Journal articles on the topic 'Jews – Austria – Vienna'
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1
Freidenreich, Harriet Pass. "The Jews of Vienna and the First World War. London: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2001. xiii, 218 pp.; Marsha L. Rozenblit. Reconstructing National Identity: The Jews of Habsburg Austria During World War I. Studies in Jewish History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 304 pp." AJS Review 28, no. 2 (November 2004): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009404300218.
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Considerable attention has been focused on Habsburg Jewry, especially the Jews of Vienna, before World War I. Several works have also dealt with the Jews of Austria and the other Habsburg successor states during the interwar years. Until now, no books have explored in depth the experiences of Austrian Jewry during the First World War. This past year, however, two books, Marsha L. Rozenblit's Reconstructing National Identity: The Jews of Habsburg Austria During World War I and David Rechter's The Jews of Vienna and the First World War, appeared to fill this lacuna in the scholarly literature. Although these books cover the same period and share much the same material, their scope and approach are very different.
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Wolff, Larry. "Jews and Queers: Symptoms of Modernity in Late-Twentieth-Century Vienna." Central European History 39, no. 1 (March 2006): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906410062.
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“We have all suffered,” remarked the Austrian chancellor Leopold Figl in 1946, looking back at Austria during the Nazi period (p. 34). This blanket affirmation of Austrian victimhood became the ideological basis of the postwar Austrian state and mandated an inability or refusal to recognize that some Austrians had suffered rather more than others, while some Austrians had actively contributed to the suffering of others by their participation in the Nazi regime. This Austrian victim myth was left largely intact for forty years until the controversy that erupted around the election to the presidency in 1986 of Kurt Waldheim, whose convenient suppression of his own Nazi past was emblematic of Austria's more general national amnesia.
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GODSEY, WILLIAM D. "NATION, GOVERNMENT, AND ‘ANTI-SEMITISM’ IN EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY AUSTRIA." Historical Journal 51, no. 1 (March 2008): 49–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x07006589.
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ABSTRACTIn 1808, an Estate of the lesser nobility of the Lower Austrian diet approved a statute barring from membership persons of Jewish descent in the ‘third degree’ regardless of confession. It is the only documented instance in Europe for the revolutionary era of such a paragraph that, in its rejection of Jewish ancestry in both the paternal and maternal lines, resembled the early modern Spanish statutes of ‘blood purity’ and the twentieth-century Nuremberg laws. The Josephian patent of toleration of 1782 had not allowed Jews to become members of the corporate nobility (the first Jew was only ennobled in 1789), but had relieved some of the worst aspects of discrimination. By the early nineteenth century, the archduchy of Lower Austria (including the imperial capital at Vienna) contained the largest, wealthiest, and most self-confident Jewish community in the Hapsburg Monarchy. The statute of 1808 was a reaction to Jewish acculturation to the upper class (including conversion, intermarriage, concessions of property-rights, the existence of salons in which Jews and new Christians mixed with the nobility) that presented a perceived threat to the status of its marginal members (lesser landed nobles, ennobled officialdom, and ennobled professionals). The statute was also a product of the politically and nationally charged atmosphere in Vienna between the Austrian defeat by Napoleon at Austerlitz (1805) and the renewed war against France (1809). No simple ideological continuum connects the Lower Austrian paragraph to either the early modern Spanish or the late modern Nazi ordinances. But it was the first such statute to take shape in a political context fraught with recognizably late modern concepts of ‘nation’. The statute of 1808 furthermore evidences the continuing fractured nature of public authority and lack of thorough-going state-formation in Austria.
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Klösch, Christian. "The Great Auto Theft." Journal of Transport History 34, no. 2 (December 2013): 140–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/tjth.34.2.4.
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In March 1938 the National Socialists seized power in Austria. One of their first measures against the Jewish population was to confiscate their vehicles. In Vienna alone, a fifth of all cars were stolen from their legal owners, the greatest auto theft in Austrian history. Many benefited from the confiscations: the local population, the Nazi Party, the state and the army. Car confiscation was the first step to the ban on mobility for Jews in the German Reich. Some vehicles that survived World War II were given back to the families of the original owners. The research uses a new online database on Nazi vehicle seizures.
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Kravitt, Edward F. "Mahler, Victim of the ‘New’ Anti-Semitism." Journal of the Royal Musical Association 127, no. 1 (2002): 72–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrma/127.1.72.
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An abyss separates the research of Mahler from that of social historians on anti-Semitism in fin-de-siècle Austria and Germany. Mahler specialists tend to study the assaults he endured in terms of the centuries-old intolerance. Social historians, however, have pursued a different tack. They trace the liberal thought of the mid-nineteenth century, the legal emancipation of the Jews and its aftermath to the rise of ‘new’ anti-Semitism in the 1870s, centred in Vienna. The reasons why Mahler resigned as director of the Vienna Court Opera involve many more factors and subtleties, even concerning the expression of anti-Semitism. It is on these elements that this article attempts to shed light.
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Szabó, Miloslav. "From Protests to the Ban: Demonstrations against the ‘Jewish’ Films in Interwar Vienna and Bratislava." Journal of Contemporary History 54, no. 1 (November 17, 2017): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009417712112.
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Taking the example of the protests against the films All Quiet on the Western Front (1930–1) and Le Golem (1936) in interwar Austria and Slovakia, this study addresses the links between antisemitism, nationalism and cinema in Central Europe that historical research has so far overlooked. Unlike other demonstrations against the talkies, campaigns against so-called ‘Jewish’ films were not an expression of linguistic nationalism, as they pointed to the ‘destructive’ impact of capitalism, socialism or modern art, which in the ideology of antisemitism were allegedly personified by ‘Jews’. The conservatives and radicals who called for a ban of those ‘Jewish’ films considered it a first step towards the creation of a national community without ‘Jews’. In Austria the moderate and radical opponents of A ll Quiet on the Western Front ultimately reached their goal through a joint effort. In Slovakia they only managed to get the film Le Golem completely banned when the geopolitical conditions changed after the mutilation of Czechoslovakia on the eve of the Second World War. The fact is that in both cases, moderate nationalists placed themselves in the ambivalent position of pioneers of antisemitism and ultimately facilitated fascist and Nazi radicals in the practical implementation of their postulates.
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Bezarov, Oleksandr. "The Phenomenon of Interethnic Tolerance in Bukovyna (1861-1914): the History of the Bukovynian Jews." Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича. Історія 2, no. 46 (December 20, 2017): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2017.46.67-75.
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The article analyzes the phenomenon of interethnic tolerance in Bukovyna during the period of 1861-1914 on the example from the history of the Bukovynian Jews. The importance of the concept of «Bukovynism», by which modern scholars consider the phenomenon of interethnic and interconfessional tolerance in Bukovyna, is mentioned. It is proved that mutual understanding in the political and socio-cultural space of Bukovyna was achieved due to the efforts of the Austrian administration during 1861-1914. Among the factors contributing to the establishment of political consensus here, the author names such as the reform of the political system of the Austrian empire in the 1960s of the XIXth century, high intensity of the ethno-cultural communications in Bukovyna (interlingual interference) and the migration policy of the central authorities, as a result of which there was formed the German-Jewish political symbiosis with the «new socio-economic ideology»of the «Middle European economic people».
The Jews, who in the second half of the XIXth century reached a marked level of political influence on the processes of socio-economic life of Bukovyna, at the beginning of the XXth century, found themselves, according to the author, in a unique situation, in which they almost did not feel the manifestations of the policy of anti-Semitism, which became noticeable in other provinces of Austria-Hungary, as well as in Vienna; the Bukovyna Jews proved to be more bearers of imperial loyalty than the Germans themselves; they managed to preserve their traditional culture, focused, first of all, in shtetls (the Jewish towns) and at the same time remained a “demographic reserve” in the production of the cultural values in Bukovyna.
Instead, during the given historical period the Bukovynian Jews did not avoid the negative phenomena in their political life, which were connected, first of all, with the processes of modernization of the Habsburg Empire (urbanization, nationalism of imperial ethnic groups) and strengthening of the Viennese anti-Semitism at the beginning of the XXth century. The Austrian administration in Bukovyna stubbornly denied the Jews as an independent ethno-group, and in the economic life of the region gradually introduced the principles of segregation of the Jews. But such negative phenomena almost did not affect the situation of the Jews of Bukovyna, which, until the beginning of the World War, remained generally satisfactory, and showed, on the one hand, that the general-imperial economic crisis of the 1870s in Bukovyna did not acquire such sharpness, as in other regions of the country, and on the other hand, that alternatives to tolerant relations in the processes of harmonious development of multinational societies do not exist.
Key words: Bukovynism, tolerance, identity, Jews, Bukovуna
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Kwan, Jonathan. "Politics, Liberal Idealism and Jewish Life in Nineteenth-Century Vienna: The Formative Years of Heinrich Jaques (1831–1894)1." Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 64, no. 1 (2019): 197–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/ybz007.
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Abstract This article addresses the formative years of the liberal parliamentarian Heinrich Jaques (1831–1894). It traces his family life, social world, education, professional career, and public activities prior to his election to parliament in 1879. The focus is on Jaques's personal perspective as he negotiated various events and influences. The article argues that the combined effects of the 1848–49 revolutions and an intense engagement with German humanist classics forged a strong loyalty and commitment to liberal values. This was manifested both in politics (as a belief in liberal reforms to Austria) and in everyday life (as guiding principles in daily conduct). For Jaques’s generation in particular, the possibility of emancipation, integration, and acceptance was a goal to strive towards. Jaques pursued and articulated this vision in his writings and activities. His impressive achievements in the 1860s and 1870s are an example of the energy and hope of many Jews during the liberal era. For a number of reasons—economic downturn, widening democracy, a mobilized Catholic Church, resentment towards the liberal elites—antisemitism became an increasingly powerful factor in politics from the 1880s onwards. For Jaques and his fellow liberal Jews, the effect was profound. History and progress no longer seemed to be on the side of liberalism and Jewish integration. Nevertheless, for a certain milieu, the dreams of liberal humanism remained a strong and guiding presence in their lives.
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Sribnyak, Ihor. "Socio-political gains and losses of the Jewish national organization in the Freistadt camp, Austria-Hungary (1916 – early 1918)." European Historical Studies, no. 22 (2022): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2022.22.8.
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The article reveals the specifics of the Jewish national organization in the Freistadt camp (Austria-Hungary) functioning. The organization’s establishment was made possible with the assistance of the Presidium of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine in Vienna and the Ukrainian camp community. It was very important that the leaders of the Jewish and Ukrainian organizations realized the urgent need for political awareness of peoples enslaved by the Russian tsar (in particular, the Jewish and Ukrainian), and the importance of Ukrainian-Jewish understanding. One of the first joint political actions of Jews and Ukrainians in the camp was their articulation of their critical attitude to the imperial order in Russia during a visit to the camp by the representative of the Russian Red Cross A.V. Romanova. Already in the spring and summer of 1916, the Jewish educational group managed to expand its activities in the camp, organizing national cultural and artistic events for the campers and conducting educational courses. The key to success in its work was the provision of regular financial assistance from the profits of the camp cooperative union «Tea». At the same time, the Ukrainian organization of the camp provided significant intangible assistance to the Jewish group – by temporarily providing free of charge camp premises for theatrical performances, concerts and various national educational events. Unfortunately, despite the mutual recognition of the national and political aspirations of both peoples (Jewish and Ukrainian), the pace and nature of state and political transformations in Ukraine prompted the Jewish organization to distance itself first and then declare its rejection of Ukrainian «independence». In turn, such a hostile attitude of the captured Jews to the independent aspirations of Ukrainians led to the cessation, and then a complete break between the two communities, which in turn called into question their experience in the joint struggle against Russian despotism.
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UNOWSKY, DANIEL. "THE LAST YEARS OF THE HABSBURG MONARCHY Hitler's Vienna: a dictator's apprenticeship. By Brigitte Hamann. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Pp. 512. ISBN 0-19-512537-1. £25.00. The undermining of Austria-Hungary: the battle for hearts and minds. By Mark Cornwall. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 2000. Pp. 504. ISBN 0-333-80452-X. £57.50. The Habsburg Monarchy, c. 1765–1918: from enlightenment to eclipse. By Robin Okey. New York: St Martin's Press, 2001. Pp. 456. ISBN 0-312-23375-2. £55.50. The Jews of Vienna and the First World War. By David Rechter. London and Portland, OR: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2001. Pp. 232. ISBN 1-874774-65-X. £29.50. Reconstructing a national identity: the Jews of Habsburg Austria during World War I. By Marsha L. Rozenblit. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. 266. ISBN 0-19-513465-6. £47.50." Historical Journal 46, no. 2 (June 2003): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x03003030.
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At least since Carl Schorske published Fin-de-siècle Vienna in 1981, the cultural explosion of Vienna 1900 has attracted the attention of scholars in many fields. Yet, the glittering imperial capital also incubated the Social Darwinian racist vision of Adolf Hitler, and Vienna's modern music, literature, and visual arts could not prevent the melting away of the Habsburg state at the close of the First World War. The five books under review explore the last years of the Habsburg Monarchy. The authors look beyond familiar topics, question basic scholarly assumptions, and provide fresh perspectives on the monarchy's final decade.
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Asa'ari, Asa'ari. "DAMPAK KAPITULASI TERHADAP PERADILAN TURKI UTSMANI." Islamika : Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 18, no. 02 (January 2, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32939/islamika.v18i02.310.
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Abstract: The Ottoman Empire stood above Sharia’s Islam, which at first was only a sultanate and then its power expanded to the gates of Vienna (Austria), the North African region, Arabia and its territory to Aceh Darussalam. The Legal Capitulation Treaty was favorable in the heyday, because traders were stimulated to carry out activities in the Ottoman ports, especially in Istanbul. Significant increase in the country's foreign exchange, so that large activities are carried out without any monetary shock. After a leadership crisis, this legal capitulation agreement has been fruitful. More and more foreign consuls, expanded treaties and sharia judgments began to lose function because many Christian citizens and Jews who had never known the French, British and other European countries had taken refuge behind the Capitulation agreement which had privileges in tax relief, immune from civil or criminal law. This led to the secularism of Ottoman law which contained European law material. There is an uncontrolled Tanzimat, it should only be in the field of military and economic technology and strategy but has penetrated the judicial system and legal material. Which ends with the loss of Ottoman sovereignty.
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Zolotov, A. S. "In the city of Lorenz Beler." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 9, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto99831.
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I was lucky - I won a grant from the Soros Foundation for an internship in traumatology at the Austrian Hospital in Vienna. The Trauma Clinic, which consists of four 30-bed departments, is located in a huge general hospital, which can be compared to a city. On the ground floor of this "city" there are cafes, restaurants, a hairdresser, a bank, a currency exchange office, a post office, a library for employees, a library for patients, three churches (for Christians, Jews and Muslims), various shops, etc. You can live in this city for weeks, without going anywhere and without feeling the need for anything. I did not see only pharmacy kiosks. Probably they are not needed if the hospital has everything. Even "Canadian" crutches are given to all victims for free. And there are a lot of patients with injuries (together with outpatients) - up to 200 per day. Fresh fractures try to operate in the first hours after the injury. All operations on the bones are accompanied by control with the help of an image intensifier from Siemens. Any type of osteosynthesis tends to be performed through small incisions. External fixation devices are widely used, including Ilizarov devices. In general, to the name of our brilliant compatriot G.I. Ilizarov are treated with great respect. The clinic staff is multinational. The leader is Professor Vilmos Vechey, originally from Hungary. Before the tragic events of 1956 in Budapest, he wore a red tie and managed to be a pioneer. Then he emigrated with his parents to Austria, where he made a brilliant career. There are doctors from Iran, India, Ukraine on the staff.
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Kasperiuniene, Judita, and Ilona Tandzegolskiene. "Smart learning environments in a contemporary museum: a case study." Journal of Education Culture and Society 11, no. 2 (September 11, 2020): 353–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs2020.2.353.375.
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Aim. The modern museum becomes an attractive learning place and space where the visitor, depending on age and competence, develops personal experience, and constructs the learning process based on personalized goals. The article aims to reveal how spaces in museums are exploited, in what ways visitors are involved in a narrative that connects the present and the past.
Concept. The research uses a case-study method to investigate the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews (Poland), Ruhr Museum (Germany), and Vienna Technical Museum (Austria). Within the smart learning environment context, this study explains how to encourage museum visitors to learn and seek answers.
Results and conclusion. Four main directions are emphasized: the construction of a narrative through the creation of spaces and places, the creation of a historical narrative through simulacra, the educational effect of smart solutions, and the edutainment. The findings show that change in the museum by combining design solutions, historical narrative, time experience, and smart technologies leads to cognitive, engaging learning, touching, feeling, and experiencing different emotions, encouraging a return to the museum, inviting to learn, and shaping one's personal experience.
Cognitive value. Contemporary museums invite visitors to a new experience combining artistic space design, storytelling, individual time management, and the use of smart learning environments. These challenges are shifting museum narratives and influencing non-formal learning programs. Authors raise a discussion of how, by exploiting museum spaces, the visitors are involved in the stories, and how the smart learning environment is created in a modern museum.
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Mansour, Amal R., Ayman El-Shayeb, Nihal El Habachi, Mohamad A. Khodair, Doaa Elwazzan, Nermeen Abdeen, Marwa Said, et al. "Molecular Patterns of MEFV Gene Mutations in Egyptian Patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever: A Retrospective Cohort Study." International Journal of Inflammation 2019 (February 13, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2578760.
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Background. Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is a hereditary autosomal recessive disease which is mainly seen in the Turks, Armenians, Arabs, and Jews. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of fever, polyserositis, and rash. MEFV gene, encoding pyrin protein, is located on the short arm of chromosome 16. FMF is associated with a broad mutational spectrum in this gene. Certain mutations are more common in particular ethnic groups. To date, different mutations of MEFV were observed in studies carried out in different regions worldwide. However, most of these studies did not extensively investigate the Egyptian population, in spite of the high prevalence of FMF in this geographical region. Aim. To identify the frequency of MEFV gene mutations among the patients who presented with FMF like symptoms and, to characterize the different genetic mutations and their association with increased Amyloid A among Egyptian patients. Methods. FMF Strip Assay (Vienna Lab Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria) was used. This test is based on reverse hybridization of biotinylated PCR products on immobilized oligonucleotides for mutations and controls in a parallel array of allele-specific oligonucleotides. Results. Among the 1387 patients presenting with signs and symptoms suggestive of FMF, 793 (57.2%) were of undefined mutations, whereas 594 had MEFV gene mutations. 363 patients (26.2%) were heterozygous mutants, 175 patients (12.6%) were compound heterozygous mutants, and 56 patients (4%) were homozygous mutants. The most commonly encountered gene mutations in heterozygous and homozygous groups were E148Q (38.6%), M694I (18.1%), and V726A (15.8%). The most commonly encountered gene mutations in the compound heterozygous groups were E148Q+M694I observed in 20.6% of the patients, followed by M694I+V726A and M6801+V726A found in 18.9% and 11.4 %, respectively. The most commonly encountered gene mutation associated with abdominal pain, fever, and high serum Amyloid A was E148Q allele (37.5%). Conclusions. Unlike all previous publications, E148Q allele was found to be the most frequent in the studied patients. Moreover, this allele was associated with increased Amyloid A. 793 patients were free of the 12 studied Mediterranean mutations, which implies the necessity to perform future sequencing studies to reveal other mutations.
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Schäfer, Lea. "Between Fiction and Reality: The Vienna Jewish Cabaret as a Mirror of Vienna Jewish Speech." Journal of Jewish Languages 7, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-07021154.
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Abstract This article shows what we can learn from Vienna Jewish cabaret, so-called Jargontheater ‘jargon theater’ and the language situation of Vienna Jews at the end of the 19th century. By analyzing one of the most popular plays of this genre, we can see how structures from Yiddish dialects fused with Viennese German and what may have caused ‘Vienna Jewish speech,’ a Judeo-German city variety in the First Austrian Republic (1920s and 1930s).
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Healy, Maureen. "The Jews of Vienna and the First World War. By David Rechter. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2001. Pp. xiii+218. $45.00.Reconstructing a National Identity: The Jews of Habsburg Austria during World War I. By Marsha L. Rozenblit. Studies in Jewish History. Edited by, Jehuda Reinharz. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. xiv+257. $49.95." Journal of Modern History 75, no. 3 (September 2003): 731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/380277.
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Yanovsky, Sara Olga Melinda. "Simon Szántó, Nineteenth Century Viennese Writer and Educator: A Study on Integration, Particularism, and the Ideal of Bildung." Naharaim 15, no. 2 (November 24, 2021): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/naha-2021-0012.
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Abstract Simon Szántó is known as one of the founders of the Jewish press in Vienna, the editor and main author of the Jewish periodical Die Neuzeit, and an influential educator during the high point of Austrian liberalism between the 1860s and the early 1880s. His enormously rich literary legacy covers issues such as the integration of Jews into the Austrian-Hungarian society, religious reform, gender roles, and particularly education. Szántó’s writings offer a unique opportunity to look at the Viennese liberal period of the second half of the nineteenth century and its challenges through the eyes of a mostly overlooked, but highly significant and influential actor of the time. This article will first introduce Simon Szántó’s cultural and educational background that impacted his ideals and his activities, and go on to discuss one of his main concerns, namely Jewish education. Religious education, confessional schooling, and Jewish upbringing at home bore the burden of responsibility for shaping Austrian Jewish women and men. These Jews were to be integrated in an Austrian culture, while at the same time taught to retain a strong Jewish particularity. Szántó aimed to unite this dichotomous reality through the realization of his ideals of Jewish Bildung.
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Batstone, Leah. "A Dance from Iglau: Gustav Mahler, Bohemia, and the Complexities of Austrian Identity." 19th-Century Music 44, no. 3 (2021): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncm.2021.44.3.169.
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A survey of Mahler’s correspondents, especially his classmates at the University of Vienna in the 1870s, reveals a multifaceted identity he shared with them. Most of his fellow members of the Pernerstorfer Circle, young intellectuals who met to discuss art and politics during their university years, had a similar background: German-speakers with a Jewish heritage and an upbringing in one of the Eastern minority communities of the Habsburg Empire. While some of Mahler’s music has been examined with respect to his Jewish background, little has been said about the influence of Bohemia on the composer, and even less about how this Austrian configuration of identity influenced his worldview and composition. We often repeat Mahler’s famous quote that he was thrice homeless, as a Bohemian in Austria, as an Austrian among Germans, and as a Jew throughout the world, yet the meaning of being Austrian rather than German has been underexplored in Mahler’s music. In this article, I suggest that the mixture of ethnic identities was Austrian for the composer, placing Mahler within a group of like-minded Austrians whose complex allegiances to multiple traditions influenced their contributions to the field of politics, literature, philosophy, and music. Focusing on Mahler’s early symphonies, I demonstrate the interface between Jewish, Bohemian, and Austro-German musical characteristics, and I compare this musical synergy to similar interactions in the publications of members of the Mahler’s university peers, as well as other intellectuals of his generation including Karl Emil Franzos. This article reveals multiethnic networks of influence in Mahler’s music and reconsiders Austrian identity uncoupled from the traditional Austro-German formulation.
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Blasen, Philippe Henri, and Andrei Cușco. "Novoselitsa – “An Insignificant Barrier”." East Central Europe 48, no. 2-3 (November 26, 2021): 162–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763308-48020002.
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Abstract This article focuses on Russian Novoselitsa, a small town on the Russian-Austro-Hungarian-Romanian border, which served as the sole border crossing between Russian Bessarabia and Austrian Bukovina. From 1893 it was also an important railway junction between the two empires. Based on diplomatic documents from the Austrian State Archives, the article discusses Austrian officials’ views of ethnoreligious communities in the region, including Bessarabian Romanians, Jews, Russian Old Believers, and Ukrainians. It also examines the activity of the Austro-Hungarian Consular Agency in Russian Novoselitsa (1869–1914). The authors analyze the attitude of the Austrian officials towards ethnoreligious groups, informal practices on the border, and revolutionary unrest. The Novoselitsa case epitomizes the fundamental difference between the supranational Habsburg Empire and the nationalizing Romanov Empire, but also highlights the similarities between the two regimes. It illustrates the notions of “shatterzone of empires” (Bartov and Weitz 2013) and “thick borders”: Novoselitsa, a periphery with regard to both Vienna and St. Petersburg, was a relatively autonomous space and had its own forms of agency, which expanded much beyond the border itself on both sides of the frontier. Cases of corruption and espionage are especially revealing in regard to the uncertainty and confusion specific to the borderlands, which reigned as much at the center as on the periphery. This case study also provides an interesting perspective on everyday life, emphasizing the peculiarities of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian monarchies, as well as the entanglements between the two entities.
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Wingfield, Nancy M. "Daniel M. Vyleta Crime, Jews and News: Vienna 1895–1914. Austrian Studies, 8. New York: Berghahn Books, 2007. Pp. 254, illus." Austrian History Yearbook 39 (April 2008): 220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0667237808001338.
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Kornberg, Jacques. "Vienna, the 1890s: Jews in the Eyes of Their Defenders. (The Verein zur Abwehr des Antisemitismus)." Central European History 28, no. 2 (June 1995): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900011638.
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Advocatesfor minority rights make stringent demands upon those they defend. The relationship between the persecuted and their defenders is often a minefield of conflicting agendas, made even worse by patronizing attitudes on the one side and wounded pride on the other. One example is the Verein zur Abwehr des Antisemitismus (The Association for Defense Against Antisemitism), founded in Vienna in 1891 to combat the alarming rise of political antisemitism, unmistakable in the stunning electoral successes of the Christian Social Party led by Karl Lueger. Abwehrverein members came from Austria's elite of education and property (Bildung und Besitz): Liberal politicians, large-scale industrialists and merchants, members of the free professions, and artists. Most members were Austro-German liberals, and Liberal Reichsrat deputies sat on its board. Its founder and president was Baron Arthur Gunduccar von Suttner (1850–1902), a writer, and husband of Bertha von Suttner, recipient of the Noble Peace Prize in 1905. My intention is to explore the attitude of the Abwehrverein to Jewry, and to raise the question of whether it served Jewish interests well. But before that, a word or two must be said about the association.
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Stauter-Halsted, Keely. "“A Generation of Monsters”: Jews, Prostitution, and Racial Purity in the 1892 L'viv White Slavery Trial." Austrian History Yearbook 38 (January 2007): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800021391.
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“How long will the jackals continue to feed upon our live bodies?” So begins a Polish newspaper's depiction of the rapacious activities of twenty-seven alleged international traffickers on trial for transporting girls from Austrian Galicia to brothels and harems in the Middle East, Africa, and the Americas. Aft er years of veiled discussion in the Polish-language press about the mysterious disappearance of poor female workers and peasant daughters, the case erupted in the fall of 1892, with lasting implications for the way trafficking and the domestic sex trade would be understood in the Habsburg lands and the former Polish territories alike. Seventeen men and ten women—all of them Jewish—stood trial for a decades-long conspiracy to scour the Crownland in search of “human goods” and “sell them to … local public houses or transport [them] abroad.” The affair helped define the public's perception of the sex trade in Eastern Europe between the 1880s and 1930, as thousands of young women were smuggled out of the region and into sexual servitude. The trial played out in the Galician administrative capital of L'viv, a city of mixed Polish, Jewish, German, and Ukrainian population. Trial transcripts and newspaper coverage provide a rare glimpse into the secret world of commercial sex at the turn of the twentieth century. More importantly, commentary from the journalists and local citizens attending the proceedings offers a window into the way the Galician public understood the commercial sex trade, a tolerated practice that employed medical doctors, police inspectors, landlords, pimps, and procurers, alongside the prostitutes themselves. The trial attracted attention as far away as Cracow, Warsaw, and Vienna, where the Austrian parliament devoted a fiery session to its outcome and to a discussion of the “shameful outrages of the Jewish people” in the aff air. In the Galician setting, public exposure to the horrors of international prostitution networks contributed to a new and more militant direction in Polish nationalist sentiment, one that inextricably linked sexuality with ethnicity.
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Rędziński, Kazimierz. "Research Club of Physicians of the University of Lviv (1907–1914)." Pedagogika. Studia i Rozprawy 28 (2019): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/p.2019.28.21.
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At the University of Lviv, restored in the year 1817, opening the Faculty of Medicine was not permitted by Austrian authorities due to financial considerations. It was no sooner than in the year 1894 that the several-year-long Polish efforts within this scope brought about the desired results. The academic personnel in the first years of the activity of the Faculty of Medicine was constituted by Poles educated at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, and, moreover, by Poles working at other academic centres in Europe. To Lviv, the professors and assistant professors of medicine from Prague, Vienna, Marburg, Innsbruck, Moscow and Warsaw arrived. The first group of students was composed of 95 males: Poles, Jews and Ukrainians. The first four women to have studied Medicine were admitted in the year 1900. They were: Maria Matylda Kalmus, Matylda Lateiner-Mayerhofer, Fanny Fuchs (all of whom were Jews) and Maria Jasienicka (Ukrainian). The first student organisation, namely: Society of Mutual Aid of the Students of Medicine, was established in the course of the first year after commencing instruction in medicine. In the year 1903, it was transformed into the Library of the Students of Medicine. Among its members, there were Polish, Jewish and Ukrainian students. In the year 1907, the ensuing split and secession in the oganisation existing thus far resulted in the formation of the Club of Physicians. It was exclusively Poles that were the members of the new organisation. The split was caused by ethnic and political conflicts connected with the development of ethnic consciousness. In Lviv, being a multi-national and a multi-religious city, the lack of tolerance was noticeable more and more frequently in connection with the intensive process of the formation of ethnic consciousness at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Jacek Lis, Tomasz. "Emancipation of Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the austro-hungarian administration (1878-1918)." Historijski pogledi 4, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2021.4.5.70.
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After the Congress of Berlin in 1878, in Bosnia and Hercegovina we saw big changes. The Austrian government was building roads, and railroad tracks. In the Austro-Hungarian period, also they changed their architectural style; from the prevailing ottoman one to more like in Vienna or Prague. This situation was a short time, in live only one generation. These changes affected to life and behavior of Bosnia and Hercegovinas’ citizens. Was changed several people, because after the Austrian arrive, a lot of Muslims Bosniacs, and Turks, were left this part. There were elites in this place. Their positions, how “new elites” take people which they came from different part of the Habsburg Monarchy; Hungarians, Germans, Poles, Czechs, etc. They were taking new ideas, how feminism. The emancipation of women was something new in these places. The first woman, which was proclaiming the slogans, as teachers. On the article we can show two examples; Jelica Belović-Bernadzikowska, and Jagoda Truhelka. They were born in Osijek, from giving Bosnian part ideas, that girl needs to will independent and need to have good graduated. These modern ideas, supported, in a way, the government because in the country was a school program for girls. Austro-Hungarian politics was building a school for girls, and take some scholarship went girl studied in University, how Marija Bergman, born in Bosnia, daughter of some Jews officials. However teachers not only modern women, similar roles had women-doctors. Girls who graduated Faculty of Medicine, arrive in Bosnia and Hercegovina and help Muslim women. Poles Teodora Krajewska and Czechs Anna Bayerova also take ideas of feminism, but, most important that she was great respect between patience. Propagating the feministic ideas was thinking which affect all women. Most important was not only slogans but also changes in everyday life normal family in Bosnia and Hercegovina. The other day only men can work on the farmland or work. After the Congress of Berlin situations was changed. On the consequences, women must be going to work, often how a worker in fabric. Work was hard, but women first time have their cash. Automatically her position in society was better. These situations have consequences for the city, as like villages. We sow this situation in the book Vere Ehrlich, which researched this topic in the interwar period. In the article, we went to show, that this changing was things also women, which life to margin, how prostitutes. Naturally, their life was always difficult, but the new government also got assistance. Habsburg's administration knew, that better control of specific profession, because this is the way how deal with the epidemic of syphilis, and something like this. In this work, we use scientific literature and documents from archives, mainly the Archive of Federation Bosnia and Hercegovina, and Historical Archive from city Sarajevo, when was document fo Jelica Belović-Bernadzikowska. How method we use case study and analyzing to literature and historical sources.
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Saxinger, M., A. Steinboeck, M. Baumgart, P. Kerschbaummayr, and A. Kugi. "Influence of Air Cooling Jets on the Steady-State Shape of Strips in Hot Dip Galvanizing Lines∗∗The financial support by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy and the National Foundation for Research, Technology and Development is gratefully acknowledged. The second author gratefully acknowledges financial support provided by the Austrian Academy of Sciences in the form of an APART-fellowship at the Automation and Control Institute of Vienna University of Technology." IFAC-PapersOnLine 48, no. 17 (2015): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.10.093.
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Stechauner, Martin. "Vienna—The Cradle of Sephardic Sephardism." Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, June 30, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/ybac006.
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Abstract This article explores the rise and development of ‘Sephardism’ among Sephardic Jews in Vienna. Sephardism was originally a cultural phenomenon among the Ashkenazic Jews of Germany and Austria in the early nineteenth century. Based on the ‘Myth of Sephardic Supremacy’, they used it as a paradoxical emancipatory attempt to simultaneously stand out and integrate within the non-Jewish majority culture. Sephardic intellectuals in Vienna, living in a predominantly liberal Ashkenazic milieu, turned out to be highly receptive to some of the variants that German-Jewish Sephardism had to offer. Thus, during the second half of the nineteenth century, the Viennese Sephardim developed their own ‘Sephardic Sephardism’ with the aim of celebrating their own Sephardic (i.e. ‘Spanish’) heritage within a predominantly Ashkenazic environment. In the process, Sephardic Sephardism redefined the Viennese Sephardim’s self-image as Sephardic Jews, especially within the Eastern Sephardic Diaspora, where most Jews previously had little to no awareness of their Spanish origin.