Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Jews – Europe – History'
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1
Leung, Joshua. "The Jews in Poland : a history of minorities diplomacy (1918-1939)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IEPP0004.
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La fin de la Grande guerre et l’effondrement des empires en Europe centrale et orientale ont ouvert la voie à l’établissement des nouveaux États successeurs à ces empires. Le passage des empires aux États-nations a également donné naissance à un nouveau problème : celui des minorités au sein de ces nouveaux « États minoritaires ». La Pologne, le plus important de ces nouveaux États, est confrontée en particulier à une population dont un tiers n’est pas polonaise. Pour garantir les droits de ces minorités, les grandes puissances font signer la Pologne un traité des minorités. L’impulsion principale derrière la mise en place de ce traité des minorités avec la Pologne et le suivi de la situation des Juifs tout au long de la période d’entre-deux-guerres est assurée par de nombreuses associations juives qui mènent la « diplomatie minoritaire », une diplomatie menée au nom des minorités. Les interlocuteurs privilégiés de cette diplomatie étaient les ministères des Affaires étrangères des grandes puissances, notamment la France et la Grande-Bretagne, ainsi que des organisations internationales telles que la Société des Nations (SDN) et la société civile internationale. Cette diplomatie minoritaire connaît un succès marqué au moment de la conférence de la Paix en 1919, un succès qui est reproduit au cours des années vingt. Cependant, les années trente voient la perte d’influence de cette diplomatie, liée au déclin de la SDN. En fin de compte, la diplomatie minoritaire est devenue désuète après que la communauté internationale renonce aux droits collectifs des minorités en faveur des droits individuels et des transferts de population au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondialeThe end of the Great War and the collapse of the empires in East Central Europe paved the way for the establishment of the new successor states to these empires. The transition from empires to nation states also gave rise to a new problem: that of the minorities within these new ‘minorities states’. Poland, the largest of these new states, was faced in particular with a population of which one third was not Polish. In order to guarantee the rights of these minorities, the great powers made Poland sign a minorities treaty. The impetus behind the implementation of this minorities treaty with Poland and the monitoring of the situation of the Jews throughout the interwar period was ensured by a number of Jewish associations that conducted ‘minorities diplomacy’, a diplomacy conducted on behalf of the minorities. The main interlocutors for this diplomacy were the foreign ministries of the great powers, particularly Britain and France, as well as international organisations such as the League of Nations and the international civil society. This minorities diplomacy enjoyed a marked success at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, a success that was repeated in the 1920s. However, the 1930s saw this diplomacy lose its influence, linked to the decline of the League of Nations. Ultimately, minorities diplomacy became obsolete after the international community abandoned the collective rights of minorities in favour of individual rights and population transfers in the aftermath of the Second World War
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Kauffman, Karen C. "Re-Inventing German Collective Memory: The Debate over the Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe." Thesis, Boston College, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/557.
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Thesis advisor: Peter H. WeilerComing to terms with memory of the Nazi past has been a long and challenging task for the German nation. An important part of this process was the debate over building a national Holocaust memorial in Berlin, called the Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe. The debate began in 1989 and has arguably not yet ended. Occurring primarily in periodicals, political speeches and official colloquiums, the Denkmalstreit (memorial debate) was largely about German intellectuals developing a system of dealing with the Holocaust while redefining German identity in their own eyes and those of the world. The famous Historikerstreit (historians debate) of the 1980s raised the issues of the burden of shame and guilt on modern Germans, concern over forgetting the Holocaust, the uniqueness of the Holocaust and Jewish persecution, and the need to develop a new national identity. The Denkmalstreit dealt with these issues through the questions of whether to build a memorial and what it would mean, whether the memorial would be for descendents of perpetrators or victims, and what form the memorial should take. After closely examining these issues and the consensus the German intellectuals, politicians and artists reached in order to finally dedicate the memorial in 2005, I argue that Germany has done an exemplary job of coming to terms with the crimes of its past
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2008
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: History
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: History Honors Program
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Geller, Joseph. "The manuscript version of the memoirs of Dov Ber Birkenthal (Ber of Bolochew)." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22375.
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This thesis is concerned with the manuscript of the memoirs of Dov Ber Birkenthal, Ber of Bolechow. The memoirs describe Jewish existence in eighteenth century Poland and provide valuable information regarding economic, social and cultural matters of that era. Uncovered in 1912, the manuscript was edited and published in Hebrew and translated into English by Dr. M. Vishnitzer.By primary supposition of the present thesis is that Dr. Vishnitzer's transcription of the manuscript is inaccurate, and for this reason, a re-working of the memoirs has been undertaken. In addition to providing an authentic transcription of the manuscript, this thesis also contains a description of Birkenthal's life, an analysis of the uniqueness of this somewhat exceptional person and an account of how the memoirs have been used in the literature. Moreover, the historical value of the memoirs has been assessed, and an indepth analysis of the flaws contained in Vishniter's transcription has been provided.
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Kizilov, Mikhail. "The Karaites, a religious and linguistic minority in Eastern Galicia (Ukraine) 1772-1945." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0d1c5b95-5f5a-4805-b90e-d2b54cbb9dd5.
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The dissertation is dedicated to the history of the East European Karaite Jews (Karaites), a highly interesting ethno-religious Jewish group. It focuses on the Karaites of Galicia (Ukraine) from 1772 to 1945. The first four chapters of the dissertation are devoted to the Austrian period in the history of the Galician Karaites (1772-1918). Chapter One demonstrates that the Karaites represent an unparalleled example of preferential treatment of a Jewish community by the Austrian administration. Chapter Two provides readers with an overview of the "internal" history of the Karaite communities of Halicz and Kukizow. Chapter Three outlines the religious and ethnographic customs and traditions of the Galician Karaites. Chapter Four focuses on relations between the Karaites and their ethnic neighbours - the Slavs and the Ashkenazic Jews. Chapter Five is dedicated to the history of the Karaites in Polish Galicia between the two world wars. It is in this period that the Karaites started to become more and more separated from the Ashkenazic Jews. Chapter Six reconstructs the process of dejudaization and Turkicization of the Karaite community, highlighting the role of Seraja Szapszal, the Karaite ideological leader. It ends with an analysis of the history of the community during the period of the Nazi occupation. Chapter Seven outlines the ultimate decline of the Galician community after the Second World War. It also describes the current state of the Galician Karaite community and its historical legacy. The conclusion provides some essential remarks regarding the position of the Karaite case within the wider framework of Jewish and European history.
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Wilkinson, Sarah. "Perceptions of public opinion. British foreign policy decisions about Nazi Germany, 1933-1938." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e4be72fd-3dd2-44f5-8bf6-19922402e397.
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This thesis examines the historical problem of determining the relationship between a government's perception of public opinion and the decisions it takes. We introduce evidence for the social habits of the Cabinet in order to suggest new formulations of 'élite' and 'mass' public opinion. We argue that parliamentary opinion was generally more important in decision-making for the Cabinet, except at moments of extreme crisis when a conception of 'mass' opinion became equally significant. These characterization of mass opinion were drawn from a set of stereotypes about public opinion which academic and political theorization had produced. It is argued that this theorization was stimulated by ongoing debates about mass communication, the importance of the ordinary man in democracy and the outbreak of the first world war during the inter-war period. The thesis begins with an introduction to the methodological problems involved, followed by one chapter on theorization about public opinion in the inter-war period. Three diplomatic crises are considered in the case study chapters: the withdrawal of Germany from the Disarmament Conference in 1933, the German reoccuption of the Rhineland in 1936 and the threat of invasion of the Sudetenland in 1938. Two further chapters examine the role of public opinion in protests to Germany about the treatment of the Jews in 1933 and in 1938. It is argued that perceptions of public opinion played a much more important role in decision-making than has hiterto been thought. The most significant argument posits that perceptions of public opinion were equally as important as military considerations in the decision to refuse the Godesberg terms in 1938. More generally, the way in which politicians used public opinion rhetorically is described and the limits of the usefulness of the term for historians are suggested.
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Charak, Sarah Edith. "Anglo-Jews and Eastern European Jews in a White Australia." Thesis, Department of History, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/21137.
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This thesis traces the story of Australian Jewish identity from the colonial period to the end of the 1920s. Anglo-Jews aligned themselves with ‘white Australia’, arguing that their Jewishness was merely a private trait. Moments of crisis in the 1890s and 1920s, prompted by the possible and actual migration of Eastern European Jews to Australia, threatened to destabilise the place Anglo-Jews had carved out in Australian society, and forced a renegotiation of what it meant to be Jewish in Australia. These moments demonstrate that despite being notionally accepted in Australia, the whiteness of Jews was never guaranteed. Drawing on newspapers and government records, this thesis argues that since their arrival in Australia, Jews have been ambivalently and ambiguously placed in relation to Australian constructions of whiteness. As a group notoriously hard to define, Jews are an important case study in an analysis of the discursive world of ‘white Australia’, presenting new questions that challenge existing binaries of ‘white’ and ‘coloured’.
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White, Angela. "Jewish lives in the Polish language the Polish-Jewish Press, 1918--1939 /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3292443.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2007.Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 28, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-11, Section: A, page: 4832. Adviser: Maria Bucur.
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Skiles, William Stewart. "Preaching to Nazi Germany| The Confessing Church on National Socialism, the Jews, and the Question of Opposition." Thesis, University of California, San Diego, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10009352.
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This dissertation examines sermons delivered by Confessing Church pastors in the Nazi dictatorship. The approach of most historians has focused on the history of the Christian institutions, its leaders, and its persecution by the Nazi regime, leaving the most elemental task of the pastor ? that is, preaching ? largely unexamined. The question left unaddressed is how well did Confessing pastors fare in articulating their views of the Nazi regime and the persecution of the Jews through their sermons? To answer this question, I analyzed 910 sermons by Confessing Church pastors, all delivered or disseminated between 1933 and the end of World War II in Europe. I argue that new trends in preaching popular among Confessing Church pastors discouraged deviation from the biblical text in sermons, and thus one result was few criticisms concerning German politics and society. Nevertheless, a minority of pastors criticized the Nazi regime and its leaders for their racial ideology and claims of ?Aryan? superiority, and also for unjust persecutions against Christians. They condemned Nazism as a morally corrupt ideology in contradiction to Christianity. Further, I argue that these sermons provide mixed messages about Jews and Judaism. While on the one hand, the sermons express admiration for Judaism as a foundation for Christianity and Jews as spiritual cousins; on the other hand, the sermons express religious prejudice in the form of anti-Judaic tropes that corroborated the Nazi ideology that portrayed Jews and Judaism as inferior. In the final section of the dissertation I explore the ministries of German pastors of Jewish descent and argue that they not only experienced persecution from the Nazi state, but also from their own congregations. Nevertheless, the themes of their sermons are consistent with those found in those of their colleagues. My research demonstrates that the German churches were in fact places to offer criticism of the Nazi regime, which was often veiled through biblical imagery and metaphor. Yet the messages reveal criticism from a position of obedience and subservience to the state, and at the same time the expose a confused ambiguity about the Jews and Judaism and their relation to Christians in Nazi Germany.
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Lauer, Rena. "Venice's Colonial Jews: Community, Identity, and Justice in Late Medieval Venetian Crete." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11520.
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This dissertation offers a social history of the Jews of Candia, Venetian Crete's capital, by investigating how these Jews related to their colonial sovereign, their Latin and Greek Christian neighbors, and their diverse co-religionists in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Latin ducal court records, Hebrew communal ordinances, and notarial materials reveal the unique circumstances of Venetian colonial rule on Crete, including the formalized social hierarchy dividing Latin and Greek Christians, ready access to the Venetian justice system, and Venetian accommodation of pre-colonial legal precedents. Together, these elements enabled and encouraged Jews--individuals and community alike--to invest deeply in the institutions of colonial society. Their investment fostered sustained, meaningful interactions with the Latin and Greeks populations. It even shaped the ways in which Jews engaged with one another, particularly as they brought their quotidian and intracommunal disputes before Venice's secular judiciaries. Though contemporary religious authorities frowned upon litigating against co-religionists in secular courts, people from across the spectrum of Candiote Jewry, from community leaders to unhappily married women, sought Venetian judicial intervention at times.History
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Greear, Wesley P. "American immigration policies and public opinion on European Jews from 1933 to 1945." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2002. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0322102-113418/unrestricted/Greear040102.pdf.
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Reichman, Alice I. "Community in Exile: German Jewish Identity Development in Wartime Shanghai, 1938-1945." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/96.
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Between 1938 and 1940 approximately 18,000 Jews from Central Europe went to the Chinese city of Shanghai to escape Nazi persecution. While almost every nation in the world refused to accept these desperate refugees, thousands found refuge in Japanese occupied Shanghai, which was an open port and one could immigrate there with no visa or passport. In an incredibly short period of time the refugees were able to develop a vibrant Jewish community. Relying primarily on the testimony of former refugees, this thesis seeks to address three main questions: What did exile in Shanghai feel like for the refugees? How did they handle and react to the circumstances of their new surroundings? In what ways did their common exile unite the group and bring about changes in personal identity?
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Verbeeten, David Randall. "The politics of non-assimilation : three generations of Eastern European Jews in the United States in the twentieth century." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610787.
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Silva, Lucy Gabrielli Bonifácio da. "A estrela vermelha de Davi: imigração judaica do leste europeu (São Paulo, décadas de 1920 e 1930)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/12635.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to track the historical trajectory of Jewish immigrants coming from East Europe to the city of São Paulo, especially those coming from countries that integrated the Russian Empire and, subsequently, the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics. This is an attempt of rescuing the experiences of these immigrants made from their arrival in Brazil during the 1920s and 1930s, based on interviews produced and made available by the Oral History Center of the Jewish Brazilian Historical Archive, documents of the Jewish community institutions and records of DEOPS-SP, part of the estate of the Public Archive of the State of São Paulo. The study is presented in three chapters. The first covers the motivations for choosing Brazil as the immigration destination; the intra-group relations, as of the differentiations brought into evidence during the living together of the various Jewish immigrant groups; and the constitution of associations as socialization strategy and to face the adversities. The second chapter, in its turn, has as focus the relationship between the Eastern European Jews and the inhabitants of the city of São Paulo, identifying the dialogues between the Jewish immigrants and the territories occupied by them, with emphasis on Bom Retiro; as well as the working activities, particularly the function of peddler and its meaning as means of survival and social insertion tool. The form with which the Jews were arrested by the national members of São Paulo society of the time is also analyzed, approaching the relations between Jews, Brazilians and other foreigners. Finally, the third chapter deals with the institutional relationship. It is sought to identify how the contact between the policy of the Vargas government (1930-1945), represented by DEOPS-SP, and the Jewish immigrants coming from the member-countries of the then Soviet Union came about. By means of the documentation, it is sought to understand what was more relevant in the orientation of the vigilance and repression practices established by the Brazilian federal government: the anti-Semitism, the anti-communism or still both factors identified severally or in conjunction
O objetivo desta dissertação é rastrear a trajetória histórica dos imigrantes judeus oriundos do leste europeu na cidade de São Paulo, em especial aqueles vindos dos países que integravam o Império russo e, posteriormente, a União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas. Trata-se de resgatar as experiências desses imigrantes constituídas a partir de sua chegada no Brasil durante as décadas de 1920 e 1930, com base em entrevistas produzidas e disponibilizadas pelo Núcleo de História Oral do Arquivo Histórico Judaico Brasileiro, documentos das instituições comunitárias judaicas e prontuários do DEOPS-SP, parte do acervo do Arquivo Público do Estado de São Paulo. O estudo se apresenta em três capítulos. O primeiro aborda as motivações para a escolha do Brasil como destino imigratório; as relações intragrupo, a partir das diferenciações postas em evidência quando da convivência dos vários grupos judeus imigrados; e a constituição de associações como estratégia de socialização e para fazer frente às adversidades. O segundo capítulo, por sua vez, tem como foco a relação entre os judeus do leste europeu e os habitantes da cidade de São Paulo, identificando os diálogos entre os imigrantes judeus e os territórios por eles ocupados, com ênfase no Bom Retiro; bem como as atividades de trabalho, em particular a função de mascate e seu significado enquanto meio de sobrevivência e ferramenta de inserção social. Analisa-se também a forma como os judeus eram apreendidos pelos membros nacionais da sociedade paulistana da época, abordando-se as relações entre judeus, brasileiros e outros estrangeiros. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo versa sobre a relação institucional. Procurase identificar como se deu o contato entre a política do governo Vargas (1930-1945), representada pelo DEOPS-SP, e os imigrantes judeus originários dos paísesmembro da então União Soviética. Mediante a documentação busca-se compreender o que era mais relevante na orientação das práticas de vigilância e repressão estabelecidas pelo governo federal brasileiro: o antissemitismo, o anticomunismo ou ainda ambos os fatores identificados isoladamente ou em conjunto
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Dupré, Romain. "Les juifs de France et l'antisémitisme : de l'affaire Dreyfus à 1940." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010637.
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S’inscrivant dans une période chargée de l’histoire des Juifs de France, cette thèse aborde les rapports de ces derniers à l’antisémitisme à la suite d’une historiographie ne présentant qu’une vision partielle et dispersée de cette question. Ce travail interroge le regard des Juifs en France métropolitaine sur l’antisémitisme sévissant dans l’Hexagone, en Algérie et à l’étranger, leurs réactions vis-à-vis de celui-ci et les évolutions identitaires qu’elles entraînent sur eux-mêmes. Dans cette optique, celle finalement de l’étude du fait minoritaire, nous mobilisons les outils de la psychologie et de la sociologie, en plus de ceux de l’historien. Dans la première partie, nous posons le contexte, une étape indispensable pour comprendre la pluralité de ces rapports sur un temps long au sein d’un vaste terrain d’investigation à la fois local et national. Nous nous concentrons particulièrement sur l’exposition réelle des Juifs de France à l’antisémitisme. La seconde partie aborde plus concrètement leurs réactions opposées à ce mal : les silences, les réflexions sur la haine, les agissements destinés à lutter contre lui. Nous terminons sur ses effets identitaires, c’est-à-dire la fierté, la recomposition ou la haine de soi consécutives et/ou affichées au contact incontournable avec la haine. Au final, ces réactions doivent être interprétées comme une maturation de rapports préexistants à la judéité et/ou à la francité officielle ou de fait des Juifs. L’antisémitisme a contribué à renforcer l’identité juive en France, tout en amenant des adaptations du « franco-judaïsme » face aux réalités de la condition minoritaire des Juifs de France, quelles que soient leurs originesTaking place at a critical time in the history of the Jews of France, this thesis approaches the reports of the latter to the anti-Semitism following a historiography presenting only a partial and scattered vision of this question. This thesis questions the perception of the Jews in metropolitan France about the anti-Semitism raging in France, in Algeria and abroad, their reactions towards this one and the identity evolutions which they have brought on themselves. To this end, we mobilize the tools of the psychology and the sociology, besides those of the historian. In the first part, we put the context, an essential stage to understand the plurality over time of these relationships within a vast ground of local and national investigations. We particularly focus on the actual exposure of the Jews of France to anti-Semitism. The second part approaches more concretely their opposed reactions to this ordeal: the silences, the reflections on the hatred, the actions intended to fight against it. We conclude on the impacts on identity, such as on the pride, the recomposition, the self-hatred and/or the exposure to the inescapable contact to hatred. Finally, these reactions must be interpreted as a maturation of pre-existing reports in the Jewishness and/or in the official or de facto Frenchness of the Jews of France. The anti-Semitism has helped to strengthen Jewish identity in France, while bringing adaptations of « Franco- Judaism » to the realities of the minority condition of the Jews of France, whatever their origins
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Carmesund, Ulf. "Refugees or Returnees : European Jews, Palestinian Arabs and the Swedish Theological Institute in Jerusalem around 1948." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129819.
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In this study five individuals who worked in Svenska Israelsmissionen and at the Swedish Theological Institute in Jerusalem are focused. These are Greta Andrén, deaconess in Svenska Israelsmissionen from 1934 and matron at the Swedish Theological Institute from 1946 to 1971, Birger Pernow, director of Svenska Israelsmissionen from 1930 to 1961, Harald Sahlin director of the Swedish Theological Institute in 1947, Hans Kosmala director of the Swedish Theological Institute from 1951 to 1971, and finally H.S. Nyberg, Chair of the Swedish board of the Swedish Theological Institute from 1955 to 1974. The study uses theoretical perspectives from Hannah Arendt, Mahmood Mamdani and Rudolf Bultmann. A common idea among Lutheran Christians in the first half of 20th century Sweden implied that Jews who left Europe for Palestine or Israel were not just seen as refugees or colonialists - but viewed as returnees, to the Promised Land. The idea of peoples’ origins, and original home, is traced in European race thinking. This study is discussing how many of the studied individuals combined superstitious interpretations of history with apocalyptic interpretations of the Bible and a Romantic national ideal. Svenska Israelsmissionen and the Swedish Theological Institute participated in Svenska Israelhjälpen in 1952, which resulted in 75 Swedish houses sent to the State of Israel. These houses were built on land where until July 1948 the Palestinian Arab village Qastina was located. The Jewish state was supported, but, the establishment of an Arab State in Palestine according to the UN decision of Nov 1947 was not essential for these Lutheran Christians in Sweden. The analysis involves an effort to translate the religious language of the studied objects into a secular language.
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Curk, Joshua M. "From Jew to Gentile : Jewish converts and conversion to Christianity in medieval England, 1066-1290." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:996a375b-43ac-42fc-a9f5-0edfa519d249.
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The subject of this thesis is Jewish conversion to Christianity in medieval England. The majority of the material covered dates between 1066 and c.1290. The overall argument of the thesis contends that converts to Christianity in England remained essentially Jews. Following a discussion of the relevant secondary literature, which examines the existing discussion of converts and conversion, the principal arguments contained in the chapters of the thesis include the assertion that the increasing restrictiveness of the laws and rules regulating the Jewish community in England created a push factor towards conversion, and that converts to Christianity inhabited a legal grey area, neither under the jurisdiction of the Exchequer of the Jews, nor completely outside of it. Numerous questions are asked (and answered) about the variety of convert experience, in order to argue that there was a distinction between leaving Judaism and joining Christianity. Two convert biographies are presented. The first shows how the liminality that was a part of the conversion process affected the post-conversion life of a convert, and the second shows how a convert might successfully integrate into Christian society. The analysis of converts and conversion focusses on answering a number of questions. These relate to, among other things, pre-conversion relationships with royal family members, the reaction to corrody requests for converts, motives for conversion, forced or coerced conversions, the idea that a convert could be neither Christian nor Jew, converts re-joining Judaism, converts who carried the names of royal functionaries, the domus conversorum, convert instruction, and converting minors. The appendix to the thesis contains a complete catalogue of Jewish converts in medieval England. Among other things noted therein are inter-convert relationships, and extant source material. Each convert also has a biography.
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Gamoran, Jesse. "“I had this dream, this desire, this vision of 35 years – to see it all once more...”The Munich Visiting Program, 1960-1972." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1483517620887328.
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Steinebach, Mario, Alexander Friebel, Christine Häckel-Riffler, Volker Tzschucke, Caroline Pollmer, Gabriela Horst, Antje Brabandt, and Kathrin Reichold. "TU-Spektrum 2/2004, Magazin der Technischen Universität Chemnitz." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:ch1-200401740.
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Katz, Jordan Rebekah. "Jewish Midwives, Medicine and the Boundaries of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe, 1650-1800." Thesis, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-s3vz-pk87.
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Employed as midwives, wise women, or healers, female medical practitioners of various faiths disseminated medical knowledge and supplied information pertinent to religious and legal rulings in early modern Europe. While scholars have noted this role for Christian women, they have not studied the unique position of female Jewish healers with regard to municipal regulations, communal politics, medical knowledge, and legal consultations. This dissertation examines the role and influence of Jewish midwives in early modern Western Europe, addressing their interactions with communal leaders, physicians, Christian medical practitioners, and bureaucrats. Exploring their medical influences, their engagement with administrative knowledge systems, and their intellectual status in the eyes of prominent male leaders, this dissertation demonstrates that attention to the roles of Jewish midwives yields new understandings of the structures of knowledge and authority that undergirded early modern European society.
Through archival and printed sources in Hebrew, Yiddish, Dutch, and German, the dissertation argues that Jewish midwives offer a crucial analytical lens for understanding many of the shifts in early modern Jewish communal life, medical culture, gender relations, and municipal bureaucracy. It tells the story of how a discrete body of knowledge crossed medical, legal, religious, and linguistic boundaries, allowing Jewish women to become guardians of sensitive information and powerful agents of communal authority. Drawing upon a diverse source base, ranging from notarial records and archives of medical colleges, to Jewish communal registers, personal records, midwifery handbooks, and printed rabbinic sources, I show how female Jewish medical practitioners fit into the larger landscape of medical practice in early modern Europe, as well as the ways that Jewish communal structures carved out unique roles for Jewish midwives during this period. Employing methods from the history of science, gender studies, and Jewish history, my study shows that Jewish midwives became part of an international system of scientific communication, whose content flowed between vernacular and elite practitioners. This dissertation thus sheds new light on the ways in which the inclusion of women as subjects, and gender as a lens, presents a landscape of knowledge-making and transmission whose boundaries are more expansive.
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Barzilay, Tzafrir. "Well Poisoning Accusations in Medieval Europe: 1250-1500." Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8VH5P6T.
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In late medieval Europe, suspicions arose that minority groups wished to destroy the Christian majority by poisoning water sources. These suspicions caused the persecution of different minorities by rulers, nobles and officials in various parts of the continent during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The best-known case of this kind of persecution was attacks perpetrated against Jewish communities in the German Empire between 1348 and 1350. At this time, the Black Death devastated the continent, and Jews were accused of intentionally spreading the disease by poisoning wells. A series of terrifying massacres ensued, destroying many of the major Jewish communities in Europe. This was not, however, the only case in which such charges led to persecution. In 1321, lepers in south-western France were accused of attempting to spread their particular illness by poisoning water sources. These accusations evolved to include the idea that the plot was initiated by Muslim rulers and aided by the Jews of France. As a consequence, both Jews and lepers suffered violent fates, from expulsion or isolation to execution by fire. Similar, albeit less widespread, cases can be traced up until the fifteenth century. Often Jews were the victims, but lepers, Muslims, paupers, mendicants and foreigners also fell victim to persecution justified by allegations of well poisoning.
This dissertation presents a thorough analysis of the subject of well-poisoning accusations and describes why and how they were adopted in the late Middle Ages. The study describes the origins of this phenomenon, how it spread through medieval Europe and its eventual decline. It asserts that in order to explain this process, one must first understand the factors within medieval society, culture and politics that made the idea of a well-poisoning threat convincing. It shows that these accusations were created to justify and drive the persecution and marginalization of minorities. At the same time, it claims that well-poisoning accusations could not have caused such major political and social shifts unless contemporaries genuinely believed the charges were plausible, convincing and threatening.
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LAZAROMS, Ilse Josepha. "Against the Great : Joseph Roth (1894-1939) and the dilemma of Jewish anchorage." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14699.
Full textAbstract:
Defence date: 1 October 2010Examining Board: Prof. Martin van Gelderen, Supervisor, European University Institute; Prof. Antony Molho, European University Institute; Prof. Sander L. Gilman, Emory University; Prof. Raphael Gross, Frankfurt am Main / Leo Baeck Institute London.
First made available 24 July 2017
Joseph Roth possessed a sharply observant eye which allowed him to clearly read the signs of his times – those divided years of the 1920s and 1930s in Europe – a quality that has earned him the dubious epitaph “prophet”; a drunken prophet, as Europe’s demise into another world war went hand in hand with his own physical decline through alcoholism. Roth, his black coat draped around his shoulders, newspaper under his arm, cigarette and drink in hand while slowly moving from one hotel to another, was a border crosser, a train traveller, an observer and a hotel patriot.2 He was a literary exile who chose an itinerant existence; a highly prolific journalist and novelist who entertained friends and acquaintances at his café table in Paris and who drank himself to death at the early age of 44. Often noted for his cosmopolitan flair, Roth received extraordinarily high book advances but spent most of his time in a perpetual financial worry; a man who, in line with his skilled journalistic eye for detail, had a great passion for the miniature universe of watches and clocks, a predilection mirrored in his miniscule and delicate handwriting.
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Lichtenstein, Tatjana. "Making Jews at Home: Jewish Nationalism in the Bohemian Lands, 1918-1938." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/17793.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation Abstract
“Making Jews at Home: Jewish Nationalism in the Bohemian Lands, 1918-1938.”
Tatjana Lichtenstein
Doctor of Philosophy, 2009
Department of History, University of Toronto
This dissertation examines the efforts of Jewish nationalists to end Jews’ social marginalization from non-Jewish society in the Bohemian Lands between the world wars. Through the 1920s and 1930s, the Jewish nationalist movement sought to transform Czechoslovakia’s multivalent Jewish societies into a unified ethno-national community. By creating a Jewish nation, a process challenged by the significant socio-cultural differences dividing the country’s Jews, Jewish nationalists believed that they could restore Jews’ respectability and recast the relationship between Jews and non-Jews as one of mutual respect and harmonious coexistence. The dissertation explores Jewish nationalists’ struggle to make Jews at home in Czechoslovakia by investigating a series of Zionist projects and institutions: the creation of an alliance between Jews and the state; the census and the making of Jewish statistics; the transformation of the formal Jewish communities from religious institutions to national ones; Jewish schools; and the Jewish nationalist sports movement.
Exploring a Jewry on the crossroads between east and west, the dissertation delves into broader questions of the impact of nationalism on the modern Jewish experience. Within the paradoxical context of a multinational nation-state like Czechoslovakia, Zionists adopted a strategy which sought integration through national distinctiveness, a response embodying elements of both west and east European Jewish culture. The study thus complicates the history of Zionism by showing that alongside the Palestine-oriented German and Polish factions, there were significant ideological alternatives within which ideas of Jewish Diaspora nationalism co-existed with mainstream Zionism. Moreover, the study points to the continuities in the relationship between Jews and the state. As in the time of empire, Jews cultivated partnerships with the political elite, a strategy developed to balance the interest of the state and its Jewish minority. In the interwar years, Jewish activists thus looked to the state for assistance in transforming Jewish society. This dissertation seeks to broaden our understanding of Jewish responses to nationalism, the relationship between Jews and the modern state, and more broadly, about the complex ways in which marginalized groups seek to attain respectability and assert their demands for equality within modern societies.
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Frunchak, Svitlana. "The Making of Soviet Chernivtsi: National 'Reunification', World War II, and the Fate of Jewish Czernowitz in Postwar Ukraine." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/65701.
Full textAbstract:
The Making of Soviet Chernivtsi: National “Reunification,” World War II, and the Fate of Jewish Czernowitz in Postwar Ukraine
Doctor of Philosophy
Svitlana Frunchak
Graduate Department of History
University of Toronto
2014
Abstract
This dissertation revisits the meaning of Soviet expansion and sovietization during and after World War II, the effects of the war on a multiethnic Central-Eastern European city, and the postwar construction of a national identity.
One of several multiethnic cities acquired by the USSR in the course of World War II, modern pre-Soviet Chernivtsi can be best characterized as a Jewish-German city dominated by acculturated Jews until the outbreak of World War II. Yet Chernivtsi emerged from the war, the Holocaust, and Soviet reconstruction as an almost homogeneous Ukrainian city that allegedly had always longed for reunification with its Slavic brethren. Focusing on the late Stalinist period (1940–1953) but covering earlier (1774–1940) and later (1953–present) periods, this study explores the relationship between the ideas behind the incorporation; the lived experience of the incorporation; and the historical memory of the city’s distant and recent past. Central to this dissertation is the fate of the Jewish residents of Czernowitz-Chernivtsi. This community was diminished from an influential plurality to about one percent of the city’s population whose past was marginalized in local historical memory.
This study demonstrates a multifaceted local experience of the war which was all but silenced by the dominant Soviet Ukrainian myth of the Great Patriotic War and the “reunification of all Ukrainian lands.” When the authors of the official Soviet historical and cultural narratives represented Stalin’s annexation as the “reunification” of Ukraine, they in fact constructed and popularized a new concept of “historical Ukrainian lands.” This concept—a blueprint for the Soviet colonization of the western borderlands in the name of the Ukrainian nation—tied ethnically defined Ukrainian culture to a strictly delineated national territory. Applied to the new borderlands and particularly to their urban centres characterized by cultural diversity, this policy served to legitimize the marginalization and, in several cases, the violent displacement of ethnic minorities, bringing to an end Jewish Czernowitz.
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Norrell, Tracey Hayes. "Shattered Communities: Soldiers, Rabbis, and the Ostjuden under German Occupation: 1915-1918." 2010. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/834.
Full textAbstract:
“Shattered Communities: Soldiers, Rabbis, and the Ostjuden during Occupation: 1915-1918" addresses the interethnic experience in Poland during the German occupation of 1915-1918. This dissertation demonstrates that the German design for 'modernization' of the East began with the First World War, which envisioned the Jews as a critically vital component, rather than an obstacle to their success. The German military made its connection to the peoples in the East via its own army rabbis and Jewish administrators. This work examines the role of the German Army rabbis, in 1915, in establishing a Jewish press and Jewish schools, along with Jewish relief agencies funded by German Jewish businessmen, in assisting the local Ostjuden communities. By the time the guns stopped firing in 1918, however, the German government had reneged on their promises of recognition and help, and the circumstances of many Ostjuden were as precarious as they had been before the war. Even worse, the experience of war in the East encouraged the rise of racist nationalism in Germany and Eastern Europe. The roots of Nazi policies toward Jews were planted firmly in Poland and Lithuania between 1915 and 1918. But for defeat in the war, it is highly unlikely that the Nazis would ever have risen to power, and in the absence of the German experience of war in the East, the later commitment to a Jewish genocide might never have been imagined. By examining the transnational relationship between the Germans and the Polish Jewish communities during the Great War, I contribute to a better understanding of the complexities leading to the crucial fracture that took place under the pressure of total war in 1917.