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Journal articles on the topic 'Jet In Cross-Flow (JICF)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 8 September 2022

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1

Shangguan, Yanqin, Xian Wang, and Yueming Li. "Large-scaled simulation on the coherent vortex evolution of a jet in a cross-flow based on lattice Boltzmann method." Thermal Science 19, no. 3 (2015): 977–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150606101s.

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Large eddy simulation (LES) is performed on a jet issued normally into a cross-flow using lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and multiple graphic processing units (multi-GPUs) to study the flow characteristics of jets in cross-flow (JICF). The simulation with 8 1.50?10 grids is fulfilled with 6 K20M GPUs. With large-scaled simulation, the secondary and tertiary vortices are captured. The features of the secondary vortices and the tertiary vortices reveal that they have a great impact on the mixing between jet flow and cross-flow. The qualitative and quantitative results also indicate that the evolution mechanism of vortices is not constant, but varies with different situations. The hairpin vortex under attached jet regime originates from the boundary layer vortex of cross-flow. While, the origin of hairpin vortex in detached jet is the jet shear-layer vortex. The mean velocities imply the good ability of LBM to simulate JICF and the large loss of jet momentum in detached jet caused by the strong penetration. Besides, in our computation, a high computational performance of 1083.5 MLUPS is achieved.

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2

Regan, Marc A., and Krishnan Mahesh. "Global linear stability analysis of jets in cross-flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 828 (September 12, 2017): 812–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.489.

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The stability of low-speed jets in cross-flow (JICF) is studied using tri-global linear stability analysis (GLSA). Simulations are performed at a Reynolds number of 2000, based on the jet exit diameter and the average velocity. A time stepper method is used in conjunction with the implicitly restarted Arnoldi iteration method. GLSA results are shown to capture the complex upstream shear-layer instabilities. The Strouhal numbers from GLSA match upstream shear-layer vertical velocity spectra and dynamic mode decomposition from simulation (Iyer & Mahesh, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 790, 2016, pp. 275–307) and experiment (Megerian et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 593, 2007, pp. 93–129). Additionally, the GLSA results are shown to be consistent with the transition from absolute to convective instability that the upstream shear layer of JICFs undergoes between $R=2$ to $R=4$ observed by Megerian et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 593, 2007, pp. 93–129), where $R=\overline{v}_{jet}/u_{\infty }$ is the jet to cross-flow velocity ratio. The upstream shear-layer instability is shown to dominate when $R=2$, whereas downstream shear-layer instabilities are shown to dominate when $R=4$.

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3

Tao, Chengfei, and Hao Zhou. "Effects of ‘Oxy’ jet in cross flow on the combustion instability and NOx emissions in lean premixed flame." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci201215178t.

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Combustion instability and nitrogen oxides emission are crucial factors for modern gas turbine combustors, which seriously hampers the research and development of advanced combustors. To eliminate combustion instability and NOx emissions simultaneously, effects of the ?Oxy? (CO2/O2, N2/O2, Ar/O2and He/O2) jet in cross flow(JICF)on combustion instability and NOx emissions are experimentally studied. In this research, the flow rate and oxygen ratio of the combustor are varied to evaluate the control effectiveness. Results denotes that all the four oxy fuel gas: CO2/O2, N2/O2, Ar/O2and He/O2, could suppress combustion instability and NOx emissions. The CO2/O2dilution can achieve a better damping results than the other three cases. There are peak values or lowest points of sound pressure amplitude as the parameter of ?Oxy? JICF changes. Mode transition appears in both acoustic signal and CH* chemiluminescence of the flame. But the turning point of mode transition is different. Under the CO2/O2cases, the NOx emission decreases from 22.3ppm to 15.2ppm, the damping ratio of NOxis 40.39%. The flame shape and length were changed under different JICF dilutions. This research could promote the application of jet in cross flow methods on combustion instability or pollutant emissions in gas turbines.

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4

Chang, Jianlong, Xudong Shao, Jiangman Li, and Xiao Hu. "A Comparison of Classical and Pulsating Jets in Crossflow at Various Strouhal Numbers." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5279790.

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Investigation of the classical and pulsating jet in crossflow (JICF) at a low Reynolds number (Re = 100) has been performed by the LES method based on varied velocity ratios (r= 1~4). Time-averaged particle trajectories are compared in the classical and pulsating JICF. The formation mechanism and the corresponding flow characteristics for the counter-rotating vortex pair (CRVP) have been analyzed. An unexpected “vortex tail” has been found in the JICF at higher velocity ratio due to the enhanced interactions indicated by the increased jet momentum among the CRVP, upright vortices, and shear layers. The analysis of time-averaged longitudinal vorticity including a coupling mechanism between vortices has been performed. The returning streamlines appear in the pulsating JICF, and two extra converging points emerge near the nozzle of the jet at different Strouhal numbers. The temperature profiles based on the iso-surface for the classical and pulsating JICF have been obtained computationally and analyzed in detail.

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5

Souza, Pedro R. C., Odenir de Almeida, and Carlos R. Ilário da Silva. "Aeroacoustic Investigation of High Subsonic Jets in Crossflow." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Acoustics 26, no. 04 (December 2018): 1850031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591728518500317.

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The present work investigates the flow and the sound field generated by high subsonic jets in crossflow (JICF). The problem arises when a jet is exhausted perpendicularly into a moving medium. Although being characterized as a very complex flow, the JICF has a well-known fluid dynamics, but a sound field yet to be more explored. Therefore, a hybrid methodology of low computational cost aeroacoustic prediction tool is applied in this work for the complete investigation of this problem. A single jet operating at Mach number 0.75 in a crossflow regime with effective velocity ratios of 4 and 8 is studied herein. The fluid dynamics is solved by the Reynolds Average Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, and the noise calculations are performed using a statistical method known as the Lighthill Ray-Tracing (LRT) method. The numerical results for the acoustic and flow fields were in reasonable agreement with the experimental data available showing good applicability of this kind of methodology for solving JICF.

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6

Grout, R. W., A. Gruber, H. Kolla, P. T. Bremer, J. C. Bennett, A. Gyulassy, and J. H. Chen. "A direct numerical simulation study of turbulence and flame structure in transverse jets analysed in jet-trajectory based coordinates." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 706 (July 10, 2012): 351–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.257.

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AbstractAn${\mathrm{H} }_{2} / {\mathrm{N} }_{2} $jet in cross-flow (JICF) of air is studied using three-dimensional direct numerical simulation with and without chemical reaction in order to investigate the role of the complex JICF turbulent flow field in the mechanism of fast fuel-oxidant mixing and of aerodynamic flame stabilization in the near field of the jet nozzle. Focus is on delineating the flow/mixing/chemistry conditions that are necessary and/or sufficient to achieve flame anchoring that ultimately enables the formulation of more reliable and precise guidelines for design of fuel injection nozzles. A mixture averaged diffusion formulation that includes the effect of thermal diffusion is used along with a detailed chemical kinetics mechanism for hydrogen–air combustion. A new parametrization technique is used to describe the jet trajectory: solution of Laplace’s equation upon, and then within, an opportune scalar surface anchored by Dirichlet boundary conditions at the jet nozzle and plume exit from the domain provides a smoothly varying field along the jet path. The surface is selected to describe the scalar mixing and reaction associated with a transverse jet. The derived field,$j(\mathbi{x})$, is used as a condition to mark the position along the natural jet trajectory when analysing the variation of relevant flow, mixing and reaction quantities in the present direct numerical simulation (DNS) datasets. Results indicate the presence of a correlation between the flame base location in parameter space and a region of low velocity magnitude, high enstrophy, high mixing rate and high equivalence ratio (flame root region). Instantaneously, a variety of vortical structures, well known from the literature as important contributors to fuel-oxidant mixing, are observed in both inert and reactive cases with a considerable span in length scales. Moreover, instantaneous plots from reactive cases illustrate that the most upstream flame tongues propagate close to the trailing edge of the fuel jet potential core near the jet shear layer vortex shedding position. Some degree of asymmetry with respect to the domain mid-plane in the spanwise direction is observed in the averaged fields, both for the inert and reactive cases.

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7

Anwar, Habib O. "Flow of Surface Buoyant Jet in Cross Flow." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 113, no. 7 (July 1987): 892–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1987)113:7(892).

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8

Gogineni, S. P., M. M. Whitaker, L. P. Goss, and W. M. Roquemore. "Dynamics of Jet in Cross Flow." Physics of Fluids 7, no. 9 (September 1995): S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4757295.

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9

SUZUKI, Nobuyoshi, Masaru KIYA, Osamu MOCHIZUKI, and Hidenori JINZU. "A Pulsating Round Jet in Cross Flow." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 63, no. 605 (1997): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.63.605_106.

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10

Seiler, F., P. Gnemmi, H. Ende, M. Schwenzer, and R. Meuer. "Jet interaction at supersonic cross flow conditions." Shock Waves 13, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-003-0189-y.

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11

Kozlov, Viktor V., Maria V. Litvinenko, and Grigory V. Kozlov. "The Round Jet in a Cross-Flow (Review)." Siberian Journal of Physics 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54362/1818-7919-2010-5-1-9-28.

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Results of experimental and numerical studies on characteristics of the developing round jet with parabolic velocity profile in a crossflow are presented. The basic differences of characteristics (parameters, properties) of development of the round jet with parabolic velocity profile and «shock» velocity profile are showed. As it is outlined, the round jet with parabolic velocity profile in a crossflow is transformed to two stationary counter rotating vortices. In the current work it is shown, that the most unsteady high-frequency eigenmodes correspond wave packets onto the couple of counter rotating vortices. Decrease of frequency leads to development of the eigenmodes closer to wall in track of the jet. The growths of penetration of jet into a crossflow and air inflow by near-field of jet from crossflow are observed. In addition, it was shown, that boundary of the jet and crossflow can stretch and become thin under the influence of crossflow.

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12

Stapountzis, H. "FLOW VISUALIZATION OF A JET IN A TURBULENT CROSS FLOW." Journal of Flow Visualization and Image Processing 1, no. 1 (1993): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jflowvisimageproc.v1.i1.70.

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13

Sourtiji, Ehsan, and Yoav Peles. "Flow boiling in microchannel with synthetic jet in cross-flow." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 147 (February 2020): 119023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.119023.

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14

El-Emam, Salah, H. Mansour, A. Abdel-Rahim, and M. El-Khayat. "Flow Characteristics of Two-Dimensional Jet in Cross Flow.(Dept.M)." MEJ. Mansoura Engineering Journal 28, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/bfemu.2021.141506.

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15

KOBAYASHI, Eisei, and Masaki FUCHIWAKI. "Flow Structure formed by a Sweeping jet into Cross Flow." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2020 (2020): S05106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2020.s05106.

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16

KOBAYASHI, Eisei, and Masaki FUCHIWAKI. "Vortex Flow Structure Generated by Sweeping Jet in Cross Flow." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2020 (2020): OS03–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2020.os03-21.

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17

Laouedj, Samir, Juan P. Solano, and Abdelylah Benazza. "Synthetic jet cross-flow interaction with orifice obstruction." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 25, no. 4 (May 5, 2015): 749–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-01-2014-0013.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the flow structure and the time-resolved and time-mean heat transfer characteristics in the interaction between a synthetic jet and a cross flow, when an obstruction reduces the cross-section of the orifice where the jet is formed. Design/methodology/approach – The microchannel flow interacted by the pulsed jet is modeled using a two-dimensional finite volume simulation with unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations while using the Shear-Stress-Transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model to account for fluid turbulence. Findings – The computational results show a good and rapid increase of the synthetic jet influence on heat transfer enhancement when the obstruction of the orifice is superior to 30 per cent and the synthetic jet oscillating amplitudes are below 50 µm. It is found that when the obstruction is close to the exit orifice, the heat transfer enhancement is significant. The obstruction has proved to accelerate the jet and change the formation of large vortical structures. Additional windward vortices appear, which influence the flow field and enhance the heat transfer. Research limitations/implications – The work proposes the use of a compound enhancement technique for electronics cooling. A limited range of operating conditions and geometrical configurations is presented. A further analysis of the performance evaluation, based on the increased energy consumption of the device, would complement the study. Originality/value – The authors provide a compound technique to enhance heat transfer in synthetic-jet electronic cooling devices.

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18

Yao, Yufeng, Mohamad Maidi, and Jun Yao. "Effect of Jet Inclination Angle and Hole Exit Shape on Vortical Flow Structures in Low-Reynolds Number Jet in Cross-Flow." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/632040.

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Numerical studies have been performed to visualize vortical flow structures emerged from jet cross-flow interactions. A single square jet issuing perpendicularly into a cross-flow was simulated first, followed by two additional scenarios, that is, inclined square jet at angles of 30° and 60° and round and elliptic jets at an angle of 90°, respectively. The simulation considers a jet to cross-flow velocity ratio of 2.5 and a Reynolds number of 225, based on the free-stream flow quantities and the jet exit width in case of square jet or minor axis length in case of elliptic jet. For the single square jet, the vortical flow structures simulated are in good qualitative agreement with the findings by other researchers. Further analysis reveals that the jet penetrates deeper into the cross-flow field for the normal jet, and the decrease of the jet inclination angle weakens the cross-flow entrainment in the near-wake region. For both noncircular and circular jet hole shapes, the flow field in the vicinity of the jet exit has been dominated by large-scale dynamic flow structures and it was found that the elliptic jet hole geometry has maximum “lifted-off” effect among three hole configurations studied. This finding is also in good qualitative agreement with existing experimental observations.

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19

Anghel, S. D., A. Simon, A. I. Radu, and I. J. Hidi. "Spectroscopic characterisation of a cross-flow plasma jet." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 267, no. 2 (January 2009): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2008.10.026.

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20

Gogineni, S., L. Goss, and M. Roquemore. "Manipulation of a jet in a cross flow." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 16, no. 3 (March 1998): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-1777(97)10028-0.

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21

Nadeau, Patrice, Dimitrios Berk, and Richard J. Munz. "Mixing in a cross-flow-impinging jet reactor." AIChE Journal 47, no. 3 (March 2001): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690470304.

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22

Gevorkyan, L., T. Shoji, D. R. Getsinger, O. I. Smith, and A. R. Karagozian. "Transverse jet mixing characteristics." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 790 (February 2, 2016): 237–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.5.

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This experimental study explores and quantifies mixing characteristics associated with a gaseous round jet injected perpendicularly into cross-flow for a range of flow and injection conditions. The study utilizes acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging to determine mixing metrics in both centreplane and cross-sectional planes of the jet, for a range of jet-to-cross-flow momentum flux ratios ($2\leqslant J\leqslant 41$), density ratios ($0.35\leqslant S\leqslant 1.0$) and injector configurations (flush nozzle, flush pipe and elevated nozzle), all at a fixed jet Reynolds number of 1900. For the majority of conditions explored, there is a direct correspondence between the nature of the jet’s upstream shear layer instabilities and structure, as documented in detail in Getsingeret al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 760, 2014, pp. 342–367), and the jet’s mixing characteristics, consistent with diffusion-dominated processes, but with a few notable exceptions. When quantified as a function of distance along the jet trajectory, mixing metrics for jets in cross-flow with an absolutely unstable upstream shear layer and relatively symmetric counter-rotating vortex pair cross-sectional structure tend to show better local molecular mixing than for jets with convectively unstable upstream shear layers and generally asymmetric cross-sectional structures. Yet the spatial evolution of mixing with downstream distance can be greater for a few specific convectively unstable conditions, apparently associated with the initiation and nature of shear layer rollup as a trigger for improved mixing. A notable exception to these trends concerns conditions where the equidensity jet in cross-flow has an upstream shear layer that is already absolutely unstable, and the jet density is then reduced in comparison with that of the cross-flow. Here, density ratios below unity tend to mix less well than for equidensity conditions, demonstrated to result from differences in the nature of higher-density cross-flow entrainment into lower-density shear layer vortices.

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23

New, T. H., T. T. Lim, and S. C. Luo. "Effects of jet velocity profiles on a round jet in cross-flow." Experiments in Fluids 40, no. 6 (April 5, 2006): 859–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00348-006-0124-y.

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24

Aldabbagh, L. B. Y., I. Sezai, and A. A. Mohamad. "Three-Dimensional Investigation of a Laminar Impinging Square Jet Interaction With Cross-Flow." Journal of Heat Transfer 125, no. 2 (March 21, 2003): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1561815.

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The flow and heat transfer characteristics of an impinging laminar square jet through cross-flow have been investigated numerically by using the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes and energy equations in steady state. The simulations have been carried out for jet to cross-flow velocity ratios between 0.5 and 10 and for nozzle exit to plate distances between 1D and 6D, where D is the jet width. The complex nature of the flow field featuring a horseshoe vortex has been investigated. The calculated results show that the flow structure is strongly affected by the jet-to-plate distance. In addition, for jet-to-plate spacing of one jet width and for jet to cross-flow velocity ratios less than 2.5 an additional peak occurs at about three-dimensional downstream of the jet impingement point. For high jet to cross-flow ratios two horseshoe vortices form around the jet in the case of small jet-to-plate spacings.

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25

Ruiz, A. M., G. Lacaze, and J. C. Oefelein. "Flow topologies and turbulence scales in a jet-in-cross-flow." Physics of Fluids 27, no. 4 (April 2015): 045101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4915065.

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26

Qi, Meilan, Zhicong Chen, and Renshou Fu. "Flow structure of the plane turbulent impinging jet in cross flow." Journal of Hydraulic Research 39, no. 2 (April 2001): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221680109499816.

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27

Berk, Tim, and Bharathram Ganapathisubramani. "Effects of vortex-induced velocity on the development of a synthetic jet issuing into a turbulent boundary layer." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 870 (May 14, 2019): 651–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.279.

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A synthetic jet issuing into a cross-flow influences the local velocity of the cross-flow. At the jet exit the jet is oriented in the wall-normal direction while the cross-flow is oriented in the streamwise direction, leading to a momentum transfer between the jet and the cross-flow. Streamwise momentum transferred from the cross-flow to the jet accelerates the pulses created by the jet. This momentum transfer continuous up to some point downstream where these pulses have the same velocity as the surrounding flow and are no longer blocking the cross-flow. The momentum transfer from the cross-flow to the jet leads to a momentum deficit in the cross-flow far downstream of the viscous near field of the jet. In the literature this momentum-flux deficit is often attributed to viscous blockage or to up-wash of low-momentum fluid. The present paper proposes and quantifies a third source of momentum deficit: a velocity induced opposite to the cross-flow by the vortical structures created by the synthetic jet. These vortical structures are reconstructed from measured data and their induced velocity is calculated using the Biot–Savart law. The three-dimensional three-component induced velocity fields show great similarity to the measured velocity fields, suggesting that this induced velocity is the main contributor to the velocity field around the synthetic jet and viscous effects have only a small influence. The momentum-flux deficit induced by the vortical structures is compared to the measured momentum-flux deficit, showing that the main part of this deficit is caused by the induced velocity. Variations with Strouhal number (frequency of the jet) and velocity ratio (velocity of the jet) are observed and discussed. An inviscid-flow model is developed, which represents the downstream evolution of the jet in cross-flow. Using the measured data as an input, this model is able to predict the deformation, (wall-normal) evolution and qualitative velocity field of the jet. The present study presents evidence that the velocity induced by the vortical structures forming a synthetic jet plays an important role in the development of and the velocity field around the jet.

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28

Kang, Guo Bing. "Numerical Simulation of Jet and Cross-Flow Mixing in Tee Pipe." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.523.

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In the present paper we investigated the mixing effect of uncompressible jet and cross-flow in Tee pipe based CFD, the model of Realizable was employed as the tool to simulate the flow field, and the model was validated by experimental result of relative research. The mixing effect of jet and cross-flow in various configuration of Tee pipe at different inlet velocity of jet was discussed. The result shows jet and cross-flow mix quickly in near field of injection point, but in the downstream, the mixing effect keeps comparatively steady whenz>7d, and there is power relation between the mixing parameterMandr1×r2. Andr1is the ratio of jet pipe diameter to cross-flow pipe diameter,r2is the ratio of jet velocity to cross-flow velocity.

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29

Coussement, Axel, O. Gicquel, and G. Degrez. "Large eddy simulation of a pulsed jet in cross-flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 695 (February 7, 2012): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.539.

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AbstractThis study quantifies the mixing that results from a pulsed jet in cross-flow in the near jet region. By large eddy simulation computations, it also helps to understand the physical phenomena involved in the formation of the pulsed jet in cross-flow. The boundary conditions of the jet inlet are implemented via a Navier–Stokes characteristic boundary condition coupled with a Fourier series development. The signals used to pulse the jet inlet are a square or a sine wave. A new way of characterizing the mixing is introduced with the goal of easily interpreting and quantifying the complicated mixing process involved in a pulsed jet in cross-flow flow fields. Different flow configurations, pulsed and non-pulsed, are computed and compared, keeping the root mean square value of the signal constant. This comparison not only allows the characterization of the mixing but also illustrates some of the properties of the mixing characterization.

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30

Kou, Shun Li, and Guo Neng Li. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification of a Vertical Jet in Swirling Cross-Flow." Applied Mechanics and Materials 235 (November 2012): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.235.90.

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In order to investigate the bending and mixing characteristics in a vertical jet issuing into a swirling cross-flow, large eddy simulation method was employed to simulate the flow field of a jet in swirling cross-flow. Several jet to cross-flow velocity ratios (r=15, 30, 60) were investigated. The numerical results were compared to the experimental data measured from a phase tunable laser and CCD system. The Reynolds number Re based on the characteristic length of the cross-flow tunnel and the jet velocity lies between 22,537 and 90,146. Numerical results showed that the penetration depth of the vertical jet maintains nearly unchanged when the jet to cross-flow velocity ratio is large enough (r>30), which agreed well with the experimental data and was different from the flow field of jet in straight cross-flow. On the other hand, the case of r=60 obtained largest spread width, and the spread width maintains relatively large in a large penetration zone, which is consist with the experimental finding.

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31

Pinchak, Matthew D., Vincent G. Shaw, and Ephraim J. Gutmark. "The effects of cross-flow fuel injection on the reacting jet in vitiated cross-flow." Combustion and Flame 199 (January 2019): 352–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.10.035.

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32

Li, Q., G. J. Page, and J. J. McGuirk. "Large-eddy simulation of twin impinging jets in cross-flow." Aeronautical Journal 111, no. 1117 (March 2007): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000004450.

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The flow-field beneath a jet-borne vertical landing aircraft is highly complex and unsteady. large-eddy simulation is a suitable tool to predict both the mean flow and unsteady fluctuations. This work aims to evaluate the suitability of LES by applying it to two multiple jet impingement problems: the first is a simple twin impinging jet in cross-flow, while the second includes a circular intake. The numerical method uses a compressible solver on a mixed element unstructured mesh. The smoothing terms in the spatial flux are kept small by the use of a monitor function sensitive to vorticity and divergence. The WALE subgrid scale model is utilised. The simpler jet impingement case shows good agreement with experiment for mean velocity and normal stresses. Analysis of time histories in the jet shear layer and near impingement gives a dominant frequency at a Strouhal number of 0·1, somewhat lower than normally observed in free jets. The jet impingement case with an intake also gives good agreement with experimental velocity measurements, although the expansion of the grid ahead of the jets does reduce the accuracy in this region. Turbulent eddies are observed entering the intake with significant swirl. This is in qualitative agreement with experimental visualisation. The results show that LES could be a suitable tool when applied to multiple jet impingement with realistic aircraft geometry.

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33

Ostermann, Florian, Rene Woszidlo, C. Navid Nayeri, and C. Oliver Paschereit. "The interaction between a spatially oscillating jet emitted by a fluidic oscillator and a cross-flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 863 (January 23, 2019): 215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.981.

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This experimental study investigates the fundamental flow field of a spatially oscillating jet emitted by a fluidic oscillator into an attached cross-flow. Dominant flow structures, such as the jet trajectory and dynamics of streamwise vortices, are discussed in detail with the aim of understanding the interaction between the spatially oscillating jet and the cross-flow. The oscillating jet is ejected perpendicular to the cross-flow. A moveable stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV) system is employed for the plane-by-plane acquisition of the flow field. The three-dimensional, time-resolved flow field is obtained by phase averaging the PIV results based on a pressure signal from inside the fluidic oscillator. The influence of velocity ratio and Strouhal number is assessed. Compared to a common steady wall-normal jet, the spatially oscillating jet penetrates to a lesser extent into the cross-flow’s wall-normal direction in favour of a considerable spanwise penetration. The flow field is dominated by streamwise-oriented vortices, which are convected downstream at the speed of the cross-flow. The vortex dynamics exhibits a strong dependence on the Strouhal number. For small Strouhal numbers, the spatially oscillating jet acts similar to a vortex-generating jet with a time-dependent deflection angle. Accordingly, it forms time-dependent streamwise vortices. For higher Strouhal numbers, the cross-flow is not able to follow the motion of the jet, which results in a quasi-steady wake that forms downstream of the jet. The results suggest that the flow field approaches a quasi-steady behaviour when further increasing the Strouhal number.

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34

Kelso, R. M., T. T. Lim, and A. E. Perry. "An experimental study of round jets in cross-flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 306 (January 10, 1996): 111–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096001255.

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The structure of round jets in cross-flow was studied using flow visualization techniques and flying-hot-wire measurements. The study was restricted to jet to freestream velocity ratios ranging from 2.0 to 6.0 and Reynolds numbers based on the jet diameter and free-stream velocity in the range of 440 to 6200.Flow visualization studies, together with time-averaged flying-hot-wire measurements in both vertical and horizontal sectional planes, have allowed the mean topological features of the jet in cross-flow to be identified using critical point theory. These features include the horseshoe (or necklace) vortex system originating just upstream of the jet, a separation region inside the pipe upstream of the pipe exit, the roll-up of the jet shear layer which initiates the counter-rotating vortex pair and the separation of the flat-wall boundary layer leading to the formation of the wake vortex system beneath the downstream side of the jet.The topology of the vortex ring roll-up of the jet shear layer was studied in detail using phase-averaged flying-hot-wire measurements of the velocity field when the roll-up was forced. From these data it is possible to examine the evolution of the shear layer topology. These results are supported by the flow visualization studies which also aid in their interpretation.The study also shows that, for velocity ratios ranging from 4.0 to 6.0, the unsteady upright vortices in the wake may form by different mechanisms, depending on the Reynolds number. It is found that at high Reynolds numbers, the upright vortex orientation in the wake may change intermittently from one configuration of vortex street to another. Three mechanisms are proposed to explain these observations.

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Sundararaj, S., and V. Selladurai. "The effects of arbitrary injection angle and flow conditions on venturi-jet mixer." Thermal Science 16, no. 1 (2012): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci101023059s.

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This paper describes the effect of jet injection angle, cross flow Reynolds number and velocity ratio on entrainment and mixing of jet with incompressible cross flow in venturi-jet mixer. Five different jet injection angles 45o, 60o, 90o, 125o, 135o are tested to evaluate the entrainment of jet and mixing performances of the mixer. Tracer concentration along the downstream of the jet injection, cross flow velocity, jet velocity and pressure drop across the mixer are determined experimentally to characterize the mixing performance of the mixer. The experiments show that the performance of a venturi-jet-mixer substantially improves at high injection angle and can be augmented still by increasing velocity ratio. The jet deflects much and penetrates less in the cross flow as the cross flow Reynolds number is increased. The effect could contribute substantially to the better mixing index with moderate pressure drop. Normalized jet profile, concentration decay, jet velocity profile are computed from equations of conservation of mass, momentum and concentration written in natural co-ordinate systems. The comparison between the experimental and numerical results confirms the accuracy of the simulations. Correlations for jet trajectory and entrainment ratio of the mixer are obtained by multivariate-linear regression analysis using power law.

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SUGIMORI, Tadayuki, Kunio BABA, Yoshio ISHII, Kazuhiro WATANABE, and Yuzuru KUBOTA. "Flow Visualization on Cone Cross Section of Nozzle Jet." Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 17, Supplement2 (1997): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.17.supplement2_251.

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Nagao, Takahisa, Shinsuke Matsuno, and A. Koichi Hayashi. "Effect of Cross-flow Momentum on Opposing Jet Mixing." International Journal of Gas Turbine, Propulsion and Power Systems 6, no. 3 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.38036/jgpp.6.3_1.

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38

Persen, Leif N., Henry Øiann, and Himadri P. Mazumdar. "The round thermal jet: undisturbed and in cross-flow." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 36, no. 6 (January 1993): 1589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(05)80068-7.

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39

Prakash, R. Surya, Anubhav Sinha, B. N. Raghunandan, Gaurav Tomar, and R. V. Ravikrishna. "Breakup of Volatile Liquid Jet in Hot Cross Flow." Procedia IUTAM 15 (2015): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.piutam.2015.04.004.

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KADOTA, Toshikazu, and Toshihiro MIBE. "Structure of two-phase jet in a cross flow." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 54, no. 502 (1988): 1337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.54.1337.

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41

R. D. Fox, R. D. Brazee, S. A. Svensson, and D. L. Reichard. "Air Jet Velocities From a Cross-flow Fan Sprayer." Transactions of the ASAE 35, no. 5 (1992): 1381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.28744.

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de Wit, Lynyrd, Cees van Rhee, and Geert Keetels. "Turbulent Interaction of a Buoyant Jet with Cross-Flow." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 140, no. 12 (December 2014): 04014060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000935.

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43

Rana, Z. A., B. Thornber, and D. Drikakis. "Transverse jet injection into a supersonic turbulent cross-flow." Physics of Fluids 23, no. 4 (April 2011): 046103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3570692.

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44

Watanabe, G., D. Sugimoto, K. Tei, and T. Fujioka. "Analysis of cross-flow jet-type singlet oxygen generator." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 40, no. 8 (August 2004): 1030–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jqe.2004.831617.

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45

Elgamal, G., M. M. Kamal, and A. M. Abdulaziz. "Swirl and Cross-Flow Effects on Vitiated Jet Flames." Combustion Science and Technology 185, no. 2 (February 2013): 310–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2012.718007.

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Kamal, M. M. "Combustion in a Cross Flow with Air Jet Nozzles." Combustion Science and Technology 181, no. 1 (December 24, 2008): 78–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102200802381429.

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GOLLAHALLI, S. R., and B. NANJUNDAPPA. "Burner Wake Stabilized Gas Jet Flames in Cross-Flow." Combustion Science and Technology 109, no. 1-6 (November 1995): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102209508951908.

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Otani, Kiyoshi, and Ryohei Yamamoto. "107 Effect of a Synthetic Jet on Cross Flow." Proceedings of Conference of Tohoku Branch 2011.46 (2011): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeth.2011.46.18.

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49

Oh, Jeongseog, Jong Guen Lee, and Wonnam Lee. "Vaporization of a liquid hexanes jet in cross flow." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 57 (December 2013): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2013.08.002.

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Jovanović, M. B., H. C. de Lange, and A. A. van Steenhoven. "Influence of hole imperfection on jet cross flow interaction." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 27, no. 1 (February 2006): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2005.06.003.

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