Academic literature on the topic 'Jewelry wares'

The article analyses «bobo-similar» plates jewelry from Malyi Rzhavets and Martynivka — four specimens. In 1889 near the village Malyi Rzhavets was found a small treasure of women’s jewelry. In 1907, in the village Martynivka was found another treasure that included the women’s and men’s jewelry and Byzantine wares. Both complexes belong to the treasure of «Martynivka» type or the first chronological hoard-group by O. A. Shcheglova. One can assume the interpretation of these products as large temple ornament or decoration of scythe. Quite similar (though not entirely similar) bronze ware — lamellar temporal rings — are known in the antiquities of Roman times in Central Lithuania. The chronology of these jewelry — the phase B2 or B2 / C1 — 100—230 АD. Finds from Central Lithuania and treasures from Malyi Rzhavets and Martynivka differ in some design features, ornamental motifs and sizes. This can explain the chronological difference.

Abstract The article deals with excavations in the central part of Severynivka hillfort. In the mentioned area there was found and studied a part of the large multi-layered complex, which is considered as the remains of probable public worship structure. In the complex filling there were revealed numerous finds of wares, including a number of complete tableware and miniature forms, tools, jewelry and weapons. Also there were traced the tracks of rites administering that is recorded by the physical layout of objects in the complex and a female jaw find.

Elaborate floral tendrils are one of the most distinctive iconographic features of South Italian vase painting, the red-figure wares produced by Greek settlers in Magna Graecia and Sicily between ca. 440–300 B.C. They were a particular specialty of Apulian artisans and were later adopted by painters living in Paestum and Etruria. This lush vegetation is a stark contrast to the relatively meager interest of Archaic and Classical Athenian vase painters in mimetically depicting elements of the natural world. First appearing in the work of the Iliupersis Painter around 370 B.C., similar flowering vines appear in other contemporary media ranging from gold jewelry to pebble mosaics, perhaps influenced by the career of Pausias of Sicyon, who is credited in ancient sources with developing the art of flower painting. Through analysis of the types of flora depicted and the figures that inhabit these lush vegetal designs, this paper explores the blossoming tendrils on South Italian vases as an evocation of nature’s regenerative powers in the eschatological beliefs of peoples, Greek and Italic alike, occupying southern Italy.

This paper is devoted to the problems of scientific definitions concerning the study of the Sarmatian animal style art. This art is represented with the gold decorative objects which often ornamented with colour inlays of different shapes, mostly made of turquoise often used together with other minerals. This art shows the specific features to distinct it from the phenomenon of the Scythian animal style. Decoration of the artistic wares with colour inlays reflects a specific aesthetic tastes and typical method of jewelry of the Sarmatian era. This polychromic effect used to be considered as a very essential feature of the Sarmatian era. But there were some different heterogeneous cultures which show artistic traditions of different origin in the area inhabited by Sarmatian tribes in the turn of Christian era. Polychromic styles were of different character and type. So, the so called polychromic style is a very conventional definition which comprises some different variants. One of the groups of objects belonging to Sarmatian culture is characterized with very abundant decoration of turquoise inlays. This visual feature inspired Mark Schukin to launch a new term «turquoise-golden style» which was taken up by archaeologists and became a professional definition. But even scholars mean different comprehension in this term. So, now it is clear that this term is too indeterminate and it is not able to describe the certain artistic style and artistic culture. There were a lot of golden objects in heterogeneous cultures and in different times which were decorated with inlays made of turquoise. They show different styles and the only feature could not determine the artistic style. Any style could be determined with a complex of essential features. The definition «turquoise-golden style» nothing means and should be forgotten to avoid confusion and mess in scientific studies.

Metals, especially nickel, are the most common contact allergens in children. Recent data has shown increased incidence of allergy in industrialized countries. Sensitization can occur at any age, even in neonates. Costume jewelry, particularly earrings, is linked to increased sensitization to nickel. Sensitization to cobalt often occurs by the use of costume jewelry. The most common source of sensitization to chromium is leather. Due to the absence of a specific therapy, the main treatment is to identify and avoid the responsible allergens. This article presents an updated view on the epidemiological and clinical aspects of contact allergy to metals, focusing on prevention strategies and risk factors, and warns about possible and new sources of contact.

The article deals with the features of the use of gems and organogenic formations subjected to various degrees of processing in various jewellery and art products. Using examples of baroque pearls, drusas, gems, cut gems and carved gems, it is shown that the properties and sizes of gems determine compositional solutions for their use in jewellery. It is shown in various jewellery-artistic wares, that depending on the type of mineral raw material or organogenic formations (pearls, shells) a different depth and methods of its treatment are used. Primary systematisation of raw material is conducted on the degree of his treatment. It is shown that inserts with unique properties always occupy a place in the centre of the decoration composition, and the different depth of their processing allows one identifying and emphasising their uniqueness. Examples of historical and modern jewelleries are made with different unique insertions.

For nearly thirty years, Professor Stacey of the University of Washington has published on early Welsh and Irish narrative. Now she sums up her work in a volume which promises exciting conclusions, juxtaposing Mabinogion texts (crown jewels of Welsh prose) with those of Welsh law (a window on Celtic society).

The study investigates preferences for commodities and determinants of demand among the students of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Out of 140 respondents, 91% reveals that they prefer food items to all other items, 87% preferred academic books and other literature, 78% indicates a preference for credit cards, internet data plans, and other mobile subscriptions. Sixty-six percent (66%) disclosed their preference for hairstyles, 64% preferred clothing and foot wares, 63% preferred to save, 61% preferred mobile devices and technologies and 53% preferred medical care services. However, majority of the respondents reveals less preference for jewellery and cosmetics (69%) as well as parties and entertainments (82%). In addition, the study reveals that there are a number of factors that determine a student's demand for commodities. The study found students’ income as a very important determinant, while prices, taste, time and savings were rated as important determinants of demand among university students in Nigeria.

The cover of the may 29, 1943, Saturday Evening Post depicts our most famous image of Rosie the Riveter, a name that came to symbolize women's crossover into male-dominated industrial work during World War II (Figure 1). Norman Rockwell positioned his Rosie resting during her lunch break, calmly eating a bologna sandwich while stomping on a copy of Mein Kampf with author's name, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi swastika visible under the title. It was an image meant to reassure the American public that women would get the job done on America's home front and help defeat the Axis powers. It is also an image worth examining today for it captures some of the contradictions that continue to vex us concerning the war's multifaceted representations of women and work, portrayals that contained and excluded even as they widened public perceptions of what women could do. For one thing, Rockwell's Rosie is notably “unfeminine” in that her muscular arms are unadorned with jewelry, she wears a double-banded leather watch, she has on comfortable loafers to match her denim overalls, and her ruddy complexion seems the product of exertion, not makeup. Furthermore, she is indifferent to our gaze; rather her proud stare announces absorption in a more compelling subject, symbolized by the American flag that forms the backdrop for her portrait.

This article presents conclusions drawn from the results of surface survey and excavation at Agios Georgios, Vouno (Kythera), the peak sanctuary of the nearby Minoan colony at Kastri. Small finds included a black steatite ladle inscribed in Linear A with a name reminiscent of ‘Demeter’, libation tables, some clay and numerous bronze figurines (both anthropomorphic and animal), jewellery, bronze votive offerings in the shape of human limbs, miniature clay horns of consecration, and a small bronze double axe. The pottery includes some MM I B–MM II but is richest in MM III–LM I/I B, particularly fine wares. The finds suggest that the importance of Kastri was greater than hitherto supposed, but they exhibit significant contrasts with assemblages at Cretan peak sanctuaries. The site's proximity to the metallurgical resources of Laconia, and its strategic location overlooking sea passages, are considered. It is suggested that cult activity here was dependent not on West Crete but on Knossos. Parallels are drawn with the sites of Troullos (Kea), Trianta (Ialysos, Rhodes), and Mikri Vigla (Naxos), and possible Minoan elements in later Laconian cult are noted.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.11 – технологія тугоплавких неметалічних матеріалів, Державний вищий навчальний заклад "Український державний хіміко-технологічний університет", Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2020. Дисертацію присвячено розвитку наукових основ технології екологічно безпечних захисно-декоративних склоемалевих покриттів широкої колірної гами по сталі і кольоровим металам, а також принципів регулювання та прогнозування їх колірних характеристик. Внаслідок проведення дослідження за темою дисертаційної роботи одержані такі наукові результати: - науково обгрунтовано та експериментально доведено, що отримання на кольорових металах емалевих покриттів, які не вміщують Плюмбум, можливе на основі стекол системи Na₂O–BaO–B₂O₃–SiO₂; за комплексом визначених властивостей та здатності утворювати найбільш якісні покриття на мідній основі виділена область базової системи, мол.%: Na₂O – 24,2–40,5; ВаО – 5,0–10,0; B₂O₃ – 15,2–30,5; SiO₂ – 24,0–53,5, яка у зрівнянні з межами цих компонентів в відомих складах безплюмбатних емалей характеризується збільшеним в 2 рази вмістом B₂O₃ і відносно невеликим вмістом SiO₂; - встановлені основні тенденції зміни колірного тону стекол системи Na₂O–BaO–B₂O₃–SiO₂, які суттєво відрізняються за хімічним складом та забарвлені іонними барвниками, з огляду на розташування максимумів ІЧ-спектрів стекол та їх кислотно-основні властивості; останні оцінювались двома розрахунковими структурними параметрами: fSi – ступінь зв’язності кремнекисневого каркасу і Ψв – орієнтовний показник координаційного стану Бору в структурі скла. Доведено, що між колірним тоном λ та Ψв існує значний кореляційний зв'язок для стекол, забарвлених CuO r*=−0,83 і CoO r*=−0,87 та слабкий – для стекол, забарвлених K₂Cr₂O₇ – r*=0,5; - виявлені закономірності забарвлення одної скломатриці і емалевого покриття на її основі в системі R₂O–ВаО–ZnO–Al₂O₃–В₂О₃–TiO₂–SiO₂ рядом іонними барвників. Незалежно від вмісту барвників, вони надають однаковий колірний тон як стеклам, так і покриттям на основі цих стекол, а саме: CuO (1,0–3,0 мас.%) λ=489–494 нм (синьо-зелений), Fe₂O₃ (0,5–2 мас.%) λ=575–585 нм (жовтий), K₂Cr₂O₇ (0,5–2,0 мас.%) λ=570–576 нм (жовто-зелений), CoO (0,5–1,0 мас.%) λ=441–463 нм (синьо-фіолетовий), NiO (0,5–1,0 мас.%) λскла=559′–571′ нм, λпокриттів=598–629 нм (коричневий). Доказано, що за ступенем інтенсивності забарвлення стекол та покриттів на їх основі барвники розташовуються в наступній послідовності: CoO > NiO > CuO > K₂Cr₂O₇ > Fe₂O₃; - вперше встановлений механізм глушіння прозорого матричного емалевого скла в системі R₂O–ВаО–ZnO–TiO₂–Al₂O₃–В₂О₃–TiO₂–SiO₂ при введені МоО3, в результаті якого виникає явище опалесценції, а саме: за рахунок дифракції при розповсюдженні хвиль в мікронеоднорідному середовищі, в якому розмір часток молібден(VI) оксиду (0,05–0,15 мкм) менше довжини хвиль білого світла; - вперше встановлена залежність коефіцієнта дифузного відбиття емалевих покриттів від хімічного складу емалевих фрит, яка отримана обробкою експериментальної вибірки 471 складу покривних емалевих фрит методом множинного кореляційного аналізу і представлена у вигляді математичної моделі, що дозволяє розрахувати хімічний склад покривних емалей із заданим КДВ; коефіцієнт кореляції між експериментальними і розрахунковими значеннями – 0,98; - використовуючи ідею про введенні в будь-який матеріал (скло, пігмент, ситал, метал) певних компонентів в незначній кількості для модифікації його властивостей, вперше виявлено наступне: «малий додаток» Fe₂O₃ у кількості 0,25 мас.% в складі безплюмбатних емалевих стекол на основі базової системи Na₂O–BaO–B₂O₃–SiO₂ і 1 мас.% в складі безфлуористих склоемалей на основі базової системи Na₂O–B₂O₃–SiO₂ активізує процеси лікваційного розшарування скла, що дозволяє збільшити в 1,5–2,5 рази інтенсивність глушіння покриттів, а також покращити оптико-колірні характеристики пігментнозабарвлених склопокриттів, зокрема, червоного кольору. «Малий додаток» ZrO₂ у кількості до 1 мас.% в складі малофлуористої титанової емалі сприяє активному виділенню анатазу в покритті під час випалу та покращенню його оптичних характеристик; - за допомогою розробленої спеціальної комп’ютерної програми COLOUR GLASS, яка автоматично розраховує координати кольорності x y, колірний тон λ, чистоту кольору Р та наносить колірні характеристики матеріалів на графік МКО, вперше доказано, що за картиною розташування точок кольору, по-перше, можна робити прогнози відносно рівноваги, яка утворюється між іонними забарвлюючими комплексами під час варки скла, по-друге, про колористичні можливості суміши пігментів - вперше в області технологій, які потребують підвищених температур, встановлені залежності координат кольору емалевих покриттів від складу суміші пігментів у вигляді поліноміальних математичних моделей, що дозволило вирішити складну матеріалознавчу колористичну проблему знаходження співвідношення пігментів для відтворення кольору зразка із заданими колірними характеристиками. Практичне значення отриманих результатів: - розроблено склади емалевих стекол для кольорових металів, які не містять Плюмбуму – одного із самих шкідливих для навколишнього середовища елемента, запропоновано основи технології одержання виробів з їх використанням. Нові емалі широкої палітри кольорів, різного ступеню прозорості створено на основі матричної прозорої емалі. Вони характеризуються однаковим інтервалом випалу 780–820 °С, у зв’язку з чим спрощується технологія отримання художніх і ювелірних виробів. Емалі пройшли випробування та рекомендовані до впровадження у виробництво з виготовлення художніх виробів в майстерні, що знаходиться в структурі Музею українського живопису (м. Дніпро), а також на підприємстві з виготовлення ювелірних виробів, компанія "Diadema", м. Вінниця. Палітра емалевих покриттів та вироби з них представлені під час доповіді на 24 Міжнародному Конгресі емальєрів в м. Чикаго у 2018 р. Згідно міжнародного договору між ДВНЗ УДХТУ та компанією "Richemont International SA Varinor SA" м. Делемонт, Щвейцарія, виготовлено і передано замовнику емалеві стекла у вигляді порошку і емальовані мідні зразки; - створено каталог зразків кольорів, в якому представлено склооснови, кількість барвників, глушників, відновників та оптико-колірні характеристики емалевих покриттів, що не містять Плюмбум. Назву кольорів встановлювали у відповідності із назвою кольорів системи RAL. Палітра розроблених емалей ювелірного та художнього призначення включає 54 кольори: жовто-червоні, синьо-зелені, оливково-гірчичні, пастельні та коричнево-чорні; - розроблено склади малофлуористих білих і світлозабарвлених титанових емалей, безфлуористої склооснови для отримання яскравозабарвлених емалевих покриттів пігментним способом, які випробувані в виробничих умовах ТОВ «Новомосковський посуд» і рекомендовані до серійного впровадження на заводах з випуску емальованих виробів господарчо-побутового призначення. Технологічні особливості виробництва запропонованих емалей дозволяють здійснювати високотемпературні операції варки емалей на 100 °С, а випалу покриттів – на 30–50 °С нижче відомих, що в епоху тотальної економії топливно-енергетичних ресурсів дуже актуально. Малофлуористі світлозабарвлені кремова і сіро-блакитна емалі впроваджені на ТОВ "Новомосковський посуд"; - вперше для технології емалевих покриттів на сталі розроблено метод колірного моделювання, завдяки якому побудовано колірний трикутник-номограму для виробничої склооснови і пігментів жовтого, червоного, синього, за допомогою якого задається необхідний колір і розраховується необхідне співвідношення пігментів. Метод колірного моделювання є універсальним і може бути застосованим до широкого асортименту силікатних матеріалів: глазуровані покриття на керамічній основі, кольорові будівельні матеріали та інші. У вступі обґрунтовано актуальність теми дисертації, сформульовано головну мету та завдання роботи, представлено наукову новизну та практичну цінність одержаних результатів. В першому розділі наведено аналіз патентної та науково-технічної літератури, що стосується отримання екологічно безпечних емалей широкої колірної гами, сучасного стану виробництва кольорових емалей та контролю їх колірних показників, механізмів забарвлення скла та емалей і факторів, що впливають на формування кольору. У другому розділі надано основні поняття та визначення, які використовуються в роботі, а також методики дослідження фізико-хімічних властивостей і структури стекол, покриттів та їх колірні характеристики. В третьому розділі представлено дослідження з розробки екологічно безпечних емалей для міді та прогнозування їх колірних характеристик. В четвертому розділі представлено результати досліджень з розробки легкоплавкої титанової емалі, яка відповідала б вимогам діючих стандартів та випалювалась в ресурсо- та енергозберігаючих умовах виробництва та була максимально екологічно безпечною для навколишнього середовища. П'ятий розділ присвячений дослідженням з розробки складів емалевих фрит, що не вміщують Флуор, які використовуються для отримання яскравозабарвлених емалевих покриттів для виробів господарчо-побутового призначення. В шостому розділі представлені результати розробки методу колірного моделювання. Відтворити, а тим більше спрогнозувати колір із заданими колірними характеристиками – надзвичайно складна багатопланова матеріалознавча проблема, навіть якщо відома рецептура скла і покриття, режими їх варки та випалу. В сьомому розділі надано результати промислової апробації, реалізації та впровадження отриманих матеріалів.
Thesis for a Doctor of Science Degree in Specialty 05.17.11 – Refractory Non-Metallic Materials Technology, State Higher Educational Institution "Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology", National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. The dissertation is devoted to creation of physicochemical bases of technology of ecologically safe protective and decorative glass-enamel coatings of wide color scale on steel and non-ferrous metals, development of principles of regulation and prediction of their color. As a result of the research on the topic of dissertation the following scientific results were obtained: - scientifically substantiated and experimentally proved that the production of lead-free enamel coatings on non-ferrous metals is possible on the basis of the Na₂O – BaO – B₂O₃ – SiO₂ glasses, by the complex of defined properties and the ability to form the highest quality coatings on a copper basis the selected region of the base system, mol %: Na₂O – 24,2–40,5; BaO – 5.0–10.0; B₂O₃ – 15.2–30.5; SiO₂ – 24,0–53,5, which in comparison with the limits of these components in known compositions of lead-free enamels, is characterized by a 2-fold increase in the content of B2O3 and a relatively small content of SiO₂; - the basic tendencies of color change of glasses of Na₂O–BaO–B₂O₃–SiO₂ system has been established, which differ significantly in chemical composition and has colored by ionic dyes, taking into account the structural features of glasses and their acid-basic properties. They has been evaluated by two calculated structural parameters: fSi is the degree of connectivity of the silica framework and Ψв is an indicative index of the coordination state of Boron in the structure of the glass. It had proved that there is a significant correlation between the colors λ and Ψv had proved for glasses colored CuO r * = - 0,83 and CoO r * = - 0,87 and weak – for glasses colored K₂Cr₂O₇, -r * = 0,5; - the patterns of coloring of one glass matrix and enamel coatings on its basis in the system R₂O–BaO–ZnO–Al₂O₃–B₂O₃–TiO₂–SiO₂ by a series of ionic dyes has been founded. Regardless of the content of the dyes, they give the same color tone to the glass and coatings based on these glasses, namely: CuO (1.0–3.0 wt%) λ = 489–494 nm (blue-green), Fe₂O₃ (0.5–2 wt%) λ = 575–585 nm (yellow), K₂Cr₂O₇ (0,5–2.0 wt%) λ = 570–576 nm (yellow-green), CoO (0.5–1.0 wt%) λ = 441–463 nm (blue-violet), NiO (0, 5-1.0 wt.%) λ glass = 559′ – 571 nm, λ coatings = 598–629 nm (brown). It has been proved that in the degree of color intensity of glasses and coatings based on them, the dyes has been arranged in the following sequence: CoO> NiO> CuO> K₂Cr₂O₇ > Fe₂O₃; - for the first time, the mechanism of silencing of transparent matrix enamel glass in R₂O–BaO–ZnO–TiO₂–Al₂O₃–B₂O₃–TiO₂–SiO₂ system with the introduction of MoO₃ has been established, which results in the phenomenon of opalescence, namely: due to diffraction at propagation of waves in micro inhomogeneous medium in which the particle size of molybdenum (VI) oxide is 0.05-0.15 μm less than the wavelength of white light; - for the first time, the dependence of the diffuse reflection coefficient (CDR) of enamel coatings on the chemical composition of enamel frits, obtained by processing the experimental sample 471 of the enamel frit composition by multiple correlation analysis, which is presented in the form of a mathematical model that allows you to calculate the chemical composition of the enamel coatings with a given CDR; the correlation coefficient between experimental and calculated values is 0.98; - using the idea of introducing into any material (glass, pigment, sitall, metal) certain components in a small amount to modify its properties, the following has been first discovered: "small addition" of Fe₂O₃ in the amount of 0.25 wt.% in the composition of lead-free enamel glasses based on the base system Na₂O–BaO–B₂O₃–SiO₂ and 1 wt.% in the composition of fluorless glass enamels based on the basic system Na₂O–B₂O₃–SiO₂ activates the processes of differentiation of the segregation-dropping structure of glass, which allows to increase the intensity of opaque coatings by 1.5–2.5 times, as well as to improve the optical-color characteristics of pigment-colored glass coatings, in particular, red. "Small addition" of ZrO₂ in the amount up to 1 wt.% in the composition of low-fluoride titanium enamel promotes the active release of anatase in the coating during firing and improving its optical characteristics; -with the help of a dedicated COLOR GLASS computer program that automatically calculates color coordinates x y, color tone λ, color purity P, and maps the color characteristics of materials to the СIE graph, it has been first demonstrated that the picture of the location of the color points, first, you can make predictions about the equilibrium that is formed between the ionic coloring complexes during the melting of glass, and secondly, about the color potential of the pigment mixture. - for the first time in the field of technologies requiring high temperatures, the dependences of the color coordinates of the enamel coatings on the composition of the pigment mixture in the form of polynomial mathematical models has been established, which made it possible to solve the complex material-coloristic problem of finding the ratio of pigments to reproduce the color of the sample with the specified color characteristics. The practical significance of the obtained results: - the compositions of enamel glasses for non-ferrous metals, which do not contain Plumbum - one of the most harmful for the environment element, had been developed; the basics of technology of obtaining products with their use had offered. New enamels of a wide range of colors with varying degrees of transparency had been created on the basis of matrix transparent enamel and they had characterized by the same firing interval of 780-820 °C, which makes the technology of obtaining artistic and jewelry easier. Enamels had been tested and recommended for implementation in the production of artistic products in the workshop, which locates in the structure of the Museum of Ukrainian Painting (Dnipro), as well as at the jewelry company, Diadema, Vinnytsia. The enamel coatings palette and their products had presented during a report at the 24th International Congress of Enamels in Chicago in 2018. According to an international agreement between the Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology (Dnipro) and Richemont International SA Varinor SA, Delmont, Switzerland, enamel glass powder and enameled copper samples had been made and handed over to the customer; - a catalog of color samples, which presents the glass base, the number of dyes, opacifiers, reducing agents and the optic-color characteristics of enamel coatings which do not contain Plumbum, has been created. The color name was set in accordance with the color name of the RAL system. The palette of designed enamels of jewelry and artistic purpose includes transparent matrix enamel and 53 colors: yellow-red, blue-green, olive-mustard, pastel and brown-black; - a series of compositions of white and light-colored titanium enamels containing reduced amount of Fluorine, has been developed, also the composition of fluorless frites to obtain brightly colored enamel coatings pigmented way of color, which were fused and passed extensive testing in production conditions factories for the production of enameled household products, has been synthesized. Technological features of production of the enamels offered permits to carry out high-temperature operations of melting at 100oC below the known ones, and firing of coatings – by 30-50 °C, which is very relevant in the era of total saving of fuel and energy resources. Low-fluoride light-colored cream and gray-blue enamels has been introduced at "Novomoskovsk dishes"; - for the first time for the technology of enamel coatings on steel, a method of color modeling has been developed, through which a color triangle-nomogram has been constructed for the production glass base and pigments of yellow, red, blue, by which the required color is specified and the necessary ratio of pigments is calculated. The color modeling method is versatile and can be applied to a wide range of silicate materials: glazed ceramic coatings, colored building materials, and more. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the dissertation topic, formulates the main purpose and objectives of the work, presents the scientific novelty and practical value of the obtained results. The first section provides an analysis of the patent and scientific and technical literature concerning the production of environmentally safe enamels of a wide color range, the current state of production of colored enamels and the control of their color indices, the mechanisms of color of glass and enamels and factors affecting color formation. The second section provides the basic concepts and definitions used in the work, as well as methods for investigating the physicochemical properties and structure of glasses and coatings and their color characteristics. The third section presents studies on the development of environmentally safe enamels for copper and the prediction of their color characteristics. The fourth section presents the results of research on the development of fusible titanium enamel which would meet the requirements of current standards and be burned in resource- and energy-efficient production conditions and be the most environmentally safe for the environment. The fifth section is devoted to the research on the development of enamel frits that do not contain Fluorine and used to produce brightly colored enamel coatings for household products. The sixth section presents the results of the development the color modeling method. Reproduce, and even more so predict, color with predetermined color characteristics is an extremely complex multifaceted material science problem, even if glass and coating formulations, modes of melting and firing are known. In the seventh section the results of industrial testing, realization and implementation of the received materials has been presented.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.11 – технологія тугоплавких неметалічних матеріалів, Державний вищий навчальний заклад "Український державний хіміко-технологічний університет", Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут". Дисертацію присвячено науковим основам технології екологічно безпечних склоемалевих покриттів широкої колірної гами для сталі і кольорових металів, розробці принципів регулювання та прогнозування їх кольору. Розроблена спеціальна комп’ютерна програма COLOUR GLASS, яка за визначеними координатами кольору XYZ автоматично розташовує точки кольору на графіку МКО. Отримані емалі ювелірного та художнього призначення на основі стекол системи Na₂O–BaO–B₂O₃–SiO₂. Розроблені малофлуористі білі і світлозабарвлені титанові емалі, безфлуориста основа для пігментного способу забарвлення. Створено метод колірного моделювання, за допомогою якого можна розрахувати співвідношення пігментів для відтворення кольору зразка за заданими колірними характеристиками.
Thesis for a Doctor of Science Degree in Specialty 05.17.11 Refractory Non-Metallic Materials Technology, State Higher Educational Institution "Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology", National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute". The dissertation is devoted to development of scientific bases of technology of ecologically safe protective and decorative glass-enamel coatings of wide color scale on steel and non-ferrous metals, making of principles of regulation and prediction of their color. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the dissertation topic, formulates the main purpose and objectives of the work. The first section provides an analysis of the patent and scientific and technical literature. The second section provides the basic concepts and definitions used in the work, methods for investigating the physicochemical properties and structure of glasses and coatings and their color characteristics. The third section presents studies on the development of environmentally safe enamels for copper and the prediction of their color characteristics. The fourth section presents the results of studies on the development of small fluoride titanium enamel with a firing temperature of 830 °C. The fifth section had devoted to scientific bases of technology of fluorless enamel frits for pigment method of coloring. The sixth section has devoted to the development of the color modeling method for reproducing the color of a sample with specified color characteristics. In the seventh section the results of industrial testing, implementation and implementation of the received materials has presented. As a result of the research on the topic of dissertation the following scientific results has obtained: - scientifically substantiated and experimentally proved that the production of lead-free enamel coatings on non-ferrous metals is possible on the basis of the Na₂O–BaO–B₂O₃–SiO₂ glasses, the regions of glass formation has been determined, and the regularities of changes in the properties of glasses depending on their chemical composition has been established; - the main tendencies of change of glasses color tone has established in the Na₂O–BaO–B₂O₃–SiO₂ system, which has colored by ionic dyes given the structural features of the glasses and their acid-base properties; - it has been proved that the degree of color intensity of glasses in the system R₂O –BaO – ZnO – Al₂O₃ – B₂O₃ – TiO₂ – SiO₂ and coatings based on them has been arranged in the following sequence: CoO> NiO> CuO> K₂Cr₂O₇> Fe₂O₃; - for the first time the mechanism of opacifying of transparent matrix enamel glass in the R₂O – BaO – ZnO – TiO₂ – Al₂O₃ – B₂O₃ – TiO₂ – SiO₂ system was introduced when MoO₃ has been established, namely: due to diffraction, which results in the phenomenon of opalescence; - for the first time the dependence of the diffuse reflection coefficient of enamel coatings on the chemical composition of enamel frits has been established, which is presented in the form of a mathematical model; the correlation coefficient between experimental and calculated values is 0.98; - for the first time the mechanism of opacifying of transparent matrix enamel glass in the R₂O – BaO – ZnO – TiO₂ – Al₂O₃ – B₂O₃ – TiO₂ – SiO₂ system was introduced when MoO3 has been established, namely: due to diffraction, which results in the phenomenon of opalescence; - for the first time it has been discovered that Fe₂O₃ "small additive" in the amount of 0.25 wt.% in the composition of lead-free enamel glasses on the basis of the Na₂O – BaO – B₂O₃ – SiO₂ base system and 1 wt. Fe₂O₃ in the composition of fluor-free enamel glasses on the basis of the Na₂O – B₂O₃ – SiO₂ base system activates the processes of glass removal stratification, which allows to increase 1.5-2.5 times the intensity of coating damping; - with the help of a special computer program COLOR GLASS, which automatically calculates the coordinates of the color x, y, the color tone λ, the purity of the color P and applies the color characteristics of the materials to the CIE graph, it has been proved for the first time that the chart of the location of color points can make forecasts about the equilibrium, which formed between ionic coloring complexes during glass melting; - for the first time in the field of technologies requiring high temperatures, the dependences of the color coordinates of enamel coatings on the composition of the pigment mixture in the form of polynomial mathematical models has been established, which allowed to solve the complex material-coloristic problem of finding the ratio of pigments to reproduce the color of the sample with the specified color characteristics. The practical significance of the obtained results: - the compositions of enamel art and jewelry glasses for non-ferrous metals, which do not contain Plumbum, has been developed. They are characterized by the same firing interval of 780-820 °C. A catalog of color samples has created. The palette includes fondon and 53 colors: yellow-red, blue-green, olive-mustard, pastel and brown-black; - a series of compositions of white and light-colored titanium enamels containing reduced amount of Fluorine (up to 2.5 wt.%), has been developed, also the composition of fluorless frites to obtain brightly colored enamel coatings pigmented way of color. Temperature operations of the enamel melting is 100 °C and firing of coatings is 30-50oC below the known ones.

Globalization has made the whole world one compartment and makes a single village a global village. Indian handicraft products have great opportunities both in the domestic and international markets. Main products of handicrafts consist of art metal wares, embroidered and crocheted goods, shawls and art wares, and Zari goods, woods wares, hand printed textiles and imitation jewelry. Indian Handicrafts, which constitutes a significant segment of the decentralized sector of the economy, its export has reached at a commendable height. Indian folk art and crafts which are the integral parts of the Indian culture and tradition are in high demand among the western consumers. A lot of manufacturing units are established in rural and small towns, which generate employment for a million of artisans. Indian exports are showing a growing trend. Like every coin has two sides, globalization is not separate from this point it also not only have positive impact on artisans industry but there are some negative consequences too on which this chapter is trying to put some light.

This chapter examines how Christianity’s dominant symbol, the cross, emerged as one of the earliest and most popular instances of religion moving into fashion, in the form of cross jewelry. The fashionability of cross jewelry is an important step in understanding how God got on a dress. The first part of the chapter highlights the genesis of the cross in modern fashion through the work of Gabrielle “Coco” Chanel. The chapter then analyzes how cross jewelry became a fashion trend in the late 1960s that reflected and shaped existing religious trends. Lastly, the chapter examines the culture wars controversy that accompanied the cross jewelry trend in the 1980s, with Madonna’s popularity and the rise of the Moral Majority.

This chapter discusses the rise of a new political order in Japan during the period 1868–1873. In order to legitimize their rule, the leaders of the interdomainal alliance chose to “hide” their power behind the prestigious institution of the emperor, without giving him real power. When the interdomainal alliance collapsed in autumn 1873, it left in its wake formidable waves of military insurgency. The chapter first describes the reign of the Japanese emperor, who was compared to a “jewel” held by the leaders of the government—well respected, but devoid of real power. It then considers the Meiji regime, which was established through a series of decisive reforms, as well as the rifts and rivalries of the interdomainal alliance, particularly between the Chōshū and Satsuma domains. Finally, it examines Japan's conflict with Korea and the collapse of the interdomainal alliance.

Although ignored in current treatments of Roman political culture, women were active in the streets of Rome and throughout Italy in the war-torn mid-Republic. Comedy is the best contemporary witness, developing as it did from the 270s BCE onward. City sackings entailed rape, enslavement, loss of kin, and the movement of refugees across Italy, and the resulting issues inflect the content of comedy, emblematized in a slave-woman’s fake jewelry in the shape of the goddess Victoria. Comedy addresses women in the audience, while, onstage, women move through the city and participate in political actions and discourse, laying claim to rights. In Livy’s later accounts of the Punic Wars, women appear in religious worship and reacting to war news, demonstrating bereavement like the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo. They even join in the fighting, in ways seen in Vietnam and Northern Ireland, or as Cicero’s wife Terentia defended her own home.

The trend towards increasing secular interest in jewellery was probably maintained throughout the thirteenth century, though precise dating of individual pieces remains difficult. With only small amounts of gold to be found in the south of France and Hungary, western Europeans continued to depend upon both gold and gems coming by overland routes from or through the Arab world, with Italian merchants acting as intermediaries. In 1257 Henry III was able to attempt to imitate continental kings by issuing gold coins, not to facilitate trade but to attract gold into the mint to back up his loans and pledges, and to use as alms. The care that went into the coins’ design shows that they were thought of as having prestige value, and the decision to represent the king carrying the orb and sceptre was most probably made in homage to one of the issues of his revered predecessor Edward the Confessor; the royal seal was also changed, to a design that adapted Edward’s image of an enthroned king ruling as a judge like Solomon rather than as a military leader with a sword. Henry’s gold coins were only produced in small numbers and for a very short time, but they show that the importance of the symbolism of a currency was still understood, though no more effort was made with the designs of everyday silver coins than in previous reigns. The amount of coinage in circulation is shown both by single finds and hoards, not only in England but in Wales and Scotland as well. Excavation of the church at Capel Maelog, Powys, produced coins of Henry III, Edward I (1272–1307), and Richard II (1377–99), suggesting that the use of English money had spread into Welsh culture. The Welsh kings did not mint their own coins, however, unlike the kings of Scotland, whose coins were allowed to circulate in England just as English ones did north of the border. Presumably exclusion of a rival’s image was no longer a matter of pride. No hoard in Britain hidden during the middle part of the thirteenth century has objects in it to help to establish a chronology for jewellery.

Economists find supply and demand to be a very useful way to describe markets, including labor markets. Yes, supply and demand models sometimes fail, but such cases are notable precisely because such models usually work so well. In fact, arguably no model in social science works as well; it is the crown jewel of economic theory. In a supply and demand based labor market, buyers and sellers mostly take prices as given, and assume that they can’t change prices much. Given this assumption, they try to achieve their goals by varying how much labor they buy or sell. Note that supply and demand doesn’t require that everyone know everything, or that they always do exactly what is best for them. It is actually a pretty robust and useful model of human behavior. True, workers often acquire very specific job skills, after which there may be too few sellers or buyers of each specific skill to make for a competitive market. At that point people may reasonably believe that their behaviors can change relevant prices. But for each specific skill there is usually a large pool of workers who are similarly able to learn that skill, and another large pool, this time of employers, with skills they’d like this same pool of workers to learn in order to do their jobs. There is thus a pre-skill labor market with pools of similarly-able-to-learn workers, and with employers who have similar-tasks-to-learn. If these pools are large, and if they do not coordinate to limit the wages they accept, then supply and demand analysis will apply well to this pre-skill market. Thus while it may be hard to predict the specific wages that workers will earn after they learn a specific skill, we can more confidently predict that, in the pre-skill labor market, similar workers will reasonably expect to earn a similar net compensation after they train. Also, employers trying to attract similar workers should expect to pay a similar net compensation. (Of course “wages” include not just cash, but other forms of compensation such as status markers, connections, and resources including information access and computing power.) Consider how such pre-skill labor markets change when we introduce ems built from cheap signal-processing hardware, who are able to substitute in most jobs for ordinary human workers after they’ve acquired relevant skills.

By any standards, the resilience displayed byWarsaw duringWorld War II and its aftermath was awesome. The city endured three waves of destruction: during the German invasion of 1939, the Jewish ghetto uprising of 1943, and theWarsaw uprising of 1944 and their aftermaths. After the last had been put down, Adolf Hitler ordered the city to be destroyed entirely, and particular care was taken by the Nazis to individually target monuments and buildings of any historic, cultural, or aesthetic significance. This was done with grim efficiency, and by the time the Soviet army occupied the city in January 1945, over 80 percent of the buildings in the city lay in ruins. Of the 780 buildings on the historic register, only 35 survived intact. One of those buildings that survived—the Lazienski Palace—still had bore holes ready for dynamite which German sappers had not had time to insert when the city was captured. On visiting Warsaw in 1945, General Dwight Eisenhower commented that he had never before witnessed destruction executed with such bestiality. There had been no military justification for the devastation. Yet almost from the moment the city was liberated, it began to recover. In the first two months after liberation, sappers and workers were able to remove 100,000 mines and unexploded shells from the ruins, and 1 million cubic meters of rubble were removed by the end of 1947. Despite a lack of electricity, water, transportation, and other basic infrastructure, the population doubled to 366,000 within four months. Reconstruction of key streets and repairable buildings began immediately, and new residential areas were planned and later constructed. Within just eleven years, the city would recover its prewar population and could be said to be a fully functional capital. But the jewel in the crown of the reconstruction was undoubtedly the rebuilding of the Old Town, the historic core of the city that symbolized 700 years of Warsaw’s history. Its completion—in 1961—above all suggested a rebirth of Poland’s cultural and historical identity. There has been a spectrum of resilience displayed by the city’s inhabitants.

Abstract Today, ultrasound is a widely used technology for a number of industrial applications, from processing liquids and slurries, cleaning of optical lenses and jewellery, purification of water, enhancement of mechanical and physical properties of metals, welding, dispersing, humidifiers, to material testing. In the oil and gas industry the ultrasonic technology is typically used for measurement applications. This paper describes first test and research results using ultrasonic waves to remove scaling in the borehole. So far most standard scaling treatments involve the use of chemicals. With ultrasonic treatment, it may be possible to reduce or even substitute the chemical applications. This transgression from a chemical to a physical cleaning process would most likely save costs and reduce the environmental impact. Scaling from calcium carbonate, gypsum/anhydrite or barium/strontium sulfate is considered a major issue with oil and gas production, causing the industry enormous efforts on prevention and removal. To assess the usability of ultrasound for scaling removal, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted, starting with gypsum due to its easy handling and continuing with the more critical calcium carbonate scaling. The cleaning effects could be proven and the main factors influencing the ultrasonic cleaning efficiency could be identified in the laboratory. This paper will present and discuss the findings so far and will give an outlook on future research issues with ultrasonic scale removal.

ABSTRACT Despite the global setbacks, in recent times Africa's economy has generally managed to grow, with an average GDP increase of about 5%. Africa's economic growth prospects have been the talking point in recent economic fora. This growth however, has been inhibited due to the insufficient access to reliable electricity for most of Africa. The future outlook for this yet looks set to change dramatically, with African countries diversifying their energy portfolio. A good case in point is in Kenya. As of March 2015, Kenya's effective installed electricity capacity was 2177.1 MW, with supply primarily being sourced from hydroelectric and thermal sources. With connectivity to the national grid at just 28%. As of 8th June 2016, Kenya was the 4th largest geothermal energy developer in the world, possessing the largest geothermal plant in the world, capable of providing almost 20% of the nation's total power capacity (280MW Olkaria plant). Geothermal is just the tip of the iceberg, for years wind energy has contributed just 5.1MW to the national grid, but with the construction of the lake Turkana power project set to come online by July 2017 injecting 310MW or about 18% of current installed electricity generating capacity, a different ball game is about to commence. With Kenya's innovation and IT scene making waves worldwide, the incorporation of this into the energy scene has been quite successful with the M-Kopa model the latest crown jewel. Solar century and London distillers have held engagements to build the largest solar roof project in East Africa, almost 1 MWp. Kenya is currently the world leader in number of solar power systems installed per capita. With the Lamu coal power plant set to add 981.5 MW to the grid and Kenya aiming to replace some fossil fuel, electricity capacity, with nuclear energy (it is currently evaluating its grid system before considering the generation options). These are key stepping stones for an energy boom with an unequivocal industrial and economic boom. Considering the major infrastructural projects of rail, road and pipeline being undertaken with these energy prospects, the future is only brighter. The fact that most of the developed world economies are slowing down only serves to fuel the fact that Kenya and Africa's economic revolution is inevitable. A key indication that the next decades belong to Africa, at least from an economic stand point.