Journal articles: 'Jarrah'

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Guttentag, Annabel, Krishothman Krishnakumar, Nural Cokcetin, Steven Hainsworth, Elizabeth Harry, and Dee Carter. "Inhibition of Dermatophyte Fungi by Australian Jarrah Honey." Pathogens 10, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020194.

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Superficial dermatophyte infections, commonly known as tineas, are the most prevalent fungal ailment and are increasing in incidence, leading to an interest in alternative treatments. Many floral honeys possess antimicrobial activity due to high sugar, low pH, and the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from the activity of the bee-derived enzyme glucose oxidase. Australian jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) honey produces particularly high levels of H2O2 and has been found to be potently antifungal. This study characterized the activity of jarrah honey on fungal dermatophyte species. Jarrah honey inhibited dermatophytes with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1.5–3.5% (w/v), which increased to ≥25% (w/v) when catalase was added. Microscopic analysis found jarrah honey inhibited the germination of Trichophyton rubrum conidia and scanning electron microscopy of mature T. rubrum hyphae after honey treatment revealed bulging and collapsed regions. When treated hyphae were stained using REDOX fluorophores these did not detect any internal oxidative stress, suggesting jarrah honey acts largely on the hyphal surface. Although H2O2 appears critical for the antifungal activity of jarrah honey and its action on fungal cells, these effects persisted when H2O2 was eliminated and could not be replicated using synthetic honey spiked with H2O2, indicating jarrah honey contains agents that augment antifungal activity.

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Craig, Michael D. "The ecology of the rufous treecreeper in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia and implications for its conservation and management." Australian Journal of Zoology 55, no. 1 (2007): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo06046.

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Rufous treecreepers (Climacteris rufa) are common in southern jarrah forests of Western Australia, but nothing has been recorded of their ecology in the region. I investigated the foraging and nesting ecology of the species in the southern jarrah forests from January 1994 to April 1996. Rufous treecreepers foraged exclusively on two eucalypt species, jarrah and marri, and foraged on trees that were significantly larger and taller than random. Foraging on the ground, logs and fallen trees was relatively infrequent. Nest hollows were also located exclusively in jarrah and marri trees that were significantly larger and taller than random. The important foraging and nesting resources for the species in the southern jarrah forest appear to be large mature and overmature eucalypts. Anthropogenic impacts in the region, primarily logging, should aim to retain these resources in affected areas to improve the survival prospects of the species. When compared with studies in wandoo woodlands, the results of the present study indicate that the conservation of ground-layer habitat is likely to be of less importance in the jarrah forest. These habitat differences indicate that site-specific information is critical if the management and conservation of individual species is to be effective.

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N. Hutchinson, John. "Jarrah Forest Birds." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 4 (1998): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980281.

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In 1974 I began a project lasting seven years in which I recorded wildlife sounds in Western Australia's south-west forests. Twelve years later, in 1993, I began a second project with new equipment for the purpose of upgrading the sounds of my first project.

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Nasasra, Mansour. "From Damascus Gate to Shaikh Jarrah: The Palestinian Sovereignty Protests in East Jerusalem." Protest 1, no. 2 (February 23, 2022): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667372x-01020006.

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Abstract The May 2021 Palestinian demonstrations in Shaikh Jarrah and Damascus Gate in occupied East Jerusalem and elsewhere in Arab towns inside Israel mark a dramatic shift in Israeli Palestinian conflict. These events in al Quds (Jerusalem) are directly linked to the Israeli policy of expelling more Palestinians from the borderland zone. In effect, such policy is used to control the most important geo-political space– the Shaikh Jarrah neighbourhood. In so doing, it imposes sovereignty over the Damascus Gate and its steps. The ongoing Israeli policy of imposing full control over the Shaikh Jarrah neighbourhood would mean challenging the historical role of diplomatic missions, international consulates and organizations, which represent many countries in the region. Based on ongoing research and interviews in East Jerusalem, this special essay argues that the Shaikh Jarrah protests are another manifestation of the ongoing struggle over control and sovereignty in the Old City and occupied East Jerusalem. It shows how the Shaikh Jarrah demonstrations display a unique picture of the conflict over borderland and geopolitics in al Quds.

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Islam, Md Khairul, Elizabeth Barbour, and Cornelia Locher. "Authentication of Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) honey through its nectar signature and assessment of its typical physicochemical characteristics." PeerJ Analytical Chemistry 6 (June 13, 2024): e33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-achem.33.

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Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) is a dominant forest tree endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. Its honey is appreciated for its highly desirable taste, golden colour, slow crystallisation, and high levels of bioactivity, which have placed Jarrah in the premium product range. However, whilst customers are willing to pay a high price for this natural product, there is currently no standard method for its authentication. As honey is naturally sourced from flower nectar, a novel route of authentication is to identify the nectar signature within the honey. This study reports on a high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)-based authentication system which allows the tracing of six key marker compounds present in Jarrah flower nectar and Jarrah honey. Four of these markers have been confirmed to be epigallocatechin, lumichrome, taxifolin and o-anisic acid with two (Rf 0.22 and 0.41) still chemically unidentified. To assist with the characterisation of Jarrah honey, a range of physicochemical tests following Codex Alimentarius guidelines were carried out. A blend of authenticated Jarrah honey samples was used to define the properties of this honey type. The blend was found to have a pH of 4.95, an electric conductivity of 1.31 mS/cm and a moisture content of 16.8%. Its water-insoluble content was 0.04%, its free acidity 19 milli-equivalents acid/kg and its diastase content 13.2 (DN). It also contains fructose (42.5%), glucose (20.8%), maltose (1.9%) and sucrose (<0.5%). The HPTLC-based authentication system proposed in this study has been demonstrated to be a useful tool for identifying Jarrah honey and might also act as a template for the authentication of other honey types.

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BADRUL HELMI. "HUBUNGAN KOMUNIKASI ANTAR PRIBADI PIMPINAN-BAWAHAN DAN KEPUASAN KERJA DENGAN KESETIAAN KEPADA LEMBAGA MA’HAD ABU UBAIDAH BIN AL-JARRAH MEDAN SUMATERA UTARA." WARAQAT : Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 1, no. 1 (September 19, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51590/waraqat.v1i1.31.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan: Pertama, hubungan komunikasi antarpribadi pimpinan-bawahan dengan kesetiaan kepada lembaga Ma‟had Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah Medan Sumatera Utara. Kedua, hubungan kepuasan kerja dengan kesetiaan kepada lembaga Ma‟had Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah Medan Sumatera Utara. Ketiga, hubungan komunikasi antar pribadi pimpinan-bawahan dan kepuasan kerja dengan kesetiaan kepada lembaga Ma‟had Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah Medan Sumatera Utara. Data penelitian ini dikumpulkan melalui teknik kuesioner dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 25 orang dosen Bahasa Arab dan pegawai yang ada di Ma‟had Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah Medan Sumatera Utara. Untuk mendapatkan instrumen pengumpul data yang valid dan reliabel, maka diadakan uji coba validitas dan reliabilitas instrumen kepada 25 orang pegawai STAI As-Sunnah Deli Serdang Kecamatan Tanjung Morawa. Hasil uji coba validitas instrumen menunjukkan bahwa dari 123 item pertanyaan yang diajukan untuk ketiga variabel, ternyata tidak seluruhnyadinyatakan valid. Item yang valid digunakan sebagai data, sementara item yang tidak valid dibuang seluruhnya. Adapun hasil uji coba reliabilitas instrumen, semua data memiliki reliabilitas yang tinggi. Analisis data menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan analisis korelasional. Pengolahan dan analisis data menggunakan bantuan software komputer SPSS 22. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: Pertama, hubungan antara variabel komunikasi antarpribadi pimpinan-bawahan dengan variabel kesetiaan kepada lembaga Ma‟had Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah Medan Sumatera Utara tertera angka 0.336**. Hubungan kedua variabel adalah positif dan signifikan. Kedua, hubungan antara variabel kepuasan kerja dengan variabel kesetiaan kepada lembaga Ma‟had Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah Medan Sumatera Utara tertera angka 0.589**

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Kumar, Anshuman, Brent N. Kaiser, M. Yaeesh Siddiqi, and Anthony D. M. Glass. "Functional characterisation of OsAMT1.1 overexpression lines of rice, Oryza sativa." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 4 (2006): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05268.

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In rice (Oryza sativa L.) OsAMT1.1 is the most active and / or most N-responsive gene responsible for high-affinity NH4+ transport (HATS) activity. We measured 13NH4+ influx and plant biomass in transgenic overexpression lines and two wild type cultivars of rice, Jarrah and Taipei, with one or more copies of OsAMT1.1. 13NH4+ influx was higher for the overexpression lines of Jarrah line when grown at 10 µm external NH4+ concentration, but not for the overexpression lines of Taipei. For seedlings grown at 2 mm external NH4+ concentration Jarrah lines 77-1 and 75-4 showed an increased influx; however, two overexpression lines of Taipei showed reduced influx rates. The biomasses of the transgenic lines grown at low and high external NH4+ concentrations were either reduced or showed no statistically significant differences compared with wild type lines. While 13NH4+ influx into roots of Jarrah line 75-4 grown at 10 µm external NH4+ concentration was significantly higher than in wild type, measurements of 13NH efflux revealed no differences, and thus net uptake of NH4+ was higher in this overexpression line.

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Rayner, Kelly, Brian Chambers, Brent Johnson, Keith D. Morris, and Harriet R. Mills. "Spatial and dietary requirements of the chuditch (Dasyurus geoffroii) in a semiarid climatic zone." Australian Mammalogy 34, no. 1 (2012): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10045.

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Knowledge of the ecology of the chuditch (Dasyurus geoffroii) is largely restricted to its distribution in mesic jarrah forests. There is a need for information regarding its ecology in semiarid zones where rainfall and consequently productivity are lower than mesic forests. Given that spatial requirements are strongly influenced by resource availability, it was expected that the chuditch in the semiarid zone would be present at lower densities and would have larger core home ranges (defined by daytime refuges) than those in the jarrah forests. The diet was also investigated by examining the contents of scats. Chuditch at Forrestania were trapped and six individuals were radio-tracked. The population density was one-third that of the lowest estimate reported from the jarrah forest and core home-range estimates were substantially larger, particularly for males. The diet included mammals, birds, reptiles, invertebrates, plants and rubbish, which was consistent with it being a generalist predator. Chuditch did have greater spatial requirements than in the jarrah forest, therefore different management regimes may be needed for populations occurring in the semiarid zone.

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Kariman, Khalil, Susan J. Barker, Patrick M. Finnegan, and Mark Tibbett. "Dual mycorrhizal associations of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) in a nurse-pot system." Australian Journal of Botany 60, no. 8 (2012): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt12152.

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Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) plants, like many other eucalypts, can form symbiotic associations with both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. To study this tripartite relationship we developed a novel nurse-pot system to allow us to investigate the extent and temporal colonisation dynamics of jarrah by two AM species (Rhizophagus irregularis (Błaszk., Wubet, Renker & Buscot) C. Walker & A. Schüßler comb. nov. and Scutellospora calospora Nicol. & Gerd.) and two putative ECM species (Austroboletus occidentalis Watling & N.M. Greg. and Scleroderma sp.) and their potential effects on jarrah growth and nutrition. Our nurse-pot system, using jarrah as both the nurse plant and test plant, was developed to establish extraradical hyphal networks of both AM and ECM fungi that act as single or dual inoculum for test plants. Mycorrhizal colonisation was described and quantified, and growth and nutritional effects measured and analysed. Mycorrhizal colonisation increased with time for the test seedlings exposed to hyphae networks from S. calospora and Scleroderma sp. The nurse-pot system was effective at initiating colonisation of functioning AM or (putative) ECM systems separately but the ECM symbiosis was inhibited where a dual AM + ECM inoculum (R. irregularis and Scleroderma sp.) was present. The presence of S. calospora, A. occidentalis and Scleroderma sp. individually significantly increased the shoot biomass of seedlings compared with non-mycorrhizal controls. The two AM isolates had different physiological effects on jarrah plants. S. calospora improved growth and micronutrient uptake of jarrah seedlings whereas no positive response was observed with R. irregularis. In addition, as an interesting observation, the non-responsive AM fungus R. irregularis suppressed the ECM symbiosis in dually inoculated plants where ECM structures, positive growth response and nutritional effects were absent. When inoculated individually, ECM isolates dominated the growth response and uptake of P and other nutrients in this dual symbiotic plant. Despite the positive growth response in the A. occidentalis treatment, ECM structures were not observed in either nurse or test seedlings. From the effects of A. occidentalis on jarrah we hypothesise that this fungus forms a functional mycorrhizal-type partnership even without forming archetypal structures in and on the root.

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Didi Maslan, Afrahul Fadhila Daulai, and Sapri. "Integrated Curriculum Management in Integrated Undergraduate Programs." Ta'dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 28, no. 2 (June 13, 2024): 216–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/td.v28i2.19506.

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This research aims to analyze program factors, implementation, evaluation and barriers to curriculum integration between Ma'had Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah and the Faculty of Islamic Religion (FAI) Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra (UMSU) in the Integrated Undergraduate Program. This research method uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive type. Data collection techniques include interviews, observation and documentation studies. Data analysis techniques include data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Research findings show; 1) The curriculum integration program between Ma'had Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah and FAI UMSU in the Integrated Undergraduate Program is a strategic collaboration to provide service diplomas to students, as well as facilitate students to continue higher education and improve the quality of Islamic education. 2) Implementation of curriculum integration between Ma'had Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah and FAI UMSU in the Integrated Undergraduate Program is carried out through three aspects, namely integration of lecture schedules, integration of courses, and integration of assessments. 3) Evaluation of curriculum integration between Ma'had Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah and FAI UMSU in the Integrated Undergraduate Program is carried out every semester. This program is able to provide positive impacts such as stability in student numbers, increasing student interest in learning, increasing the number of students with various abilities. 4) Obstacles in implementing curriculum integration between Ma'had Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah include; lack of communication and coordination, time and cost constraints, delays and division of focus, curriculum changes, and students' perceptions of the value of knowledge.

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Farrington, P., J. V. Turner, and V. Gailitis. "Tracing water uptake by jarrah (." Trees 11, no. 1 (1996): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050052.

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Majer, Jonathan D., Harry F. Recher, Christopher Norwood, and Brian E. Heterick. "Variation in bird assemblages and their invertebrate prey in eucalypt formations across a rainfall gradient in south-west Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 23, no. 4 (2017): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17024.

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Our previous work has shown how invertebrate food resources influence usage of tree species by birds. Using data from Western Australian forests and woodlands, we extend the findings to indicate how the avifauna is influenced by these resources at the landscape level. The northern dry sclerophyll forest of south-west Australia comprises jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) to the west, with an abrupt replacement by wandoo (E. wandoo) plus powderbark wandoo (E. accedens) woodland to the east; codominant marri (Corymbia calophylla) trees occur throughout. Knockdown samples have previously indicated that the canopy invertebrate fauna is richer and more abundant in wandoo woodland than in jarrah/marri forest. To provide an indication of their general abundance and diversity in these formations, invertebrates using the trunks of the ubiquitous marri were measured along a transect from jarrah/marri forest to wandoo woodland. Mirroring the canopy, the trunk fauna had high species turnover over short distances. As with the canopy fauna, invertebrate diversity and abundance was higher on marri situated in the wandoo zone than in the jarrah/marri areas, indicating a generally larger invertebrate fauna in the drier regions of the transect. Abundance and diversity of birds, many of which are wholly or partly insectivorous, were measured at the same sites. Birds were more abundant and there were more species in areas with the wandoo species than in those dominated by jarrah/marri. Assemblage composition also differed in the two forest types. It is evident that changes in bird abundance, richness, and assemblage composition are likely determined on a landscape scale by the type, abundance, and diversity of food resources available to them. These patterns of change within forest invertebrate faunas and their primary vertebrate predators need to be considered when making decisions on conserving or managing forest communities in Australia.

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Abbott, I. "Distribution of introduced earthworms in the norhtern jarrah forest of Western Australia." Soil Research 23, no. 2 (1985): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9850263.

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Five species of introduced earthworm were recorded in the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia during 1980-83. These are Aporrectodea trapezoides (Duges), A. caliginosa (Savigny), Eisenia fetida (Savigny), Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny) (all Lumbricidae) and Microscolex dubius (Fletcher) (Megascolecidae). A. trapezoides was recorded most frequently. These introduced species occur within the forest only where there has been major disturbance, especially where forest has been replaced by pasture, orchards or settlement. They have not been recorded in forest that has been logged or in plantations of exotic trees. Introduced species of earthworm were frequently found in association with indigenous species. Most individuals of A. trapezoides kept in jarrah forest soil in the laboratory lost weight over 30 days, in contrast to an indigenous species of earthworm. How and when earthworm species were introduced is discussed in terms of the early European history of the jarrah forest.

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Dundas, Shannon J. "Tell-tale testicles: observations of morphological abnormalities in small, spatially restricted mainland quokka (Setonix brachyurus) populations." Australian Mammalogy 41, no. 1 (2019): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17045.

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The quokka (Setonix brachyurus) exists in spatially restricted populations in the northern jarrah forest in south-west Western Australia. Observations were made of adult male quokkas exhibiting morphological anomalies (cryptorchidism and micropthalmia) that may be indicative of inbreeding within these populations. Despite the presence of males with abnormalities that could potentially affect their fertility, most females captured were carrying a pouch young or feeding a joey at foot. Field researchers and managers should routinely report abnormalities seen in wild captured animals. Reduced genetic diversity of quokka populations in the northern jarrah forest may not be the key threatening process and preservation of habitat may be more important to ensure persistence of populations. Future management of this species in the northern jarrah forest should include up-to-date occurrence mapping across their range using targeted camera trap surveys and management of habitat to improve connectivity between populations.

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Hoque, Mohammad S., Josette Masle, Michael K. Udvardi, Peter R. Ryan, and Narayana M. Upadhyaya. "Over-expression of the rice OsAMT1-1 gene increases ammonium uptake and content, but impairs growth and development of plants under high ammonium nutrition." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 2 (2006): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05165.

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A transgenic approach was undertaken to investigate the role of a rice ammonium transporter (OsAMT1-1) in ammonium uptake and consequent ammonium assimilation under different nitrogen regimes. Transgenic lines overexpressing OsAMT1-1 were produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of two rice cultivars, Taipei 309 and Jarrah, with an OsAMT1-1 cDNA gene construct driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter. Transcript levels of OsAMT1-1 in both Taipei 309 and Jarrah transgenic lines correlated positively with transgene copy number. Shoot and root biomass of some transgenic lines decreased during seedling and early vegetative stage compared to the wild type, especially when grown under high (2 mm) ammonium nutrition. Transgenic plants, particularly those of cv. Jarrah recovered in the mid-vegetative stage under high ammonium nutrition. Roots of the transgenic plants showed increased ammonium uptake and ammonium content. We conclude that the decreased biomass of the transgenic lines at early stages of growth might be caused by the accumulation of ammonium in the roots owing to the inability of ammonium assimilation to match the greater ammonium uptake.

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Standish, Rachel J., Matthew I. Daws, Tim K. Morald, Jane Speijers, John M. Koch, Richard J. Hobbs, and Mark Tibbett. "Phosphorus supply affects seedling growth of mycorrhizal but not cluster-root forming jarrah-forest species." Plant and Soil 472, no. 1-2 (January 31, 2022): 577–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05268-2.

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Abstract Aims Fertiliser is often used to kick-start ecological restoration despite growing evidence of the potentially negative impacts on plant diversity. Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest species growing on nutrient (especially phosphorus) impoverished soils in southwestern Australia have a suite of adaptations for phosphorus (P) acquisition, including the formation of cluster roots, and associations with mycorrhizal fungi. Here we investigated how escalating P supply, along with a stoichiometric adjustment of nitrogen (N) supply, impacted the growth and nutrition of a wide range of jarrah forest seedlings. Methods In a pot experiment, we measured seedling biomass and nutritional responses of 12 jarrah forest species to a gradient of P supply in relation to N supply, and for the mycorrhizal species, inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Results Three cluster-root forming species did not respond to increasing P, probably because they were reliant on seed P. Generally, mycorrhizal species showed a positive biomass response to increasing P when N was available. Mycorrhizas benefited seedling growth at low P (9 mg P added per kg of jarrah forest soil) when N was also available, and were parasitic to seedling growth at high P (243 mg P/ kg soil) without additional N. Conclusions These results highlight importance of P and N supply in determining the nature of the symbiosis between plants and mycorrhizal fungi. Since P supply has the potential to reduce plant growth, for a range of species, our results suggest careful consideration of fertiliser amounts for ecological restoration of ecosystems adapted to nutrient poor soils.

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Evered, Mark. "Object-oriented Access Control in Jarrah." Journal of Object Technology 4, no. 4 (2005): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.5381/jot.2005.4.4.a3.

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Bell, David T., and Richard J. Hobbs. "Jarrah Forest Ecosystem Restoration: A Foreword." Restoration Ecology 15 (December 12, 2007): S1—S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2007.00286.x.

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Doherty, Tim S., Briana N. Wingfield, Vicki L. Stokes, Michael D. Craig, Jessica G. H. Lee, Hugh C. Finn, and Michael C. Calver. "Successional changes in feeding activity by threatened cockatoos in revegetated mine sites." Wildlife Research 43, no. 2 (2016): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15053.

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Context Provision of key habitat resources is essential for effectively managing species that have specific ecological requirements and occur in production landscapes. Threatened black cockatoos in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of Western Australia have a wide range, so their conservation requires support from all land tenures, not just reserves. Mining in the jarrah forest temporarily removes cockatoo feeding habitat, so it is important to understand how cockatoos exploit revegetated areas for food resources. Aims We aimed to determine whether there were successional patterns in cockatoo feeding activity in revegetation aged from 4 to 23 years at three mine sites in the jarrah forest in south-western Australia. Methods We surveyed 232 plots in revegetation to document (1) structural and floristic variation in vegetation across mine sites and revegetation ages, (2) differences in cockatoo feeding activity across mine sites and revegetation ages on the basis of feeding residues and (3) any edge effect reflecting preferential use of vegetation at the interior or exterior of mine pits. We also documented the frequency of occurrence of cockatoo food plants and feeding residues in 480 plots in unmined forest to compare with revegetated areas. Key results Marri (Corymbia calophylla) and jarrah were commonly consumed in unmined forest and Banksia and Hakea species were also fed on to a lesser extent. Revegetated mine pits provided food within 4 years and continued to do so up until the oldest plots studied (23 years). The relative importance of food plants shifted from proteaceous species in young revegetation to myrtaceous species in intermediate to older revegetation. However, extent of feeding on myrtaceous species in older revegetation did not equate to feeding rates in unmined forest, with lower frequencies recorded in revegetation. Conclusions Black cockatoos fed in revegetation at all three mine sites, despite variations in vegetation age, structure and floristics. Feeding on proteaceous and myrtaceous food plants occurred within 4 and 7 years of revegetation being established, respectively, indicating that some food resources are restored quickly after mining disturbance of the jarrah forest. Implications Our results emphasise the importance of monitoring fauna recolonisation over appropriate time scales, to understand how successional processes in revegetation influence fauna population persistence in production landscapes.

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Abbott, I., P. Van Heurck, T. Burbidge, and A. Wills. "Factors influencing the performance of jarrah leafminer (Lepidoptera) within stands of jarrah forest of Western Australia." Australian Forestry 57, no. 4 (January 1994): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1994.10676133.

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Ward, S. C. "Soil development on rehabilitated bauxite mines in south-west Australia." Soil Research 38, no. 2 (2000): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99032.

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Rehabilitation after bauxite mining in the jarrah forest aims to re-establish a self-sustaining forest. This implies that ecosystem processes will be re-established and soil nutrient stores will be similar to those of the unmined forest. This study determined the baseline levels of a number of soil properties in areas of jarrah forest typically cleared and mined for bauxite, and the effect of mining and rehabilitation processes on the vertical distribution of soil nitrogen. In addition, the changes in soil nitrogen, extractable phosphorus, extractable potassium, and pH that occurred up to 8.5 years after rehabilitation were investigated. The values of the soil properties in unmined forest found in this study were similar to those previously measured in the jarrah forest. Values of all parameters varied significantly with depth. Considerable mixing of soil horizons occurred when the topsoil was stripped, placed on an area undergoing rehabilitation, and ripped. Many soil parameters showed significant changes in the period 3.5–8.5 years after rehabilitation. Levels of total nitrogen in the top 10 cm of soil in rehabilitated areas increased from around 0.04–0.05% initially to levels approaching those found in good-quality jarrah forest (0.10–0.30%) after 8.5 years. Soil pH declined in the surface layer after rehabilitation. The rate of acidification is likely to decrease in future years. The levels of the soil chemical parameters were mostly within or moving towards the range of values found in areas typically mined for bauxite. The results indicate that ecosystem processes have been re-established on the rehabilitated areas and that there is no obvious soil chemical impediment to the establishment of a self-sustaining forest ecosystem on rehabilitated bauxite mines.

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Qiu, Song, Arthur J. McComb, and Richard W. Bell. "Leaf Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Dynamics in Woodland and Wetland Conditions along a Forest to Wetland Hillslope." ISRN Soil Science 2012 (July 19, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/346850.

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Leaf litters of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) and banksia (Banksia menziesii R. Br.) were decomposed at woodland and wetland conditions for two years to test site influence on the rates of decomposition. Weight loss was rapid in early rains but slowed substantially in the following months, resulting in 2/3 to 1/2 weights remaining after two years of field exposure. Litter weight loss was well described by a two-substrate quality decay model (R2=0.97−0.99), and the half-lives were 2.6–3.2 weeks (labile fraction) and 6.4–6.9 years (recalcitrant fraction) for jarrah, and 1.0–1.7 weeks (labile) and 6.6–9.9 years (recalcitrant) for banksia. The nutrient mobility was K≈Mg≈S>Ca>P, and the losses of K, Mg and S were correlated with the weight loss of litter (R2=0.77−0.94, P<0.03). P mass increased by 129% in jarrah litter and 174% in banksia litter in the woodland site, suggesting woodland with tree cover provided a better habitat for microbial biomass than non-inundated wetland, hence a notable P conservation in the decomposing litter.

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Abbott, Ian, and Allan Wills. "Biodiversity of canopy arthropods in Jarrah forest of south-west Western Australia: review of ecological theory and conservation management." Pacific Conservation Biology 7, no. 2 (2001): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010101.

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A theory proposed in 1996 by Recher, Majer and Ganesh linking biodiversity of forest canopy arthropods to site productivity is analysed. Available evidence from Jarrah Eucalyptus marginata forest is inconsistent with this model. We instead propose that increased habitat variety and temperature and rainfall clines are the major environmental factors that determine canopy arthropod species richness. Biodiversity gradients for mammal, landbird and reptile species across south-west Western Australia appear to provide an appropriate model for forest insect faunas. These gradients predict that the most diverse canopy fauna should occur in the eastern Jarrah and Wandoo forests. Precautionary forest management policies and procedures currently in place to conserve the poorly collected and inadequately known arthropod fauna of tree crowns in Jarrah forest are summarized and discussed. In essence, these maximize habitat diversity at landscape scales. Major conservation threats are considered to be factors that reduce leaf area at large spatial (Phytophthora infection) and temporal scales (summer wildfire and defoliating insect outbreaks). Logging is not considered significant because it is constrained to small spatial scales (10 ha for the most extreme treatment) and long return times (2-3 decades).

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24

Murray, DIL. "Rhizosphere Microorganisms From the Jarrah Forest of Western Australia and Their Effects on Vegetative Growth and Sporulation in Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands." Australian Journal of Botany 35, no. 5 (1987): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9870567.

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Soil dilution plate techniques were used to compare the numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in the rhizospheres of Acacia pulchella, Banksia grandis and Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah). The most frequently isolated microorganisms and those detected in significantly different numbers in the rhizospheres of the three species were tested for their effects on sporangium production, zoospore discharge, zoospore germination and mycelial growth of the jarrah dieback pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. The total population of fungi in rhizosphere soil from B. grandis was much greater than that found in the rhizospheres of the other two species while the convesse was true for bacteria and actinomycetes, of which the largest populations were associated with A. pulchella. Penicillium spinulosum outnum- bered the combined population of other fungi in the Banksia rhizosphere but formed a much smaller proportion of the jarrah and Acacia rhizosphere microfloras, particularly the latter. P. spinulosum had no effect on mycelial growth or zoospore discharge in P. cinnamomi; it had some ability to stimulete sporangium production and, although it partly suppressed spore germination, the inhibitory effect was less pronounced than that noted for most other microorganisms. In contrast, microorganisms which strongly inhibited mycelial growth, zoospore discharge and germination represented a greater proportion of the Acacia rhizosphere microflora compared with the other microfloras, especially that of B. grandis. While some actinornycetes and fungi produced antibiotics that inhibited vegetative growth of P. cinnamomi in dual cultures, mycelial inhibition was often attributable to nutrient depletion of agar media by the test microorganisms. Similarly, nutrient deprivation resulting from microbial competition for substrates was also considered to be the stimulus for sporangium production in liquid media. The results are discussed in relation to previously reported suppression of P. cinnamomi in forest soils beneath stands of A. pulchella and the associated implications of this for biological control of jarrah dieback.

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25

Wallace, IM, B. Dell, and JF Loneragan. "Zinc Nutrition of Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) Seedlings." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 1 (1986): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860041.

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The relationships of seven levels of zinc supply to dry matter and zinc concentration were assessed for jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) seedlings grown for 84 days in a zinc-deficient sand in the glasshouse. Zinc deficiency symptoms appeared within 28 days of sowing as a change in leaf colour of young leaves from green to bronze. Later, red areas developed and these became necrotic in severe cases. These symptoms were accompanied by decreased shoot and root dry weights. Zinc concentrations in various plant parts were low and, with the exception of the shoot apex, showed little response to zinc supply. Concentrations at the shoot apex varied from 3�g/g in deficient plants to 12�g/g in plants with adequate zinc supply. We suggest that of the plant parts analysed, the shoot apex is the only one which may be useful in defining zinc status of jarrah seedlings. Critical zinc concentration for this tissue was between 10 and 12 �g/g dry matter. Phosphorus concentrations in all plant parts, except the shoot apex, increased to very high levels with increasing zinc deficiency. It is suggested that some zinc deficiency symptoms of jarrah seedlings, e.g. necrosis, may have resulted from phosphorus accumulation due to zinc deficiency.

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26

Grubb, P. J., B. Dell, J. J. Havel, and N. Malajczuk. "The Jarrah Forest: A Complex Mediterranean Ecosystem." Journal of Applied Ecology 28, no. 2 (August 1991): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2404581.

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27

Dell, B., S. Jones, and S. A. Wilson. "Phosphorus nutrition of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) seedlings." Plant and Soil 97, no. 3 (October 1987): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02383227.

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28

Bennett, I. J., J. A. McComb, and J. S. Bradley. "Testing the expression of resistance to insect attack: Resistance of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) to jarrah leafminer (Perthida glyphopa)." Forest Ecology and Management 48, no. 1-2 (March 1992): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90124-r.

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29

MAJER, J. D., A. C. POSTLE, and D. T. BELL. "Soil and litter invertebrates and litter decompositionin Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest affected by Jarrah dieback fungus (Phytophthora cinnamomi)." Pedobiologia 29, no. 1 (January 1986): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-4056(23)06881-6.

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30

Bunny, F. J., D. S. Crombie, and M. R. Williams. "Growth of lesions of Phytophthoracinnamomi in stems and roots of jarrah (Eucalyptusmarginata) in relation to rainfall and stand density in mediterranean forest of Western Australia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-104.

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The effects of reduced stand density on (i) water status of jarrah (Eucalyptusmarginata Donn ex Sm.) and (ii) growth rate of artificially induced lesions of Phytophthoracinnamomi Rands in phloem of E. marginata were examined. Plots in the high ( > 1100 mm•year−1), intermediate (900–1100 mm•year−1), and low ( < 900 mm•year−1) rainfall zones of the jarrah forest were thinned to controlled fractions of original stand density. Phytophthoracinnamomi lesions in the phloem of stems and roots were established by wound inoculation. Lesions of P. cinnamomi were longer in stems of trees with small water deficits than in trees with larger water deficits. For example, in 1991 at the intermediate rainfall site, water potentials and lesion lengths of trees on unthinned and thinned plots were −1.1 and −0.9 MPa and 23 and 45 cm, respectively. Lesions grew more slowly in roots than in stems (average 10.0 and 26.2 cm, respectively, after 55 days at unthinned high rainfall site in 1991); however, the relative difference between lesions in trees with the highest and lowest water potentials was greater in roots (up to 2.7 times) than in stems. Lesion extension was also affected by summer rainfall, with longer lesions occurring in summers of highest rainfall. Viability of P. cinnamomi in 10-week-old and 1-year-old lesions decreased as tree water deficits increased. Differences in lesion extension between jarrah in different amounts of summer rainfall were largely explained by differences in dawn water potential.

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31

Whitford, KR. "Crown Assessments Improve Regression Estimates of Leaf Area in Jarrah Trees (Eucalyptus marginata)." Australian Journal of Botany 39, no. 6 (1991): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9910535.

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Regression equations for estimating the single-sided leaf area of individual jarrah trees (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) are presented. The destructive measurement of 96 trees on five sites and over three seasons provided the data that were used to relate leaf areas to crown dimensions and assessments. Substantial variation in jarrah leaf area across sites and between seasons weakens normal allometric relationships. Combining crown dimensions with assessments of the foliage density and crown size produced substantial improvements in the estimate of leaf area, raising the r² from 0.48 for a model based on crown depth to 0.92 for a model that included assessments of crown development and foliage density. Because the expanded equations consider the foliage density, they avoid the site and seasonal dependence found in simple allometric relationships based only on stem diameter, sapwood area or crown dimensions.

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32

Norman, Melanie A., Julie A. Plummer, John M. Koch, and Greg R. Mullins. "Optimising smoke treatments for jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest rehabilitation." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 6 (2006): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05140.

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Alcoa is undertaking rehabilitation in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata D.Don ex Sm.) forest of Western Australia, following bauxite mining. One of the methods used in the rehabilitation program is broadcasting seeds; however, about two-thirds of species require seed-dormancy-breaking treatments. Smoke overcomes dormancy and enhances the germination of many jarrah forest species. Smoke-application methods were investigated to find the best seed treatment for 64 jarrah forest species. The optimum duration of seed imbibition in aqueous smoke and dilution of the aqueous smoke product were also investigated. The method of smoke application was important. Smoke water enhanced the germination of 12% of species, whereas aerosol smoke enhanced the germination of 6% of species. Both Grevillea pilulifera (Lindl.) Druce and Velleia trinervis Labill. had germination enhanced by both smoke-application methods. Aerosol smoke inhibited the germination of Clematis pubescens Endl. and Hypocalymma angustifolium (Endl.) Schauer. A total of 78% of species did not exhibit significantly enhanced germination when smoke treated, including the two species inhibited by smoke treatment. Germination was equivalent following 1- and 12-h imbibition in the aqueous smoke extract. Dilutions of the aqueous extract Regen 2000 Smokemaster from 1 to 3% were optimal for the germination of Marianthus bicolor (Putt.) F.Muell and Stylidium amoenum R.Br., even after subsequent washing with water, demonstrating the irreversible nature of smoke treatments. For species that did not exhibit smoke-enhanced germination, other dormancy-breaking treatments may be required before a response to smoke is elicited. These results have application to a wide variety of natural managed lands, disturbed and designed landscapes.

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33

Rix, Michael, and Mike S. Harve. "A new species of the spiny trapdoor spider genus Eucyrtops (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) from south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Taxonomy 4 (July 29, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54102/ajt.unvpo.

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The third species of the Western Australian endemic trapdoor spider genus Eucyrtops, E. ksenijae sp. nov., is described from south-western Australia. It is presently known from a single location situated near the border of the Avon Wheatbelt and Jarrah Forest bioregions.

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34

Millar, M. A., M. Byrne, D. J. Coates, M. J. C. Stukely, and J. A. McComb. "Mating system studies in jarrah, Eucalyptus marginata (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 4 (2000): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt98088.

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Estimates of outcrossing rate were determined for four populations of Eucalyptus marginata from the jarrah forest in south-west Western Australia. The mean multilocus outcrossing rate (t = 0.81) was high in all populations and was towards the high end of the range of outcrossing rates that have been observed in other mass-flowering eucalypt species. A significant proportion of the inbreeding detected appeared to be due to biparental inbreeding, and the levels of correlated paternity were unexpectedly high. Differences between populations were generally not significant, although trees from a disturbed site affected by disease showed lower outcrossing, higher biparental inbreeding and higher correlated paternity, suggesting an increase in population structure compared with trees from disease-free sites.

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35

Bell, DT, S. Vlahos, and LE Watson. "Stimulation of Seed-Germination of Understorey Species of the Northern Jarrah Forest of Western-Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 35, no. 5 (1987): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9870593.

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Glasshouse trials in trays of soil measured the germination response to high temperatures and the presence of charcoal in 40 non-leguminous understorey species of the northern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) forest. Species producing relatively low proportions of viable and germinable seeds tended to be the long-lived resprouting species where reproductive output may not be of major adaptive significance. Three species, Conostylis setosa, Trymalium ledifolium and T. spathulaturn, with seed stored in the soil, were stimulated to germinate by high temperatures. Bradysporous, obligate reseeding species showed either no temperature effect (mainly species of Dryandra) or death at high temperatures (species of Hakea, whose seeds normally are protected by woody fruits). Charred wood of Eucalyptus marginata induced an increase in the proportion of Burchardia umbellata germinating under the test conditions. Relationships of the seed germination results to aspects of r- and K- selection theory and fire management policy in the northern jarrah forest are also discussed.

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36

Davison, EM, and FCS Tay. "Phenology of Eucalyptus marginata on Sites Infested With Phytophthora cinnamomi." Australian Journal of Botany 37, no. 3 (1989): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9890193.

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The phenology of Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) was followed at three sites, Churchmans, Karnet and Ross, in the high rainfall zone of the jarrah forest for a minimum of 3 years. On each site, trees growing in an area infested with the soil-borne, pathogenic fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi (dieback area) were compared with trees of similar diameter in the adjacent, uninfested forest (healthy area). Phenology of jarrah on these dieback sites did not follow a consistent pattern. In the dieback area at Churchmans, the cambium was active more often, and trees had young leaves in their crown more frequently than trees in the healthy area, while at Karnet the reverse occurred. This is consistent with growth measurements. At Ross, in the dieback area, the cambium was active less often but young leaves were seen more frequently than in trees in the healthy area. The trees did not flower every year. At Ross flowering started in early October while at Karnet and Churchmans it started at least 1 month later. New leaves were produced intermittently during autumn and winter while the main leaf flush occurred in spring and summer. Data from all years showed that the leaf flush started earlier at Ross than at Karnet and Churchmans. The cambium was intermittently active throughout the year with most trees growing in late autumn, winter and spring. Observations of stem growth following unseasonable summer rainfall suggest that cambial activity is triggered by high, surface soil moisture, but only if soil aeration is adequate. It is unlikely that timing of the main leaf flush and flowering are determined solely by temperature, soil moisture or photoperiod.

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37

Williams, RL, and JF Angus. "Deep floodwater protects high-nitrogen rice crops from low-temperature damage." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 7 (1994): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940927.

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A field experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction of nitrogen (N) status, sowing date, and water depth on rice yield in the Murray Valley, New South Wales, where low minimum temperatures often lead to pollen sterility and low yield in high N status crops. The experiment combined 4 N rates (0, 75, 125, 250 kg N/ha) applied as urea just before permanent flood; 3 cultivars (Jarrah, early maturing; Amaroo and Doongara, midseason); 2 sowing dates (26 September, 31 October 1991); and 2 water depths (5, 20 cm) at the microspore stage. The early-sown crops and the later sown Jarrah crop encountered minimum air temperatures of 19�C at the cold-sensitive microspore stage, compared with 15�C for the other 2 later sown crops. Total dry matter production was little affected by either water depth or sowing date, but increased from 16 to 22 t/ha with N application. Shallow water depth and delayed sowing date affected yield through reduced harvest index. Grain yield response to N fertiliser was dependent on sowing date, water depth, and variety. For the early-sown crops grown in deep water, yields of Amaroo and Jarrah-increased from 7 to 13 t/ha with increasing N supply, while the yield response of Doongara plateaued at 9 t/ha. With shallow water, the yields of all varieties decreased from 7 to 3 t/ha with increasing N. For the later sowing date, Jarrah growing in deep water yielded up to 13 t/ha at high N, but yields of Amaroo and Doongara decreased from 7 to 2 t/ha with increasing N supply. For the later sowing date, yields of all varieties growing in shallow water decreased to <2 t/ha with applied N. In the deep water crops, developing microspores were submerged or partially submerged and so avoided low air minimum temperatures. In the early-sown crops, the microspore stage occurred during a period of relatively warm nights. Harvest index was successfully modelled using panicle temperature and N content at early pollen microspore. The experiment shows that high N applications can lead to high rice yields provided the microspores are protected from low temperatures by the use of deep water at the stage of microspore development. As a result, recommendations for N fertiliser application need to be adjusted for sowing date and expected water depth at early pollen microspore

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38

Rokich, DP, and DT Bell. "Light Quality and Intensity Effects on the Germination of Species From the Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) Forest of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 43, no. 2 (1995): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9950169.

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Eucalyptus marginata Donn. ex Sm. (jarrah) produces a canopy that reduces light intensity, but has only minimal effects on the relative proportions of particular wavelengths (light quality). Under controlled laboratory conditions, variation in light quality did not affect the germination of the representative jarrah forest species. In Eucalyptus marginata, E. calophylla Lindley, Acacia drummondii subsp. candolleana Lindley, and Kennedia prostrata R.Br., however, percentage germination under controlled laboratory conditions was greater in full darkness and seven restricted wavelength treatments than in full white light. Difference in response between full white light treatment (86 mu mol m-2 s-1) and the s restricted wavelength trials (2-8 μmol m-2 s-1) indicated a possible effect of light intensity. Compared with complete darkness and a white light intensity of 1 mu mol m-2 s-1, white light intensities of 26 and 146 mu mol m-2 s-1 reduced germination percentage in the canopy species, E. marginata, E. calophylla, and the understorey species, Acacia lateriticola Maslin, Bossiaea aquifolium Benth., Gompholobium knightianum Lindley, G. marginatum R.Br., G. tomentosum Labill. and Sphaerolobium vimineum Smith. By comparison with dark conditions, no light-inhibited germination at 146 mu mol m-2 s-1 was recorded for Acacia drummondii subsp. candolleana, Chorizema ilicifolium Labill., Kennedia coccinea Vent. and Xanthorrhoea gracilis Endl. An ability to sense light and remain dormant is adaptive in relation to seed burial and a subsequent increase in the survival potential of seedlings due to greater moisture availability. This light-sensing capacity was most prevalent in the small-seeded (< 10 mg) species of this Mediterranean-type climate forest. Most of the small-seeded species are likely to be buried by ants facilitated by elaiosomes or by falling into minute cavities in the gravelly soils of the jarrah forest.

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39

McDougall, K. L., R. J. Hobbs, and G. E. St J. Hardy. "Distribution of understorey species in forest affected by Phytophthora cinnamomi in south-western Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 8 (2005): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04203.

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The introduced soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands infects and kills a large number of species in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn. ex Smith) forest of Western Australia, causing great floristic and structural change. Many of the floristic changes can be explained simply by the known susceptibility of species to infection. Some common species, however, are rarely found at infested sites but are thought to be resistant to infection. It has been postulated that such species may be affected by the change in habitat caused by the death of trees, and not by P. cinnamomi directly. If this were the case, such species should cluster around surviving trees at infested sites. The occurrence of a susceptible species in the vicinity of trees surviving at infested sites has also been reported. To investigate the spatial relationship between trees and understorey species, the positions of trees and selected perennial understorey species were mapped at two sites in jarrah forest long-affected by P. cinnamomi. Random sets of plants and trees were generated and used in simulations to test whether understorey species grew closer to trees than expected. Many understorey species, both resistant and susceptible to infection by P. cinnamomi, were found to grow closer than expected to trees currently growing at the sites and closer to the trees that would have been present at the time of infestation. This suggests that not only do these trees enable some resistant species to persist at infested sites but that they also offer protection to some susceptible species against damage by P. cinnamomi. The proximity of many understorey species to trees that are likely to have appeared at the study sites since the first infestation indicates that the maintenance and enhancement of tree cover at infested sites in the jarrah forest may limit the damage caused by P. cinnamomi and assist in the protection of biodiversity.

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40

Islam, Md Khairul, Tomislav Sostaric, Lee Yong Lim, Katherine Hammer, and Cornelia Locher. "Sugar Profiling of Honeys for Authentication and Detection of Adulterants Using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography." Molecules 25, no. 22 (November 13, 2020): 5289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225289.

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Honey adulteration, where a range of sugar syrups is used to increase bulk volume, is a common problem that has significant negative impacts on the honey industry, both economically and from a consumer confidence perspective. This paper investigates High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) for the authentication and detection of sugar adulterants in honey. The sugar composition of various Australian honeys (Manuka, Jarrah, Marri, Karri, Peppermint and White Gum) was first determined to illustrate the variance depending on the floral origin. Two of the honeys (Manuka and Jarrah) were then artificially adulterated with six different sugar syrups (rice, corn, golden, treacle, glucose and maple syrup). The findings demonstrate that HPTLC sugar profiles, in combination with organic extract profiles, can easily detect the sugar adulterants. As major sugars found in honey, the quantification of fructose and glucose, and their concentration ratio can be used to authenticate the honeys. Quantifications of sucrose and maltose can be used to identify the type of syrup adulterant, in particular when used in combination with HPTLC fingerprinting of the organic honey extracts.

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41

Crombie, DS, JT Tippett, and DJ Gorddard. "Water Relations of Root-Pruned Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) Saplings." Australian Journal of Botany 35, no. 6 (1987): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9870653.

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Roots were pruned from jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) saplings to simulate the effects of root loss induced by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. Stomatal conductance was more sensitive to root loss than was leaf water potential. Stomatal conductances of trees on moist soils declined when more than 50% of roots were removed but were more variable and were affected more severely by root pruning when soils were dry. Predawn leaf water potentials were unaffected by removal of up to 80% of roots irrespective of whether surface soils were dry or moist. The effects of root pruning on midday water potentials were variable especially when soils were dry. Leaf shedding and efficient stornatal closure prevented severe water stress developing in leaves until nearly 90% of the roots had been removed. It is suggested that destruction of the deep 'sinker' roots by P. cinnamomi has greater effects on jarrah's water relations during summer than does loss of shallow roots. The deep roots are especially important as jarrah grows on highly developed lateritic soil profiles.

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42

Davison, E. M. "Are jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata)trees killed byPhytophthora cinnamomior waterlogging?" Australian Forestry 60, no. 2 (January 1997): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1997.10674706.

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43

Wills, A. J., T. E. Burbidge, and I. Abbott. "Impact of repeated defoliation on jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) saplings." Australian Forestry 67, no. 3 (January 2004): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2004.10674934.

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44

Stoneman, G. L. "Wood generated by thinning in the northern jarrah forest." Australian Forestry 49, no. 2 (January 1986): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1986.10674473.

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45

Stukely, M. J. C., J. L. Webster, J. A. Ciampini, N. L. Kerp, I. J. Colquhoun, W. A. Dunstan, and G. E. St J. Hardy. "A new homothallicPhytophthorafrom the jarrah forest in Western Australia." Australasian Plant Disease Notes 2, no. 1 (2007): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/dn07022.

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46

Davison, E. M. "Resolving confusions about jarrah dieback - don’t forget the plants." Australasian Plant Pathology 43, no. 6 (June 19, 2014): 691–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13313-014-0302-y.

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47

Belfas, J., K. W. Groves, and P. D. Evans. "Bonding surface-modified Karri and Jarrah with resorcinol formaldehyde." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 51, no. 4 (July 1993): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02629370.

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48

Abbott, I., P. Van Heurck, and T. Burbidge. "Ecology of the pest insect jarrah leaf miner (Lepidoptera) in relation to fire and timber harvesting in jarrah forest in Western Australia." Australian Forestry 56, no. 3 (January 1993): 264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1993.10674614.

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49

Abbott, Ian, and Paul Van Heurck. "Response of bird populations in jarrah and yarri forest in Western Australia following removal of half the canopy of the jarrah forest." Australian Forestry 48, no. 4 (January 1985): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1985.10674450.

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50

McDougall, K. L., R. J. Hobbs, and G. E. St Hardy. "Vegetation of Phytophthora cinnamomi-infested and adjoining uninfested sites in the northern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 3 (2002): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01096.

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The vegetation of seven sites in the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia infested with Phytophthora cinnamomi was recorded and compared with adjoining vegetation. The number of species per quadrat was found to be the same in vegetation affected by P. cinnamomi as in healthy vegetation, although there were more species overall in affected vegetation. Vegetation of uninfested sites had a higher cover and more species per quadrat of trees and shrubs and lower cover and fewer species per quadrat of annual plants than vegetation of infested sites. Although many species that are known to be highly susceptible to infection by P. cinnamomi were rare at infested sites, only two (Banksia grandis and Tetratheca hirsuta) were absent from all of the 50-year-old infested parts of sites. Several species that are known to be highly susceptible to infection by P. cinnamomi were as common at infested as at healthy sites. The presence of such species at infested sites and the capacity of P. cinnamomi to infect species it does not kill suggest that this pathogen will persist and continue to influence future vegetation in the jarrah forest.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Jarrah'

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