Journal articles on the topic 'Jews Persecutions History'
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1
Lange, Armin. "Jews in Ancient and Late Ancient Asia Minor between Acceptance and Rejection." Journal of Ancient Judaism 5, no. 2 (May 14, 2014): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/21967954-00502009.
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This article surveys the evidence for and history of Jews and Judaism in Asia Minor with a special focus on the denigration and persecution of Jews by pagans and Christians in Asia Minor. The article argues that Jews thrived in this part of the Roman empire from the Hellenistic period until the Arab conquest and lived both in urban and rural settings in most parts of Asia Minor. Despite their flourishing, Jews had to deal with Anti-Semitic slander, denigration, and attacks from pagans and Christians. The situation worsened with the rise of Christianity to the official religion of the Roman Empire. In the 7th cent., increased anti-Semitism led to a decline of Judaism in Asia Minor. Before this time, despite legal and other persecutions, Jews emphasized and practiced their Judaism and despite a prohibition to the contrary Jews build new synagogues even in the century before the Arab conquest. Anti-Semitism in Asia Minor would thus not have blocked the construction of a synagogue in Limyra in this period.
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Cohn-Sherbok, Dan. "The Challenge of the Holocaust." International Journal of Public Theology 7, no. 2 (2013): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15697320-12341281.
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Abstract Throughout their history, the Jewish people have endured persecution, massacre and murder. They have been driven from their ancient homeland, buffeted from country to country and plagued by persecutions and pogroms. Jews have been despised and led as lambs to the slaughter. In modern times the Holocaust continued this saga of Jewish suffering, destroying six million innocent victims in the most terrible circumstances. This tragedy has posed the most searing questions for contemporary Jewry: where was God at Auschwitz, and where was humankind? This article seeks to respond to these two deeply troubling questions in the light of contemporary Jewish Holocaust theology.
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Kalmin, Richard. "Rabbinic Traditions about Roman Persecutions of the Jews: A Reconsideration." Journal of Jewish Studies 54, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 21–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18647/2454/jjs-2003.
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Shepkaru, Shmuel. "The Preaching of the First Crusade and the Persecutions of the Jews." Medieval Encounters 18, no. 1 (2012): 93–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006712x634576.
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Abstract Although the versions of Pope Urban’s call for the First Crusade focus on the need to liberate the Holy Land from the Muslims, crusaders and locals attacked first the communities of the Franco-German (Ashkenazic) Jews. Both contemporary and modern historians have offered a variety of explanations for these uncalled-for devastating attacks. Without discounting some of these proposals, this article applies the psychological explanation of Displacement to offer an additional reason. The article suggests that the urgent call to retaliate against the Muslims immediately and the many graphic descriptions of alleged Muslim atrocities against Eastern Christians and Christian pilgrims in the propaganda of the First Crusade created mounting frustration in Europe. And since this frustration could not be expressed immediately and directly against its source, i.e., the faraway Muslims, the attackers displaced their aggression onto the nearby Jews. Moreover, Displacement also explains the many close parallels between the images of Muslim atrocities in crusading rhetoric and the idiosyncratic manifestations of the violence against European Jews in the early stages of the First Crusade.
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Teller, Adam. "Revisiting Baron's “Lachrymose Conception”: The Meanings of Violence in Jewish History." AJS Review 38, no. 2 (November 2014): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036400941400035x.
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In a paper entitled, “Newer Emphases in Jewish History,” published in 1963, Salo Baron wrote: “All my life I have been struggling against the hitherto dominant “lachrymose conception of Jewish history” … because I have felt that an overemphasis on Jewish sufferings distorted the total picture of the Jewish historic evolution….” Indeed, if one was to choose a single idea that encapsulated the legacy of Baron, perhaps the pre-eminent Jewish historian of the twentieth century, it would probably be this: Jewish history is not to be seen simply as a series of persecutions, which determined its nature and its course, but rather as a process of ongoing engagement between the Jews and their surroundings.
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Cohn-Sherbok, Dan. "Jewish Faith and the Holocaust." Religious Studies 26, no. 2 (June 1990): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500020424.
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Throughout their long history suffering has been the hallmark of the Jewish people. Driven from their homeland, buffeted from country to country and plagued by persecutions, Jews have been rejected, despised and led as a lamb to the slaughter. The Holocaust is the most recent chapter in this tragic record of events. The Third Reich's system of murder squads, concentration camps and killing centres eliminated nearly 6 million Jews; though Jewish communities had previously been decimated, such large scale devastation profoundly affected the Jewish religious consciousness. For many Jews it has seemed impossible to reconcile the concept of a loving, compassionate and merciful God with the terrible events of the Nazi regime. A number of important Jewish thinkers have grappled with traditional beliefs about God in the light of such suffering, but in various ways their responses are inadequate. If the Jewish faith is to survive, Holocaust theology will need to incorporate a belief in the Afterlife in which the righteous of Israel who died in the death camps will receive their due reward.
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Mazor, Amir. "Jewish Court Physicians in the Mamluk Sultanate during the First Half of the 8th/14th Century." Medieval Encounters 20, no. 1 (February 17, 2014): 38–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12342156.
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Abstract It is usually accepted among modern scholars that the Mamluk period marked a drastic decline in the position of non-Muslims. Jews and Christians were exposed to increasing persecutions and, inter alia, could not serve as great physicians unless they converted to Islam. Against these assumptions, the article discusses new data regarding three Jewish court physicians from the first half of the 8th/14th century. Despite being under a strong pressure to convert, these doctors gained honorable positions and a high social status in the Mamluk sultanate. As erudite physicians and skillful practitioners, they were integrated with the highest circles of the political, military and especially intellectual Muslim elite of their time.
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Frenkel, Miriam. "Adaptive Tactics: The Jewish Communities Facing New Reality." Medieval Encounters 21, no. 4-5 (December 1, 2015): 364–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12342202.
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The paper deals with particular tactics, established during the Fatimid era, and thus additional to the traditional ones they already possessed, which permitted the Jews to define their niche within Fatimid society. It presents three of these tactics: 1. Production of historical and genealogical documents in order to ameliorate the status of dhimmīs and to achieve an intermediate position of privileged dhimmī. This is illustrated by an analysis of a Geniza document designed as a historical bill of rights accorded by the Prophet Muḥammad to the Jews of Khaybar. 2. The writing of literary-liturgical oeuvres that respond to current persecutions through a messianic interpretation hidden behind laudatory expressions to the Fatimid ruler. It is illustrated by an analysis of the liturgical composition known as “The Egyptian Scroll.” 3. Practices of mourning and repentance intended to cope with mass fear, illustrated through a record of testimony from 1030 about a traumatic event that almost took place in Ramla, but was prevented by a dream. Although the three tactics seem to be very diverse, they all responded to the Fatimid reality and used its language and norms.
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Schwarzer, Mitchell. "The Architecture of Talmud." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 474–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991731.
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This article analyzes for the first time the architectural implications of the Talmud, a multivolume religious text composed between the second and sixth centuries of the first millennium. The Talmud has extensive commentaries on specifically Jewish structures such as the Sukkah, Eruv, and Mikveh, as well as on everyday buildings and public places used by Jews. Moreover, the Talmud substituted for monumental architecture during the many centuries when the Jewish people had no homeland and were subject to frequent persecutions and exiles. The architecture of Talmud, therefore, can be analyzed in two critical arenas: first, through its numerous and detailed rules and recommendations for the practice of building; and, second, amid its creation of a textual discourse whose form and character is based in large part on the memory of the destroyed Temple and lost homeland.
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Kuzovova, Natalia. "SOVIET REPRESSION AGAINST REFUGEE JEWS FROM THE TERRITORY OF POLAND AND CZECH-SLOVAKIA BEFORE AND AT THE BEGINNING OF WORLD WAR II." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 9 (December 25, 2021): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.112018.
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Purpose: to analyze a set of documents stored in the funds of the State Archives of Kherson region – cases of repressed refugees from Poland and Czechoslovakia in 1938-1941. Based on historiographical and source studies on this topic, to outline the general grounds for arrest and persecution of refugees by Soviet authorities and to find out why Jews – former citizens of Poland and Czechoslovakia – found themselves in the focus of repression. Research methodology. The main research methods were general and special-historical, as well as methods of archival heuristics and scientific criticism of sources. Scientific novelty. Previously unpublished documents are introduced into scientific circulation: cases of repressed refugees from Poland and Czechoslovakia, analysis of the Soviet government's policy towards Jews who tried to escape from the Nazis in the USSR and the Union Republics in southern Ukraine, including Kherson. The forms of repression applied by the NKVD to refugee Jews are analyzed, and the consequences of such a policy for the German government's policy of genocide in the occupied territories are examined. Conclusions. The study found that the formal reason for the persecution of Jewish refugees was the illegal crossing of the border with the USSR, since the Soviet Union, like many countries in the world, refused to accept Jews fleeing the Nazi persecution. The Soviet government motivated this by the fact that refugee Jews spread mood of defeat and panic, spied for Germany, Britain, and Poland, had anti-Soviet views, and conducted anti-Soviet campaigning. As a result of the arrests and deportations of Jewish refugees, the Jewish population, particularly in southern Ukraine, was unaware of the persecution of Jews in lands occupied by Nazi Germany. In fact, the Jewish refugees sent to the concentration camps, along with the Germans of Ukraine and the Volga region, were the only groups of people thus "evacuated" by the Soviet authorities on ethnic grounds. However, due to the enemy's rapid offensive, refugees who did not fall into the hands of the NKVD shared the tragic fate of Ukrainian Jews during the Holocaust.
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Marmursztejn, Elsa. "Reason in the History of Persecution." Annales (English ed.) 67, no. 01 (March 2012): 5–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s239856820000056x.
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Forced baptism, as a long-lasting instance of the persecution of Jews in Western societies, has been a highly controversial historiographical issue. Taking into account the risks involved in such a stance—as being a “lachrymose conception of Jewish history” and advocating “teleological,” “anachronistic,” “judiciary” views—this article deals with the historiographical trends which, ruling out the “persecuting society” paradigm and systematically minimizing the part played by religious factors to explain the forms of persecution, have resulted in specific works on historical causality and temporality. Two situations (the first Crusade in 1096 and the Crusade of the Pastoureaux in 1320) enable us to observe the mechanisms of rationalization in this new history of persecution, and show the diversity of its objects and approaches.
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Classen, Albrecht. "William Chester Jordan, The Apple of His Eye: Converts from Islam in the Reign of Louis IX. Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the Ancient to the Modern World. Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2019, xiii, 177 pp." Mediaevistik 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 412–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2019.01.92.
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Throughout history, migrants have crossed borders and looked for a new home in new countries, which has always constituted problems, challenges, and difficulties. Some migrants come on their own volition, fleeing violence and persecutions in <?page nr="413"?>their home countries, others are invited in for economic, political or religious reasons. This phenomenon is not simply a modern one, but can also be identified in the Middle Ages. William Chester Jordan here offers a fascinating look into Muslim converts who were brought by the French King Louis IX from Acre to France and were settled in many different towns in northern France, that is, far away from the southern parts where there might have been the danger that the new converts might flee and return home again. After all, as the documentation illustrates impressively, for people of Arabic descent, who had lived their whole life in the eastern Mediterranean and were not used to the harsh climate, the different kind of food, and the at times probably hostile social environment. Having available this data could ultimately help us today to understand analogies to modern situations, and build direct bridges between the past events and modern conditions.
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Cassen, Flora. "Early Modern Jewish History." Church History and Religious Culture 97, no. 3-4 (2017): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712428-09703010.
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Whereas most fields devoted to the study of minorities define the subjects of their inquiries in opposition to the ethnic, racial, religious, or gender hierarchies of society, Jewish studies has, traditionally fashioned itself along the norms of the European, western humanistic tradition. In this essay I suggest that the study of Jews and Jewish life in and out of early modern Europe provides an opportunity to revise this paradigm and offer two directions for the future of the field: the synthesis of the Jews’ histories of persecution and integration in Europe; and the exploration of the Jews’ role in global history.
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Abulafia, David. "Minorities in Islam: reflections on a new book by Xavier de Planhol." European Review 7, no. 1 (February 1999): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700003768.
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The geography and history of the minorities living under Islam is the subject of a new book by the noted French scholar Xavier de Planhol. This article sets Planhol's work in the context of 14 centuries of Islamic rule over non-Muslim groups. Islam itself was initially the religion of a minority, a fact that helped determine its treatment of Jews, Christians and some other groups as tolerated ‘Peoples of the Book’. Islam conceived of a society in which non-Muslims had a place, as second class citizens, whereas medieval Christendom saw the Jew or Muslim as an outsider who could not be part of society in a real sense. For the Jews in particular, the meeting with Islam was enormously stimulating, and occasional derogatory remarks about Jews, or bouts of persecution, bore no comparison with western anti-Semitism.
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ADLER, JACQUES. "THE JEWS AND VICHY: REFLECTIONS ON FRENCH HISTORIOGRAPHY." Historical Journal 44, no. 4 (December 2001): 1065–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x01002175.
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This review examines the state of current research on the fate of the Jews under the Vichy regime. Remarkable studies, from native and foreign scholars, dealing with the persecution of the Jews have examined aspects of that process hitherto ignored. They constitute a major contribution to our knowledge of the wartime involvement of the upper echelons of the French administration, the legal profession, and the banking system in the persecution of the Jews. And yet, despite recurring revelations of the involvement of the administration in the wartime treatment of Jews, despite the outstanding contribution of studies of the Vichy regime, and the space occupied by the Jewish question in the media, they have failed to bring to a close that chapter in French history.
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Castro, Sonia. "La Shoah nei recenti manuali di Storia per le scuole medie superiori di lingua italiana." Didactica Historica 5, no. 1 (2019): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/didacticahistorica.2019.005.01.177.
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The issue aims to analyse how the theme of the Shoah and the persecution of Jews is dealt with in recent history books for Italian high schools, currently used in class in secondary schools in the Canton Ticino. On the basis of certain criteria, such as the space assigned in terms of pages, the inclusion in the teaching programme, the presence of a reference to current events, it is possible to carry out a comparative analysis and launch a didactic reflection on the potential of the subject. The volumes that pay most attention to it are those that link the study of the Shoah and the persecution of the Jews to the education to citizenship and democratic values.
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Castro, Sonia. "La Shoah nei recenti manuali di Storia per le scuole medie superiori di lingua italiana." Didactica Historica 5, no. 1 (2019): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/didacticahistorica.2019.005.01.177.
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The issue aims to analyse how the theme of the Shoah and the persecution of Jews is dealt with in recent history books for Italian high schools, currently used in class in secondary schools in the Canton Ticino. On the basis of certain criteria, such as the space assigned in terms of pages, the inclusion in the teaching programme, the presence of a reference to current events, it is possible to carry out a comparative analysis and launch a didactic reflection on the potential of the subject. The volumes that pay most attention to it are those that link the study of the Shoah and the persecution of the Jews to the education to citizenship and democratic values.
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van der Haven, Alexander. "Predestination and Toleration: The Dutch Republic’s Single Judicial Persecution of Jews in Theological Context." Renaissance Quarterly 71, no. 1 (2018): 165–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/696886.
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AbstractThe toleration of Jews in early modern Dutch society is commonly seen as predicated on the maintenance of a clear social and religious separation between Jews and Christians. I argue that this view is incomplete and misleading. Close analysis of the only judicial persecution of Jews in the Dutch Republic’s history, the trial of three Jewish proselytes in the anti-Calvinist city of Hoorn in 1614–15, yields a more complex picture. Comparison of the Hoorn trial with cases of apostasy to Judaism in orthodox Calvinist Amsterdam during the same period suggests that the theological commitments of orthodox Calvinism played an important and hitherto unrecognized role in Dutch toleration.
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Fritzsche, P. "Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews." German History 29, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghq121.
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Torrie, Julia S. "France’s Role in the Holocaust Revisited: Marrus and Paxton’s Vichy France and the Jews." American Historical Review 126, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 1535–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhab537.
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Abstract This reappraisal examines the second edition of Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton’s study of the persecution of Jews in France, Vichy France and the Jews, which first appeared in French and English in 1981. It comments on the reception of the first edition, evaluates the second edition in light of the historiography of the intervening years, and suggests directions for future research.
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Gerlach, Christian. "Annexations in Europe and the Persecution of Jews, 1939–1944." East Central Europe 39, no. 1 (2012): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633012x635636.
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This contribution tries to explain why Jews were persecuted earlier or more fiercely in territories annexed by a state during World War II than in the mainland of that state. The case-studies covered are Nazi Germany, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the USSR. It is argued that internationally, similar policies of incorporation, especially the replacement of existing elites and the process of bringing in new settlers, worked against the Jews. Aside from focusing on governmental policies, the contribution also sketches the manner in which individual actions by state functionaries (who did not merely implement state policies) and by non-state actors had adverse effects on the Jewish population, impacting their survival chances. Finally, the article places the persecution of Jews in annexed areas in the context of the concerted violence conducted, at the same time, against other ethnically defined, religious, and social groups.
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Ronen, Yehudit. "The Jews of Libya: Coexistence, Persecution, Resettlement." Middle Eastern Studies 45, no. 6 (November 2009): 1021–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263200903304978.
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Kaiser, Wolf. "Tagebücher im Unterricht über die Shoah." Didactica Historica 5, no. 1 (2019): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/didacticahistorica.2019.005.01.125.
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The paper presents a concept for lessons using diaries of persecuted Jews from various European countries in the time of National Socialist rule. By studying selected diary entries and complementary material in groups, students can explore the specific trajectories of the persecution and murder of the Jews in the respective countries as well as their space to act and their responses. Students receive suggestions for presenting their results through different activities. The primary source material can motivate them to get intellectually and emotionally involved with Holocaust history.
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Kaiser, Wolf. "Tagebücher im Unterricht über die Shoah." Didactica Historica 5, no. 1 (2019): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/didacticahistorica.2019.005.01.125.
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The paper presents a concept for lessons using diaries of persecuted Jews from various European countries in the time of National Socialist rule. By studying selected diary entries and complementary material in groups, students can explore the specific trajectories of the persecution and murder of the Jews in the respective countries as well as their space to act and their responses. Students receive suggestions for presenting their results through different activities. The primary source material can motivate them to get intellectually and emotionally involved with Holocaust history.
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Kabalek, Kobi. "Commemorating Failure: Unsuccessful Rescue of Jews in German Film and Literature, 1945–1960*." German History 38, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz021.
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Abstract Scholars have so far interpreted postwar depictions of Germans saving Jews from Nazi persecution mainly as apologetic references that allowed Germans to avoid addressing problematic aspects of their history. Yet although such portrayals appear in many postwar German accounts, depictions of successful rescues of Jews are relatively rare in literary and filmic works produced between 1945 and the early 1960s. This article argues that in presenting failed rescue of Jews, several German authors aimed to contribute to the re-education and moral transformation of the German population. The article’s first part shows that narratives of failed rescue were considered particularly useful for arousing Germans’ empathy with the Nazis’ Jewish victims. The article’s second part examines those works that went further and tailored stories of unsuccessful rescue to criticize Germans for not doing more to resist the regime. Although these works presented Germans as victims, as was common in many contemporaneous depictions, it would be misleading to view them merely as apologetic accounts. Rather, the widespread reluctance to commemorate the persecution of Jews urged several authors to retain the common image of Germans as victims in order to avoid alienating their audience. At the same time, using narratives of failed rescue, these writers and filmmakers explored new ways to allow Germans to speak about the Holocaust and reflect on their conduct. Attempts to both arouse a moral debate and avoid directly speaking about Germans’ collective responsibility might seem irreconcilable from today’s perspective, but not for Germans of the 1940s and 1950s.
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Rosen, Ilana. "The Representation of Jews in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Hungarian Proverb Collections." Hungarian Cultural Studies 10 (September 6, 2017): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2017.280.
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Proverbs are concise formulations of folk wisdom and as such, when seen in masses, they may well express the spirit of their time and place. In Hungarian proverbial lore Jews figure prominently in nineteenth-century proverb collections but fade out of such collections as of the mid-twentieth century. In the nineteenth-century proverb collections Jews are invariably portrayed as faithless, dishonest, greedy, physically weak and unattractive. Largely, this portrayal as well as the dynamics of the earlier presence of Jews versus their later disappearance from Hungarian proverb collections match the shared history of Hungarians and Hungarian Jews since the 1867 Emancipation of the country's Jews and possibly even earlier, through their growing integration in significant arenas of their host society, up to their persecution and annihilation in the Holocaust, and later their decade long forced merging into the general Hungarian society under communism. This article traces the occurrence and disappearance of Jews in Hungarian proverb collections throughout the last two centuries and analyzes the language, content and messages of the proverbs about Jews in these collections.
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Teister, Wojciech, and Andrzej Uciecha. "Postawa chrześcijan Kościoła perskiego w czasie prześladowań Szapura II." Vox Patrum 57 (June 15, 2012): 667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.4167.
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The subject of this article deals with Persian Christians in the period of the persecution of Shapur II. The ruler derived from the Sassanid dynasty had governed the Persian Empire since 309 to 379 and on that time of his reign Sassanid Empire saw its first golden era. The three source accounts were analysed: Demonstrations of Aphrahat, The History of the Hermias Sozomenus and Chronica Seertensis – nestorianical source dated from the IX or X century. Each of analysed reports concerning the persecution of the Persian Christians appears to be interesting and noteworthy. In his Church History Hermias accepted the role of external factors in origin and turn of events of Church persecution in Persia in the IV century (magicians and Jews). Nestorian author of Chronica Seertensis has also made observations of these groups in forming the antichristian politics of the Persian ruler but besides that he even expands theological reflection: the persecution should be interpreted as the time of trial, strengthening the faith and calling on to convert. The Aphrahat in his Demonstrations, particularly in his Synodical Letter had briefed the similar historical-redemptive conception in the martyr theology but judging the posture of Simeon negatively.
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Fenton, Paul B. "From Forced Conversion to Marranism." European Judaism 52, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2019.520204.
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This article traces the history of the forced conversion of Jews to Islam in al-Andalus and Morocco from the Middle Ages to modern times. An account is given of the various discriminative measures and even persecution to which Jewish converts were exposed. Indeed, even though they became with time sincere and learned Muslims, just as the Marranos in Christian Spain, the sincerity of their conversion was doubted and they were constantly accused of the negative traits attributed to the Jews. The article also discusses a recently discovered defence of the New Muslims authored by an Islamic scholar of Jewish origin which throws new light on the fate of these converts.
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Lavender, Abraham D. "The Jews of Libya: Coexistence, Persecution, Resettlement (review)." Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 29, no. 2 (2011): 200–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sho.2011.0050.
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Webb, Clive. "The Nazi persecution of Jews and the African American freedom struggle." Patterns of Prejudice 53, no. 4 (August 8, 2019): 337–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2019.1614296.
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Hassan, Riaz. "Interrupting a History of Tolerance: Anti-Semitism and the Arabs." Asian Journal of Social Science 37, no. 3 (2009): 452–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853109x436829.
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AbstractThe anti-Semitic rhetoric of many Islamist groups is qualitatively different from the reflective jurisprudence associated with the treatises of classical Islam. There is little evidence of any deep rooted anti-Semitism in the classical Islamic world. Jews have lived under Islamic rule for 14 centuries and in many lands, they were never free from discrimination but were rarely subjected to persecution as in Christian Europe. Most of the characteristic features of European-Christian anti-Semitism were absent from the Jewish-Muslim relations. This paper examines the growth of anti-Semitism in Arab-Muslim world and identifies some of the historical events which have contributed to this development.
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Wildvang, Frauke. "The Enemy Next Door: Italian Collaboration in Deporting Jews during the German Occupation of Rome." Modern Italy 12, no. 2 (June 2007): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532940701362722.
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About 2,000 Jews were deported from Rome during the nine months of German occupation, half of them after the infamous German razzia of 16 October 1943. Who took part in their identification and arrest? Italian historiography has most commonly focused on a few ardent Fascist collaborators, while the majority of Italians were proclaimed to be engaged in rescue operations for persecuted Jews. Due to the long-standing hegemony of the notion of ‘italiani brava gente’ and the taboo against discussing Italian collaboration, almost no studies of the Jewish persecution during the German occupation in Italy have been undertaken. The analysis of over 50 trials against Fascist collaborators offers insight into the caccia all'ebreo on the micro-level of occupied Rome. Elaborating on different forms of denunciations characterizing the persecution as well as the diverse motives of the Italian perpetrators, this article presents a comprehensive picture of the collaboration between German occupation forces and the population of Rome.
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Ragaru, Nadège, and Maël Le Noc. "Visual Clues to the Holocaust: The Case of the Deportation of Jews from Northern Greece." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 35, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 376–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcab058.
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Abstract This study explores the persecution of Greek Jewry in Bulgarian-occupied lands by analyzing a unique silent film, preserved in several archives, depicting the March 1943 roundup, transfer, and deportation of Greek Jews. Rather than approaching the archival footage as merely illustrative, the authors analyze it as an element integral to the study of these historical events. They identify the locations and situations visible in most sequences by drawing on various sources: photographs, newsreels, maps, digitalized data visualizations, print archival records, and oral testimonies. Uncovering the political, social, and geographical contexts of the footage production and editing thus contributes to the field of visual Holocaust studies and the history of the deportation of Jews from Bulgarian-occupied western Thrace and eastern Macedonia.
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MUNK, JAN. "Activities of Terezín Memorial." Public Historian 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2008.30.1.73.
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Abstract This article describes the challenges the Terezín Memorial faced commemorating the victims of Nazi persecution under a Communist government that suppressed information about the history of Jews, anti-Semitism, and resistance movements in the Czech Lands. It also describes how the gradual political opening in that region has enabled the Terezín Memorial to raise awareness about the suffering that took place in Terezín in the past, as well as about the disastrous consequences of the suppression of freedom, democracy, and human rights.
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Tomes, Roger. "Heroism in 1 and 2 Maccabees." Biblical Interpretation 15, no. 2 (2007): 171–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851507x181147.
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AbstractThree types of heroism can be identified in 1 and 2 Maccabees: those of the warrior, the martyr and the suicide. While these concepts derive in part from the histories in the Hebrew Bible, they also display affinities with Greek ideas. Greek influence may be traced in vocabulary, in the manner of writing history, and in the emphasis on the motivation of the heroes. Greek history writing however occasionally appeals to universal values, whereas the Maccabaean literature does not look directly beyond the defence of the Jewish way of life. The martyrs were honoured by both Christians and Jews in times of persecution; and, although they never directly appealed to the suicide of Razis, Jews embraced suicide under the threat of torture or forced conversion as a legitimate way of 'sanctifying the name'. The example of Judas and his brothers may have been used to justify the Crusades: it has certainly helped to inspire Zionism and Israeli aspirations.
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Hathaway, Jane. "The Mawzaע Exile at the Juncture of Zaydi and Ottoman Messianism." AJS Review 29, no. 1 (April 2005): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036400940500005x.
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Among scholars of Jewish communities under Islamic rule, Yemen has gained a poor reputation for treatment of its ancient Jewish minority in comparison with other predominantly Muslim societies. Although Yemen had, until the 1950s, a sizable Jewish population whose presence dated back centuries before the advent of Islam, various Muslim rulers of key parts of Yemen enforced the sumptuary laws and other restrictions stipulated in the Pact of עUmar with unusual stringency, and the Jews' history under Islamic rule was marred by sporadic instances of outright persecution.
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Trubeta, Sevasti. "“Gypsiness,” Racial Discourse and Persecution: Balkan Roma during the Second World War." Nationalities Papers 31, no. 4 (December 2003): 495–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0090599032000115529.
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The debate about the Roma's fate throughout the Second World War has taken on a controversial character in recent years. The focal point of this controversy is whether the Roma's persecution was racially motivated or not. Reflecting upon the Roma's treatment throughout the war period, various scholars regard social-political factors such as the wandering way of life and especially the ascription of criminality as the main reasons for discrimination against and persecution of Roma. Ultimately, the authority most responsible for the crimes against Roma in the “Old Reich” was the Criminal Office. An extreme stance is the thesis of G. Lewy, who denies not only the planned character of the persecution but also its racial/racist intention. Lewy also refutes the comparability of the Roma's fate with that of the Jews.
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Huzjan, Vladimir. "What Varaždin high school students know and think about fascism and anti-fascism?" Review of Croatian history 18, no. 1 (December 14, 2022): 351–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v18i1.24295.
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In this paper, the author presents the results of a survey conducted electronically from the beginning of March to the end of May 2021 among students of nine high schools in Varaždin on their knowledge and attitudes about fascism and anti-fascism. The survey consisted of 20 questions, and the answers were given by 356 students. This paper does not bring critiques or suggestions of the history curriculum for high schools, but presents some of its results. Special attention was paid to the events marking the 80th anniversary of the persecution of Jews in Varaždin (1941-2021), which were held during July 2021.
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Sarshar, Houman. "Between Foreigners and Shi`is." American Journal of Islam and Society 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v26i1.1426.
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After twenty-seven centuries of uninterrupted presence on the Persianplateau, the Jews of Iran have become so inextricably ingrained in everypossible aspect of Iranian life, culture, religion, and history that any valuablework of scholarship in Judeo-Persian studies, such as the one at hand,must by necessity entail an interdisciplinary approach. Between Foreignersand Shi`is, a ground-breaking work that will henceforth prove indispensableto any researcher ofmodern Judeo-Persian studies, is ameticulous pieceof scholarship that brings as much novelty to its own field as it does tomodernIranian historiography, Middle Eastern political studies, and Islamicstudies.Daniel Tsadik’s book provides a history of the religious, political, andsocial life of Iranian Jews under Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (r. 1848-96).Relying on a wealth of previously untapped archival material, the authorexamines in particular detail episodes of persecution in Barforush in 1866-67 (pp. 60-78), in Shiraz at the hands of Hajj Sayyid `Ali Akbar Fal Asiri(pp. 130-37), in Isfahan at the hands of ShaykhMohammad Taqi Najafi (pp.137-49), and in Hamadan at the hands of Mullah `Abdallah (pp. 155-77).Examining these and other episodes of anti-Semitic persecution against thebroader backdrop of socio-political events throughout Iran at large, such asthe Tobacco Rebellion of 1891 and the great famine, he brings to light a hithertounnoticed dynamic in which Iran’s Jewish community emerges as therope in a three-way tug of war between the Shi`ite clergy, the Qajar court,and western diplomats, with each jostling for dominance in the fledglingnation that was becoming modern Iran ...
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Blom, J. C. H. "The Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands: A Comparative Western European Perspective." European History Quarterly 19, no. 3 (July 1989): 333–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026569148901900302.
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Niewyk, Donald L., and Saul Friedlander. "Nazi Germany and the Jews. Volume 1, The Years of Persecution, 1933-1939." American Historical Review 103, no. 3 (June 1998): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2650652.
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Theis, Valérie. "John XXII and the Expulsion of Jews from the Comtat Venaissin." Annales (English ed.) 67, no. 01 (March 2012): 41–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398568200000571.
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In the early 1320s, the Jewish populations of the Comtat Venaissin were expelled from this territory by its ruler, Pope John XXII. This episode has often been linked by historians to the French king’s policy on the Jews. However, no study has described in a satisfactory manner the way in which this expulsion was carried out, or the reasons why the Papacy broke with the longstanding doctrine of the necessary protection of Jews, which had prevailed since the bull Sicut judeis. Although the question was given some attention by Carlo Ginzburg in Deciphering the Witches’ Sabbath, the historiography has long been dominated by the idea that the Popes, unlike secular rulers, never failed to protect the Jews. This article revisits this story. Using unpublished accounting documents, it proposes a more precise chronology of events leading to the expulsion, and an explanation of the way the forced sale of Jewish belongings was carried out. This leads to a new interpretation of this reversal of Papal policy, diverging both from an idealized history of the relations between Jews and Christians and from that of the rise of persecution mentalities, and embedded in the context of the building of state structures and the development of the arts of government.
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Rishad V. "Not So Beautiful Life: A Study on the Treatment of Black humour in Life is Beautiful." Creative Launcher 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2021.6.1.14.
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The Holocaust is one of the most tragic events ever happened in the human history. It was a systematic, bureaucratic and state sponsored persecution and murder of around six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. Our memory of Holocaust, especially of the people belonging to this generation has been shaped more by popular representations, especially in films. The film Life is Beautiful directed by Robert Benigni portrayed the horror of Holocaust connotatively using black humour as its main medium. A short analysis of how Benigni uses black humour and other visual-cinema techniques in bringing out the terror of Holocaust among audience is studied in this article. Though the movie seems to fall under the genre comedy, it discusses connotatively the serious issues related to the life of Jews under Nazi regime without any use of violent images or scenes that reflect the real terrors of Holocaust.
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Kolstø, Pål. "Competing with entrepreneurial diasporians: origins of anti-Semitism in nineteenth-century Russia." Nationalities Papers 42, no. 4 (July 2014): 691–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.879290.
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The popular, stereotype perception of Russian anti-Semitism is marred by a number of misconceptions. It is generally believed that it originated among the peasants, partly as a result of religious bigotry and partly as a reaction against an alleged Jewish exploitation. In actual fact, pogroms almost invariably started in towns and cities, and the main instigators were artisans and merchants and other people who plied the same trade as the Jews, later also professionals such as lawyers. Hence, economic competition rather than exploitation was the most important driving force. This is reflected in the writings of Russian anti-Semites and is also how most contemporary Jews understood their causes behind their ordeals. The Jews could be targeted for persecution because they were a diaspora group and did not enjoy the same protection as the indigenous population. Thus, even though the tsarist regime can be cleared of any suspicion that they deliberately whipped up the pogroms, they contributed to them by failing to give the Jews the same rights as other subjects of the empire.
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Kelemen, Paul. "In the Name of Socialism: Zionism and European Social Democracy in the Inter-War Years." International Review of Social History 41, no. 3 (December 1996): 331–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900011404x.
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SummarySince 1917, the European social democratic movement has given fulsome support to Zionism. The article examines the ideological basis on which Zionism and, in particular, Labour Zionism gained, from 1917, the backing of social democratic parties and prominent socialists. It argues that Labour Zionism's appeal to socialists derived from the notion of “positive colonialism”. In the 1930s, as the number of Jewish refugees from Nazi persecution increased considerably, social democratic pro-Zionism also came to be sustained by the fear that the resettlement of Jews in Europe would strengthen anti-Semitism and the extreme right.
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Geheran, Michael J. "Remasculinizing the Shirker: The JewishFrontkämpferunder Hitler." Central European History 51, no. 3 (September 2018): 440–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893891800064x.
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AbstractThis article examines the impact of Nazi persecution on the gender identity of German-Jewish veterans of World War I. National Socialism threatened to erase everything these Jewish men had achieved and sacrificed. It sought to destroy the identity they had constructed as soldiers in the service of the Fatherland, as well as the high status they had earned asFrontkämpfer(front-line fighters) in the Great War, upon which their sense of masculinity identity rested. Although diminished and disempowered by Nazi terror, Jewish veterans were able to orient themselves toward hegemonic ideals of martial masculinity, which elevated military values as the highest expression of manhood, giving them a space to assert themselves and defy the Nazi classificationJew. For the Jewish men who fought in World War I, the Nazi years became a battle to reclaim their status and masculine honor. They believed that the manner in which they handled themselves under the Nazis was a reflection of their character: as men who had been tried and tested in the trenches, their responses to persecution communicated their identity as soldiers, as Jews, and as Germans.
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Kaplan, Thomas Pegelow. "“In the Interest of the Volk…”: Nazi-German Paternity Suits and Racial Recategorization in the Munich Superior Courts, 1938–1945." Law and History Review 29, no. 2 (May 2011): 523–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248011000071.
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In Nazi Germany, integration into the community of the Volk, or exclusion and persecution, were determined by the regime's categories. As legal historian Michael Stolleis has noted, this new National Socialist terminology “quick[ly] penetrat[ed] … into the old conceptual world” of German jurisprudence and the country's court system. In line with the prescriptions of the political leadership of the Hitler state, bureaucrats of the Justice and Interior Ministries in Berlin drafted novel legislation that, once issued as new laws, judges, state attorneys, and lawyers readily interpreted and put into practice. With the promulgation of the Nuremberg Laws in September 1935, the main racial designations evolved around a tripartite terminology of “full Jews [Volljuden],” “Jewish mixed breeds [Mischlinge],” and “persons of German and kindred blood.” In accordance with paragraph 5 of the first supplementary decree to the Reich Citizenship Law of November 1935, state authorities classified any descendant “from at least three grandparents who [we]re racially full Jews” as Jewish. Paragraph 3 defined Mischlinge of the first degree, introduced as a novel legal category, as Jewish Mischlinge with two grandparents “who [we]re racially full Jews.” The supplementary decrees did not explicitly delineate the term “person of German blood”, but the main commentary of the Nuremberg Laws loosely tied this term to the “German Volk” as a community comprised of six basic races, including the Nordic and East Baltic ones.
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Sonyel, Salâhi R. "The Fifth Centenary of The First Jewish Migrations to The Ottoman Empire." Belleten 56, no. 215 (April 1, 1992): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1992.207.
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During the first part of the fifteenth century Jews were subjected to systematic persecution in Bohemia, Austria, and Poland; but it was their oppression in Portugal and Spain, where some of them had submitted, under pain of death, to enforced Christianization, culminating, in 1492, in their expulsion, that gave the greatest impetus to their mass exodus. The Catholic kings, at the end of their reconquista of Spain, had not only cracked down radically on the Moriscoes (Moors), and on all the other Muslims of the Iberian peninsula, they had also envisaged a final solution for their Jewish subjects.
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Blaich, Roland. "A Tale of Two Leaders: German Methodists and the Nazi State." Church History 70, no. 2 (June 2001): 199–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3654450.
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Nazi foreign policy was hampered from the start by a hostile foreign press that carried alarming reports, not only of atrocities and persecution of the political opposition and of Jews, but also of a persecution of Christians in Germany. Protestant Christians abroad were increasingly outraged by the so-called “German Christians” who, with the support of the government, gained control of the administration of the Evangelical state churches and set about to fashion a centralized Nazi church based on principles of race, blood, and soil. The militant attack by “German Christians” on Christian, as opposed to Germanic, traditions and values led to the birth of a Confessing Church, whose leaders fought to remain true to the Gospel, often at the risk of imprisonment. Such persecution resulted in calls from abroad for boycott and intervention, particularly in Britain and the United States, and threatened to complicate foreign relations for the Nazi regime at a time when Hitler was still highly vulnerable. In order to win the support of the German people and to consolidate the Nazi grip on German society, Hitler needed accomplishments in foreign policy and solutions to the German economic crisis. Both were possible only with the indulgence of foreign powers.
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Klymov, Valeriy. "Tolerance of inter-confessional relations: state, problems and perspectives." Religious Freedom, no. 17-18 (December 24, 2013): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/rs.2013.17-18.997.
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Problems of interreligious relations at all levels - from interchurch to personal - accompanied religious communities throughout the history of their existence, gaining for various reasons the severity and urgency of the solution in some periods, and entering the channel of calm, everyday and business coexistence, into other . At one point in history, the antagonism of relations between religions and their representatives has repeatedly become the reason for the violent conversion of other peoples to their faith, the religious wars of several decades, large-scale manifestations of fanaticism, crusades, persecution of Jews, religious terrorism, etc.; in other historical secrets (no matter how short they were), tolerant relations between carriers of different confessions in multi-confessional societies created conditions for a coordinated solution of national problems, contributed to political understanding, mutually enriching coexistence of ethno-religious communities, ensuring the stability of societies and states