s book, characteristic of nineteenth-century Orthodox Jewish historical fiction in German, used the historical memory of forced conversions of Jews in medieval and early modern Europe to forge a new path to integration in tolerant, Protestant environs. This article offers a historical and literary reading of Lehmann’s banned book against the longer arc of imperial Russian toleration and conservative appropriations of toleration for discrimination against minorities.
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Gordeev, I. A., and M. I. Gordeeva. "HISTORY OF LEGISLATION DEVELOPMENT ABOUT CHILD LABOUR IN RUSSIA TILL OCTOBER 1917." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, no. 6 (December 28, 2017): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-6-201-211.
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This article is devoted to history of legislation development about child labour in Russia till October 1917. The beginning of industry development in Russia in the 19th century demanded a large number of “working hands”. At the same time businessmen didn't want to lose planned benefit and tried to look for such workers who would be less exacting in compensation at sufficient labor efficiency. Children were such labor and their work was necessary for many factories and plants. State support of Russian bourgeoisie of central part didn't hurry to regulate legislatively labor relations, establish obligations of industrialists in relation to workers in general and juvenile workers in particular. All this explains why restriction projects of juveniles’ labor couldn't be implemented within the 1870th years. Legal labour support in Russia at the end of XIX - the beginning of the XX century was progressive. Acts were adopted in the conditions of not only industrialists’ opposition and workers, but also in the conditions of businessmen competition. Laws governed public relations on labor wage application, children and women labor involvement and also initial training of juveniles in pre-revolutionary Russia. The value of factory legislation acts in regulation of minor workers is high. They opened a way to legal settlement of disputes in industrial environment of the end XIX - the beginning of the XX century. Originally adopted acts were conditional. However under the influence of social, political and legal factors more accurate forms were corrected. Authors note that serfdom cancellation and other reforms of the beginning of the 60th years of the 19th century in Russia were made for broad development of market relations which caused the necessity of working legislation formation. There was a legislative fixing of parties' inequality at enterprises and unpunished exploitation of children.
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Pivovarova, Irina. "Features of labor relations in the industrial sphere in Russia in the 19th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 3-2 (March 1, 2022): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202203statyi47.
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The article shows that the development of industrial sectors and peasant crafts in the first quarter of the 19th century. it contributed to the spread of freelance labor, the share of which by the beginning of the 1861 reform was 87% of the total number of workers employed in industry. The reasons determining the long-term preservation of the feudal-serf system in the management of factories and plants of the studied period after the abolition of serfdom are indicated. It was revealed that in order to reduce labor costs, as well as in conditions of shortage of premises and equipment, manufacturers used handicraft industry. It is shown that the end of the 19th century was a turning point in the labor relations of manufacturers and workers, the requirements for which were now fixed in multiple legislative acts adopted during this period.
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Taranovski, T. "Constitutionalism and Political Culture in Imperial Russia (Late 19th – Early 20th Century)." BRICS Law Journal 6, no. 3 (September 14, 2019): 22–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2019-6-3-22-48.
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This article analyzes the possibility of development of liberal constitutionalism in the Russian Empire during the post-reform period in the late 19th – early 20th century within the context of European history, of which Russia was an integral component. It argues that the Russian autocracy had the potential to transform itself into a constitutional monarchy during the period that followed the Great Reforms of the 1860s (1861–1881) and, second, during the Revolution of 1905–1906 and in its aftermath. This promising evolutionary process was cut short by World War I and rejected by the Soviet period of Russian history that followed. Obstacles to constitutional government were mostly objective in character, but perhaps the most significant problem was the fragmentation and insufficient development of Russian political culture, or better said, cultures that failed to produce the consensus required for effective creation and functioning of a constitutional regime. This failure was further exacerbated by an evolutionary radicalization of revolutions in modern European history that culminated in October 1917. The author concludes that the events of the late 1980s and the Revolution of 1991 changed the character of the Russian historical landscape and provided the potential for renewed development of a pluralistic political system and a strong civil society that is its precondition.
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Mezin, S. A. "N. A. Troitsky – man, teacher, researcher (on the anniversary of the scientist)." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 12, no. 3 (2012): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2012-12-3-120-121.
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On December 20–21, 2011, the Institute of History and International Relations of SSU hosted the All-Russian scientific conference “Russia in the 19th century: politics, society, culture”, dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the honorary worker of higher professional education of the Russian Federation, Professor of the Department of History of Russia Nikolai Alekseevich Troitsky (born December 19, 1931).
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Tumanik, A. G. "ARCHITECTURE AND HISTORY OF ZHYTOMYR TRANSFIGURATION CATHEDRAL." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-1-74-84.
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This article in the historical and professional context reconstructs the process of creating, characterizes the architectural and artistic quality of the Orthodox Cathedral in the name of the Transfiguration of Christ in Zhytomyr, created in the second half of the 19th century and is currently one of the category of the rarest monuments of the historic Russian temple architecture, but exists outside the bounds of the cultural space of modern Russia.
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Domagalska, Małgorzata. "The Modernizing Jewish Family as a Negative Role Model in Polish Popular Novels at the Turn of 19th and 20th Century." Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia 19 (2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843925sj.21.001.16410.
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In Poland at the turn of 19th and 20th century a modernizing Jewish family appears quite frequently in anti-Semitic and non-anti-Semitic “Jewish novels”. In both cases a Jewish family is presented in rather pejorative light as a point of reference to a Polish family. In such comparison Polish culture and Poles are presented as a more attractive, more civilized and that is why their way of living is followed by the Jews. Jewish families try to undergo the process of assimilation but their effort are depicted in rather pejorative or even ridiculous way. There are some Jewish heroes presented as a role model, but they only prove the role. There is a huge gap between Poles and Jews who have to make an effort to change their personality and behaviour according to Polish expectations. In anti-Semitic novels a description of the process of modernization and assimilation of Jews had to prove its negative consequences. Jews were treated as enemies and novels’ plot revealed their main goal – the conquest of Poland. This kind of writing can be also seen as a warning against mix marriages to prevent Polish society from the integration with Jews, who are presented as the main threat of homogeneity of Polish nation.
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Solov’ev, Kirill A. "OLD AXIOMS AND NEW THEOREMS OF RUSSIAN HISTORY. ON THE NEW BOOK BY M.A. DAVYDOV “TEOREMA STOLYPINA” (SPB.: ALETEIYA, 2022. 838 P.)." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 2 (2022): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2022-2-134-141.
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The article deals with the issues that were posed in the latest monograph by M.A. Davydov “Teorema Stolypina”. The book offers a very special, innovative view of the socio-economic processes in Russia in the 19th century. Usually, the authors focus on political, social, financial institutions, government policy and global conjuncture. M.A. Davydov has a very special research “optics”. He analyzes the modernization processes in Russia in the 19th-20th centuries in the context of social thought of that time, the categorical apparatus of Russian intellectuals. It allows the author to imagine an invisible passageway of possibilities in which the government operated until the First Russian Revolution. The traditionalist style of thinking, shared by supporters of various views, was the most important obstacle to dynamic economic development. That circumstance emphasizes the importance of Stolypin’s reforms, which were not a continuation of the previous course, but a direct break with it. The concept presented by the author finally makes it possible to tie together the intellectual, political, and economic processes in Russia on the eve of the great upheavals of the early 20th century
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Arzhakova, Larisa. "Российская историческая полонистика XIX века как часть отечественной славистики." Roczniki Humanistyczne 69, no. 7 (August 11, 2021): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh21697-2.
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This article presents a brief overview of the history of Russian historical Polonistics in the 19th century, which was an integral part of Russian Slavistics, but acted according to other laws which were subject to the dynamics of Russian-Polish relations. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the formation and development of Russian historical Polonistics, which made it possible to clarify its previously accepted periodisation. This article notes the interdependence between the Polish question and Polonistic studies, which is characteristic of Russia in the 19th century, but only recently reflected in modern historiography. The author of the article suggests considering Russian historical Polonistics as the experience of Russian-Polish dialogue in the context of the long 19th century.