Academic literature on the topic 'Jews – Galicia (Poland and Ukraine) – History'
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Journal articles on the topic "Jews – Galicia (Poland and Ukraine) – History"
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Manekin, Rachel. "Shimon Redlich. Together and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919–1945. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. xi, 202 pp.; Rosa Lehman. Symbiosis and Ambivalence: Poles and Jews in a Small Galician Town. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001. xxii, 217 pp." AJS Review 28, no. 2 (November 2004): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009404430219.
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The books under review deal with two towns in Galicia, territory that was part of the Habsburg Empire from 1772 until 1918. The first town, Brzezany, is located today in the Ukraine; the second, Jaśliska, a small town, is now in Poland. Despite different starting points, both books attempt to solve the riddle of the past and present relations between Jews and their neighbors, relations that are noted for their ambivalence and complexity.
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Bechtel, Delphine. "Remembrance tourism in former multicultural Galicia: The revival of the Polish–Ukrainian borderlands." Tourism and Hospitality Research 16, no. 3 (June 6, 2016): 206–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358415620464.
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The historical region of Galicia was appropriated successively by the Habsburg Imperium, Independent Poland, the USSR, Hitler Germany, and Communist Poland and the USSR. It is presently divided in to two by the border between Poland and Ukraine, the EU and the belt of post-Soviet states. Its multicultural past has been eradicated through genocide, ethnic cleansing, and deportations by Hitler and Stalin as well as various interethnic conflicts between Polish and Ukrainian nationalists. From 1989 on, pilgrims, survivors, root tourists, and also religious, political, and community activists have started to rediscover it. Poles, Ukrainians, Jews, as well as Russian and Western travelers cross the borders to remember their childhood places, the locus of their deportation or survival, or the cradle of the family history, or just a province lost. Their expectations are partly met, or sometimes ignored, by municipal and regional authorities, travel agencies, private businesses, and locals, who all contribute to form a network of touristic infrastructures. The memory of WW2 and of the subsequent deportations looms large in the personal agendas of tourists and community activists. However, Poland and Ukraine envision local, historical, and identity tourism in the region variously. While Western Ukraine tries to convey a strongly nationalistic and monoethnic image of the region, Poland, under the influence of EU guidelines and subsidies, has opened to a more multicultural and postmodern concept. Transnational tourism across the border participates in the reassertion of conflicting national identities.
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Dziuban, Roman. "Yakiv Honigsman and his collection in the funds of the manuscript department of the Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv." Proceedings of Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv, no. 14(30) (December 2022): 229–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37222/2524-0315-2022-14(30)-10.
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In recent years, the interest of both the general public and the scientific community to get better acquainted with the culture of national minorities in Ukraine has been growing. Therefore, intelligence becomes relevant, which covers the processes of development of cultures of these minorities and actualizes the directions of further research in this area. One such minority is the Jewish minority. Jews belong to one of the oldest ethnic minorities in Ukraine, known since ancient times. The number of Jews declined sharply in Ukraine in the middle of the last century, due to the policy of extermination by the German Nazis during World War II, and continued to decline during the independence of Ukraine due to the departure of a large number of Jews to their ancient homeland. territory of the State of Israel. However, in the new post-Soviet conditions of an independent Ukrainian state, the Jewish community has better opportunities to develop its national culture. The purpose of the article and our task was to review the personal fund of the economist and researcher of the history of the Jewish community of eastern Poland and western Ukraine, which makes up the historical and biographical background. Archival research methods were used in compiling the descriptions of J. Honigsman’s fund, and a biographical method was used in compiling the biographical information about the scientist. Autobiographies, personal documents, memoirs, articles about the scientist, as well as correspondence were used for the analysis. General historical research methods and the historical source method were useful. The described archive of J. Honigsman can be useful first of all to economists who study the economy of Western Ukraine in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. There are some values of his work on the life and death (Holocaust) of Jews during the German occupation of Galicia, as well as documents relating to the life of the Jewish community in Lviv after Ukraine gained independence in 1991. Keywords: Honigsman, Jewish literature, old prints, manuscripts, B’nai Brith International, reviews, ghetto, Ukrainian-Jewish relations, correspondence.
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Honcharenko, Оleksij. "Key Historical Narratives for the Formation of National Identity of Ukranians in Propaganda Discourse of Administrations of German Occupation Zones of Ukraine (1941–1944)." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 66 (2022): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.66.07.
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The purpose of the study: to identify information arrays, that reconstructed and interpreted the historical past of Ukrainians, based on the source analysis of the content of German occupation periodicals, thus forming an appropriate model of historical memory, in fact, turning the Ukrainian people into a historical process. The methodology and methodology of research involves a combination of the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, as well as historical criticism of the selected basic reconstructions of the past of Ukrainians widely promoted in the occupation period. The study systematizes various publications in the occupation periodicals, highlighting their thematic blocks, specific content, forms of presentation of the standard information materials, which, contrary to the strategic visions of the Third Reich leadership, were directed at the formation of the historical memory of Ukrainians. The author, on a systemic and comprehensive level, investigated the information potential of the main periodicals that were published in all occupation zones of Ukraine, namely: the District «Galicia», the Reichskommissariat «Ukraine» and the Military Zone of Occupation. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the first in modern domestic historiography complex selection of the model of historical memory of Ukrainians, which was formed during the establishment of the German occupation regime. A detailed analysis of the information potential of the content of occupation periodicals indicates that the historical past of Ukrainians was interpreted in terms of the gravity of state tradition and the constant struggle against external enemies. The basic information and thematic blocks that were used in all the occupation zones of Ukraine were the reproduction of the history of Kievan Rus’, Khmelnytsky region and liberation movements of the Cossack era. At the same time, an exclusively negative image of neighboring Moscow and Poland was formed. The internal enemy of Ukraine was declared to be the Jews, against whom the Ukrainians fought in the same way as they fought the Poles and Russians. The events of 1917–1920, when the Ukrainian state perished and was torn apart by neighboring Poland and Bolshevik Russia, were voiced in the context of betrayal by the democratic countries of Europe. The construction of a new national identity for Ukrainians in the context of their spiritual, psychological, historical, cultural, economic, and territorial unity, as well as the reinterpretation of the historical past, consolidated society at that time. This important process for Ukrainians was carried out in unison with the history of the people’s unceasing struggle for their own statehood and their desire to achieve synodality. By successfully manipulating historical facts, German propagandists actually reformatted the historical memory of Ukrainians, programming for the future, constructing and correcting national identity markers that even the following Soviet occupation of the country was unable to erase. However, the historical narrative widely promoted in periodicals downplayed regional differences and social contradictions of Ukrainian society, represented its internal national unity, and was presented equally in all German occupation zones of Ukraine.
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Bodnar, Halyna. "“RUSSIANS CAME”: MEMORY OF SOVIET AUTHORITIES 1939‒1941 YEARS IN BIOGRAPHICAL NARRATIVES OF THE OLDEST GENERATION OF THE RESIDENTS OF WESTERN UKRAINE." Вісник Львівського університету. Серія історична / Visnyk of the Lviv University. Historical Series, no. 54 (November 3, 2022): 111–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/his.2022.54.11605.
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The oral history of Ukraine in the 1930s and 1940s is an important independent body of sources for the study of this period. An encumbered story about one’s life or specific historical events best conveys experience, the world of ideas and perceptions, and the individual vision of direct eyewitnesses of past events. Pre-planned methods of the interview process, experienced interviewers, a selection of narrators, a sufficient number of recordings with the “saturation effect” are the keys to the success of the oral history project. The article analyzes the oral biographical narratives of the oldest generation of Western Ukraine residents about the Soviet government in 1939‒1941, highlights the main content lines of stories and dominant images of the first Soviet occupation, the transformation of moods. The empirical basis of the research are interviews recorded as part of the project “Social Anthropology of Filling the Void: Poland and Ukraine after World War II” and processed by the author for their publication by the Center for Urban History of East Central Europe in Lviv. The interviews were recorded by an interdisciplinary group of Polish-Ukrainian female researchers in 2017‒2019 with residents of villages and towns of Ternopil, Lviv, and Ivano-Frankivsk oblasts born in the 1920s‒1930s. The stories are biographical and pertain to the whole life interviewees, with a special focus made on the 1930s‒1940s and World War II. The oldest participants were born in 1923 and the youngest were born in the late 1930s. Their stories are biographies of average native Halychyna residents, who shared their life experience for the first time and, consequently, shared what in their opinion was important to remember, as no recorded memory will be left when they pass away. The narration of the “big” story is made of a palette of “small” reactions to events, it is the inner world of a person – their worries and experiences, successes, hopes, and expectations. The images of Soviet authorities and the Soviet people in the memories of children are not holistic and meaningful, but are connected with the outer world – home and parents, close family and friends, the street and acquaintancies, neighbors, school, religious traditions and the church. Children’s memories recorded not so much everyday routine, but crucial and traumatic, strong emotional experience, which was filled with the years of the first Soviet regime in the region; their stories are replete with numerous unique case stories that may not have reached or come into view of adults. After having met the Red Army in September 1939, the hopes placed on the Soviet government by the adult population vanished almost immediately. People, then children, explained the first disappointments with the brutality of the Red Army: accidental or deliberate executions of innocent people, repressions in autumn 1939. For Galician peasants and small-town residents the image of the Soviets in 1939‒1941 is a radically changed world of their childhood with a fairy-tale palace and a local landowner with his family; depending on the social status of the family, the allotted land and the joy of harvesting their own field; inhuman deportations of Polish neighbors in the frosty winter of 1940. The primary “own” grief was the emotional culmination of life stories from the period of the first Soviet occupation: mostly in June 1941 they lost their loved ones due to the last, fourth, wave of deportations or executions in prisons during the retreat of the Soviets. In the memoirs of Galician villagers, unlike to the memoirs of the inhabitants of the cities, there are almost no mentions of the reaction of Poles and Jews to the arrival of the Red Army in September 1939.
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Melnyk, Roman. "The Concept of “Galicia” in the Discourse of Chwila Newspaper (1919–1939)." Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia 18 (2021): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843925sj.20.005.13873.
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This article proposes a study of the usage of the concept of “Galicia” in the leading Jewish political newspaper of interwar Eastern Galicia (southeastern Poland), the Zionist daily Chwila.The use of “Galicia” is analyzed along with its main concurrent in the public sphere, the term “Małopolska” (Lesser Poland). Each term had its realm of usage, while each was caused by a distinct kind of motivation. “Lesser Poland” dominated the political and common sphere as the name of the former Austrian part of Poland, while “Galicia” was reserved mostly for writing about cultural issues and stereotypes. “Lesser Poland” was supposedly accepted by Galician Zionists as a tool to express their loyalty to the newly restored Polish Republic, while “Galicia” was preserved as an instrument for communication with other Galician Jews abroad and their common Austrian past, as well as an instrument of othering them from the outside. Both terms continued to be used in such a way throughout the entire interwar period.
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Koźbiał, Jan. "Ruś polska – synopsis." Studia Interkulturowe Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 9 (July 14, 2016): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.8267.
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The article is aimed at introducing the brief recapitulation of the history of Polish Rus’. This history begins from Mieszko I of Poland (Red Ruthenia or Red Rus’ – that was as a matter of fact the residence of the Polish tribes). Gradually the Polish dominion (The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland) was stretched out on the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia (during the reign of Casimir the Great), and after the Union of Lublin – on the Volhynia and the rest of territories that nowadays belong to Ukraine. During the second Rzeczpospolita (The second Commonwealth of Poland) Polish Rus’ encompassed the Volhynia and the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia (Galicia – Eastern Małopolska, e.g. Lesser Poland). After 1945 the Polish Rus’ got separated from Poland (except Red Ruthenia or Red Rus’).
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Kuzovova, Natalia. "SOVIET REPRESSION AGAINST REFUGEE JEWS FROM THE TERRITORY OF POLAND AND CZECH-SLOVAKIA BEFORE AND AT THE BEGINNING OF WORLD WAR II." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 9 (December 25, 2021): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.112018.
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Purpose: to analyze a set of documents stored in the funds of the State Archives of Kherson region – cases of repressed refugees from Poland and Czechoslovakia in 1938-1941. Based on historiographical and source studies on this topic, to outline the general grounds for arrest and persecution of refugees by Soviet authorities and to find out why Jews – former citizens of Poland and Czechoslovakia – found themselves in the focus of repression. Research methodology. The main research methods were general and special-historical, as well as methods of archival heuristics and scientific criticism of sources. Scientific novelty. Previously unpublished documents are introduced into scientific circulation: cases of repressed refugees from Poland and Czechoslovakia, analysis of the Soviet government's policy towards Jews who tried to escape from the Nazis in the USSR and the Union Republics in southern Ukraine, including Kherson. The forms of repression applied by the NKVD to refugee Jews are analyzed, and the consequences of such a policy for the German government's policy of genocide in the occupied territories are examined. Conclusions. The study found that the formal reason for the persecution of Jewish refugees was the illegal crossing of the border with the USSR, since the Soviet Union, like many countries in the world, refused to accept Jews fleeing the Nazi persecution. The Soviet government motivated this by the fact that refugee Jews spread mood of defeat and panic, spied for Germany, Britain, and Poland, had anti-Soviet views, and conducted anti-Soviet campaigning. As a result of the arrests and deportations of Jewish refugees, the Jewish population, particularly in southern Ukraine, was unaware of the persecution of Jews in lands occupied by Nazi Germany. In fact, the Jewish refugees sent to the concentration camps, along with the Germans of Ukraine and the Volga region, were the only groups of people thus "evacuated" by the Soviet authorities on ethnic grounds. However, due to the enemy's rapid offensive, refugees who did not fall into the hands of the NKVD shared the tragic fate of Ukrainian Jews during the Holocaust.
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Carynnyk, Marco. "Foes of our rebirth: Ukrainian nationalist discussions about Jews, 1929-1947." Nationalities Papers 39, no. 3 (May 2011): 315–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2011.570327.
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The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, or OUN, came into being in 1929 as an “integral nationalist” movement that set itself the goal of driving Polish landowners and officials out of eastern Galicia and Volhynia, joining hands with Ukrainians in other countries, and establishing an independent state. The OUN defined Jews, along with Russians and Poles, as aliens and enemies. There was no need, wrote an OUN ideologist in 1929, to list all the injuries that Jews caused Ukrainians. “In addition to a number of external enemies Ukraine also has an internal enemy … Jewry and its negative consequences for our liberation cause can be liquidated only by an organized collective effort”. The article examines archival documents, publications by OUN members, and recent scholarly literature to trace the evolution of OUN thinking about Jews from 1929 through the war years, when the German occupation of Ukraine gave the OUN an opportunity to stage pogroms and persecute Jews, and the prime minister of the state that the OUN proclaimed wrote that he supported “the destruction of the Jews and the expedience of bringing German methods of exterminating Jewry to Ukraine”.
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Wiesen, S. Jonathan. "Overcoming Nazism: Big Business, Public Relations, and the Politics of Memory, 1945–50." Central European History 29, no. 2 (June 1996): 201–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900013017.
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In 1973 Yad Vashem, the international organization commemorating Holocaust martyrs and heroes, extended its highest honors to one of Germany's most influential business leaders. Berthold Beitz, head of the Krupp Foundation in Essen, was declared one of “the righteous among the nations” and was inducted into a very small group of individuals who had risked their lives to rescue Jews during the Third Reich. As a young manager in German-occupied Galicia, Beitz had been considered a rising star in the firm of Karpaten Öl. A trustee acting on behalf of the board of directors, Beitz was in a key position to witness the brutality of the SS in occupied Poland. In 1943, as he began to suspect his government's murderous intentions, Beits grew determined to risk his career, and possibly his life, to protect Jews from a tragic fate. Through various means of trickery and bargaining with the SS, Beitz took under his wing both young and old, skilled and unskilled, and employed them in scattered oil installations in eastern Galicia, ultimately protecting many of them from deportation and probable death in Belzec.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Jews – Galicia (Poland and Ukraine) – History"
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Bornstein, Robert J. (Robert Jay). "Galician Jewish emigration, 1869-1880." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23709.
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The purpose of this study is to determine how Galician Jewish emigration during the period 1869-1880 was affected by the Austrian Constitution of 21 December 1867, and in particular by Article IV of said constitution's Fundamental Law Concerning the General Rights of Citizens which granted freedom of movement for the first time to Habsburg subjects. Various demographic, economic, political and societal factors particular to migration, to Galicia and to Galician Jewry are examined in order to establish the effect of the 1867 Constitution on Galician Jewish emigration.
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Kizilov, Mikhail. "The Karaites, a religious and linguistic minority in Eastern Galicia (Ukraine) 1772-1945." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0d1c5b95-5f5a-4805-b90e-d2b54cbb9dd5.
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The dissertation is dedicated to the history of the East European Karaite Jews (Karaites), a highly interesting ethno-religious Jewish group. It focuses on the Karaites of Galicia (Ukraine) from 1772 to 1945. The first four chapters of the dissertation are devoted to the Austrian period in the history of the Galician Karaites (1772-1918). Chapter One demonstrates that the Karaites represent an unparalleled example of preferential treatment of a Jewish community by the Austrian administration. Chapter Two provides readers with an overview of the "internal" history of the Karaite communities of Halicz and Kukizow. Chapter Three outlines the religious and ethnographic customs and traditions of the Galician Karaites. Chapter Four focuses on relations between the Karaites and their ethnic neighbours - the Slavs and the Ashkenazic Jews. Chapter Five is dedicated to the history of the Karaites in Polish Galicia between the two world wars. It is in this period that the Karaites started to become more and more separated from the Ashkenazic Jews. Chapter Six reconstructs the process of dejudaization and Turkicization of the Karaite community, highlighting the role of Seraja Szapszal, the Karaite ideological leader. It ends with an analysis of the history of the community during the period of the Nazi occupation. Chapter Seven outlines the ultimate decline of the Galician community after the Second World War. It also describes the current state of the Galician Karaite community and its historical legacy. The conclusion provides some essential remarks regarding the position of the Karaite case within the wider framework of Jewish and European history.
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Schneider, Ulrike. "Der Erste Weltkrieg und das ‚Ostjudentum‘. Westeuropäische Perspektiven am Beispiel von Arnold Zweig, Sammy Gronemann und Max Brod." HATiKVA e.V. – Die Hoffnung Bildungs- und Begegnungsstätte für Jüdische Geschichte und Kultur Sachsen, 2016. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34825.
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TOKARSKI, Slawomir. "Ethnic conflict and economic development : Jews in Galician agriculture 1868-1914." Doctoral thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6001.
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Defence date: 2 May 1995Examining board: Prof. Richard Griffiths, European University Institute (supervisor) ; Prof. Victor Karady, Centre De Sociologie De L'Éducation et de la Culture ; Prof. Rene Leboutte, European University Institute ; Prof. Michael Müller, European University Institute (co-supervisor) ; Prof. Jerzy Topolski, University of Poznań
First made available online: 2 September 2016
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Shanes, Joshua Michael. "National regeneration in the Diaspora : Zionism, politics, and Jewish identity in late Habsburg Galicia, 1883-1907 /." 2002. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
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Nance, Agnieszka B. "Nation without a state: imagining Poland in the nineteenth century." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2136.
Full textBooks on the topic "Jews – Galicia (Poland and Ukraine) – History"
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Elżbieta, Długosz, and Zawidzka Iwona, eds. Galicyjskim szlakiem chasydów sądecko-bobowskich. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Austeria, 2015.
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A world apart: A memoir of Jewish life in nineteenth century Galicia. Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2008.
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Diaspora nationalism and Jewish identity in Habsburg Galicia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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Nationalizing a borderland: War, ethnicity, and anti-Jewish violence in east Galicia, 1914-1920. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2005.
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1911-, Derech Shlomo, and Oṭits Zeʾev, eds. Mifleget Hitʾaḥadut be-Polin ben shete milḥamot ʻolam: Ḳovets. [Efʻal]: Yad Ṭabenḳin, 1988.
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Conspirators. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2004.
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Conspirators. Toronto: HarperPerennialCanada, 2005.
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Bernstein, Michael André. Conspirators. Toronto: HarperFlamingo Canada, 2004.
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The idea of Galicia: History and fantasy in Habsburg political culture. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2010.
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D, Orton Lawrence, and Kozik Jan 1934-1979, eds. The Ukrainian national movement in Galicia, 1815-1849. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Jews – Galicia (Poland and Ukraine) – History"
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Wylegała, Anna. "Entangled Bystanders: Multidimensional Trauma of Ethnic Cleansing and Mass Violence in Eastern Galicia." In Palgrave Studies in the History of Experience, 119–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84663-3_5.
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AbstractThis chapter focuses on the multidimensional trauma of witnesses to mass ethnic violence. The author analyzes the personal experiences of civilians during World War II in Eastern Galicia (once a multi-ethnic borderland region: before 1939 in Poland, now in Ukraine). What makes Galicia an exceptional case study is the continuity of mass violence of different kinds and against different groups of the population: Soviet repression and mass killings, the Holocaust, ethnic cleansing of Poles committed by Ukrainian nationalists, and conflict between Soviet authorities and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. Drawing on existing concepts from the field of bystanders’ studies, for example, Michael Rothberg’s implicated subject and Omer Bartov’s communal genocide, the author proposes to understand the trauma of Galician bystanders as a complex and multidimensional experience, psychological as well as collective and communal.
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Kopstein, Jeffrey S., and Jason Wittenberg. "Ukrainian Galicia and Volhynia." In Intimate Violence, 84–113. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501715259.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the summer 1941 pogroms in western Ukraine, in what had been the voivodships of Volhynia, Stanisławów, Lwów, and Tarnopol in pre-1939 Poland. Ukrainians constituted a majority of all inhabitants in the four voivodships, but were politically mobilized differently in Volhynia and the remaining Galician provinces. Similar to chapter 4, a robust predictor of pogroms in Galicia is strong support for Jewish national rights in Poland, except in Galicia the perpetrators were typically Ukrainian rather than Polish. We also find evidence that pogroms were likely to occur in small market towns, where economic inequalities between Jews and non-Jews would have been more apparent. For Volhynia we find that pogroms were rare where there was popular support for communism.
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Polonsky, Antony. "The Jews in Poland between the Two World Wars." In Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History, 211–52. Liverpool University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764395.003.0007.
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This chapter assesses the position of Jews in Poland between the two world wars, which differed considerably in the various partitions. Polish Jews were largely urban. In 1931, over three-quarters lived in towns and less than a quarter in villages and in the country. As one would expect, therefore, Jews were found mainly in urban occupations. In Galicia, however, where the granting of civil rights had enabled Jews to buy land, a class of Jewish land-owners grew up. Jews also formed a significant part of the Polish intelligentsia. Meanwhile, Jewish political life was highly factionalized. There was a multiplicity of Jewish political parties, reflecting deep divisions within the community over religion and class, and attitudes to the Polish state and to the Jewish national movement. Indeed, Jewish political life was characterized by a threefold division between Zionism, Orthodoxy, and socialism, although within each of these ideological camps there was a plethora of subgroups.
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Polonsky, Antony. "The New Jewish Politics 1881–1914." In Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History, 96–134. Liverpool University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764395.003.0004.
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This chapter investigates how the years between 1881 and 1914 saw major changes in the situation of the Jews in the tsarist empire. Antisemitism became the stock-in-trade of the tsarist authorities, who fastened on imaginary Jewish conspiracies as the explanation for the crises that threatened the empire. In the Kingdom of Poland and in the Prussian partition, Polish political life was now dominated by the Endecja, which came increasingly under the sway of obsessive antisemitism, while the national conflict between Poles and Ukrainians was undermining Jewish support for Polish aristocratic hegemony in Galicia. One consequence of these changes was the increasing strength of the ‘new Jewish politics’. This new departure, the politics of ‘peoplehood’, which first emerged in the decade of the 1880s in the tsarist empire, was a response to the perceived failure of the politics of Jewish integration. The new political climate compelled the exponents of the new Jewish politics to look for allies from the broader political spectrum.
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Bartal, Israel, and Antony Polonsky. "Introduction: The Jews of Galicia under the Habsburgs." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 12, 3–24. Liverpool University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774594.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter charts the history of the Galician Jews. It starts from the beginnings of Jewish settlement in Galicia during the eighteenth century and culminates in the outbreak of the Second World War. For centuries the area had a large Jewish population dispersed throughout hundreds of large and small towns, villages, and estates, and the history of this community is inseparable from the history of Polish Jewry. In Galicia, as elsewhere in Poland, the Jews combined the Ashkenazi tradition of study of Mishnah and halakhic literature with mysticism, which played a central role in the Sabbatean movement and the emergence of hasidism. On the other hand, however, several generations of Austrian rule and exposure to the German language and culture left their mark and drew the Jews of the region towards central European culture.
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Polonsky, Antony. "From the End of the Second World War to the Collapse of the Communist System." In Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History, 380–423. Liverpool University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764395.003.0011.
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This chapter studies the situation of the Jews from the end of the Second World War to the collapse of the communist system. The Second World War left the world of east European Jewry devastated. Although the Nazis had been defeated, they had succeeded in murdering a large proportion of the Jews of eastern Europe. The end of the wartime Grand Alliance and the increasingly repressive character of the regimes in the Soviet Union and in Poland form the background against which attempts were made to rebuild the war-torn societies of eastern Europe and to recreate Jewish life. The Nazi occupation left a landscape laid waste by the effort to impose a racially structured New Order and the violent and often fratricidal resistance that it elicited. The departure of the Germans did not lead to the end of hostilities, and guerrilla war against the communist authorities continued in Poland, Ukraine, and Lithuania.
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Unowsky, Daniel. "The 1898 Anti-Jewish Violence in Habsburg Galicia." In Pogroms, 46–69. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190060084.003.0003.
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In the spring of 1898, thousands of peasants and townspeople in western Galicia rioted against their Jewish neighbors. Attacks took place in more than 400 communities in this northeastern province of the Habsburg Monarchy, now divided between Poland and Ukraine. Jewish-owned homes and businesses were ransacked and looted, and Jews were assaulted, threatened, and humiliated, though not killed. Emperor Franz Joseph signed off on a state of emergency in thirty-three counties and declared martial law in two. Over five thousand individuals—peasants, day laborers, city council members, teachers, shopkeepers—were charged with myriad offenses. Through its analysis of the riots as a form of “exclusionary violence,” this chapter offers new insights into the upsurge of the antisemitism that accompanied the emergence of mass politics in Europe at the turn of the twentieth century.
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Polonsky, Antony. "Jews in Eastern Europe and Russia since the End of Communism." In Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History, 424–62. Liverpool University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764395.003.0012.
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This chapter highlights how the collapse of communism in eastern Europe and the Soviet Union initiated a new period in the history of the Jews in the area. Poland was now a fully sovereign country, and Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Moldova also became independent states. Post-imperial Russia faced the task of creating a new form of national identity. This was to prove more difficult than in other post-imperial states since, unlike Britain and France, the tsarist empire and its successor, the Soviet Union, had not so much been the ruler of a colonial empire as an empire itself. All of these countries now embarked, with differing degrees of enthusiasm, on the difficult task of creating liberal democratic states with market economies. For the Jews of the area, the new political situation allowed both the creation and development of Jewish institutions and the fostering of Jewish cultural life in much freer conditions, but also facilitated emigration to Israel, North America, and western Europe on a much larger scale.
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Polonsky, Antony. "Conclusion." In Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History, 463–65. Liverpool University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764395.003.0013.
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This concluding chapter describes the history of the Jews since the beginning of the diaspora as that of a succession of autonomous centres. The centre that developed in Poland–Lithuania from the middle of the thirteenth century was one of the most remarkable and creative. However, the history of the Jews of this area in the short twentieth century, between the outbreak of the First World War and the collapse of communism in Europe, has been tragic. The decline of Jewish communities was the result of local integral nationalism, the devastating impact of the genocidal policies of Nazi Germany, and the longer-term destructive effects of communist rule, particularly in its Stalinist incarnation. Ultimately, the complex story of the Jews of Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia, and of their contribution to Jewish life and to the culture of the larger world around them, needs to be better known and better understood in the diaspora, in Israel, and in the countries of eastern Europe. The Nazi attempt to annihilate the Jews and Stalin's efforts to eradicate their culture ultimately failed. There are still Jews in eastern Europe, and the rich culture the Jews created there remains a source of admiration and inspiration to both Jews and non-Jews.
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Polonsky, Antony. "The First World War and its Aftermath." In Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History, 171–210. Liverpool University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764395.003.0006.
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This chapter focuses on how the First World War represented a major turning point in the history not only of the Jews, but also of Europe and the wider world. The First World War saw the three powers that had partitioned Poland go to war with each other. In spite of deep reservations about the tsarist regime, the Jews supported the Russian war effort in large numbers, and over half a million served in the tsarist army. This did not, however, allay Russian hostility. Changes in Russian anti-Jewish policies came in only after the overthrow of the tsarist system. In Ukraine, the home of the largest Jewish community in the tsarist empire, the development of the revolution and the situation of the Jews had some specific features. Jewish support for Ukrainian aspirations was undermined by the breakdown of law and order and the beginnings of the wave of pogroms, which was to assume massive proportions in late 1918 and throughout 1919. In spite of the appalling bloodshed that had occurred, Jews both in eastern Europe and elsewhere felt that the outcome of the war did have some positive elements. Zionism now enjoyed international recognition, as did the national rights of Jews in Poland and Lithuania and the autonomy that they had been granted in the latter.