Academic literature on the topic 'Jews Persecutions History'
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Journal articles on the topic "Jews Persecutions History"
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Lange, Armin. "Jews in Ancient and Late Ancient Asia Minor between Acceptance and Rejection." Journal of Ancient Judaism 5, no. 2 (May 14, 2014): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/21967954-00502009.
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This article surveys the evidence for and history of Jews and Judaism in Asia Minor with a special focus on the denigration and persecution of Jews by pagans and Christians in Asia Minor. The article argues that Jews thrived in this part of the Roman empire from the Hellenistic period until the Arab conquest and lived both in urban and rural settings in most parts of Asia Minor. Despite their flourishing, Jews had to deal with Anti-Semitic slander, denigration, and attacks from pagans and Christians. The situation worsened with the rise of Christianity to the official religion of the Roman Empire. In the 7th cent., increased anti-Semitism led to a decline of Judaism in Asia Minor. Before this time, despite legal and other persecutions, Jews emphasized and practiced their Judaism and despite a prohibition to the contrary Jews build new synagogues even in the century before the Arab conquest. Anti-Semitism in Asia Minor would thus not have blocked the construction of a synagogue in Limyra in this period.
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Cohn-Sherbok, Dan. "The Challenge of the Holocaust." International Journal of Public Theology 7, no. 2 (2013): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15697320-12341281.
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Abstract Throughout their history, the Jewish people have endured persecution, massacre and murder. They have been driven from their ancient homeland, buffeted from country to country and plagued by persecutions and pogroms. Jews have been despised and led as lambs to the slaughter. In modern times the Holocaust continued this saga of Jewish suffering, destroying six million innocent victims in the most terrible circumstances. This tragedy has posed the most searing questions for contemporary Jewry: where was God at Auschwitz, and where was humankind? This article seeks to respond to these two deeply troubling questions in the light of contemporary Jewish Holocaust theology.
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Kalmin, Richard. "Rabbinic Traditions about Roman Persecutions of the Jews: A Reconsideration." Journal of Jewish Studies 54, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 21–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18647/2454/jjs-2003.
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Shepkaru, Shmuel. "The Preaching of the First Crusade and the Persecutions of the Jews." Medieval Encounters 18, no. 1 (2012): 93–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006712x634576.
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Abstract Although the versions of Pope Urban’s call for the First Crusade focus on the need to liberate the Holy Land from the Muslims, crusaders and locals attacked first the communities of the Franco-German (Ashkenazic) Jews. Both contemporary and modern historians have offered a variety of explanations for these uncalled-for devastating attacks. Without discounting some of these proposals, this article applies the psychological explanation of Displacement to offer an additional reason. The article suggests that the urgent call to retaliate against the Muslims immediately and the many graphic descriptions of alleged Muslim atrocities against Eastern Christians and Christian pilgrims in the propaganda of the First Crusade created mounting frustration in Europe. And since this frustration could not be expressed immediately and directly against its source, i.e., the faraway Muslims, the attackers displaced their aggression onto the nearby Jews. Moreover, Displacement also explains the many close parallels between the images of Muslim atrocities in crusading rhetoric and the idiosyncratic manifestations of the violence against European Jews in the early stages of the First Crusade.
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Teller, Adam. "Revisiting Baron's “Lachrymose Conception”: The Meanings of Violence in Jewish History." AJS Review 38, no. 2 (November 2014): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036400941400035x.
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In a paper entitled, “Newer Emphases in Jewish History,” published in 1963, Salo Baron wrote: “All my life I have been struggling against the hitherto dominant “lachrymose conception of Jewish history” … because I have felt that an overemphasis on Jewish sufferings distorted the total picture of the Jewish historic evolution….” Indeed, if one was to choose a single idea that encapsulated the legacy of Baron, perhaps the pre-eminent Jewish historian of the twentieth century, it would probably be this: Jewish history is not to be seen simply as a series of persecutions, which determined its nature and its course, but rather as a process of ongoing engagement between the Jews and their surroundings.
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Cohn-Sherbok, Dan. "Jewish Faith and the Holocaust." Religious Studies 26, no. 2 (June 1990): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500020424.
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Throughout their long history suffering has been the hallmark of the Jewish people. Driven from their homeland, buffeted from country to country and plagued by persecutions, Jews have been rejected, despised and led as a lamb to the slaughter. The Holocaust is the most recent chapter in this tragic record of events. The Third Reich's system of murder squads, concentration camps and killing centres eliminated nearly 6 million Jews; though Jewish communities had previously been decimated, such large scale devastation profoundly affected the Jewish religious consciousness. For many Jews it has seemed impossible to reconcile the concept of a loving, compassionate and merciful God with the terrible events of the Nazi regime. A number of important Jewish thinkers have grappled with traditional beliefs about God in the light of such suffering, but in various ways their responses are inadequate. If the Jewish faith is to survive, Holocaust theology will need to incorporate a belief in the Afterlife in which the righteous of Israel who died in the death camps will receive their due reward.
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Mazor, Amir. "Jewish Court Physicians in the Mamluk Sultanate during the First Half of the 8th/14th Century." Medieval Encounters 20, no. 1 (February 17, 2014): 38–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12342156.
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Abstract It is usually accepted among modern scholars that the Mamluk period marked a drastic decline in the position of non-Muslims. Jews and Christians were exposed to increasing persecutions and, inter alia, could not serve as great physicians unless they converted to Islam. Against these assumptions, the article discusses new data regarding three Jewish court physicians from the first half of the 8th/14th century. Despite being under a strong pressure to convert, these doctors gained honorable positions and a high social status in the Mamluk sultanate. As erudite physicians and skillful practitioners, they were integrated with the highest circles of the political, military and especially intellectual Muslim elite of their time.
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Frenkel, Miriam. "Adaptive Tactics: The Jewish Communities Facing New Reality." Medieval Encounters 21, no. 4-5 (December 1, 2015): 364–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12342202.
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The paper deals with particular tactics, established during the Fatimid era, and thus additional to the traditional ones they already possessed, which permitted the Jews to define their niche within Fatimid society. It presents three of these tactics: 1. Production of historical and genealogical documents in order to ameliorate the status of dhimmīs and to achieve an intermediate position of privileged dhimmī. This is illustrated by an analysis of a Geniza document designed as a historical bill of rights accorded by the Prophet Muḥammad to the Jews of Khaybar. 2. The writing of literary-liturgical oeuvres that respond to current persecutions through a messianic interpretation hidden behind laudatory expressions to the Fatimid ruler. It is illustrated by an analysis of the liturgical composition known as “The Egyptian Scroll.” 3. Practices of mourning and repentance intended to cope with mass fear, illustrated through a record of testimony from 1030 about a traumatic event that almost took place in Ramla, but was prevented by a dream. Although the three tactics seem to be very diverse, they all responded to the Fatimid reality and used its language and norms.
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Schwarzer, Mitchell. "The Architecture of Talmud." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 474–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991731.
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This article analyzes for the first time the architectural implications of the Talmud, a multivolume religious text composed between the second and sixth centuries of the first millennium. The Talmud has extensive commentaries on specifically Jewish structures such as the Sukkah, Eruv, and Mikveh, as well as on everyday buildings and public places used by Jews. Moreover, the Talmud substituted for monumental architecture during the many centuries when the Jewish people had no homeland and were subject to frequent persecutions and exiles. The architecture of Talmud, therefore, can be analyzed in two critical arenas: first, through its numerous and detailed rules and recommendations for the practice of building; and, second, amid its creation of a textual discourse whose form and character is based in large part on the memory of the destroyed Temple and lost homeland.
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Kuzovova, Natalia. "SOVIET REPRESSION AGAINST REFUGEE JEWS FROM THE TERRITORY OF POLAND AND CZECH-SLOVAKIA BEFORE AND AT THE BEGINNING OF WORLD WAR II." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 9 (December 25, 2021): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.112018.
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Purpose: to analyze a set of documents stored in the funds of the State Archives of Kherson region – cases of repressed refugees from Poland and Czechoslovakia in 1938-1941. Based on historiographical and source studies on this topic, to outline the general grounds for arrest and persecution of refugees by Soviet authorities and to find out why Jews – former citizens of Poland and Czechoslovakia – found themselves in the focus of repression. Research methodology. The main research methods were general and special-historical, as well as methods of archival heuristics and scientific criticism of sources. Scientific novelty. Previously unpublished documents are introduced into scientific circulation: cases of repressed refugees from Poland and Czechoslovakia, analysis of the Soviet government's policy towards Jews who tried to escape from the Nazis in the USSR and the Union Republics in southern Ukraine, including Kherson. The forms of repression applied by the NKVD to refugee Jews are analyzed, and the consequences of such a policy for the German government's policy of genocide in the occupied territories are examined. Conclusions. The study found that the formal reason for the persecution of Jewish refugees was the illegal crossing of the border with the USSR, since the Soviet Union, like many countries in the world, refused to accept Jews fleeing the Nazi persecution. The Soviet government motivated this by the fact that refugee Jews spread mood of defeat and panic, spied for Germany, Britain, and Poland, had anti-Soviet views, and conducted anti-Soviet campaigning. As a result of the arrests and deportations of Jewish refugees, the Jewish population, particularly in southern Ukraine, was unaware of the persecution of Jews in lands occupied by Nazi Germany. In fact, the Jewish refugees sent to the concentration camps, along with the Germans of Ukraine and the Volga region, were the only groups of people thus "evacuated" by the Soviet authorities on ethnic grounds. However, due to the enemy's rapid offensive, refugees who did not fall into the hands of the NKVD shared the tragic fate of Ukrainian Jews during the Holocaust.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Jews Persecutions History"
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Abrahams-Sprod, Michael E. "Life under Siege: The Jews of Magdeburg under Nazi Rule." University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1627.
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Doctor of PhilosophyThis regional study documents the life and the destruction of the Jewish community of Magdeburg, in the Prussian province of Saxony, between 1933 and 1945. As this is the first comprehensive and academic study of this community during the Nazi period, it has contributed to both the regional historiography of German Jewry and the historiography of the Shoah in Germany. In both respects it affords a further understanding of Jewish life in Nazi Germany. Commencing this study at the beginning of 1933 enables a comprehensive view to emerge of the community as it was on the eve of the Nazi assault. The study then analyses the spiralling events that led to its eventual destruction. The story of the Magdeburg Jewish community in both the public and private domains has been explored from the Nazi accession to power in 1933 up until April 1945, when only a handful of Jews in the city witnessed liberation. This study has combined both archival material and oral history to reconstruct the period. Secondary literature has largely been incorporated and used in a comparative sense and as reference material. This study has interpreted and viewed the period from an essentially Jewish perspective. That is to say, in documenting the experiences of the Jews of Magdeburg, this study has focused almost exclusively on how this population simultaneously lived and grappled with the deteriorating situation. Much attention has been placed on how it reacted and responded at key junctures in the processes of disenfranchisement, exclusion and finally destruction. This discussion also includes how and why Jews reached decisions to abandon their Heimat and what their experiences with departure were. In the final chapter of the community’s story, an exploration has been made of how the majority of those Jews who remained endured the final years of humiliation and stigmatisation. All but a few perished once the implementation of the ‘Final Solution’ reached Magdeburg in April 1942. The epilogue of this study charts the experiences of those who remained in the city, some of whom survived to tell their story.
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LaVanchy, Jennifer Diane. "A history of persecution examining and comparing converso experience in the Spanish and Mexican Inquisitions /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1654490011&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Solhtalab, Sheila. "The Representation of the Economic Persecution of German Jews in The New York Times, 1933-1938." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1301948777.
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Magas, Gregory. "Nazi crimes and German reactions : an analysis of reactions and attitudes within the German resistance to the persecution of Jews in German-controlled lands, 1933-1944, with a focus on the writings of Carl Goerdeler, Ulrich von Hassell and Helmuth von Moltke." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30187.
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This thesis is broadly concerned with how individuals within German society, the German Resistance to Hitler and the German military reacted to persecution of Jews in Germany before the start of the Second World War and also to reports of German atrocities within German-controlled areas of Europe during the conflict.The specific focus of this study is an examination of the personal sentiments contained in the writings of Carl Goerdeler, Ulrich von Hassell and Helmuth von Moltke and the recorded reactions to the various and intensifying stages of Nazi persecution of Jews within German-controlled territory. These particular individuals were chosen, as a significant portion of their writings, in the form of diary entries, letters and memoranda have been published and offer a glimpse of personal sentiments and thoughts unaltered by the censors of the Nazi regime. In addition, this study examines the reactions of two German officers, Johannes Blaskowitz and Rudolf-Christoph von Gersdorff, to German atrocities committed in German-occupied Eastern Europe. Their reactions to and courageous protests against Nazi crimes are also a significant part of the overall context of German reactions to Nazi crimes. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Prempain, Laurence. "Polonais-es et Juif-ve-s polonais-es réfugié-e-s à Lyon (1935-1945) : esquives et stratégies." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2147/document.
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Laurence Prempain consacre sa thèse de doctorat d’histoire aux Polonais-es et Juif-ve-s polonais-es venu-e-s vivre à Lyon (France) entre 1935 et 1945. Dans une première partie, elle présente le cadre géographique (Lyon) ainsi que sa méthodologie (approche par le genre, choix de la microhistoire, le silence comme source) et sa volonté de donner à entendre leurs voix afin de les placer au coeur de sa démarche. Pour cela, suite au dépouillement de quelque 600 dossiers administratifs constitués par le bureau de contrôle des étrangers (préfecture du Rhône), les lettres qu’ils-elles ont écrites ont été collectées pour ce qu’elles mettent au jour de la lutte de leurs auteur-e-s pour vivre et survivre. L’historienne part du postulat que les Polonais-es et Juif-ve-s polonais-es venu-e-s en France composent une population hétérogène n’ayant en commun qu’un rattachement à une citoyenneté, mais qu’ils-elles n’en demeurent pas moins des réfugié-e-s économiques, politiques ou de guerre. Ainsi, un temps considéré-e-s comme les bienvenu-e-s, les ressortissant-e-s polonais-es sont tous-tes, à un moment de leur parcours de vie, considéré-e-s comme indésirables. Aussi, la deuxième partie est consacrée à l’exploration des procédés auxquels la Troisième République, puis le régime de Vichy ont recours : expulsions, refoulements, exclusions, internements sinon déportation. Par ailleurs, l’auteure s’intéresse aux sorties de guerre et démontre l’existence d’une dimension genrée de l’épuration, comme expression d’une tentative de réappropriation de l’autorité. L’attention est également portée sur l’organisation du rapatriement des étranger-ère-s déporté-e-s raciaux et politiques. Enfin, dans une troisième partie, elle affirme que loin de subir, ces hommes et femmes agissent et développent des stratégies évolutives. Au travers des lettres qu’ils-elles ont écrites, de ce qui est dit mais aussi passé sous silence, elle établit que ces stratégies semblent relever de ce qu’elle choisit de nommer esquive et transgression. L’une s’accommode des limites quand l’autre s’y oppose délibérément. Esquive et transgression se complètent. Il est montré qu’à l’arbitraire sans cesse croissant du régime de Vichy, répondent des stratégies de plus en plus transgressives, dont relèvent notamment le passage de frontière, l’entrée en clandestinité et en résistance. Le passage d’une forme de stratégie à l’autre dépend de l’individu, du contexte, de ses habiti, de son parcours et de son identité. L’historienne conclut qu’en 2016, la crise des réfugié-e-s qui secoue l’Europe résonne des mêmes voix, de celles et ceux qui cherchent à protéger leurs vies et à vivre dans la dignitéLaurence Prempain dedicates her PhD (History) to the study of the Poles and Polish Jews who came to live in Lyon (France) between 1935 and 1945. In the first part, she presents the geographical framework (Lyon), her methodology (Gender approach, microhistory and silence as a source) and her will to understand their voices and place them to the heart of her work. For that purpose, upon the examination of approximately 600 administrative files amassed by the « bureau des étrangers » (préfecture du Rhône), the letters they wrote have been then systematically collected to shed light on their authors’ struggle to live and survive. The historian starts from the postulate that Poles and Polish Jews in France make up a heterogeneous population, only sharing a common citizenship, nonetheless they remain economic, political and war refugees. Thus, once considered welcomed, all Polish nationals are , at their life, considered as unwanted, « indésirables ». Therefore, the second part investigates the processes used by the Third Republic and then the Vichy Regime to get rid of them: expulsions, driving back, exclusions, internments or deportation. Moreover, the author raises the question of the war ends and demonstrates that purges have a gendered dimension, which can be seen as an attempt of reappropriation of the authority. She also focuses on the foreign deportees repatriation’s organisation. Finally, in a third part, she asserts that far from being subjected, these men and women have acted and developped evolutive strategies. Through the letters they wrote, through what is said and what is silenced, she establishes that those strategies are a matter of what she names sidestep and transgression. The first one adapts itself with the limits while the other is deliberately opposed to it. Sidestep and transgression complete each other. It is also showed that to the arbitrary of the richy regime respond strategies more and more transgressive, such as clandestinity, cross borders and resistance. The moving from a strategy to another one, depends on the person, the context, the habits, the life course and the identity. The historian concludes that in 2016, the refugees crisis that shakes Europe resonates of the same voices, of those who are looking for protecting their lives and to living in dignity
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Barzilay, Tzafrir. "Well Poisoning Accusations in Medieval Europe: 1250-1500." Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8VH5P6T.
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In late medieval Europe, suspicions arose that minority groups wished to destroy the Christian majority by poisoning water sources. These suspicions caused the persecution of different minorities by rulers, nobles and officials in various parts of the continent during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The best-known case of this kind of persecution was attacks perpetrated against Jewish communities in the German Empire between 1348 and 1350. At this time, the Black Death devastated the continent, and Jews were accused of intentionally spreading the disease by poisoning wells. A series of terrifying massacres ensued, destroying many of the major Jewish communities in Europe. This was not, however, the only case in which such charges led to persecution. In 1321, lepers in south-western France were accused of attempting to spread their particular illness by poisoning water sources. These accusations evolved to include the idea that the plot was initiated by Muslim rulers and aided by the Jews of France. As a consequence, both Jews and lepers suffered violent fates, from expulsion or isolation to execution by fire. Similar, albeit less widespread, cases can be traced up until the fifteenth century. Often Jews were the victims, but lepers, Muslims, paupers, mendicants and foreigners also fell victim to persecution justified by allegations of well poisoning.
This dissertation presents a thorough analysis of the subject of well-poisoning accusations and describes why and how they were adopted in the late Middle Ages. The study describes the origins of this phenomenon, how it spread through medieval Europe and its eventual decline. It asserts that in order to explain this process, one must first understand the factors within medieval society, culture and politics that made the idea of a well-poisoning threat convincing. It shows that these accusations were created to justify and drive the persecution and marginalization of minorities. At the same time, it claims that well-poisoning accusations could not have caused such major political and social shifts unless contemporaries genuinely believed the charges were plausible, convincing and threatening.
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Moore, David Normant. "How the process of doctrinal standardization during the later Roman Empire relates to Christian triumphalism." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14076.
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My thesis examines relations among practitioners of various religions, especially Christians and Jews, during the era when Jesus’ project went from being a Galilean sect, to a persecuted minority, to religio licita status, and eventually to imperial favor, all happening between the first century resurrection of Jesus and the fourth century rise of Constantine.
There is an abiding image of the Church in wider public consciousness that it is unwittingly and in some cases antagonistically exclusionist. This is not a late-developing image. I trace it to the period that the church developed into a formal organization with the establishment of canons and creeds defined by Church councils. This notion is so pervasive that an historical retrospective of Christianity of any period, from the sect that became a movement, to the Reformation, to the present day’s multiple Christian iterations, is framed by the late Patristic era. The conflicts and solutions reached in that period provided enduring definition to the Church while silencing dissent. I refer here to such actions as the destruction of books and letters and the banishment of bishops.
Before there emerged the urgent perceived need for doctrinal uniformity, the presence of Christianity provided a resilient non-militant opponent to and an increasing intellectual critique of all religious traditions, including that of the official gods that were seen to hold the empire together. When glaringly manifest cleavages in the empire persisted, the Emperor Constantine sought to use the church to help bring political unity. He called for church councils, starting with Nicaea in 325 CE that took no account for churches outside the Roman Empire, and many within, even though councils were called “Ecumenical.”
The presumption that the church was fully representative without asking for permission from a broader field of constituents is just that: a presumption.
This thesis studies the ancient world of Christianity’s growth to explore whether, in that age of new and untested toleration, there was a more advisable way of responding to the invitation to the political table. The answer to this can help us formulate, and perhaps revise, some of our conduct today, especially for Christians who obtain a voice in powerful places.Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology
D. Th. (Church History)
Books on the topic "Jews Persecutions History"
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Zilʹberman, David. I ty ėto videl. New York: Slovo-Word, 1989.
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I ty ėto videl. Moskva: Polimed, 2012.
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Zilʹberman, David. I ty ėto videl. New York: Slovo-Word, 1989.
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Ehrmann, Susie. Essays on German Jews and their history. Vic: Australian Centre for the Study of Jewish Civilisation, 2003.
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Levy, Azaria. The Jews of Mashad. Jerusalem: A. Levy, 1998.
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48 hours of Kristallnacht: Night of destruction/dawn of the Holocaust : an oral history. Guilford, Conn: Lyons Press, 2008.
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1952-, Hoffmann Christhard, Bergmann Werner 1950-, and Smith Helmut Walser 1962-, eds. Exclusionary violence: Antisemitic riots in modern German history. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002.
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Pine, Lisa. German Jews and Nazi family policy. London: Holocaust Educational Trust, 2000.
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Bon, Silva. Le comunità ebraiche della provincia italiana del Carnaro: Fiume e Abbazia (1924-1945). Trieste [i.e. Roma]: Società di studi fiumani, 2004.
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Le comunità ebraiche della provincia italiana del Carnaro: Fiume e Abbazia (1924-1945). Trieste [i.e. Rome, Italy]: Società di studi fiumani, 2004.
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Hedges, Inez. "Staging the Shoah: The Persecution of Jews in France Under German Occupation." In Staging History from the Shoah to Palestine, 19–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84009-9_2.
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Strauss, Herbert A. "Jews in German History: Persecution, Emigration, Acculturation." In Biographisches Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Emigration nach 1933–1945, edited by Werner Röder, Herbert A. Strauss, Institut für Zeitgeschichte, and Research Foundation for Jewish Immi. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110968545-034.
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"Hellenism and Persecution: Antiochus IV and the Jews." In Hellenistic History and Culture, 238–74. University of California Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520917095-012.
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"Otto Dov Kulka, German Jews in the Era of the “Final Solution”: Essays on Jewish and Universal History. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter; Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2020. xv + 341 pp." In No Small Matter, edited by Anat Helman, 266–67. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577301.003.0018.
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This chapter evaluates Otto Dov Kulka's German Jews in the Era of the “Final Solution”: Essays on Jewish and Universal History (2020). Readers interested in the significance of antisemitism in modern European history, the centrality of antisemitism in Nazi ideology, the reaction of German Jews to Nazi persecution, and the influence of the German public's attitudes toward Jews on Nazi policies will find this collection a rich source of information. Kulka shows that key organizations of German Jewry such as the Reichsvertretung and its successor, the Reichsvereinigung, managed to preserve their essential functions under the Nazis; they did not become tools of the regime. In general, German Jews were able to resist the process known as coordination (Gleichschaltung). If anything, they became more dedicated to their own organizations and more democratic as persecution increased. The collection also includes Kulka's own experience of miraculous survival in the family camp at Auschwitz and his return visit to Auschwitz in 1978.
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Chazan, Robert. "Governmental Expulsions." In Refugees or Migrants, 81–106. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300218572.003.0004.
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In traditional Jewish and Christian thinking, God created the universe and controls history, especially the fate of his chosen human partners. To the extent that these human partners do his will, they flourish; to the extent they fall short, they suffer. This has meant to traditional Jews and Christians that Jewish behaviors have brought about historic Jewish suffering. When this theocentric view of history eroded, modern observers abandoned the sense of Jewish sinfulness and divine punishment but clung to the imagery of incessant Jewish suffering. This chapter considers the naturalist explanations provided by these modern observers for this purported persecution of Jews and Jewish suffering, explanations largely rooted in claimed Jewish shortcomings. It focuses on the phenomenon of expulsion, purportedly unceasing throughout the course of Jewish history.
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Finkel, Evgeny. "Resistance." In Ordinary Jews. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691172576.003.0007.
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This chapter examines resistance as a Jewish survival strategy during the Holocaust. Jewish resistance has historically been of interest to Holocaust scholars, mainly due to the desire to counter accusations that Jews were passive, complacent, and went “like lambs to the slaughter.” Holocaust historians, especially those based in Israel, have explored the Jews' resistance to Nazi persecution. They argue that armed resistance was infrequent, but equating resistance with violence is unnecessarily restrictive, and that the Jews had almost unanimously engaged in amidah (“standing up against” in Hebrew), or unarmed resistance. The chapter looks at Jewish resistance organizations in the ghettos of Minsk, Kraków, and Białystok and suggests that people with a history of pre–World War II political activism were significantly overrepresented in the resistance. It explains why some resistance groups failed early on, while others managed to put up a sustained fight.
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Davis, Ellen F. "Esther and Daniel." In Opening Israel's Scriptures, 376. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190260545.003.0038.
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The books of Esther and Daniel are diaspora tales, written from the point of view of those on the underside of dominance, who are threatened by persecution and genocide. The exaggerated and ironized telling of Persian history in Esther gives voice to the oppressed. Yet this volatile book has also been used as a warrant for violence, both by Jews and against Jews. The book of Daniel is another imaginative account of Jews living in foreign courts, and it has the overt theological dimension that Esther lacks. Both the court tales and the vision reports in the second half of the book exploit this setting to address two questions: How can Jews survive in Gentile power structures, which often threaten Jewish identity and Jewish lives? And, how long until God asserts sovereignty over all oppressive potentates?
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"10. Between External Persecution and National Renaissance: Simon Dubnow’s Lachrymose Vision of Russian-Jewish History." In Jews in the East European Borderlands, 202–23. Academic Studies Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781618110510-013.
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Chaouat, Bruno. "Dangerous Parallels." In Is Theory Good for the Jews? Liverpool University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781383346.003.0004.
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In Chapter 3, I probe the theory of multidirectional memory propounded by literary scholars in Europe and the U.S. The multidirectional-memory hypothesis was born from what those scholars call “the colonial turn” in literary and Holocaust studies. Scholars in postcolonial studies are increasingly turning to the Holocaust to approach the history and memory of colonialism, slavery, and more specifically, the events of the Algerian war. Their stated goal is to use the history and memory of the Holocaust to shed light on colonialism, especially in its French incarnation, or rather, to trigger a dialogue among collective memories. I argue that despite a praiseworthy attempt at rejecting the paradigm of competition among victims, that paradigm returns to haunt multidirectional memory. In order to legitimate its effort at finding consensus by uniting collective memories of suffering and persecution, multidirectional memory tones down the specificity of the Holocaust, and ends up neutralizing complex aspects of the Algerian war (notably, conflicting narratives of victimized groups) and more recent manifestations of Islamic terrorism and Islamic antisemitism. Not only do those blind spots prevent vigorous confrontation with resurgent antisemitism, they utterly obliterate that resurgence.
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Riches, John. "5. Jewish and Christian readings of the Binding of Isaac." In The Bible: A Very Short Introduction, 52–63. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198863335.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
‘Jewish and Christian readings of the Binding of Isaac’ assesses some of the readings of the Bible by believers, both Jews and Christians. It focuses on the Akedah, the story of Abraham’s binding of Isaac in Genesis 22. The Akedah is a story of strange violence and tenderness, of a father ordered by his God to sacrifice ‘his only son’. For Jews, this is a story read in the light of the history of Jewish persecution. Remarkable retellings of the story are to be found from Rabbis in the Rhineland during the Crusades. For Christians, the themes of the Akedah are largely subsumed in their reading of the Passion. Nevertheless, the story has continued to exert its spell, remaining a story which raises profound questions about the nature of faith and suffering. Its use by philosophers (Kierkegaard) and poets (Wilfred Owen) is examined.